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MARX, ENGELS, AND MARXISMS
Matthias Bohlender
Anna-Sophie Schönfelder
Matthias Spekker
Marx, Engels, and Marxisms
Series Editors
Marcello Musto, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Terrell Carver, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
The Marx renaissance is underway on a global scale. Wherever the critique
of capitalism re-emerges, there is an intellectual and political demand for
new, critical engagements with Marxism. The peer-reviewed series Marx,
Engels and Marxisms (edited by Marcello Musto & Terrell Carver, with
Babak Amini, Francesca Antonini, Paula Rauhala & Kohei Saito as Assis-
tant Editors) publishes monographs, edited volumes, critical editions,
reprints of old texts, as well as translations of books already published
in other languages. Our volumes come from a wide range of political
perspectives, subject matters, academic disciplines and geographical areas,
producing an eclectic and informative collection that appeals to a diverse
and international audience. Our main areas of focus include: the oeuvre
of Marx and Engels, Marxist authors and traditions of the 19th and 20th
centuries, labour and social movements, Marxist analyses of contemporary
issues, and reception of Marxism in the world.
Matthias Bohlender ·
Anna-Sophie Schönfelder · Matthias Spekker
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
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This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
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Titles Published
v
vi TITLES PUBLISHED
12. John Gregson, Marxism, Ethics, and Politics: The Work of Alasdair
MacIntyre, 2018.
13. Vladimir Puzone & Luis Felipe Miguel (Eds.), The Brazilian Left in
the 21st Century: Conflict and Conciliation in Peripheral Capitalism,
2019.
14. James Muldoon & Gaard Kets (Eds.), The German Revolution and
Political Theory, 2019.
15. Michael Brie, Rediscovering Lenin: Dialectics of Revolution and Meta-
physics of Domination, 2019.
16. August H. Nimtz, Marxism versus Liberalism: Comparative Real-
Time Political Analysis, 2019.
17. Gustavo Moura de Cavalcanti Mello and Mauricio de Souza Saba-
dini (Eds.), Financial Speculation and Fictitious Profits: A Marxist
Analysis, 2019.
18. Shaibal Gupta, Marcello Musto & Babak Amini (Eds.), Karl Marx’s
Life, Ideas, and Influences: A Critical Examination on the Bicente-
nary, 2019.
19. Igor Shoikhedbrod, Revisiting Marx’s Critique of Liberalism:
Rethinking Justice, Legality, and Rights, 2019.
20. Juan Pablo Rodríguez, Resisting Neoliberal Capitalism in Chile: The
Possibility of Social Critique, 2019.
21. Kaan Kangal, Friedrich Engels and the Dialectics of Nature, 2020.
22. Victor Wallis, Socialist Practice: Histories and Theories, 2020.
23. Alfonso Maurizio Iacono, The Bourgeois and the Savage: A Marxian
Critique of the Image of the Isolated Individual in Defoe, Turgot and
Smith, 2020.
24. Terrell Carver, Engels before Marx, 2020.
25. Jean-Numa Ducange, Jules Guesde: The Birth of Socialism and
Marxism in France, 2020.
26. Antonio Oliva, Ivan Novara & Angel Oliva (Eds.), Marx and Contem-
porary Critical Theory: The Philosophy of Real Abstraction, 2020.
27. Francesco Biagi, Henri Lefebvre’s Critical Theory of Space, 2020.
28. Stefano Petrucciani, The Ideas of Karl Marx: A Critical Introduction,
2020.
29. Terrell Carver, The Life and Thought of Friedrich Engels, 30th
Anniversary Edition, 2020.
30. Giuseppe Vacca, Alternative Modernities: Antonio Gramsci’s Twentieth
Century, 2020.
TITLES PUBLISHED vii
31. Kevin B. Anderson, Kieran Durkin & Heather Brown (Eds.), Raya
Dunayevskaya’s Intersectional Marxism: Race, Gender, and the Dialec-
tics of Liberation, 2020.
32. Marco Di Maggio, The Rise and Fall of Communist Parties in France
and Italy, 2020.
33. Farhang Rajaee, Presence and the Political, 2021.
34. Ryuji Sasaki, A New Introduction to Karl Marx: New Materialism,
Critique of Political Economy, and the Concept of Metabolism, 2021.
35. Kohei Saito (Ed.), Reexamining Engels’s Legacy in the 21st Century,
2021.
36. Paresh Chattopadhyay, Socialism in Marx’s Capital: Towards a De-
alienated World, 2021.
37. Marcello Musto, Karl Marx’s Writings on Alienation, 2021.
38. Michael Brie & Jörn Schütrumpf, Rosa Luxemburg: A Revolutionary
Marxist at the Limits of Marxism, 2021.
39. Stefano Petrucciani, Theodor W. Adorno’s Philosophy, Society, and
Aesthetics, 2021.
40. Miguel Vedda, Siegfried Kracauer, or, The Allegories of Improvisation:
Critical Studies, 2021.
41. Ronaldo Munck, Rethinking Development: Marxist Perspectives, 2021.
42. Jean-Numa Ducange & Elisa Marcobelli (Eds.), Selected Writings of
Jean Jaurès: On Socialism, Pacifism and Marxism, 2021.
43. Elisa Marcobelli, Internationalism Toward Diplomatic Crisis: The
Second International and French, German and Italian Socialists,
2021.
44. James Steinhoff, Automation and Autonomy: Labour, Capital and
Machines in the Artificial Intelligence Industry, 2021.
45. Juan Dal Maso, Hegemony and Class Struggle: Trotsky, Gramsci and
Marxism, 2021.
46. Gianfranco Ragona & Monica Quirico, Frontier Socialism: Self-
organisation and Anti-capitalism, 2021.
47. Tsuyoshi Yuki, Socialism, Markets and the Critique of Money: The
Theory of “Labour Notes,” 2021.
48. Gustavo Moura de Cavalcanti Mello & Henrique Pereira Braga
(Eds.), Wealth and Poverty in Contemporary Brazilian Capitalism,
2021.
49. Paolo Favilli, Historiography and Marxism: Innovations in Mid-
Century Italy, 2021.
viii TITLES PUBLISHED
50. Levy del Aguila Marchena, Communism, Political Power and Personal
Freedom in Marx, 2021.
51. V Geetha, Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar and the Question of Socialism in
India, 2021.
52. Satoshi Matsui, Normative Theories of Liberalism and Socialism:
Marxist Analysis of Values, 2022.
53. Kei Ehara (Ed.), Japanese Discourse on the Marxian Theory of Finance,
2022.
54. Achim Szepanski, Financial Capital in the 21st Century, 2022.
55. Stephen Maher, Corporate Capitalism and the Integral State: General
Electric and a Century of American Power, 2022.
56. Rémy Herrera, Confronting Mainstream Economics to Overcome Capi-
talism, 2022.
57. Peter McMylor, Graeme Kirkpatrick & Simin Fadaee (Eds.), Marxism,
Religion, and Emancipatory Politics, 2022.
58. Genevieve Ritchie, Sara Carpenter & Shahrzad Mojab (Eds.),
Marxism and Migration, 2022.
59. Fabio Perocco (Ed.), Racism in and for the Welfare State, 2022.
60. Dong-Min Rieu, A Mathematical Approach to Marxian Value Theory:
Time, Money, and Labor Productivity, 2022.
61. Adriana Petra, Intellectuals and Communist Culture: Itineraries, Prob-
lems and Debates in Post-war Argentina, 2022.
Titles Forthcoming
ix
x TITLES FORTHCOMING
Mauro Buccheri, Radical Humanism for the Left: The Quest for Meaning
in Late Capitalism
Tamás Krausz, Eszter Bartha (Eds.), Socialist Experiences in Eastern
Europe: A Hungarian Perspective
Martin Cortés, Marxism, Time and Politics: On the Autonomy of the
Political
João Antonio de Paula, Huga da Gama Cerqueira, Eduardo da Motta
e Albuquer & Leonardo de Deus, Marxian Economics for the 21st
Century: Revaluating Marx’s Critique of Political Economy
Zhi Li, The Concept of the Individual in the Thought of Karl Marx
Lelio Demichelis, Marx, Alienation and Techno-capitalism
Salvatore Prinzi, Representation, Expression, and Institution: The Philos-
ophy of Merleau-Ponty and Castoriadis
Agon Hamza, Slavoj Žižek and the Reconstruction of Marxism
Éric Aunoble, French Views on the Russian Revolution
Terrell Carver, Smail Rapic (Eds.), Friedrich Engels for the 21st Century:
Perspectives and Problems
Patrizia Dogliani, A Political History of the International Union of
Socialist Youth
Alexandros Chrysis, The Marx of Communism: Setting Limits in the Realm
of Communism
Paul Raekstad, Karl Marx’s Realist Critique of Capitalism: Freedom,
Alienation, and Socialism
Alexis Cukier, Democratic Work: Radical Democracy and the Future of
Labour
Christoph Henning, Theories of Alienation: From Rousseau to the Present
Daniel Egan, Capitalism, War, and Revolution: A Marxist Analysis
Emanuela Conversano, Capital from Afar: Anthropology and Critique of
Political Economy in the Late Marx
Marcello Musto, Rethinking Alternatives with Marx
Vincenzo Mele, City and Modernity in George Simmel and Walter
Benjamin: Fragments of Metropolis
David Norman Smith, Self-Emancipation: Marx’s Unfinished Theory of the
Working Class
José Ricardo Villanueva Lira, Marxism and the Origins of International
Relations
Bertel Nygaard, Marxism, Labor Movements, and Historiography
Marcos Del Roio, Gramsci and the Emancipation of the Subaltern Classes
Marcelo Badaró, The Working Class from Marx to Our Times
TITLES FORTHCOMING xi
We would like to thank Kohei Saito, who reached out to us and suggested
the publication of our research findings in the Marx, Engels, and Marxism
series. Furthermore, we would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers
of our book proposal for their acknowledging and insightful comments.
Finally, our thanks go to Alexander Locascio for translating our book into
English.
xiii
Contents
1 Introduction 1
Matthias Bohlender, Anna-Sophie Schönfelder,
and Matthias Spekker
1.1 Problem Outline 1
1.2 A Problematization of the International Marx
Discussion 13
1.3 Abstracts 30
2 “in its essence critical and revolutionary”—Truth
in Marx’s Scientific Critique of Society 35
Matthias Spekker
2.1 Communist or Scientific Critique?—An Outline
of the Problem 35
2.2 The “Riddle of History Solved”—The Justification
of Communism in Marx’s Early Work 43
2.3 The “ real movement which sublates the present state
of things”—A Radical Break? 57
2.4 “… man not yet masters the process
of production”—Liberated Society in the Critique
of Political Economy 67
2.5 The Consequences 83
xv
xvi CONTENTS
Bibliography 191
Index 209
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1 For some of the sources cited in the further course of our book, there exist no English
translations so far. In these cases we have translated the quotations ourselves and indicate
this in the following with the marking ‘o.t.’ for ‘own translation.’
For Horkheimer, the inclusion of Marx and his theory of history and
society in the curriculum of schools and universities was a question of
utmost social urgency, because in it and with it—for Horkheimer perhaps
for the last time in the history of thought—a task and aim for humanity,
especially for the “young generation” (ibid.), was posited and formulated:
namely, the establishment of the “realm of freedom” (ibid., p. 159). Marx
had continued and advanced what the Enlightenment since Kant had
promised to people; his objective was in full “harmony with the tenden-
cies of the bourgeois philosophy of history” (ibid., p. 158). All ideals
of society, whether of a theological or idealist kind, had more or less
fallen victim to science, only socialism, “in the sense of common mastery
of nature, abolition of differences of property and distress, guarantee of
the greatest individual independence limited only by the requirements
of peaceful cohabitation” (ibid.), appears to Horkheimer as the currently
possible and future resolution of the course of history. For Horkheimer,
the point is to use Marx to critically educate a young generation currently
in revolt, which has not yet forgotten or abandoned the practical aim
of a ‘perpetual peace’ (Kant) or a ‘realm of freedom’ (Marx). Two
things are revealing about this lecture by Horkheimer, namely on the
one hand the obvious political impetus underlying it: Marx must now, in
the course of university reforms, finally find his way comprehensively into
historiography, the social sciences, economics, and philosophy and even
be made the preferred subject matter. We find ourselves at the begin-
ning of an academization of Marx’s theory and critique of society that
then took hold in the 1970s. What until then had only been brought
to attention sporadically in a few lecture halls and upper-level seminars
about Marx, and had been acquired rather in non-university circles and
working groups was now—not least perhaps for reasons of scholarly super-
vision and control—to find its place in undergraduate teaching on a
broad scale. But the duty and urgency to open the academic doors for
Marx insisted upon by Horkheimer could not be had without a price,
already visible here and which would continue into the present. This is
indeed the second remarkable aspect of Horkheimer’s lecture: that it basi-
cally presents to its audience, namely educational policymakers, university
chancellors, and professorial colleagues (few of whom were women), an
academicized, bourgeois-humanist Marx, who, although he could not yet
be smoothly absorbed into the world of classical thinkers, had neverthe-
less considerably lost political and social potential for alarm. Thus, while
evoking Marx’s critique of society as the inevitable starting point of an
1 INTRODUCTION 3
For Horkheimer, it is clear that Marx had spoken the truth about
bourgeois society, namely the truth that this society still, and downright
irrationally, produces domination, inequality, want, and material hard-
ship, although the social knowledge and economic means have long since
been available to build a human society based on solidarity and free of
domination. This is the truth that Horkheimer would like to carry into
school, university, and academic spaces and see circulating there—with
the possible aim, described by him, of the formation of a new humanist
elite that will muster the power and use the available knowledge to make
this society of solidarity a reality. Horkheimer wishes to circulate the
4 M. BOHLENDER, A.-S. SCHÖNFELDER, M. SPEKKER
Hän luki:
Pian neito astui sisälle yllään sen ajan kuosin mukainen tiiviisti
sopiva kotipuku. Hän oli kaunis näky, ja hänet teki vielä
kauniimmaksi hillitty kiihtymys, joka nostatti veren hänen
samettihipiäisiin poskiinsa ja sai hänen rintansa kohoamaan ja
laskemaan sekä hänen sydämensä sykkimään vinhasti.
Hän salli vieraan ottaa hänen sormensa käteensä ja nostaa ne
huulilleen, ja sitten he seisoivat pitkän tuokion, äänettöminä katsoen
toisiaan silmiin.
»En osaa oikein puhua sinulle siitä, mistä olen tullut puhumaan»,
virkkoi Norman of Torn surullisesti. »Tarkoitukseni ei ole ollut tuottaa
sinulle ikävyyksiä pettämällä sinua, mutta houkutuksen olla sinun ja
sellaisten ihmisten seurassa, joita edustat, täytyy olla puolustukseni.
Minä —» Hän vaikeni. Oli helppo ilmaista tytölle, että hän oli Tornin
henkipatto, mutta jos Joan rakasti häntä, kuten hän pelkäsi, miten
voisi hän kertoa rakastavansa ainoastaan Bertrade de Montfortia?
Sitten hän avasi Norman of Tornin antaman käärön. Sen sisällä oli
kaksi muuta. Toisessa niistä oli kaunis, jalokivillä koristettu
muistokotelo, jonka ulkopinnassa oli kirjaimet J.T. ja sisäpinnassa
kirjaimet N.T; toisessa oli kallisarvoinen, jalokiviupotuksilla somistettu
hiuskoru, jonka ympärille oli kierretty kihara hänen omia silkinhienoja
hiuksiaan.
Hän oli kun olikin vain pieni tyttö, joka oli järkkymättömillä siteillä
kahlittu säätynsä ennakkoluuloihin. Syntyperä ja yhteiskunnallinen
asema merkitsivät hänestä samaa kuin kunnia, ja kunnia oli
englantilaisen ylimyksen tyttärestä vieläkin valtavampi voima kuin
rakkaus.
Sen, että Norman of Torn oli henkipatto, hän olisi saattanut antaa
anteeksi, mutta se, että Norman kuulopuheiden mukaan oli
halpasyntyinen mies, jonka sukuperä oli tuntematon, nosti
ylipääsemättömän muurin heidän välilleen.
»Voi, äiti, mutta minä rakastan häntä niin», valitti tyttö. »En tiennyt,
kuinka paljon häntä rakastin, ennenkuin hän oli poissa ja kuninkaan
upseeri saapui häntä etsimään, mutta silloin se ajatus, että
kokonaisen valtakunnan mahtavan valtaistuimen ja suurimpien
sukujen koko voima oli kiukkuisesti tähdätty häntä vastaan, tulistutti
vereni raivoiseksi ja tieto rakkaudestani valtasi koko olemukseni. Äiti,
sinä et voi tietää, kuinka kunniantuntoinen, uljas ja ritarillinen se mies
on, niinkuin minä tiedän. Sen jälkeen, kun silurien Arthur-kuningas
istui pyöreän pöytänsä ääressä, ei Englannin maaperällä ole
ratsastanut toista niin nuhteetonta ritaria kuin Norman of Torn on.
»Ei, isä, en saa vielä lähteä, sillä Englantia, jota minut on opetettu
vihaamaan, olen oppinut rakastamaan eikä sydämeni salli minun
päästää sen kaunista rintaa raastamaan hornamaisia petoja, jotka
eivät tunne muita lakeja, järjestystä ja säädyllisyyttä kuin ne, jotka
minä pidän voimassa.»
Henrik Rex.