Present Perfect Simple

S+have/has+V3/ed Present Con nuous

1. Already, just, yet, ever, never, for/ S+am/is/are+V+ing
since. 1. Ac on is happening now or around
2. Ac on started in past s ll con nue now
now (non-ac on verbs) 2. Timetable
3. Finished ac on in past no details 3. Future arrangement (with traveling
4. Past experience words)

Present Simple
Present Perfect Con nuous S +V1/s; S+ don’t/doesn’t +V1;
S+have/has+been+V+ing Do/does + V1
1. Ac on started in past s ll con nue now 1. Regularly or always true ac on
(since/for/all week all day) 2. Adverbs of frequency: usually, always,
2. Repeated ac on started in past and every, some mes, never, hardly ever.
have con nued ll now (recently/lately) 3. Expression of frequency: every morning
3. Recently nished con nuous ac on and etc.
when we can see the result 4. With non–ac on verbs when we talk
about ac on in progress
5. Timetable

Past Simple
S + V2; S + didn’t + V1 Past Con nuous
Did + S+V1 S+was/were + V+ing
1. Finished ac on in the past 1. Interrupted ac on in the past
2. Ac on happened long me ago or 2. Ac on in progress at a speci c me
recently in past 3. Parallel ac on
3. Habits in the past (with adverb of 4. Describe the beginning of a story
frequency)

Past Perfect Past Perfect Con nuous

S+ had + V3/ed
1. Narra ve
2. Past ac on which happened before
another ac on in the past.
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 Will+inf. (50/50)
1. Instant decisions
Be going to + in ni ve 2. Promises
1. Future plans and inten ons 3. Predic ons
4. Future facts
2. Future predic on
shall+inf.
1. Sugges on
2. O er

First Condi onal Second Condi onal

If + Present Simple, … will + V1 If + Past Simple, would/wouldn’t+ V1
(to be: use were) (or could+ V1)
To talk about possible in the present or
Imaginary situa ons in the present or
in the future and its consequences future and its consequences

Third Condi onal Zero Condi onal

If + Past Perfect, would/wouldn’t + If + Present Simple, … Present Simple
have + V3 To talk about things that are always
Imaginary situa ons in the past, true, like a scien c fact
regret about past nd its
consequences

Reported Speech (2)

Auxiliary +S + V1
Reported Speech (1)
Do you like sushi?
Present simple –> Past simple
She asked me if/whether I liked sushi.
Present Con nuous –> Past Con nuous
Ques on word:
Past simple –> Past Perfect
Where do you live?
Present Perfect –> Past Perfect
He asked James where I lived.
Past Con nuous –> Past Perfect Con nuous
Now –> then; Here –> there; his –> that
will/shall –> would/should
These –> those; Today –> that day; Ago –> before
Must –> had to
Yesterday –> the day before; Tonight –> that night
Can –> could
Tomorrow –> the next day;
May –> might
Next year –> the next year, the following year
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 Passive Voice
Present Simple –> am/is/are + V3
Past Simple –> was/were + V3
Will –> will be + V3
Present Con nuous –> am/is/are + being + V3
Past Con nuous –> was/were being +V3
Present Perfect –> have/has been + V3
Past Perfect –> had been + V3
Be going to
Am/is/are going to + V1 –>
to be going to + BE + V3
He is going то buy a car.
The car is going to be bought.
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Passive Voice (2)
In ni ve
Obj. + V + to inf.(Be) + V3/ed
Someone needs to take photos.
Photos need to be taken,
Obj. + have/has to + to inf.(Be) + V3/ed
The oor has to be washed.
Gerund
Obj. + Passive Verb + gerund + V3
Bullet proof glass was recommended being used
Obj. + Passive Verb + V3
I don’t mind being picked up.
 Possessive (1)
1. ’s + animals/people/organizations;
Ex.: the government‘s policy; John‘s phone; the
dog‘s bone.
2. of show possessive with other nouns.
Ex.: the address of the couple
3. If a name ends with –s, we make the possessive with
‘ or ’s. Both are pronounced /iz/
Ex.: Mrs Jones‘ car / Mrs Jones‘s car
4. With regular plural nouns ’ ; irregular plural noun ’s
Ex.: ladies’ shoes; women’s clothing
Possessive (2)
4. Noun + of + name +’s; noun + of + possessive
pronouns + after a, an or this, that
Ex.: This is a big box of Samantha’s.
5. Own after a possessive adj. for emphasis
(усиления)
Ex.: Under the bed in your own room
6. 2 names + 1 possessive = the same or one;
2 names + 2 possessive =different
Ex.:

Can/could/be able to
Obligation, necessity, prohibition, advice
1. ability/possibility/permission(разрешение)
1. Obligation –– have/has to, had to general obligation Last time I was able to/ couldn’t or wasn’t able to cook
Must –– personal obligation cake very well.
2. Necessity –– need to + inf. 2. Request (запрос): Can I…/Could I…
3. No obligation –– don’t have to 3. Be able to, couldn’t –– happened once in Past
4. No necessity –– not need to + inf. ; needn’t +inf. (to) (one specific occasion) Not Could
5. Prohibition (запрет) — mustn’t 4. Can, can’t –– Present Could, couldn’t –– Past
6. Advice –– should, shouldn’t/ ought to, oughtn’t Be able to –– all tenses
Must, have to –– strong advice
5. Deduction
Can’t –– believe smh impossible not true
Can’t opposite must –– smh is true or possible

Non separable No obj. Separable + obj.

Type 1 Type 2

Look up Put on/ away/ up

Be on Split up Fill in Send back
Get up Move in Switch off
Check out Set up
Go away Grow up Give away Take back/out
End up Sett off Close down Throw away
Come back Give up Try on
Open up
Pay back Turn up/down/on/off
Ex.: The set off early in the morning
I got up at 5.00 o’clock

Non separable + object

Type 3

Get on with Get out of

Ask for Look after/for
Be out of Move back
Fall out with Look forward to
Fit in with Look round
Get away from Move back to
 Gerund (V + ing; not V + ing)
Infinitive without to
1. Prepositions and phrasal verbs (give up, go on)
I’m not very good at remembering
2. As the subject or object of a sentence 1.After most modal and auxiliary verbs
Reading is a good for improving your memory. I can’t drive
3. SOME VERBS: 2. make and let
Admit avoid deny dislike enjoy feel
like finish hate keep like love miss She always makes me laugh.
mind prefer practise recommended spend My mum didn’t let me go out last night.
time suggest stop

Infinitive with to (inf. = not to + V) Comparatives and superlatives adj.

1. Adjective
My flat is very easy to find.
2. To express a reason/purpose (why you do smth):
He is saving money to buy a new car.
3. Question words: I don’t know where to go, what to do.
4. SOME VERBS:
Can’t afford agree decide plan offer expect forget
learn pretend remember promise refuse would
like help hope seem need try BUT!
Тry to be on time=make an effort to be on time–попытка
Try doing yoga = do it to see if you like – уже
1. One/ones
This car is as fast as that one.
Those boxes are bigger than these ones.
2. 1–syllable adj. which end in –ed use more, the most
I feel more tired than I did yesterday.
3. Some 2-syllable adj. with –er and –est:
cleaver narrow polite quiet simple stupid
It would be simpler to go back to the beginning
3. A bit and much + comparative adj.
This phone a bit more expensive than one.
Our business is much bigger than it was last year.

Quantifies (1)
Large quantifies.
1. A lot of or lots of in ⊕ sentences
My uncle and aunt have a lot of money.Nina has lots of clothes.
2. A lot when there is no noun, e.g .
James eats a lot. NOT: James eats a lot of
3. Much/many used in ⊖, ⍰ sentences, a lot of can also be used.
There aren’t many shops near here.
Do you have much time?/ How many plants do you have?
4. Plenty of in ⊕ sentences. (= more that enough)
Don’t run. We have plenty of time.
Quantifies (2)
Small quantifies.
1. Little + uncontainable nouns, few + plural countable nouns
• a little and a few = some, but not a lot.
A: Do you want some more cheese? B: Just a little.
The town only has a few cinemas.
2. Very little and very few = not much/many.
I’m so busy that I have very little time for myself.
Sarah isn’t popular and she has very few friends.
Zero quantifies
1. Any (+noun) with a ⊖ verb. We don’t have any eggs.
2. No + noun with a ⊕ verb. We have no eggs.
3. None (without noun) is short answers
A: How many eggs do we have? B: None.

Quantifies (3)
More or less than you need or want
1. Too + adj.
It’s too big and it’s too noisy
2. Too much + uncountable nouns and too many + plural
countable nouns
There’s too much traffic and too much noise.
There are too many tourists and too many cars.
3. Enough before a noun.
There aren’t enough trees.
4. After an adj.
The buses aren’t frequent enough.
5. After an adverb
You aren’t walking fast enough .
 Will+inf. (50/50)
1. Instant decisions
2. Promises
3. Predic ons
4. Future facts
shall+inf.
1. Sugges on
2. O er

First Condi onal Second Condi onal

If + Present Simple, … will + V1 If + Past Simple, would/wouldn’t+ V1
(to be: use were) (or could+ V1)
To talk about possible in the present or
Imaginary situa ons in the present or
in the future and its consequences future and its consequences
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