Contents

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(Top)
1Early life and career
2Political career

3Early martial law years

41978 election, bypass surgery

5Planned return to the Philippines

6Assassination
7Funeral
8Historical reputation and legacy

8.1Monuments and memorials

9Honors

10Personal life

10.1In popular culture

11See also

12Notes
13References
14External links

Ninoy Aquino
Benigno "Ninoy" Simeon Aquino Jr., QSC, CLH,
The Honorable
KGCR[1][2][3][4] (locally [bɛˈniɡnɔʔ aˈkino]; November
27, 1932 – August 21, 1983) was a Filipino politician Ninoy Aquino
QSC CLH KGCR
who served as a senator of the Philippines (1967–1972)
and governor of the province of Tarlac. Aquino was the
husband of Corazon Aquino, who became the 11th
president of the Philippines after his assassination,
and father of Benigno Aquino III, who became the 15th
president of the Philippines. Aquino, together with
Gerardo Roxas and Jovito Salonga, helped form the
leadership of the opposition towards then President
Ferdinand Marcos. He was the aggressive leader who
together with the intellectual leader Sen. Jose W.
Diokno led the overall opposition.

Early in his Senate career, Aquino vigorously

attempted to investigate the Jabidah massacre in
March 1968.[5] Shortly after the imposition of martial
law in 1972, Aquino was arrested along with other
members of the opposition. He was incarcerated for
seven years. He has been described as Marcos' "most Aquino c. 1980s
famous political prisoner".[6] He founded his own
party, Lakas ng Bayan and ran in the 1978 Philippine Senator of the Philippines
parliamentary election, but all the party's candidates
lost in the election. In 1980, he was permitted by In office
Marcos to travel to the United States for medical December 30, 1967 – September 23, 1972[a]
treatment following a heart attack. During the early
Governor of Tarlac
1980s he became one of the most notable critics of the
Marcos regime, and enjoyed popularity across the US In office
due to the numerous rallies he attended at the time. February 17, 1961 – December 30, 1967
Preceded by Arsenio Lugay
As the situation in the Philippines worsened, Aquino
decided to return to face Marcos and restore Succeeded by Danding Cojuangco
democracy in the country, despite numerous threats Vice Governor of Tarlac
against it. He was assassinated at Manila International In office
Airport on August 21, 1983, upon returning from his December 30, 1959 – February 15, 1961
self-imposed exile. His death revitalised opposition to
Mayor of Concepcion, Tarlac
Marcos; it also catapulted his widow, Corazon, into the
political limelight and prompted her to successfully In office
run for a six-year term as president as a member of the December 30, 1955 – December 30, 1959
United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO) Preceded by Nicolas Feliciano
party in the 1986 snap election.
Succeeded by Romeo Yumul
Among other public structures, Manila International Presidential Adviser on Defense Affairs
Airport has since been renamed Ninoy Aquino In office
International Airport in his honor, and the anniversary 1949–1954
of his death is a national holiday. Aquino has also been
listed as a Motu Propio human rights violations victim President Elpidio Quirino
of the Martial Law era.[7] Ramon Magsaysay
Personal details
Early life and career Born Benigno Simeon Aquino Jr.
November 27, 1932
Ninoy Aquino was born Benigno Simeon Aquino Jr. in Concepcion, Tarlac, Philippine
Concepcion, Tarlac on November 27, 1932 to Benigno Islands
Aquino Sr., who was then a senator from the 3rd Died August 21, 1983 (aged 50)
district and Senate majority leader, and Aurora Lampa
Manila International Airport,
Aquino[8][9] from a prosperous family of hacienderos,
Metro Manila, Philippines
the original owners of Hacienda Tinang.[10]
Manner of death Assassination
His grandfather, Servillano Aquino, was a general in
Resting place Manila Memorial Park –
the revolutionary army of Emilio Aguinaldo, the
Sucat, Parañaque, Philippines
officially recognized first President of the
Philippines.[11] Political party LABAN (1978–1983)
Liberal (1959–1983)
He received his elementary education at the basic Nacionalista (until 1959)
education department of De La Salle College and
Spouse Corazon Cojuangco ​(m. 1954)
finished at the basic education department of Saint
Joseph's College of Quezon City. He then graduated at Children 5, including Benigno III and
the high school department of San Beda College. Kris
Aquino took his tertiary education at Ateneo de Manila Parent(s) Benigno Aquino Sr.
University to obtain a Bachelor of Arts degree, but he Aurora Aquino
interrupted his studies.[12] According to one of his
biographies, he considered himself to be an average Relatives Aquino family
student; his grade was not in the line of 90s nor did it Alma mater Ateneo de Manila University
fall into the 70s. At the age of 17, he was the youngest University of the Philippines
war correspondent to cover the Korean War for The Diliman
Manila Times of Don Joaquín "Chino" Roces. Because
of his journalistic feats, he received the Philippine Occupation Politician
Legion of Honor award from President Elpidio Quirino Profession Journalist
when aged 18. At 21, he became a close adviser to then Signature
Defense Secretary Ramon Magsaysay. Aquino took up
law at the University of the Philippines Diliman, where
he became a member of Upsilon Sigma Phi, the same
fraternity as Ferdinand Marcos. He interrupted his Website www.ninoyaquino.ph (http://w
studies again however to pursue a career in ww.ninoyaquino.ph/)
journalism. According to Máximo Soliven, Aquino
"later 'explained' that he had decided to go to as many schools as possible, so that he could make as
many new friends as possible."[12] In early 1954, he was appointed by President Ramon Magsaysay,
his wedding sponsor to his 1953 wedding at the Our Lady of Sorrows Church in Pasay with Corazon
Cojuangco, to act as personal emissary to Luis Taruc, leader of the Hukbalahap rebel group. After four
months of negotiations, he was credited for Taruc's unconditional surrender[13] and was given a
second Philippine Legion of Honor award with the degree of Commander on October 14, 1954.[14]

He became mayor of Concepcion in 1955 at the age of 23.[15]

Political career
Aquino gained an early familiarity with Philippine politics, as he
was born into one of the Philippines' political and landholding
clans. His grandfather served under President Aguinaldo, and his
father held office under Presidents Quezon and Jose P. Laurel. As
a consequence, Aquino was able to be elected mayor when he was
23 years old.[15] Five years later, he was elected the nation's
youngest vice governor at 27 (the record was surpassed by
Bongbong Marcos at 22 in 1980). Two years later, he became
governor of Tarlac province in 1961 and then secretary-general of
the Liberal Party in 1966.

In 1968, during his first year as senator, Aquino alleged that

Benigno Aquino Jr. (right) with Marcos was on the road to establishing "a garrison state" by
President Ramon Magsaysay in "ballooning the armed forces budget," saddling the defense
August 1951 establishment with "overstaying generals" and "militarizing our
civilian government offices."[16][17]

Aquino became known as a constant critic of the Marcos regime, as his flamboyant rhetoric had made
him a darling of the media. His most polemical speech, "A Pantheon for Imelda", was delivered on
February 10, 1969. He assailed the Cultural Center, the first project of First Lady Imelda Marcos as
extravagant, and dubbed it "a monument to shame" and labelled its designer "a megalomaniac, with a
penchant to captivate". By the end of the day, the country's broadsheets had blared that he labelled the
President's wife, his cousin Paz's former ward, and a woman he had once courted, "the Philippines'
Eva Peron". President Marcos is said to have been outraged and labelled Aquino "a congenital liar".
The First Lady's friends angrily accused Aquino of being "ungallant". These so-called "fiscalization"
tactics of Aquino quickly became his trademark in the Senate.[18][17]

Early martial law years

It was not until the Plaza
Miranda bombing on August
21, 1971, that the pattern of
direct confrontation between
Marcos and Aquino emerged.
At 9:15 pm, at the kick-off rally
of the Liberal Party, the
candidates formed a line on a Undated photo of President
Aquino with Jose W. Diokno; the two makeshift platform and were Ferdinand Marcos meeting Aquino
main opposition leaders arrested by raising their hands as the
Marcos in Laur, Nueva Ecija after crowd applauded. The band
Proclamation No. 1081 played, a fireworks display drew all eyes, when suddenly there
were two loud explosions that obviously were not part of the show.
In an instant, the stage became a scene of wild carnage. The police
later discovered two fragmentation grenades that had been thrown at the stage by "unknown
persons". Eight people died, and 120 others were wounded, many critically.

Aquino, elected senator in 1967, was not a candidate in the 1971 midterm election hence was not in
Plaza Miranda, but his absence caused some to assume that Aquino's NPA friends tipped him off in
advance.[19] Unnamed sources accused Aquino of being involved. No one has ever been prosecuted for
the attack.[20] Many historians continue to suspect Marcos as he is known to have used false flag
attacks as a pretext for his declaration of martial law at that time.[21][22]

Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, through Proclamation No. 1081[23] and went on
air to broadcast his declaration on the midnight of September 23.[24] Aquino and Sen. Diokno were
two of the first to be arrested, and were imprisoned in Fort Bonifacio on trumped-up charges of
murder, illegal possession of firearms and subversion. Aquino was tried before Military Commission
No. 2, headed by Major-General Jose Syjuco and moved to Fort Magsaysay in Laur, Nueva Ecija.
On April 4, 1975, Aquino announced that he was going on a hunger strike, a fast to the death to protest
the injustices of his military trial. Ten days through his hunger strike, he instructed his lawyers to
withdraw all the motions he had submitted to the Supreme Court. As weeks went by, he subsisted
solely on salt tablets, sodium bicarbonate, amino acids and two glasses of water a day. Even as he grew
weaker, suffering from chills and cramps, soldiers forcibly dragged him to the military tribunal's
session. His family and hundreds of friends and supporters heard Mass nightly at the Santuario de
San Jose in Greenhills, San Juan, praying for his survival. Near the end, Aquino's weight dropped
from 54 to 36 kilograms. Aquino nonetheless was able to walk throughout his ordeal. On May 13, 1975,
on the 40th day, his family and several priests and friends, begged him to end his fast, pointing out
that even Christ fasted only for 40 days. He acquiesced, confident that he had made a symbolic
gesture.

He, however, remained in prison, and the trial continued, drawn out for several years. Throughout the
trial, Aquino said that the military tribunal had no authority over his and his co-accused cases.[12] On
November 25, 1977, the Military Commission found Aquino, along with NPA leaders Bernabe
Buscayno (Kumander Dante) and Lt. Victor Corpus, guilty of all charges and sentenced them to death
by firing squad.[25][26] Marcos commuted their death sentence[27] due to international pressure over
his government's human rights record.[28][29]

1978 election, bypass surgery

In 1978, from his prison cell, Aquino was allowed to run in the
1978 Philippine parliamentary election. As Ninoy's Liberal Party
colleagues were boycotting the election, he formed the Lakas ng
Bayan party. The party had 21 candidates for the Metro Manila
area, including Ninoy himself. All of the party's candidates,
including Ninoy, lost the election.[30]

In mid-March 1980, Aquino suffered a heart attack, mostly in a

solitary cell. He was transported to the Philippine Heart Center, The room where Aquino was
where he suffered a second heart attack. ECG and other tests detained from August 1973 to 1980
showed that he had a blocked artery. Philippine surgeons were
reluctant to do a coronary bypass, because it could involve them in
a controversy. In addition, Aquino refused to submit himself to Philippine doctors, fearing possible
Marcos "duplicity"; he preferred to go to the United States for the procedure or return to his cell at
Fort Bonifacio and die.

His request was granted and Ninoy was allowed to go to the US for surgery, together with his entire
family. This was arranged after a secret hospital visit by Imelda Marcos. This "emergency leave" was
set up when Ninoy supposedly agreed to the conditions that, first, he will return, and second, he will
not speak out against Marcos in the US. Ninoy was operated on by Rolando M. Solis, a Filipino
American and the longest-practicing cardiologist in Dallas, Texas, where the operation took place.
After the surgery, Ninoy made a quick recovery, after which he decided to renounce the agreement,
saying, "a pact with the devil is no pact at all".[31]

He, Cory and their children started a new life in Massachusetts. He continued to work on two books
and gave a series of lectures while on fellowship grants from Harvard University and Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. His travels across the US had become opportunities for him to deliver
speeches critical of the Marcos government.[32][33] Throughout his years of expatriation, Aquino was
always aware that his life in the U.S. was temporary. He never stopped affirming his eventual return
even as he enjoyed American hospitality and a peaceful life with his family on American soil. After
spending seven years and seven months in prison, Aquino's finances were in ruins. Making up for the
lost time as the family's breadwinner, he toured America; attending symposiums, lectures, and giving
speeches in freedom rallies opposing the Marcos government. The most memorable was held at the
Wilshire Ebell Theater in Los Angeles, California on February 15, 1981.[34]

Planned return to the Philippines

In the first quarter of 1983, Aquino received news about the deteriorating political situation in his
country and the rumored declining health of President Marcos (due to lupus). He believed that it was
expedient for him to speak to Marcos and present to him his rationale for the country's return to
democracy, before extremists took over and made such a change impossible. Moreover, his years of
absence made his allies worry that the Filipinos might have resigned themselves to Marcos' strongman
rule and that without his leadership the centrist opposition would die a natural death.[35]
 Aquino decided to go back to the Philippines, fully aware of the
dangers that awaited him. Warned that he would either be
imprisoned or killed, Aquino answered, "if it's my fate to die by an
assassin's bullet, so be it. But I cannot be petrified by inaction, or
fear of assassination, and therefore stay in the side..."[36] His
family, however, learned from a Philippine Consular official that
there were orders from Ministry of Foreign Affairs not to issue any
passports for them. At that time, their passports had expired and
their renewal had been denied. They therefore formulated a plan
for Aquino to fly alone (to attract less attention), with the rest of
the family to follow him after two weeks. Despite the government's
ban on issuing him a passport, Aquino acquired one with the help
of Rashid Lucman, a former Mindanao legislator and founder of
the Bangsamoro Liberation Front, a Moro separatist group against
Marcos. It carried the alias Marcial Bonifacio (Marcial for martial
Aquino delivers a prepared law and Bonifacio for Fort Bonifacio, his erstwhile prison).[37] He
statement against the Marcos eventually obtained a legitimate passport from a sympathizer
regime working in a Philippine consulate through the help of Roque R.
Ablan Jr., who was then a congressman. The Marcos government
warned all international airlines that they would be denied landing
rights and forced to return if they tried to fly Aquino back to the Philippines. Aquino insisted that it
was his natural right as a citizen to come back to his homeland, and that no government could prevent
him from doing so. He left Logan International Airport on August 13, 1983, took a circuitous route
home from Boston, via Los Angeles, to Singapore. In Singapore, then-Tunku Ibrahim Ismail of Johor
met Aquino upon his arrival and later brought him to Johor to meet with other Malaysian leaders.[38]
Once in Johor, Aquino met up with Tunku Ibrahim's father, Sultan Iskandar, who was a close friend to
Aquino.[39]

He then left for Hong Kong and on to Taipei. He had chosen Taipei as the final stopover when he
learned the Philippines had severed diplomatic ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan). This made
him feel more secure; the Taiwan government could pretend they were not aware of his presence.
There would also be a couple of Taiwanese friends accompanying him. From Taipei he flew to Manila
on then Taiwan's flag carrier China Airlines Flight 811.[38]

Marcos wanted Aquino to stay out of politics, however Aquino asserted his willingness to suffer the
consequences declaring, "the Filipino is worth dying for."[40] He wished to express an earnest plea for
Marcos to step down, for a peaceful regime change and a return to democratic institutions.
Anticipating the worst, at an interview in his suite at the Taipei Grand Hotel, he revealed that he
would be wearing a bullet-proof vest, but he also said that "it's only good for the body, but in the head
there's nothing else we can do." Sensing his own doom, he told the journalists accompanying him on
the flight, "You have to be very ready with your hand camera because this action can become very fast.
In a matter of a three or four minutes it could be all over, you know, and [laughing] I may not be able
to talk to you again after this."[41] His last televised interview,[42] with journalist Jim Laurie, took
place on the flight just prior to his assassination.

In his last formal statement that he was not able to deliver, he said, "I have returned on my free will to
join the ranks of those struggling to restore our rights and freedoms through non-violence. I seek no
confrontation."[43]

Assassination
Aquino was shot in the head after returning to the Philippines on
August 21, 1983. About 1,000 security personnel had been
assigned by the Marcos government to ensure Aquino's safe return
to his detention cell in Fort Bonifacio, but this did not prevent the
assassination. Another man present at the airport tarmac, Rolando
Galman, was shot dead shortly after Aquino was killed. The
Marcos government falsely claimed that Galman was the trigger
man in Aquino's assassination.
B-1836, the aircraft involved in the
An investigation headed by Justice Corazon Agrava led to murder assassination, taxiing at Kai Tak
charges being filed against twenty five military men and one Airport
civilian. They were acquitted by the Sandiganbayan on December
2, 1985, in what the Supreme Court would later describe as a
"mock trial" ordered by "the authoritarian president" himself.[44]
 After Marcos' government was overthrown, another investigation
found sixteen soldiers guilty. They were sentenced in 1990 by the
Sandiganbayan to life in prison, a decision affirmed by the
Supreme Court.[45] Some were released over the years, the last
ones in March 2009.[46][47]

After the assassination, the opposition ran for the Regular

Batasang Pambansa under the United Nationalist Democratic
Organization (UNIDO) and the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–
Lakas ng Bayan (PDP–Laban) against the ruling Kilusang Bagong
Lipunan of Ferdinand Marcos. In the wake of the massive
outpouring of protest and discontent following the assassination of
Aquino, the opposition performed better during the 1984
Philippine parliamentary election compared to the 1978 Philippine
parliamentary election, winning 61 seats out of 183 seats, or 33%
of the total number of seats.[48]
Bloodied shirt and clothes worn by
Aquino during his assassination on
display at the Aquino Center and Funeral
Museum in Tarlac in July 2008
Hours after the assassination,
Aquino's remains were
autopsied at Loyola Memorial Chapels in Makati. [50][51] On the
following day, his remains lay in state for eight days, his clothes
unchanged, and no effort was made to disguise a bullet wound that
had disfigured his face. In an interview with Aquino's mother,
Aurora, she told the funeral parlor not to apply makeup nor
embalm her son, to see "what they did to my son". Thousands of
The shared tomb of Ninoy and Cory
supporters flocked to see the bloodied body of Aquino, which took
Aquino was photographed on
place at the Aquino household in Times Street, West Triangle,
Saturday August 8, 2009, twenty-six
Quezon City, for eight days. Aquino's wife, Corazon Aquino, and
years after his death. Benigno
children Ballsy, Pinky, Viel, Noynoy, and Kris arrived the day after
Aquino Jr shares a gravestone with
the assassination. Aquino's funeral procession on August 31 lasted
his wife Corazon Aquino (who died
from 9 a.m., when his funeral mass was held at Santo Domingo
in 2009) at the Manila Memorial
Church in Santa Mesa Heights, Quezon City, with the Cardinal Park in Parañaque, Philippines.
Archbishop of Manila, Jaime Sin officiating, to 9 p.m., when his Their son Benigno III was later
body was interred at the Manila Memorial Park. More than two interred beside their tombs upon his
million people lined the streets for the procession. Some stations
death in June 2021[49]
like the church-sponsored Radio Veritas and DZRH were the only
stations to cover the entire ceremony.[52]

Jovito Salonga, then head of the Liberal Party, referred to Aquino as "the greatest president we never
had",[53] adding:

Ninoy was getting impatient in Boston, he felt isolated by the flow of events in the
Philippines. In early 1983, Marcos was seriously ailing, the Philippine economy was just as
rapidly declining, and insurgency was becoming a serious problem. Ninoy thought that by
coming home he might be able to persuade Marcos to restore democracy and somehow
revitalize the Liberal Party.[53]

Aquino was interred at the Manila Memorial Park, Parañaque.[54]

Historical reputation and legacy

Although Aquino was recognized as the most prominent and most dynamic politician of his
generation, in the years prior to martial law he was regarded by many as being a representative of the
entrenched familial elite which to this day dominates Philippine politics. While atypically telegenic
and uncommonly articulate, he had his share of detractors and was not known to be immune to the
ambitions and excesses of the ruling political class. However, during his seven years and seven
months imprisoned as a criminal, Aquino read the book Born Again by convicted Watergate
conspirator Charles Colson and it inspired him to a rude awakening.[55]
As a result, the remainder of his personal and political life had a
distinct spiritual sheen. He emerged as a contemporary
counterpart of Jose Rizal, who was among the most vocal
proponents of the use of non-violence to combat a repressive
regime at the time, following the model of Mahatma Gandhi and
Martin Luther King Jr.[56]

Some oppositionist students who were active in the fight against

the Marcos administration recount that at the time they had
originally thought of Aquino as just another "traditional
Ninoy Aquino on a 2000 stamp of
politician," but began to acknowledge he was more than that when
the Philippines
he took the risk of returning to the Philippines, and ultimately
paid for his choice with his life.[57]

Monuments and memorials

Manila International Airport (MIA) where he was assassinated was renamed Ninoy Aquino
International Airport (NAIA) and his image is printed on the 500-peso note together with his wife.

On February 25, 2004, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed into law Republic Act 9256 on the
21st anniversary of his death as an annual special non-working holiday in the Philippines.[58]

Several monuments were built in their honor. One of which is the bronze memorial in Makati near the
Philippine Stock Exchange. Another bronze statue stands in front of the Municipal Building of
Concepcion, Tarlac.[59]

The Ninoy Aquino Library and Learning Resources Center, the main university library of the
Polytechnic University of the Philippines, was also named in his honor.

Honors
National Honors

: Quezon Service Cross - posthumous (August 21, 2004)

: Commander of the Philippine Legion of Honor, First Bronze Anahaw Leaf, 1958 for serving
as Presidential Assistant for the Garcia Administration
: Philippine Legion of Honor, Commander (Komandante), 1954 for negotiation of Luis
Taruc's surrender to the Philippine Government.
: Philippine Legion of Honor, Officer (Pinuno), 1950 for his service in reporting on the state
of the Philippine troops in the Korean War
: Order of the Knights of Rizal - Knight Grand Cross of Rizal.[60] posthumous (1986)

International Honors

Plaque of Appreciation from South Korea for the coverage of the Korean War
Fellow, Harvard University for International Affairs – (1981–83)
Fellow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology – (1981–83)

Personal life
On October 11, 1954, he married Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco (Cory), with whom he had five
children:[61]

Maria Elena ("Ballsy", born August 18, 1955), married to Eldon Cruz, with sons Justin Benigno
(Jiggy) and Eldon Jr. (Jonty)
Aurora Corazon ("Pinky", born December 27, 1957), married to Manuel Abellada, with son Miguel
and daughter Nina
Benigno Simeon III ("Noynoy", February 8, 1960 – June 24, 2021⁠), the 15th President of the
Philippines
Victoria Elisa ("Viel", born October 27, 1961), married to Joseph Dee, with son Francis (Kiko),
daughter Jacinta Patricia (Jia)
Kristina Bernadette ("Kris", born February 14, 1971), formerly married to James Yap (separated in
2010), with sons Joshua Philip Aquino Salvador (Josh) and James Aquino Yap Jr. (Bimby)
In a June 1981 interview with Pat Robertson on The 700 Club, Aquino said he was raised Catholic.
According to him, his religious awakening began after reading Evangelical Christian author Charles
Colson's 1976 book Born Again, during his solitary confinement under the Marcos regime.[62]

In popular culture

Aquino was portrayed by Amado Cortez in the 1994 film Mayor Cesar Climaco. His nephew, future
Senator Bam Aquino portrayed him in the documentary film The Last Journey of Ninoy, produced by
Unitel and directed by Jun Reyes. He was also prominently featured in the film A Dangerous Life. He
is also portrayed by Isko Moreno and by Jerome Ponce as the young Aquino in the 2023 film Martyr
or Murderer while his wife was portrayed by Giselle Sanchez and Sachzna Laparan.[63]

On television, he was portrayed by Piolo Pascual on the two-part story of "The Ninoy & Cory Aquino
Story" on Maalaala Mo Kaya, namely episodes entitled Kalapati and Makinilya, respectively.

See also
Philippines portal

Biography portal

Korea, a 1952 war film with a "story by" credit for Aquino.

Notes
a. Original term until December 30, 1973; cut short pursuant to the Declaration of Martial Law on
September 23, 1972.

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