S.No Topic Page No.

Teacher’s
sign.
English Language

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1 Types of Sentences 3

2 Nouns 5

3 Pronouns 7

4 Adjectives 11

5 Verbs 16

6 Adverbs 24

7 Preposition 26

8 Conjunction 29

9 Interjection 36

10 Punctuation - Comma 38

11 Semicolon 41

12 Colon 43

13 Apostrophe 44

14 Question Mark 45

15 Quotation Mark 46

16 Exclamation Mark 47

17 Dash, Ellipses and brackets 48

18 Period 51

19 Quiz 52

20 Figures of Speech 55
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21 Comprehensions: Seeing Through 63
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Types of Sentences
A sentence can be used to make a statement, ask a question, give a command, or show feeling.
There are four types of sentences: Declarative Sentences, Interrogative Sentences, Imperative
Sentences, and Exclamatory Sentences.
1. Declarative Sentences:
A declarative sentence tells about something. It ends with a period.
Example:
i. My father’s name is Ahmed.
ii. I am watching T.V now.

2. Interrogative Sentences:
An interrogative sentence asks about something. It ends with a question mark (?).
Example:
i. Where are we going for picnic?
ii. How do you play this game?

3. Imperative Sentences:
An imperative sentence tells someone to do something. It always starts with the present form of
the verb. It ends with a period.
Example:
i. Clean your room.
ii. Bring me a glass of water.

4. Exclamatory Sentences:
An exclamatory sentence shows strong feelings. It ends with sign of exclamation (!).
Example:
i. The dog has fleas!
ii. Wow! What a beautiful scene it is!
Directions: Read the sentence and check which type of sentence it is:
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1. No way! 2. When are you moving to a new
 Declarative house?
 Interrogative
 Declarative
 Exclamatory
 Interrogative
 Imperative
 Exclamatory
 Imperative

3. Take out your Math book. 4. Usman can speak three languages.
 Declarative  Declarative
 Interrogative  Interrogative
 Exclamatory  Exclamatory
 Imperative  Imperative

5. When is your piano lesson? 6. That was a great show!

 Declarative  Declarative
 Interrogative  Interrogative
 Exclamatory  Exclamatory
 Imperative  Imperative

7. When is your piano lesson? 8. The polar bears are endangered.

 Declarative  Declarative
 Interrogative  Interrogative
 Exclamatory  Exclamatory
 Imperative  Imperative

9. What a funny day it was! 10.Set the table, please.

 Declarative  Declarative
 Interrogative  Interrogative
 Exclamatory  Exclamatory
 Imperative  Imperative

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Parts of speech
Nouns
A noun is the name of a person, place, object (living and non-living), feeling, idea, or quality.

Example: Ahmed, Omer, Ali, London, Pakistan, school, table, chair, car, hatred, happiness etc.

Directions: Read the sentence and identify the nouns:

i. Joe’s father is always nice to us.
a. father b. always c. nice d. us
ii. She just left to go and buy a cake.
a. she b. left c. buy d. cake
iii. I can’t find my homework.
a. I b. find c. my d. homework
iv. Please set the table before you go.
a. please b. set c. table d. go
v. Where did you put my backpack?
a. you b. put c. backpack d. where
vi. Your honesty is undoubtedly renowned.
a. honesty b. undoubtedly c. renowned d. your
vii. Why are you turning on the hose?
a. hose b. you c. turning d. why
viii. When does the concert start?
a. when b. does c. concert d. start
ix. What instrument do you play?
a. you b. play c. instrument d. what
x. How many old coins do you have?
a. Coins b. how c. how d. many

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Quiz on different types of nouns

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5a18b1b0a7fa7311009575a2/types-of-nouns

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Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.
Example: I, we, you, he, she, it, they, this, that, here, there, myself, himself, who, which etc.

Directions: Select the pronoun in each sentence:

1. Brian’s mother told him to take out the garbage.
a. him b. out c. told d. mother
2. This is the book the salesclerk suggested.

a. this b. suggested c. book d. the

3. The twins announced they were going to watch a movie.

a. twins b. were c. movies d. they

4. Which of the books belongs to Tanya?

a. of b. belongs c. which d. to

5. Mandy taught herself to ride a bike.

a. to b. herself c. bike d. taught

6. Which ice-cream flavour is Peter’s favourite?

a. flavour b. favourite c. is d. which

7. Ahmed himself withdrew money from the bank.

a. himself b. money c. bank d. Ahmed

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Pronoun: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or group of nouns.
The noun or group of nouns that the pronoun takes the place of is called the antecedent.
 The boy said that he was tired.
In this example, the pronoun “he” is referring back to the noun (antecedent) “boy.”
 Zahra called Ali and invited him to go skating with her.
In this sentence pronouns are “him and her”. The antecedent of him = Ali and antecedent of her = Zahra
 Zahra called Ali and invited Ali to go skating with Zahra. = Awkward and repetitious! So to avoid repetition ,
we use pronouns.

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Kinds of Pronouns
1. Personal pronouns:

A personal pronoun refers to the person speaking, the person being spoken to, or the person or thing being
spoken about.
Personal pronouns are divided into two groups: subjective and objective.
Subjective pronoun: A pronoun which acts as the subject in the sentence (he, she, it, I, we, you, they).

 The fastest runner I was talking about - this is she. (personal pronoun)

She = pronoun = subject complement fastest runner

 The Sports Committee declared that the winner was you. (personal pronoun)
You = pronoun=subject compliment winner
When a pronoun is used as a subject complement it should be used as a subjective case.
Objective pronoun: A pronoun that acts as the object in the sentence (him, her, it, me, us, you, them).
Object pronoun refers to the person or thing being spoken about or done to (he, him, she, her, it, they and
them)
 Rickie splashed her with icy water.
Her=pronoun=object complement

2. Interrogative pronouns:
Interrogative pronouns are pronouns that introduce a question.
(who, what, which, whom whose).
The question that interrogative pronoun introduces can be a direct question, in this case, the sentence will
end with a question mark, and also it can be an indirect question.
 What do you know about the pronoun and its kinds?

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 Fatima asked Khalid what he knew about pronoun and its kinds.
Note: Difference between interrogative pronoun and interrogative adjective.
Interrogative pronouns are used to represent something of which the question is being asked.
Interrogative adjectives modify or else describe a noun.
 For whom are these books? = interrogative pronoun.
 Whose books are these? = interrogative adjective.
3. Indefinite Pronouns:
Indefinite pronouns are those pronouns that refer to an unspecified person, place, thing, or idea.
(all, anyone, both, each, anything, everybody, many, no one, some, someone, etc….)
 All are invited to tonight’s party.
 Everybody is welcome.
 Everybody has to take an examination in order to graduate.
 All of the seniors were excited about graduation.
4. Relative pronouns:
A relative pronoun is used to introduce a subordinate clause.
What is a clause? A group of words containing a subject and predicate sometimes give complete
meaning sometimes doesn’t give a complete sense, and is divided into two groups:
Independent clause: An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence.
Subordinate clause: A subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and it’s attached to the
independent clause.
(Who, whom, whose, which and that)
Note: As you see some of these pronouns also appeared in the interrogative pronouns but it all depends on
how they are used in the sentence.
Remember when they are used as relative pronouns they introduce a subordinate clause and relate a
subordinate clause to something specific in the independent clause.
 That is the film which was directed by him.
 He is the man who came to my house yesterday.
Note: Remember do not mix relative pronouns with relative adjectives.
The adjective has a noun referent some place (usually after it.) There are only two relative adjectives, which
and what.
 He didn’t tell me what he was going to wear. = Relative pronoun.
 He didn’t tell me what suit he was going to wear. = Relative adjective.
5. Possessive pronouns:
Possessive pronouns are pronoun that shows the ownership.
(His, hers, its, mine, ours, yours, theirs.) A possessive pronoun is used to avoid repeating information
that has already been made clear. These useful pronouns make sentences less confusing, as you’ll see
when you read the following sentences containing examples of possessive pronouns.
 This is my car, not your car. (Sounds repetitive)
 This car is mine, not yours.
 I didn’t have my book, so Ali lent me his book. (Sounds repetitive)
 I didn’t have my book, so Ali lent me his.
6. Reflexive Pronoun:
Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that are used to show that the subject of the sentence is receiving the action
of the verb. (Himself, herself, itself, myself, yourself, ourselves and themselves).
 She can handle the situation herself.
 They have to do their tasks themselves.
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7. Intensive pronouns:
These pronouns are used only to place emphasis on the subject.
Note: These pronouns look the same as reflexive pronouns, but they act differently in the sentence and are
always placed next to the subject that they are emphasizing. (Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, themselves).
 You yourself must go to the police station.
 We ourselves will solve the problem.
8. Demonstrative Pronouns:
A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to point to something specific within a sentence.
These pronouns can indicate items in space or time, and they can be either singular or plural. (this,
that, these, those, none, neither and such)
 This was my mother’s ring.
 These are nice sofas, but they look uncomfortable.

How to Use Demonstrative Pronouns?

Demonstrative pronouns always identify nouns, whether those nouns are named specifically or not.
 I can’t believe this!
 We have no idea what “this” is.

Demonstrative pronouns are usually used to describe animals, places, or things, however, they can
be used to describe people when the person is identified.
 This sounds like Haseena singing.
Note: Do not confuse demonstrative adjectives with demonstrative pronouns.
A demonstrative pronoun takes the place of the noun phrase in a sentence.
A demonstrative adjective is always followed by a noun in the sentence.
 These are my friend’s shoes. (Demonstrative Pronoun)
 These shoes are his. (Demonstrative Adjective)
9. Reciprocal pronouns:
Reciprocal pronouns are pronouns that are used to refer to a mutual set of people.
(Each other, each other’s, one another, one another’s).
 We need to help one another to survive.
 They had remembered each other’s phone numbers.
10. Distributive pronouns:
Distributive pronouns are those pronouns that point to persons, places, or things one at a time.
(Each, either and neither)
 Each of the students has done it.
 Either of you has done it.
 Neither of them has done it.
Note: A distributive pronoun is always singular and as such, it should be followed by a singular
noun and verb.
 Neither question is easy. (Correct)
 Neither questions are easy (Incorrect)

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Quiz kinds of pronouns
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5c005704ae125f001af94331/the-6-types-of-pronouns

Adjectives
Adjective is the word that gives description or conveys the state of being of a person, place,
thing, event, etc. The adjective is one of the parts of speech that can be commonly found in
sentences. In this article, we will discuss more about it, specifically the five (5) kinds of
adjectives.
Example: strong, weak, massive, red, white, happy, tall, short etc.

Directions: Select the adjective in each sentence:

1. Juan handled the breakable glasses very carefully.

a. glasses b. very c. carefully d. breakable

2. The chubby baby clapped his hands excitedly.

a. his b. baby c. chubby d. clapped

3. Ahmed walked with his little brother.

a. brother b. little c. with d. walked

4. The children were happily painting colourful pictures.

a. happily b. colourful c. painting d. pictures

5. Messy came home from soccer in a filthy uniform.

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a. soccer b. filthy c. came d. uniform

6. Sam loves his shaggy puppy.

a. shaggy b. Sam c. his d. puppy

7. Their substitute teacher assigned a lot of homework.

a. homework b. teacher c. substitute d. assigned

8. Omer was glad to finish his difficult test.

a. finish b. test c. difficult d. the

5 KINDS OF ADJECTIVES

1. Descriptive Adjective
An adjective under this kind gives description on the quality or kind of the noun. Example:

 Handsome
 Strong
 Dedicated
 Pretty
 Charming

Sample Sentences:
 Jeremy is the handsome son of the couple.
 The strong tree stood amid the rain and thunderstorms.
 Dr. Alverio’s dedicated aid received a cash bonus from him.

2. Demonstrative Adjective
An adjective of this kind, points out nouns. They are usually found before the noun they are
pointing out. Examples:

 That
 This
 Such
 Those
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 These
Sample Sentences:
 That chair belongs to Joel.
 This apple pie is reserved for the carpenter.
 Such posts about Rodrigo are heart-melting.

3. Interrogative Adjective
Adjectives under these kinds ask questions. They can usually be found before the noun or subject
of the sentence. Examples:

What
 Whose
 Which Word that modifies a noun by asking a question is called interrogative
adjectives. Examples of Interrogative Adjective in Sentences: Whose book was
that? Which pen do you like more? What books are you buying today?

Sample Sentences:
 What color was chosen by the class?
 Whose car are you using?
 Which shirt did she give you?

More about adjectives:

Next page

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4. Possessive Adjective
Adjective under this kind show ownership or possession. Examples:

 Her
 My
 His
 Our
 Its
Sample Sentences:
 Her cousin was chosen to represent the school.
 My bag is filled with apples
 His position is looked up by many people.

Do not confuse these possessive adjectives with possessive pronouns. A possessive pronoun does
show ownership, but it does not come before a noun or in a noun phrase. It stands alone. It can also
be used to replace a noun.
Here is a list of the possessive pronouns:
mine yours his hers its

5. Adjective of Number
Adjectives under this kind tell how many or how much. Examples:
 Five
 Some
 Little
 More
 Every

Sample Sentences:
 Five pies were eaten by the cat.
 Some leaves were blown away by the wind.
 Little pain was felt when the needle touched his skin.
Link for types of adjectives:

https://www.englishgrammar.org/kinds-of-adjectives/

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POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

When we want to compare two or more nouns using adjectives, we use the comparative and
superlative forms of the adjectives to show the comparison between the nouns.
E.g. Honey is sweet, sugar is sweeter but victory is the sweetest.
In this sentence, we are comparing the three nouns using the positive, comparative and
superlative forms of the word ‘sweet’.

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Quiz adjectives of degree

https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=degrees-adjectives

Verbs
A verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of being.

Main verbs express actions or states of being.

Example: He swims. (Action swims – main verb)
He is the president of U.A.E(state of being - is main verb)
Helping verbs like am, is, are, was, has, have and had help main verbs. They can’t stand alone.
Together, helping verbs and main verbs form verb phrases
Example: He will swim.
She has been the president since fifty years.

Directions: Find the main verb in each sentence:

1. The king has made some bad laws.

a. king b. has c. made d. laws

2. I have lost my glasses.

a. lost b. I c. have d. glasses

3. That colour does look good on you.

a. colour b. look c. does d. good

Directions: Circle the helping verb:

4. The children are making a lot of noise.

a. children b. are c. making d. noise

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5. The machine was working before.

a. was b. before c. machine d. working

6. She has a beautiful dress. Has main verb
7. I have bicycle.

VERBS

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08 Modal Verb Modal verbs add meaning to the main verb in a

sentence by expressing possibility, ability, permission, or obligation.

Kinds of Verbs
Following are the different types of verbs.

1. Regular Verb
2. Irregular Verb
3. Linking Verb
4. Transitive Verb
5. Intransitive Verb
6. Finite Verb
7. Infinitive Verb
8. Modal Verbs

1.REGULAR VERB
A verb that’s past (2nd form) and past participle (3rd form) is made by adding ‘d’ or ‘ed’ is called regular verb.
Examples of regular verbs:
Walk Walked Walked

Talk Talked Talked

Clean Cleaned Cleaned

Choke Choked Choked

Grate Grated Grated

Book Booked Booked

Ban Banned Banned

Amuse Amused Amused

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Answer Answered Answered

Accept Accepted Accepted

2. IRREGULAR VERB
If the formation of the verb is other than the regular verb, it is called irregular verb. For example:

Present Past Past Participle

Shut Shut Shut

Drink Drank Drunk

Break Broke Broken

Beat Beat Beaten

Become Became Become

Bid Bid Bid

Drive Drove Driven

Has/Have Had Had

Know Knew Known

Rise Rose Risen

3. LINKING VERB
A verb that acts as a link between two words is called linking verb. It connects or links a subject to a noun or
an adjective in the predicate.
Linking verb list:

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Appear Become Feel

Look Taste Turn

Sound Seem Grow

For example,

 He became silent.
 The leaves turned yellow.
 The room looks very spacious.

4. TRANSITIVE VERB
A verb that needs an object to complete itself is called transitive verb. It is called transitive because it passes
its action from subject to object.

For example,

 The boy kicks the football.

 He loves his mother.
 Dad gave Anoosha a new iPad.
Usually no preposition is used after transitive verb.
Now see another example: The servant cleans the floor.
In this sentence, the action denoted by the verb cleans passes from the doer, the servant, to some object, the
floor. Thus the verb ‘cleans’ is called a transitive verb.

5. INTRANSITIVE VERB
A verb that doesn’t need any object to complete itself is called intransitive verb. It does not pass its action
from subject to the object.

For example,

 The girls sleep.

 He died in an accident.
Usually prepositions is used after intransitive verb.
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To bake a cake, you need practice

Another example: We sleep at night.

In this sentence, the action, sleep, does not pass from the doer, we, to any object. So the verb sleep is called
an intransitive verb.
Quiz on Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/quizshow.php?title=1dq-transitive-and-
intransitive-verbs-quiz&q=1

6. Finite and Non-finite Verbs

Finite clause
A finite clause is a main clause or a subordinate clause that must have a verb to show tense. The verb can
be in the present tense or past tense. The tense can be changed from the present tense to the past tense or past
tense to the present tense. Because the verb in the present tense or past tense is called a finite verb, the clause
that contains a finite verb is called a finite clause.

Examples:

o The fishermen are mending their nets.

(Present tense is used in the finite/main clause.)
o We dined at a cheap restaurant last night.
(Past tense used in the finite/main clause.)
o We were not allowed in because we arrived late.
(Past tense is used in the main clause [finite clause] we were not allowed in and in the subordinate clause
[finite clause] because we arrived late.)

7. Non-finite Verbs

A non-finite clause is a subordinate clause that is based on a to-infinitive or a participle. It contains a verb
that does not show tense, which means it does not show the time at which something happened. There are
three types of nonfinite clauses.

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a) To-infinitive clause
In this clause, the verb comes after the word to.
Examples:

o He gave up his job to travel around the world.

o We wanted to ask her to come along.
o The person to make the report to the police station was the Sergeant.

b) Present participle clause (or –ing clause)

In this clause, the verb ending in – ing is used.
Examples:

o He is a thoroughly spoilt child being the only one in the family.

o You are the only one capable of solving the problem.
o Before becoming a bank robber, he was a police officer.
o Seeing no employment prospect, he became self-employed.

c) Past participle clause

In this clause, the past participle form of the verb is used.

Examples:

o Trained as an acrobat since young, she has amazed audiences with her superb skills.
o All the children, gathered in that group, were ready to perform a traditional dance.
o A woman recognized as one of the hostages was found unharmed in the building.
o The child intends to be a bank robber when asked what he would like to be.

A subordinate conjunction is often used to begin a non-finite clause. The subordinate conjunctions used here
are if, unless, though.
Examples:

o Her appointment, if approved, will make her the company’s first female General Manager.
o The police, unless notified, will not carry out an investigation.
o The rescuers found the boy, though injured, fully conscious.

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Functions of Infinitive Verb

If we look at the function that an infinitive verb does in a sentence, we may consider it to be both a noun and a
verb.

The Infinitive as Noun and Verb

Here is an example,

I like to finish the work quickly.

In this sentence, the phrase to finish does the following jobs.
 It is the object of the finite verb like – therefore to finish is similar to a noun (because being an object is a
noun’s job).
 The phrase to finish has its own object, work – so to finish is a verb (since verbs have objects).
 The adverb quickly modifies (i.e. tells us something more about) to finish. Since the phrase to finish is
modifiable by an adverb, it must be a verb.
 We can say that the infinitive, though born in the verb family, does not limit itself to being a verb. It often
behaves like a noun when it goes around socializing in the world of sentences.

The Infinitive as Adjective or Adverb

In some cases, it behaves even like an adjective, as in the following sentence.
That was a game to watch!
In this sentence, to watch tells us something more about the quality of the game (a noun). Describing a noun is
the work of an adjective.

Sometimes it behaves like an adverb. The sentence below illustrates this.

Her voice is pleasant to hear.

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The phrase to hear tells us something more about the quality of being pleasant. The word pleasant is an
adjective, and words that tell us more about an adjective (adjective modifiers) are traditionally called adverbs.
Split Infinitive
A split infinitive puts an adverb and verb between the two parts of the full infinitive. “To generously
sprinkle” is a split infinitive because “generously” splits the word “to” from the word “sprinkle”.

When we put an adverb between “to” and “verb”, it is called Split Infinitive. If you want to remember what a
split infinitive is, just remember what might be the most famous example:

“to boldly go where no one has gone before.” “To boldly go” is a split infinitive. “Boldly” splits “to go.”

However, it is suggested to avoid split infinitives. For example,

 To quickly leave
 To always want
 To easily excel

Finite and Non-finite verbs take a quiz:

https://wordwall.net/resource/3476673/finite-non-finite-verbs

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8. MODAL VERBS

Quiz Modal Verbs

https://www.chatsifieds.com/exam/how-to-use-passive-voice-with-modal-verbs/

Adverbs
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Mostly, but not
always, an adverb ends with ‘ly’. Example: wildly, nicely, fast, slowly, beautifully,
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very, extremely etc.

Directions: Select the adverb in each sentence:

1. Moustafa accidentally deleted three hours of homework with one click.

a. deleted b. homework c. accidentally d. click

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2. Emily worked briefly on her report.

a. report b. briefly c. worked d. her

3. He went to the beach yesterday.

a. went b. beach c. He d. yesterday

4. The kayak was speeding wildly through the rapids.

a. through b. kayak c. was d. wildly

5. My brother always picks on me.

a. brother b. always c. picks d. on

6. The children worked enthusiastically on the first art project.

a. enthusiastically b. children c. first d. project

7. The horse was galloping fast, and Sam was frightened.

a. horse b. galloping c. fast d. frightened

Preposition
There are three types in prepositions: Prepositions of place, Prepositions of time and
Prepositions of direction.

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 Some prepositions show where something happens. They are called prepositions of place.
Examples: Sammy was sitting under a tree.
 Some prepositions show when something happens. They are called prepositions of time.
Examples: School starts at nine o’clock. We’re going to the zoo on Saturday.
 Some prepositions show where something is going. They are called prepositions of direction.
Examples: The boys chased after each other.
 A preposition is always used with a noun or a pronoun. The noun or pronoun it is used with,
is called the object of the preposition. For example, “You may go with your brother.” Here
the preposition ‘with’ relates its object ‘brother’ to ‘may go’.

Highlight the prepositions of place.

 Sunny was sitting under a tree.

 There’s a wooden floor underneath the carpet.

 Some geese flew over their house.

 John and Sarah were hiding inside the wardrobe.

 There was a tree beside the river.

 I have a friend who lives in America.

Highlight the prepositions of time.

 We’re going to the zoo on Saturday.

 No, you can’t watch a movie at night.

 I visited my grandparents during the summer.

 You must finish the work by Friday.

 I’ll do my homework before dinner.

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Highlight the prepositions of direction.

 The football rolled down the hill.

 The car sped round the corner.
 The freeway goes right through the city.

Some more types of prepositions.

1. Simple Preposition: when a preposition consists of one word, it is called single or simple
preposition. Examples: in, at, on, to, for, of, from, up, after, over, under, with, till, etc.

2. Double Preposition: when a preposition consists of more than one word, it is called double
preposition. Examples: into, within, up to etc.

3. Compound Preposition: this consists of two or more words. Examples: on

behalf of, according to, in front of, from across etc.

4. Participle Preposition: this consists of words that end in “ing”. Examples: regarding,
barring, concerning, considering, etc.

5. Disguised Prepositions: Examples: ‘by’ can be changed into ‘be’, ‘on’ into
‘a’, and ‘of’ can be changed into ‘o’ for example, 5 o’ clock.
6. Phrase Prepositions: group of words used with the force of a single preposition is called
phrase preposition. Examples: according to, by means of, owing to, with a view to, in place of,
in front of, in spite of, instead of, in order to, by virtue of, by way of, etc.

Preposition link for quiz

https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/prepositions-quiz

Conjunction
Conjunctions are words that join sentences, phrases, clauses or words. If the conjunction connects
two equal parts of sentence, a comma comes before it. Example: and, but, or, nor, yet, so, before,
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after, as soon as, therefore etc.

Types of Conjunctions with Examples

Learn a useful list of conjunctions in English with different types and example sentences. As with
various forms of English grammar, there is more than one type of conjunction, we are now going to
take a look at each type in a little more detail.
There are three types of conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions, Correlative
Conjunctions and Subordinating Conjunctions.

Coordinating Conjunctions:
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The coordinating conjunction is a way of joining phrases, clauses and words together which
have an equal rank, grammatically speaking. There are many coordinating conjunctions.
Below given are the most frequently used coordinating conjunctions.

An easy way to remember coordinating conjunctions is the acronym:

FANBOYS
Watch a video on conjunctions:

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/grammar/parts-of-speech-the-preposition-and-the-conjunction/
introduction-to-conjunctions/v/coordinating-conjunctions-final

Quiz- coordinating conjunctions:

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/grammar/parts-of-speech-the-
preposition-and-the-conjunction/introduction-to-conjunctions/e/
coordinating-conjunctions

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Subordinating Conjunctions
A subordinating conjunction can be used to join dependent and independent clauses. This
type of conjunction can be used as a way of showing case and effect relationships between
two clauses or a contrast, as well as various other relationships which might occur.
It is important to remember that when using a subordinating conjunction, it must become a
part of the dependent clause, whether that comes before or after the independent clause. Look
at the following example where the clauses are switched. The subordinating conjunction still
stays with the dependent clause.

 Until the clock struck midnight, Cinderella could stay at the ball.
Let’s look at some further examples of this:
 Before she leaves, ask her to say goodbye
 Ask her to say goodbye before she leaves.
You will notice that when the dependent clause starts the sentence, a comma is used to
separate the two clauses.

Common subordinating conjunctions list:

Than, rather than, whether, as much as, whereas, that, whatever, which, whichever, after,
as soon as, as long as, before, by the time, now that, once, since, till, until, when, whenever,
while, though, although, even though, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, where,
wherever, if, only if, unless, provided that, assuming that, even if, in case (that), lest, how,
as though, as if, because, since, so that, in order (that), that, as …

Quiz- coordinating and subordinating conjunctions:

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/grammar/parts-of-speech-the-preposition-
and-the-conjunction/introduction-to-conjunctions/e/coordinating-and-subordinating-
conjunctions

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Correlative Conjunctions
The correlative conjunction is one which is used in a pair. They are used as a way of relating
one sentence to another. One of the golden rules of a correlative conjunction is that they must
be equal in a grammatical sense. For example, when using the correlative conjunction of
both/and, if a noun comes after the word both, one must also come after the word and.
The girl is pretty. The girl is kind. She has blonde hair. She has green eyes. She is wearing a
blue jacket. She is wearing a white t-shirt.
This does not sound as audibly appealing and uses far too many words and sentences, making
it impractical. It is important when you are using conjunctions that you make sure they are
consistent, for example:

 He runs quickly and gracefully

The first sentence is consistent and therefore correct, the second sentence is not.

We are now going to take a look at some examples of correlative conjunctions being used
within a sentence.

 I do not like either the blue ones or the red ones.

 Neither my brother nor my sister live with my parents anymore.
 I went not only to China but also to Mongolia.
 I’m not sure whether he will become a teacher or a doctor when he is older.
Correlative conjunctions consist simply of a coordinating conjunction linked to
an adjective or adverb

Quiz – correlative conjunctions:

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/grammar/parts-of-speech-the-preposition-
and-the-conjunction/correlative-conjunctions-and-starting-sentences/e/correlative-
conjuntions

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Directions: Select the correct conjunction in each sentence:
1. I haven't really studied for this exam, ________ I feel a little nervous.
a. so b. unless c. but

2. I told him not to come, ________ he came anyway.

a. since b. unless c. but

3. He has always done well in exams. This time, ________, he failed.

a. however b. accordingly c. moreover

4. I bought you a birthday card ________ I like you.

a. because b. why c. otherwise

5. I couldn't figure out ________ he said what he said.

a. once b. but c. why

6. She spoke ________ she knew what she was talking about, but she didn't.
a. although b. because c. as if

7. I will not talk to him ________ he apologizes for what he did.

a. until b. because c. and

8. Take this photo, ________ you can remember me.

a. while b. So that c. however

9. ________ she calls me, I feel very happy.

a. Whenever b. so that c. After

10. I bring along a sandwich, ________ I get hungry.

a. therefore b. in case c. but

Interjections
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Although interjections may seem trivial, the reality is that this part of speech is very important because it can
sometimes be difficult to express emotions in written language. Emoticons may not be appropriate or possible
under certain circumstances, so using interjections proves to be a more viable option. Just remember all the
substantial information provided in this article, especially when it comes to using the proper punctuation
marks to convey intensity, and you will surely be able to use this part of speech effectively in your own
written text.

What are the different kinds of interjections?

Below are the different kinds of interjections:

Adjectives that are used as interjections.

Examples:

 Nice! You got a Monster Kill in your first game!

 Sweet! I got a PS4 for my birthday!
 Good! Now we can move on to the next lesson.
The words in bold, in the sample sentences above are just some of the adjectives that can be used as interjections.

Nouns or noun phrases that are used as interjections.

Examples:
 Congratulations, you won the match!
 Hello! How are you?
 Oh God! I forgot my keys!
The parts in bold of the sentences above are just some of the nouns that can be used as interjections.

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Short clauses that are used as interjections.
Example:
 Shawie is our chemistry teacher. Oh, the horror!
The short clause that is in bold in the example above functions as an interjection.

Some interjections are sounds, mostly used in spoken language.

Examples:
 Ugh! I’m never doing that again!
 Whew! That was really close!
 Uh-oh! Dude, I think we’re in serious trouble.

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Punctuation
Commas
a. Use commas to separate items in a list of three or more.
Remember that an “item” may refer to a noun, verb, or adjective phrase.
Note: Usage of a comma to separate the second-to-last from the last item is optional.

Example: I need to buy eggs, milk, lettuce, and bread.

Carlos wants to visit Paris, Italy, Germany, and China.
I like to go hiking, fishing, swimming, and camping during summer.
b. Use a comma to separate independent clauses (complete thoughts) when they are
joined by the following conjunctions:

For And Nor But Or Yet So

Note: The comma should come before the conjunction.

Example: I want to buy the new jacket, but it is too expensive.
In this example, there are two independent clauses:
1: “I want to buy the new jacket.” (Complete thought)
2 “It is too expensive.” (Complete thought)
These clauses are separated by a comma before the conjunction “but”.
 We can go to the zoo, or we can go to the movie theatre.
 They like chocolate, but they like vanilla better.
 We will go to the restaurant now, for we are very hungry.

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c. Use a comma to separate a dependent clause (incomplete thought) from an

independent clause (complete thought).

Here are some examples of sentences with dependent and independent clauses:

1) When I get older, I will be able to drive.

(Dependent), (Independent).
2) If you are good, I will buy you a toy.
(Dependent), (Independent).

Examples:

 The plant will die without water.

Note: If a sentence begins with a main clause no comma is needed after that.
 In five minutes, the building will be closed.
 When I get home, I am going to brush my teeth.
 Until I reach my goal, I will not stop working.
 If I get a new job, I will be very happy.

d. Use a comma(s) to separate any word or phrase from the rest of the sentence
that is not essential to the sentence's meaning. This phrase usually provides extra
information about the subject.

Here are some examples of sentences with words/phrases that are not essential to the
sentence’s meaning:

i. My brother, a 26 year old male, is watching TV.

ii. Amy Rivers, my best friend, is going to the mall today.
iii. I am ready for my dad, a hardworking man, to come home.
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iv. My mother, on the other hand, does not like chocolate.
v. Daniel Garrison, a farmer, wakes up very early.
e. Use a comma to separate a quotation from the rest of a sentence.

Examples:

i. “We need to buy more sugar,” she said, “before it runs out!”
ii. “I am tired,” he muttered.
iii. He said, “We need to lower taxes!”

iv. “If I don’t wake up in time,” he whispered, “I will be in trouble.”

v. The boy watched his mother and wondered, “Could I ever be that strong?”
f. Use a comma to separate an introductory element from the rest of a sentence.

Example:

 Hi, how are you?

 Yes, I would like more water please.
 Sorry, we do not have enough room.
 Well, I hope the problem will be fixed soon.
 However, I am very good at math.
g. Use a comma to separate the name of a town from a country or state.

Example:
 I visited Florence, Italy last summer.
 I live in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

h. Use a comma to separate the day of the week, the day of the month, and the year.

Example:
 Today is Thursday, April 18, 1943.
 Tomorrow will be Sunday, December 2.
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 September 11, 2001 is a date that will be remembered.

Semicolon
a. To combine closely related complete sentences (independent clauses) which are not joined
by a conjunction.
Example: The man was wet; he was standing in the rain without an umbrella.
In this example, there are two complete sentences (independent clauses):
1: “The man was wet.” (Independent clause)
2 “He was standing in the rain without an umbrella.” (Independent clause)
These clauses are separated by a semicolon.
 I cannot buy a new car; I do not have much money.
 The president was very popular; he easily won the election.

b. To separate complete sentences (independent clauses) that are joined by a conjunctive

adverb.
Here is a list of common conjunctive adverbs:

Example: Jane likes fruit; however, she does not like apples.
In this example, there are two complete sentences (independent clauses):
1: “Jane likes fruit.” (Independent clause)
2 “She does not like apples.” (Independent clause)
These clauses are separated by a semicolon and the conjunctive adverb “however”.
 I am really tired; however I cannot get to sleep.
 I am wearing a sweater and a jacket; still I am cold.
 Our mission seemed impossible; nevertheless we tried our best to accomplish it.

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c. To separate items in a list when commas alone would be confusing.

Example:
 The school specializes in three fields of study: economics, the study of the economy;
philosophy, the study of thought; and anthropology, the study of mankind.
 The store will be closed on the following days: Thursday, Dec. 24th; Friday, Dec. 25th;
Saturday, Dec. 26th ; and Sunday Dec. 27th.
 The company hired three new employees: Robert, who was 42 years old; Juan, who was 28
years old; and Dana, who was 24 years old.

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Colon

The Colon can be used in the following 7 ways:

1) Before a list that is introduced by a complete sentence.

Example: The reporter interviewed the following people: the department heads, the members
of the faculty council, and a representative group of students.

2) To introduce the effect, or logical consequence of an action.

Example: There was only one way he could win: he had to cheat.

3) Before a quotation.
Example: This is what Plato had to say about mathematicians: “I have hardly ever
known a mathematician who was capable of reasoning.”
4) After the salutation in a business letter or memo.
Example: Dear Senator Harkin:

5) To separate chapter and verse in scripture.

Example: The Sunday school class studied James 4:10

6) To separate hours from minutes.

Example: Our soccer game starts at 7:30.

7) To show ratios.
Example: Pour in the milk and water at a 3:1 ratio.
 I gave you the spray bottles for one reason: to clean the windows.
 You will need the following ingredients: milk, sugar, flour, and eggs.
 Johann set the alarm clock for 6:00.
 My father ended every conversation the same way: “Don’t give up.”
 Dear Mr. Kurasu of the Kiragowa Corporation:

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 Mix the oil and vinegar at a 1:2 ratio.

Apostrophe

1) To show possession of a noun

• add 's to the singular form of the word (even if it ends in -s):
I drive near the president’s house every day.
I like James's car.
• add ' to the end of plural nouns that end in -s:
These are my sisters’ dresses.
These are my friends’ pencils.
• add 's to the last noun to show joint possession of an object:
We are at Todd and Anne's apartment.

Note: Apostrophes should not be used with possessive pronouns because possessive
pronouns already show possession -- they don't need an apostrophe. His, her(s), its, my,
mine, your(s), our(s), their(s) are all possessive pronouns.
Note: As a general rule, if the possessive noun is an inanimate object (not living, no causal
agency) then no apostrophe is needed. There are exceptions to this rule, however.
Example: That is the door of the car. → that is the car door.
In the example, notice that the car does not need a possessive apostrophe because it is an
inanimate object.
 I need to wash the clothes of my son. → I need to wash my son’s clothes.
 The colours of the college are green and yellow. → The college’s colours are green and
yellow.
 The kid of Joe is an energetic boy. → Joe’s kid is an energetic boy.

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2) Omission of letters- contractions. Example: don’t, can’t, won’t, weren’t, aren’t, we’re
Rewrite the following by using apostrophe.
 I do not understand Math. →
 I will not go outside during storms. →
 I am waiting for a call. →
 We could not receive our mail. →
 They are brother and sister. →

3) Rewrite the following showing possession.

 This is the cat of Susan →

 I want to smell the scent of the flowers. →
 What is the name of your friend? →
 The heat of the sun is intense. →
 Oh the bottle! Its cover is broken. →
 This book belongs to you. →

Question Marks

Question Marks are used to end a question.

Note: Some sentences may seem like they are questions when they are actually statements
that appear like questions.
 What time is it?
 Do you want another piece of cake?
 Did the man find his dog?
 Was the movie scary?

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 Is it 7:00?

Quotation Marks

1) When repeating someone’s exact words

Example: “I feel sleepy,” Jim said.
In this example, the speaker is repeating Jim’s exact words, “I feel sleepy.” Notice that a
comma (or a question mark, exclamation point, or period) is used inside the quotation
mark where Jim’s exact words are interrupted by the speaker.

Example: “I feel sleepy,” Jim said, “But I don’t want to go to bed!”

In this example, two of Jim’s phrases are repeated. The speaker interrupts the phrases to
provide the reader information about them.

Example: “Jim said, ‘I feel sleepy,’ yet he stayed awake,” Jacob told Harris.

In this example, the speaker is repeating Jacob’s exact words, who is repeating Jim’s exact
words. When you have a quotation inside a quotation, use a single quotation mark to offset it.
Note: Quotation marks are unnecessary when paraphrasing someone’s exact words.
Example: “Help!” cried Ana.
In this example, we are repeating Ana’s exact words. Therefore, we need to use quotation
marks.

Example: Ana cried for help.

In this example, we are paraphrasing Ana’s exact words. Therefore, we do not need to use
quotation marks.
2) To show irony
Example: My friend energetically claimed that he was “too tired” to help me.
In this example, quotation marks are used to offset the phrase “too tired” because it is
ironical. The speaker is trying to show the reader that the friend was not too tired, and that
there must have been a better reason for his unwillingness to help.
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3) To show an unusual usage of a word or phrase

Example: It seems difficult to “know” everything about the human body.
In this example, quotation marks are used to offset the word “know” because it is used in an
unusual way. The speaker wants to show that the notion of “knowing” everything about the
human body seems somewhat absurd.

4) To refer to a word itself rather than its associated meaning

Example: The word “cooper” refers to someone who makes barrels.

In this example, quotation marks are used to offset the word “cooper” because the speaker is
referring to the word itself rather than its associated meaning.

5) To refer to titles or works.

Example: The book, “Blood Meridian,” by Cormac McCarthy, is a western novel.
In this example, quotation marks are used to offset the title of the work “Blood Meridian”. Use
commas to offset the title.

6) To refer to nicknames and false titles.

Example: Mike “Kid Dynamite” Tyson is a boxer.
In this example, quotation marks are used to offset a nickname.
Exclamation Points

Exclamation points are used to show strong emotion.

 I am so happy! We won the game.
 I am so excited because today is my birthday!
 Hooray! We are finally free!

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THE DASH, SLASH, ELLIPSES, AND BRACKETS

The dash, slash, ellipses, and brackets are marks that serve specific purposes as indicated below.

THE DASH

1. A dash is a punctuation mark used to separate a group of words, not parts of words like a
hyphen. A dash is longer than a hyphen.
2. A dash can be used as a substitution.

Example:
 My favourite colours are: red and blue which come in various shades . → My favourite
colours are - red and blue which come in various shades.

 The Beach Boys (a popular 60’s band) gave a performance. →

The Beach Boys - a popular 60’s band - gave a performance.

 The King of England (who came to throne) attended the wedding. →

The King of England - who came to throne - attended the wedding.

 I know who is at the window; it is my friend. → I know who is at the window---it is my

friend.

The dash (–) is used to set off additional material within a sentence, often in order to
emphasize it, to set off appositives that contain commas, or to indicate missing words.
Sometimes confused with the hyphen, a dash comes between words as a form of division,
whereas a hyphen generally joins words or parts of words to indicate a connection.

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1. Use a dash to set off an interruption that is closely relevant to the sentence but not grammatically part
of it, such as a list, illustration, restatement, summary, shift in thought or tone, or dramatic point.

Only one person wears that perfume–my mother.

Three of the people in my class–Tom, Dick, and Harry–refused to join the demonstration.
Note: Although they can be used in similar situations, the dash and parentheses serve slightly
different purposes. The dash is intended to emphasize supplemental information, whereas
parentheses tend to understate it.

2. Use a dash to set off appositives that contain commas. (An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that
immediately follows and renames a noun or pronoun and is usually surrounded by commas.)

Learning the mechanics–the complex, detailed structural components–of the English language
is very difficult because the rules are often so inconsistent.

3. Use a dash to indicate an abruptly unfinished thought or remark. Do not include a period or comma
after the dash. As an ellipsis…/ –

She is a wonderful girl, but–

"Please help me before I–" she cried.
THE SLASH

The slash (/) is used to show a division between paired terms or between lines of poetry.

1. Use a slash to indicate that a choice can be made between paired or multiple terms. Do not use a space
before or after the slash.

Catherine is taking the course pass/fail.

I am acting as the secretary/treasurer/social chairman since there are only two of us on the board.

2. Use a slash to indicate the division between lines of poetry quoted within a sentence. Add a space
before and after the slash.

Wordsworth's lines, "There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream, / The earth, and every common
sight, / To me did seem / Apparell'd in celestial light," begin one of his most beautiful poems.

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ELLIPSES
Ellipses are made up of three periods with spaces between them (. . .) and are used to indicate
that material is missing within a sentence or passage.
1. Use ellipses when material has been omitted from a direct (word-for-word) quotation, whether the
omission is a word, phrase, or several sentences.

The absurdity of the situation makes me ponder Hamlet's query "whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer . . .
outrageous fortune."

2. Use ellipses to indicate a pause, hesitation, or unfinished thought.

The veterinarian spoke softly, "The poor horse is . . . was . . ."
3. Use a 4-period (closed) ellipsis at the end of a partial quote that is nonetheless a
complete grammatical sentence (thus including a period at the end of a 3-period ellipsis).
Original sentence:
I have a weathered copy of that photograph in my own personal collection.
Partial quotation using a closed ellipsis:
I have a weathered copy of that photograph . . . .
Note: When used within a sentence, place a space before the first period and after the last
period of ellipses. If a mark of punctuation occurs right before the ellipses in the sentence,
include the punctuation and follow it with one space before the first period of the ellipses. Do
not use ellipses to begin a quotation.
BRACKETS
Brackets [] are used to insert comments or information into direct quotations, to identify errors
in text, and to enclose parenthetical information within a parenthetical passage. Although
similar to parentheses, brackets and parentheses are used for specifically different purposes.
1. Use brackets to insert comments or clarifying information within a direct quotation.
The brackets indicate the parenthetical information is not included in the original text of
the quotation itself.

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"That disaster [February's earthquake] devastated communities for thousands of square
miles."

2. Use brackets to enclose parenthetical information within material that is already

enclosed in parentheses, in order to avoid confusion.
Elizabeth served in the role of president (an "honorary" [unpaid] position) because she was
sincerely concerned about changing the direction of the organization.
Periods
1) To show that a sentence has ended
Example:

 We are going to the mall today.

 I must get a new car soon.
 If we don’t get some milk, we will not be able to eat our cereal.

2) To show that an abbreviation has ended

Example:
We are shopping on State St. today.
Note: use only one period to end a sentence.
 I want to move to Boulder, CO. when I get older.
 Today is Oct. 6th 2007.

3) As a decimal point
Example:
 The shoes cost $42.99.
 The dentist charges $62.00 for an office visit.
 The baby weighed 7.2 pounds at birth.

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Quiz
1. Circle the incorrect commas in the sentences below.
a. The hedgehog, which was only a baby, had been, in an accident.

b. When the sitting room, fills with light at sunset, it is delightful.

c. There was lightening that lit up the sky, thunder and, heavy rain.

d. The ship, which was heading for Port Arthur, struck rocks, on the way.
2. Put a comma into each sentence to separate the two parts of the sentence.
a. Before dinner I practiced playing the accordion.
b. As we entered the maze Mum led the way towards the centre.
c. Once you’ve mixed in the water stir the dough for five minutes.
d. Even during the summer the rooms in the castle remain cool.
e. After you’ve finished painting don’t forget to clean your brushes.
3. Which of these sentences has the comma in the right place?
a. My three favourite foods are pasta, and pizza, and ice cream.
b. My three favourite foods are pasta, pizza, ice cream.
c. My three favourite foods are pasta, pizza, and ice cream.
4. Which of these sentences has BOTH commas in the right places?
a. I play sport football, or cricket, every Sunday.
b. I play sport, football or cricket, every Sunday.
c. I play, sport football or cricket, every Sunday.
d. I play sport football or cricket, every, Sunday.
5. Which of these sentences has the right number of commas, with each comma in the right
place?
a. Last month I drove to London, Bristol, Leeds and Cardiff.
b. Last month I drove to London, Bristol Leeds and Cardiff.
c. Last month I drove to London Bristol Leeds, and Cardiff.
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Date ____________
d. Last month I drove to London Bristol, Leeds, and Cardiff.

6. "Rachel has brown hair and it is long." How can this sentence be re-written using a
semicolon?
a. Rachel has brown hair; it is long.
b. Rachel has brown hair; and it is long.
c. Rachel has brown hair; and; it is long.
d. Rachel has long; brown hair.

7. Which of the following sentences correctly uses a semicolon?

a. Spot is my cat's name; but I named him after my cousin's cat.
b. My cat is called Spot; and I named him after my cousin's cat.
c. My cat is called Spot; he's named after my cousin's cat.
d. I named my cat; Spot, after my cousin's cat.

8. "Cassie went shopping; she bought new shoes." How can you rewrite this sentence without
using a semicolon?
a. "Cassie went shopping, she bought new shoes."
b. "Cassie went shopping: she bought new shoes."
c. "Cassie went shopping. She bought new shoes."
d. "Cassie went shopping/she bought new shoes.

9. Which of the following statements is true?

a. When two clauses are joined by a semicolon, they can usually be separated into two sentences.
b. In most situations, semicolons and colons are interchangeable.
c. Semicolons are only used in lists that have internal commas.
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d. Semicolons are almost always used together with conjunctions.

10. Where should the semicolon go in the following sentence: "Tim wants to find his Frisbee if
he can't locate it he'll make Moby buy a new one”?
a. After the word "wants"
b. After the phrase "locate it"
c. After the word "frisbee"
d. After the word "buy"

11. Choose the correct option:

a. This is what I ate for breakfast an apple and a bowl of cereal.

b. This is what I ate for breakfast; an apple and a bowl of cereal.
c. This is what I ate for breakfast: an apple and a bowl of cereal.
d. This is what I ate for breakfast, an apple and a bowl of cereal.

12. Choose the correct option for the blank in the sentence:

“My new shoes are my three favourite ______ green, red, and blue.

a. colours:
b. colours;
c. colours,
d. colours-

13. Choose the correct option for the blank in the sentence:

“Every morning I have a giant glass of my favorite ______ orange juice.”

a. drink:
b. drink;
c. drink,
d. drink.

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Quiz – Dash, ellipsis, hyphen, slash and brackets

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5c81a378d3dc56001a0660f7/ellipses-hyphens-dashes-
brackets-parentheses-slash

The Principal Figures of Speech

1. Simile : Simile is to find similarity between two different things using the words ‘like’ or ‘as’.
a. He is as proud as a peacock.
b. The dawn comes up like thunder.
c. He was as poor as a church-mouse.
d. She is as busy as a bee.
e. The news of his death spread like wild fire.

2. Metaphor: When we compare two different things and find similarity between them without using the
words ‘like’ or ‘as’.
a. Coming events cast their shadows before.
b. The road was a ribbon of moonlight.
c. Variety is the spice of life.
d. The waves thundered on the shore.

3. Personification: It consists in giving the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object or a concept.
It is really a subtype of metaphor, an implied comparison in which the figurative term of the comparison
is always a human being.
Here are some examples of personification:

a. Love is blind.
b. Death lays his icy hands on kings.
c. Let not ambition mock their useful toil.
d. The virgin morning was peeping through the clouds.
e. Peace hath her victories no less renowned than war.

4. Allegory: Literally the word means “speaking otherwise”. An allegory is a narrative or description that has a
second meaning beneath the surface. The author’s major interest is in the ulterior (hidden) meaning. It is
complete narrative which involve characters.
Example:

Pharaoh’s dream mentioned in The Bible as well as in The Holy Quran has an allegorical significance.
When Pharaoh has a dream, in which seven fat kine are devoured by seven lean kine, the story doesn’t
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really become significant until Joseph interprets its allegorical meanings: that Egypt is to enjoy seven
years of fruitfulness and prosperity followed by seven years of famine.

5. Onomatopoeia (ona-meta-pee-a) : It is the use of words that imitate sounds. The sound of the word
suggests or echoes their sense. Hiss, crash, buzz, neigh, ring and jingle, bang, zoom, whiz, ding-dong,
pitter-patter, blip-blop are examples of onomatopoeia. In William Shakespeare’s “Full Fathom
Five”, onomatopoeia is used to imitate the sound of a bell.

Sea nymphs hourly ring the knell:

Ding-Dong
Hark! Now I hear them.
Ding-dong bell.
a. The best part about music class is that you can bang on the drum.
b. Dad released a belch from the pit of his stomach.
c. The bridge collapsed creating a tremendous boom.
d. The dishes fell to the floor with a clatter.
e. The cabinet opened with a distinct creak.

6. Alliteration: The repetition of initial consonant sounds in a phrase, line of poetry or sentence is
called alliteration.
Examples:

a. Tired and true, safe and sound, fish or fowl, thick and thin.
b. The fare breeze blew, the white foam flew, Water, water everywhere, not any drop to drink.

7. Pun : Pun is the humorous use of word or phrase so as to emphasize or suggest its different meaning
or applications, or the use of words that are alike or nearly alike in sound but different in meaning;
a play on words.

a. A boiled egg every morning is hard to beat.

b. I've been to the dentist many times so I know the drill.
c. Being struck by lightning is a shocking experience!
d. A chicken crossing the road is truly poultry in motion.
e. Without geometry, life is pointless.

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8. Hyperbole: Hyperbole is the use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech. It

may be used to evoke strong feelings or to create a strong impression, but is not meant to be taken
literally. Hyperboles are exaggerations to create emphasis or effect.

a. The bag weighed a ton.

b. I was so hungry; I could eat a horse!
c. She's older than the hills.
d. I could sleep for a year; I was so tired.
e. He's filthy rich. He's got tons of money.
f. I've told you a million times to help with the housework.

9. Imagery: When a writer attempts to describe something in a way that it appeals to our sense of
smell, sight, taste, touch, or hearing; he/she has used imagery.

a. I could hear the popping and crackling as mom dropped the spice smeared red
drumsticks into the frying pan, and soon the salty, greasy smell wafted toward me.

b. The house stood half-demolished and abandoned.

c. He left with his haunted and spell-bound face.
d. He did not like the odorless and colorless shape of water.

10. Assonance: Assonance is a literary device in which the repetition of similar vowel sounds in two or more
words in proximity to each other within a line of poetry or prose. Assonance most often refers to the repetition of
internal vowel sounds in words that do not end the same. For example, “he fell asleep under the cherry tree.”

a. The light on the site did not let him see the sight.
b. He heard the sound of the fire, like wire striking the air.
c. This artificial stream is going to flow to the downtown of the town.
d. Please set the kite right.
e. Might of the fright seems greater than the actual fear.

11.Anaphora: The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses.
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a. Be bold. Be brief. Be gone.
b. Get busy living or get busy dying.
c. Give me liberty or give me death.

12.Irony: The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. Also, a statement or situation
where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.
a. A fire station burns down. ...
b. A marriage counselor files for divorce. ...
c. The police station gets robbed. ...

13. Oxymoron: An oxymoron is a figure of speech containing words that seem to contradict each other. It's
often referred to as a contradiction in terms. A common oxymoron is the phrase "the same difference." This
phrase qualifies as an oxymoron because the words "same" and "difference" have opposite meanings.

a. Modern dancing is so old fashioned." - Samuel Goldwyn

b. "A business that makes nothing but money is a poor business." - Henry Ford
c. "I am a deeply superficial person." - Andy Warhol
d. "We're busy doing nothing." - Bing Crosby

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Identify the figures of speech whether they are similes, metaphors, personifications, hyperbole

or onomatopoeias.

1. The giant’s steps were thunder as he ran toward Jack.

_________________________________

2. The pillow was a cloud when I put my head upon it.

__________________________________

3. The bar of soap was a slippery eel during the dog’s bath.

_________________________________

4. I felt like a cheetah when I ran the race.

_________________________________

5. Those boys are like two peas in a pod.

______________________________

6. The wind sang her mournful song through the falling leaves.

____________________________

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7. The microwave timer told me it was time to eat my TV dinner.

__________________________

8. Bertha Bartholomew bites big bubbles.

__________________________

9.The china jar danced on the shelves during the earthquake

______________________________

10. He was so tired that he could have slept for a month.

____________________________

11. The water was a million feet deep.

________________________

12. Clever Clifford clumsily closed the closet clasps

________________________

13. I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.

_________________________

14. She was as slow as a sloth on a hot day.

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__________________________

15. Though she stepped very lightly, Vanessa’s heels still clacked on the hardwood floor.

_____________________________

16. Brian was rapidly clicking his pen to annoy me, but it wouldn’t work this time.

17. The rustling leaves kept me awake.

___________________________

18. No matter how much you push the envelope, it will still be stationary.
_____________________________
19. The grammarian was very logical. He had a lot of comma sense.
_____________________________
20. My heart is sinking; my rose plant is withering; my end is near.
_____________________________
21. It’s stormy outside; our family unrest has a glimpse of the outside
scene.
______________________________

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Tenses Examples

Simple Present I play basketball every week.

Present Progressive I’m playing basketball now.

Simple Past I played basketball yesterday.

Past Progressive I was playing basketball the whole evening.

Present Perfect I have just played basketball.

Present Perfect Progressive I have been playing basketball for 3 hours.

Past Perfect I had played basketball before mary came.

Past Perfect Progressive I had been playing basketball when Mary came.

Future – will I will play basketball next week.

Future – going to I’m going to play basketball this afternoon.

Future Progressive I will be playing basketball next Sunday.

Future Perfect I will have played basketball by tomorrow.

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Tense Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Present simple I have a car. I don’t have a car. Do I have a car?

Present You are playing football You are not playing Are you playing football
continuous now. football now. now?

Present perfect They have been there. They haven’t been there. Have they been there?

Present perfect Have they been living

cont. I have been living here. I haven’t been living here. here?

Past simple I lived in London. I didn’t live in London. Did I live in London?

Past continuous I was playing. I wasn’t playing. Was I playing?

Past perfect He had worked. He had not worked. Had he worked?

Past perfect cont. I had been watching. I had not been watching. Had I been watching?

Future simple I will come. I will not come. Will I come in?

Future I will be playing I won’t be playing Will I be playing

continuous basketball. basketball. basketball?

Future perfect He will have finished. He will not have finished. Will he have finished?

Future perfect We will have been We will not have been

cont. starting. starting.

Quiz different kinds of tenses:

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/571f6037ed7b1ca134119eba/verb-tenses

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