Design and Implementation of Solar Based Infant phototherapy using UV

method

ABSTRACT
Two major objectives of the project is to design and build a
compact, hybrid light-weight solar based infant phototherapy system with
incubator to incorporate conventional and solar power the incubator. The
design culminated in a portable, readily powered, low-cost phototherapy
and incubator of which can be implemented in a third-world environment.
The system, used to help an infant maintain a stable temperature, is a
precious tool in the presence of high premature birth rates and is essential
for combating infant mortality. Also Phototherapy is a special light
treatment given to newborns who have jaundice. These issues plague
developing areas of india, where the final design has been implemented.
The one DC heaters and Phototherapy lights are powered by main-line
power when available and also powered by a battery, which was charged
by a solar panel. The heaters are capable of maintaining a steady 34-37°C
temperature and 60% to 70% humidity range within the incubator.
Additionally Air quality is monitored within the incubator. This design
has the power to decrease infant mortality rates in the countries by being
an easily accessible, life-saving from jaundice invention powered by an
abundant, natural resource. Any mal operation is occurred in the system,
Alarm is raised to attention the duty doctors.

1
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Phototherapy is a special light treatment given to newborns

who have jaundice. Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin
and eyes in newborns due to a pigment called bilirubin. 60% of
babies are born with jaundice at birth. However, a few babies have a
bilirubin level at birth that is high enough to cause brain damage.
The reason may be an infection at birth, low birth weight, or breast
milk. Phototherapy helps your baby’s body to get rid of the
accumulated excess bilirubin (yellow substance) by making it water-
soluble. This process makes it easier for your baby’s liver to break
down and remove the bilirubin from their blood through urine and
stools.

Infants who born before 37 weeks of the gestation period are

known as preterm or premature babies. Preterm baby requires
surrounding exactly similar as in the womb tocope with the external
environment. In fact mammals have the advantage of being
homoeothermic,i.e.theyhave a nearly uniform body temperature,
regulated independent of the environmental temperature. Vital
organs or enzymes of premature babies grow to the very lesser extent
and thus requires special attention to cope with external physical
condition like temperature, humidity, light and oxygen level. The
infant has several disadvantages in terms of thermal regulation. An
infant has a relatively large surface area, poor thermal insulation and
a small amount of mass to act as a heat sink. The new-born has little
ability to conserve heat by changing posture and no ability to adjust
their own clothing in a response to thermal stress. Responses may
also be hindered by illness or adverse conditions such as hypoxia

2
(below normal levels of oxygen). To provide the similar
environment as in the womb infants have to be kept in a device
known as incubator. An infant incubator is a device consisting of a
rigid box-like enclosure in which an infant may be kept in controlled
environment for medical care. An infant incubator provides stable
levels of temperature, relative humidity and oxygen concentration.
Air temperature has to be maintained around 37ºC. The relative
humidity should follow set values according to the number of
incubation days

Phototherapy Treatment
During phototherapy,
 The baby with jaundice will be kept naked under the special light.
 The eyes of the baby will be covered to protect them from damage.

 Supplemental feeding will be given to your baby because your

baby’s body may lose extra water through the skin.

1. In fiberoptic and conventional phototherapy, therapy is usually

stopped for 30 minutes every three to four hours, and the baby is
given to the mother for breastfeeding, changing their nappy, and
cuddling.

2. Continuous multiple phototherapies will be given continuously

without a break, and the mother’s breast milk may be given
through a tube into the baby’s stomach or fluids may be given into
one of their veins.

3. Signs of dehydration will be checked timely and intravenous fluids

may be given to the baby if it is dehydrated or if the baby is not
able to drink a sufficient amount of milk.

 Your baby’s temperature will be monitored to ensure that it is not

too hot.

3
  Bilirubin levels will be tested every four to six hours after
phototherapy to check if the treatment is working or not.

 Once your baby’s bilirubin levels have stabilized or started to fall,

the doctor will check it after every 6-12 hours.

The first official neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) for

neonates was established in 1961 at Vanderbilt University. Incubator
is a device in which premature or unusually small babies are placed
and which provides a controlled and protective environment for their
care. Every year, about 1 million infants in the developing world die
due to heat loss and dehydration that can be prevented by an
intensive care unit i.e. incubators. Thus incubators provides
congenial atmosphere for the infants, which helps in
thermoregulation. The incubator is considered asan air conditioned
room with special specification which we can be control with respect
to the condition of baby in incubator. Incubators are designed to
provide an optimal environment for new born babies with growth
problems(premature baby) or with illness problem. The incubator is
an isolated area environment with no dust, bacteria, and has the
ability to control temperature, humidity, and oxygen to remain them
in acceptable levels. Incubator is designed to keep baby warm, to
monitor many of their vital body functions like heart rate, blood
pressure, oxygen saturation and to support their breathing if
necessary. Regarding the temperature and humidity control,
incubators should minimize heatless from the neonate and eddies
around him/her. The main physical variables affecting the incubator
environment are temperature, humidity, oxygen saturation and light

4
PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE SYSTEM TEMPERATURE

The infants have very low thermal regulation and temperature

regulation is one of the most important factors which affect the
preterm. One of the major problems that new-born’s face is improper
thermoregulation. The temperature inside the mother’s womb is
38ºC (100.4ºF). Leaving the warmth of the womb at birth, the wet
new born finds itself in a much colder environment and immediately
starts losing heat. If heat loss is not prevented and is allowed to
continue, the baby will develop hypothermia and is at increased risk
of developing health problems and of death.Avoiding hypothermia
(rectal temperature less than 36.5°C or 96.8°F) is important for new-
born health outcomes because hypothermia increases morbidity and
mortality. A baby can lose one degree of body temperature per
minute when wet, even in a room that is not obviously cold. To
prevent heat loss, it is necessary to dry up the baby and wrap the
baby in a clean, dry cloth and to make sure the baby’s head is
covered (WHO, 1977).

3.2 HUMIDITY

Low relative humidity of a servo controlled incubator

increases the temperature of the incubator itself and the oxygen
consumption of premature infants accordingly. This causes an
increase in the insensible water losses. In addition, premature infants
with small weight or illnessesaresusceptible to unfavorable incidents
such as apneicspells. However, insensible water losses under radiant
warmers are higher than conventional incubators. Apparently, small
variations in relative humidity inside incubators with skin servo
control do not influence the insensible water loss; however
5
significant fluctuations in relative humidity would vary the amount
of insensible water losses. Few investigations have shown that the
bodyweight and insensible water loss is inversely proportional to the
waterless. The humidity of the shell environment can negatively
affect the patient if it is not at a healthy level. Infants can lose
moisture and heat by evaporation if humidity is too low, while
higher levels of humidity increase the likelihood for germs and
bacteria to be present. The ability to control or at least monitor
humidity is beneficial.

3.3LIGHT

The physical environments of hospitals are critical to good

patient care. High light levels (e.g. phototherapy) the lack of regular
light/dark cycles may also adversely affect new-born patients. The
level of ambient light should be flexible to allow day-night cycling.
The technique to control the jaundice in the neonates is also
comprises of light therapy. Phototherapy is the best solution to
control the jaundice in the premature babies placed in baby
incubators. Babies with jaundice will usually receive the treatment of
phototherapy for 4 to 7 days. When ill infants with low birth weight
receive phototherapy in incubators, their insensible water losses are
significantly doubled or tripled. This is attributed to the heat source
placed inside the incubator for the purpose of phototherapy. It may
also be attributed to the delay in time until the effectiveness of
phototherapeutic processes is reached. In a radiant heat warmer, the
exposure to non-ionizing radiant energy causes several changes in
infants who required phototherapy (such as, changes in body
temperature, higher insensible water loss and fluid intakes).
Although it can be necessary to use radiant heat warmer to nurse

6
premature infants with low birth weight instead of incubators, this
causes an increase of insensible water losses. Thus, the smaller the
infant (small body weight)the higher the insensible water losses and
the fluid intakes accordingly.

3.4 OXYGENATION

Oxygenation is a therapeutic process in which oxygen is

administered directly to facilitate breathing. If a baby born more than
two months early, her breathing difficulties can cause serious health
problems because other immature organs in her body may not get
enough oxygen. Ventilation is necessary to provide the patient with
fresh air and sufficient oxygen. Flowing air is also necessary to
provide sufficient transfer of heat from the heat source tothe shell
environment and the patient. The ventilation needs to be carefully
managed so that there is enough fresh air and convective heat
transfer over the heat exchanger, but the flow is not so fast that it
makes the patient uncomfortable and causes an increase in heat loss
of the incubation system to the outside environment. Incubator
oxygen treatments have been used to prevent new-born respiratory
distress. The oxygen concentration of inhalation is fixed at a rather
high level to improve the distress and the anoxia, while the arterial
oxygen partial pressure PaO2of new-born infants sometimes
becomes extremely high and brings about retrolental fibroplasias in
the worst case. It is hence desired that the oxygen pressure of
inspired gas in an incubator should be adjusted adequately in
accordance with the monitored PaO2output. The block diagram of
the project is shown in Fig.1. It mainly consists of the temperature
sensor, humidity sensor, light sensor, carbon di-oxide sensor, PID
controller and Microcontroller

7
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

LCD DISPLAY
HEATER AND
SOLAR PV COOLER

POWER SELECTOR MICROCONTROLLER ELECTROMAGNETIC

RELAY

POWER SUPPLY DHT 11 Sensors

LED UV LIGHT
Alarm

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EXISTING SYSTEM

LCD DISPLAY
HEATER AND
COOLER

CONVENTIONAL MICROCONTROLLER ELECTROMAGNETIC

POWER SUPPLY RELAY

THERMOSTAT

8
1.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN PROPOSED AND EXISTING
SYSTEM
S.No Existing System Proposed System
Hybrid Energy is not
1 Hybrid Energy is Possible
Possible
Air Quality is Not
2 Air Quality is monitored
monitored
3 Alarm is not presented Alarm is presented
4 Low Reliability High Reliability
6 Complex Control System Easy Control System
7 Low Efficiency High Efficiency
8 Skilled Workers Needed Skilled Workers Not Needed

9
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 M. Shaib and M. Rashid “Advanced portable preterm baby

incubator”- October 2017
Nearly 20 million premature and Low Birth Weight infants are
born each year in developing countries, 4 million die within their first
month. These deaths occur due to the unavailability or unreliability of
traditional incubators. Moreover, although Telemedicine is helpful in
rural areas, the shortage of healthcare providers have made it inaccessible
in both basic healthcare. Thereby, traditional preterm baby and low-birth
weight incubators and therapeutic techniques lack Telemedicine
communication and feedback. The aim of our project is to develop an
advanced portable and wireless-base incubator. We tend to provide an
affordable, feasible, patient friendly and reliable premature baby
incubator especially in low-income countries. The project focuses on the
premature babies in the third trimester of pregnancy. The design is based
on Wi-Fi and infrared technologies that measure the essential parameters
that must be controlled for preemies. These parameters include the heart
rate, oxygen level in the blood and temperature. Results showed the
advanced design building blocks. The response of the generated power-
voltage proves that the power can be regulated by the voltage. The
thermal isolation can decrease the thermal lose and increase the time
needed to drop temperature 6 times. In the room temperature of
premature infant, 20° C and 45° C, the resistance decreases from 12.69
kQ to 4.82 kü. The voltage and the temperature were inversely

10
proportional. The heaters were efficient when tested on water. One of the
major advantages of the device is that it surpasses existing techniques. As
a future prospect more electronic components needs to be tested and
features needs to be extracted.

2.2 Blue Light and Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure from Infant

Phototherapy Equipment
Phototherapy is the use of light for reducing the concentration of
bilirubin in the body of infants. Although it has become a mainstay since
its introduction in 1958, a better understanding of the efficacy and safety
of phototherapy applications seems to be necessary for improved clinical
practices and outcomes. This study was initiated to evaluate workers’
exposure to Optical Radiation from different types of phototherapy
devices in clinical use in Italy.
During infant phototherapy the staff monitors babies periodically
for around 10 min every hour, and fixation of the phototherapy beam
light frequently occurs: almost all operators work within 30 cm of the
phototherapy source during monitoring procedures, with most of them
commonly working at ≤25 cm from the direct or reflected radiation beam.
The results of this study suggest that there is a great variability in the
spectral emission of equipments investigated, depending on the types of
lamps used and some phototherapy equipment exposes operators to blue
light photochemical retinal hazard.
Some of the equipment investigated presents relevant spectral
emission also in the UVA region. Taking into account that the exposure
to UV in childhood has been established as an important contributing
factor for melanoma risk in adults and considering the high susceptibility
to UV-induced skin damage of the newborn, related to his pigmentary
traits, the UV exposure of the infant during phototherapy should be “as

11
low as reasonably achievable,” considering that it is unnecessary to the
therapy. It is recommended that special safety training be provided for the
affected employees: in particular, protective eyewear can be necessary
during newborn assistance activities carried out in proximity of some
sources. The engineering design of phototherapy equipment can be
optimized. Specific requirements for photobiological safety of lamps used
in the phototherapy equipment should be defined in the safety product
standard for such equipment.

2.3 Faique Ahmed and Ali Sufyan “Smart Baby Incubator”- October
2021
Newly born babies are very sensitive to rough environments,
especially in Pakistan. The dust and temperature issues here can be life
threatening. Due to these issues, a baby incubator is made that can
provide the same temperature and environmental conditions as a mother’s
womb does, as well as it monitors the baby’s medical conditions such as
heart beat, skin temperature, internal temperature, etc. Due to COVID-19
pandemic, healthcare has become a major concern for everyone. Being
physically present with the patients has become a huge problem for
doctors. In such cases, implementing IoT with hospital equipment such as
a Baby Incubator, has become one of the main goals for us. Providing an
app that can track the baby’s condition remotely will prove to be very
fruitful. Our main goal is to make a smart baby incubator that can detect
baby’s condition and in case anything goes wrong, the system can trip
itself so that the conditions can return to a normal state. We will integrate
it with IoT and a mobile app so that doctors can check the baby’s
condition remotely. It can be easy to think of an incubator as just a bed
for a sick baby, but it’s so much more than a place for sleeping. An
incubator is designed with such techniques and care that it can provide a

12
safe and sound atmosphere for a newborn baby to rest until its vital
organs are still in a development stage. When we compare our incubator
to a simple hospital bed, an incubator will provide a completely
controlled environment as well as the required amount of oxygen levels,
perfect light exposure and humidity matches with the mother’s womb. In
addition to climate control, an incubator offers protection from other
harmful factors that can damage a baby such as allergens, loud noises,
bacteria and viruses, etc. An incubator’s ability to control humidity also
allows it to protect a baby’s skin from losing too much water and
becoming brittle or cracking.

2.4 J. Dhanasony and S. Vijayalakshmi “Internet of Things based

Portable Preterm Baby Incubator”- April 2023
Recent years, due to the advancements in technology, the medical
industries are stepping towards greater heights. However, there are lots of
premature babies who have lost their lives and this is due to the lack of
proper monitoring of the incubation that may lead to accidents and it is
essential to ensure safety which is important for infant. In this work, a
cost-effective embedded device is designed and developed to monitor
various physiological and physical parameters such as pulse rate of the
baby, humidity, essential gas, temperature, and fingerprint sensor. Also,
the acquired data from all the sensors are transmitted using Bluetooth
technology and the data are displayed using android Blynk application
which enhances the ease of monitoring sensor parameters. This work
appears to be of high clinical significance since baby incubators play a
vital role which helps to save the lives of premature babies.

13
2.5 Mingxin Zhao and Haodong Duan “Central Real-time
Monitoring System for Premature Baby Incubator”- February 2021
It is of great importance to provide a neutral temperature
environment that is conducive to the growth and development of the
premature babies, who have a small gestational age and low weight and
therefore are prone to have various growth and development problems.
This paper designs a central real-time monitoring system for premature
baby incubator by taking environmental temperature control as the main
entry point. The incubator collects environment data by using temperature
and humidity sensors and web cameras and displays the data of multiple
incubators centrally in the central monitoring interface through
networking technology so as to realize real-time and centralized
monitoring of the living environment and physical state of multiple
premature babies. Therefore, the incubator can effectively reduce the
probability of medical accidents and safeguard the healthy growth of
premature babies. In consideration of the significant influence of
environmental noise on the sleep of premature babies, the monitoring and
suppression of noise from incubator will be carried out in further studies.

2.6 Megha Koli and Purvi Ladge “Intelligent Baby Incubator”-

March 2018
In today's world where temperature is an important part of our
environment. Any variations in the temperature can affect all the living
organism and also some semiconductor materials. Our project is to
provide a control on the changes in temperature for certain applications
such as baby incubator. Worldwide incubator is used for the infants to
improve the survival of babies by providing them warm environment and
reducing the heat loss from the baby's body. Basically, incubator is the
standard method used worldwide. In this we are using Arduino,

14
temperature sensor for monitoring or controlling the temperature of the
baby's body. The constant temperature of 36.5-37.2° C is required by the
baby as it is required by the baby as in mother's womb. The programming
code of Arduino is used to control the temperature. Buzzer is used for the
indication of change in temperature in a neonatal nursing home where a
number of incubators are kept. IOT web designing is used for monitoring
the changes in temperature anywhere at all time.

2.7 Bagus Arthaya and Ceicalia Tesavrita “The Redesign of Grashof

Incubator Concerning the Alternative Heating System and the
Ergonomic Aspect”- December 2015
Delivering neonatal babies is still happening inIndonesia and low
incomes families often cannot afford tobuy/rent baby incubators during
the baby critical growingperiod. Charity groups are lending electrically
driven Grashofincubators freely to whom that have financial difficulties.
Freeincubator still does not immediately solve the problem of thefamilies
as nowadays supply of electricity from our IndonesianState Electricity
Company to some areas is not deliveredconstantly. As a result, electricity
blackout appears frequentlyespecially at under developed regions even in
Jakarta regions.This issue makes such a tremendous anxiety for those
familiesas the incubators heating system cannot work
properly.Redesigning of heating system of the incubator will be
thesolution to the problem. The redesign is to find alternativeenergy
sources that maintain cabin temperature whenelectricity is out. The new
alternative energy a heat exchangerbased on hot water flowing in a
tubular heating system. Theusability of the device is to be considered due
to the currentdevice cannot be suitably operated by common people,
wheresome difficulties still appear when operating of the unit.

15
Theincubator must also be confidently safe for the neonatal babiesand
their parents.

2.8 Arif Widianto and M. Raditya Gumelar “The effect of moving

load on remote weight monitoring system for simple infant
incubator”- February 2018
In this paper, a remote weight monitoring system for premature
baby incubator application is proposed. The system consists of load cell
as a sensor, an active filter, and an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller
integrated with a SIM900 GSM Module to send the body weight data
monitored by the system to the medical expert. We evaluated system by
using a moving baby doll to simulate the baby moving inside the
incubator. From the experimental results, we found out that even if the
object measured was moving, the measurement output remained stable.
Moreover, the system was capable to send the measured data to mobile
phone via SMS.

2.9 Paul Cabacungan and Gregory L. Tangonan “Solar-powered

portable infant incubator”- May 2016
Infants that are prematurely born are more prone to death. They
need additional regulation for temperature because their bodies cannot yet
supply normal temperature due to early delivery. Infant incubators are
equipment which specializes in thermoregulation of infants. This
equipment provides controlled temperature and humidity. Since its
introduction, the infant incubator becomes an extremely important part in
neonatal care of hospitals. Today, modern incubators are expensive due to
the technology applied to it. Developing countries usually lack this
equipment. In the Philippines, an infant incubator ranges Php 250,000 to
300,000. This project entitled, Solar-Powered Portable Infant Incubator,
16
aims to design and build an infant incubator that is cost-effective and
efficient to meet the clinical needs at the hospitals here in the country. It
has the same functions as the regular incubator like controlling
temperature precisely, humidification system, and oxygenation. The
project will use commercially used electronic materials. It has a solar
panel so that it can still be used in remote areas. This research utilizes
experimental method in conducting the trials and calibration of the
device. The developed Solar-Powered Portable Infant Incubator has a lux
value for the LED (Blue) 70 (1m/m2); Quantum Flux = 7 (μ/mol)/DR;
Spectrometer reading of 400-534 Λ (nm). Likewise, the average
temperature of 34.43 oC (SPPII) and the average ambient temperature is
30.14 oC. The Solar-Powered Portable Infant Incubator achieved the
standard parameters of a regular incubator.

17
 CHAPTER III
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

Every electrical and electronic device that we use in our day-to-day
life will require a power supply. In general, we use an AC supply of 230V
50Hz, but this power has to be changed into the required form with
required values or voltage range for providing power supply to different
types of devices. There are various types of power electronic converters
such as step-down converter, step-up converter, voltage stabilizer, AC to
DC converter, DC to DC converter, DC to AC converter, and so on. For
example, consider the microcontrollers that are used frequently for
developing many embedded systems’ based projects and kits used in real-
time applications. These microcontrollers require a 5V DC supply, so the
AC 230V needs to be converted into 5V DC using the step-down
converter in their power supply circuit.

Figure 3.1 Step Down Converter Circuit

Power supply circuit, the name itself indicates that this circuit is used to
supply the power to other electrical and electronic circuits or devices.
There are different types of power supply circuits based on the power

18
they are used to provide for devices. For example, the micro-controller
based circuits, usually the 5V DC regulated power supply circuits, are
used, which can be designed using different techniques for converting the
available 230V AC power to 5V DC power. Generally the converters
with output voltage less than the input voltage are called as step-down
converters.
3.2 Four Steps to Convert 230V AC to 5V DC
3.2.1. Step Down the Voltage Level
The step-down converters are used for converting the high voltage
into low voltage. The converter with output voltage less than the input
voltage is called as a step-down converter, and the converter with output
voltage greater than the input voltage is called as step-up converter. There
are step-up and step-down transformers which are used to step up or step
down the voltage levels. 230V AC is converted into 12V AC using a
step-down transformer. 12V output of stepdown transformer is an RMS
value and its peak value is given by the product of square root of two
with RMS value, which is approximately 17V.

Figure 3.2 Step down Transformer

Step-down transformer consists of two windings, namely primary and

secondary windings where primary can be designed using a less-gauge

19
wire with more number of turns as it is used for carrying low-current
high-voltage power, and the secondary winding using a high-gauge wire
with less number of turns as it is used for carrying high-current low-
voltage power. Transformers works on the principle of Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction.
3.2.2. Convert AC to DC
230V AC power is converted into 12V AC (12V RMS value
wherein the peak value is around 17V), but the required power is 5V DC;
for this purpose, 17V AC power must be primarily converted into DC
power then it can be stepped down to the 5V DC. But first and foremost,
we must know how to convert AC to DC? AC power can be converted
into DC using one of the power electronic converters called as Rectifier.
There are different types of rectifiers, such as half-wave rectifier, full-
wave rectifier and bridge rectifier. Due to the advantages of the bridge
rectifier over the half and full wave rectifier, the bridge rectifier is
frequently used for converting AC to DC.

Figure 3.3 Over all Diagram of Power Supply

20
 Bridge rectifier consists of four diodes which are connected in the
form a bridge. We know that the diode is an uncontrolled rectifier which
will conduct only forward bias and will not conduct during the reverse
bias. If the diode anode voltage is greater than the cathode voltage then
the diode is said to be in forward bias. During positive half cycle, diodes
D2 and D4 will conduct and during negative half cycle diodes D1 and D3
will conduct. Thus, AC is converted into DC; here the obtained is not a
pure DC as it consists of pulses. Hence, it is called as pulsating DC
power. But voltage drop across the diodes is (2*0.7V) 1.4V; therefore,
the peak voltage at the output of this retifier circuit is 15V (17-1.4)
approx.
3.2.3 Smoothing the Ripples using Filter
15V DC can be regulated into 5V DC using a step-down converter,
but before this, it is required to obtain pure DC power. The output of the
diode bridge is a DC consisting of ripples also called as pulsating DC.
This pulsating DC can be filtered using an inductor filter or a capacitor
filter or a resistor-capacitor-coupled filter for removing the ripples.
Consider a capacitor filter which is frequently used in most cases for
smoothing.

Figure 3.4 Filter circuit

21
We know that a capacitor is an energy storing element. In the
circuit, capacitor stores energy while the input increases from zero to a
peak value and, while the supply voltage decreases from peak value to
zero, capacitor starts discharging. This charging and discharging of the
capacitor will make the pulsating DC into pure DC, as shown in figure.

3.2.4. Regulating 12V DC into 5V DC using Voltage Regulator

15V DC voltage can be stepped down to 5V DC voltage using a
DC step-down converter called as voltage regulator IC7805. The first two
digits ‘78’ of IC7805 voltage regulator represent positive series voltage
regulators and the last two digits ‘05’ represents the output voltage of the
voltage regulator.

Figure 3.4 IC7805 Voltage Regulator Internal Block Diagram

The block diagram of IC7805 voltage regulator is shown in the figure

consists of an operating amplifier acting as error amplifier, zener diode
used for providing voltage reference, as shown in the figure.

22
 Figure 3.5 Zener Diode as Voltage Reference

Transistor as a series pass element used for dissipating extra energy as

heat; SOA protection (Safe Operating Area) and heat sink are used for
thermal protection in case of excessive supply voltages. In general, an
IC7805 regulator can withstand voltage ranging from 7.2V to 35V and
gives maximum efficiency of 7.2V voltage and if the voltage exceeds
7.2V, then there is loss of energy in the form of heat. To protect the
regulator from over heat, thermal protection is provided using a heat sink.
Thus, a 5V DC is obtained from 230V AC power.
We can directly convert 230V AC into 5V DC without using transformer,
but we may require high-rating diodes and other components that give
less efficiency. If we have 230V DC power supply, then we can convert
the 230V DC into 5V DC using a DC-DC buck converter.

23
 CHAPTER IV
ARDUINO CONTROLLER

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the

ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6
can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-
to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not
use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the
Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-
serial converter. Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the
8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:
1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and
two other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow
the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future,
shields will be compatible both with the board that use the AVR, which
operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The
second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.
Stronger RESET circuit.
Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of
Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of
Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB

24
Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a
comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.
4.2 POWER
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with
an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC
adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging
a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a
battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER
connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied
with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts
and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range
is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other
regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if
supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The
board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 -
12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V).
Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can
damage your board. We don't advise it.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum
current draw is 50 mA.
GND. Ground pins.

25
4.3 MEMORY
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader).
It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and
written with the EEPROM library).
4.4 INPUT AND OUTPUT
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or
output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions.
They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of
40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the
ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See
the attachInterrupt() function for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the
analogWrite() function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the
pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which
provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they
measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper
end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference()
function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication
using the Wire library.

26
There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with

analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used
to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

See also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The
mapping for the Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.

4.5 COMMUNICATION

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating

with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The
ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is
available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a
virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses
the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed.
However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to
and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will
flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB
connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0
and 1).

A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any

of the Uno's digital pins.

The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The
Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus;
see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI
library.
27
4.6 PROGRAMMING

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino freeware

software. Select "Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according
to the microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and
tutorials.

The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a

bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an
external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original
STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller
through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these
instructions for details.

The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source
code is available. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU
bootloader, which can be activated by:

On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board
(near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2
HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.

You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU
programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can
use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU
bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

4.7 ARDUINO SKETCH STRUCTURE

A basic Arduino sketch consists of two functions

called setup() and loop().

28
Open the Arduino IDE and select File → Examples → 01.Basics → Bare
Minimum to see the two functions. These two functions now appear in a
default new Arduino IDE window, so it is not necessary to open the Bare
Minimum example sketch in a new version of the IDE.

Fig.4.1 Basic Arduino Sketch Structure

4.8 ARDUINO FUNCTION

Functions will be covered in more detail later, for now you will just need
to know the following about functions:

 All functions must have a unique name, setup is one example of a

unique function name (setup andloop are special functions in
Arduino programming and form part of the structure of a basic
sketch).

29
  The function name is followed by opening and closing
parentheses () that may or may not contain something.

 All functions must have a return type. Both setup and loop have
a void return type.

 The body of a function consists of an opening and closing brace

({ and }).

4.9 ARDUINO EXAMPLE PROGRAMME

It is a programming tradition to write a "hello world" program

whenever starting to learn a new programming language.

The "hello world" program simply writes the text "Hello, world!"
to the screen. The purpose of this program is to verify that your
programming environment is properly installed and working. If your
"hello world" program works, then you are ready to start learning the new
programming language.

The Arduino doesn't have a screen to write the "hello world" text
to, but we can use the USB port and serial monitor window.

4.9.1 WRITING THE SKETCH

Modify the Bare Minimum sketch that you previously opened as follows:

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.println("Hello, world!");

30
void loop() {

Save the modified program as hello world in your sketches folder by

selecting File → Save As... from the Arduino IDE menu and then
renaming the file to hello_world.

4.9.2 RUNNING THE SKETCH

Plug your Arduino into your PC using a USB cable. Click the Upload
button to load the program to the Arduino.

Now open the Arduino IDE Serial Monitor Window to see the sketch run
and print the text message.

The result of running the sketch should look as follows:

Figure 4.2 Running sketch

31
The text that the program outputs should be visible in the serial monitor
window.

4.9.3 ERROR FINDING

Anything in the above lines of code that is typed into the IDE
window incorrectly will most likely cause a compile error, so be sure to
type everything in exactly as it is shown in the code above. The program
is compiled when the Verify button (the tick icon) or the Upload button
(the horizontal arrow icon) is clicked.

A compile error will show up in the bottom of the Arduino IDE as

shown in the image below.

Fig 4.3 Arduino IDE Compile Error

32
 In this example, the semicolon (;) was left off the end of this
line: Serial.println("Hello, world!") which caused the Arduino IDE to
display the error message.

4.9.4 SETUP FAULTS

If you had problems uploading the sketch to the Arduino, make

sure that the correct Arduino board is selected under Tools → Board and
that the correct serial port is selected under Tools → Serial Port.

4.9.5 BAUD RATE SETTING FAULT

If the sketch uploaded successfully, then the only problem that can
prevent the text from being shown in the serial monitor window is if the
baud rate at the bottom right of the serial monitor window is not set
to 9600as shown in the "Running the hello_world Sketch" image above.

4.9.6 ARDUINO SKETCH PROGRAM FLOW

In an Arduino sketch, program statements (individual lines of

code) are executed or run from top to bottom. This top-to-bottom
execution of statements can only be altered by flow control statements.

4.10 PARTS OF A SKETCH

The image below shows the parts of an Arduino sketch. Statements

are lines of code that are executed as the program runs. Each statement is
terminated with a semicolon.

Fig 4.4 Parts of an Arduino Sketch

33
4.10.1 SKETCH WORKS

In the hello world sketch, statements in the setup() function are run
first, from top to bottom. The statement Serial.begin(9600); is the first
statement in the setup() function, so it is run first. This statement sets up
the speed of the serial port to 9600 baud. The baud setting in the serial
monitor window must match this value so that the Arduino and serial
monitor window are communicating at the same speed.

The second statement to run in the setup() function

is Serial.println("Hello, world!"); which sends the text Hello, world! out
of the serial / USB port for display in the serial monitor window. In this
statement, any text can be put between the opening and closing quotes
("") and it will be displayed in the serial monitor window.

4.10.2 THE SETUP() FUNCTION

Statements in the setup() function are run only once, every time
that the sketch is run. The program then starts executing statements in the
loop() function.

The sketch will run after it has been programmed into the Arduino.
Opening the serial monitor window will reset the Arduino and cause it to
run the sketch again.

The sketch can also be rerun by pressing the reset button on the
Arduino or disconnecting and then reconnecting the power to the
Arduino.

4.11 THE LOOP() FUNCTION

Statements in the loop() function will run continuously from top to

bottom and then back to the top.

34
 If the loop() function contains two statements, the first statement
will be executed, then the second statement, then the first statement again
and so on in a loop.

As there are no statements in the loop() function in our hello world

example, program execution will end up in the loop and get stuck there
doing nothing.

It is important to have the loop() function in the sketch, even if it is

empty, because without it the microcontroller on the Arduino board will
try to execute whatever it finds next in memory after the statements in the
setup() function have been executed. The microcontroller will try to
execute whatever it finds in memory as an instruction, but the loop()
function prevents it from doing this by keeping program execution in the
loop.

In the next part of this course, we will put some program

statements in the loop() function to see how it works.

4.12 AUTOMATIC (SOFTWARE) RESET

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an

upload, the Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by
software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow
control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset
line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is
asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip.
The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by
simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This
means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of
DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.

35
 This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to
either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a
connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-
second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is
programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of
new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board
after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives
one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that
the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the
connection and before sending this data.

The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset.
The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable
it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-
reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this
forum thread for details.

4.13 USB OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your

computer's USB ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most
computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an
extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port,
the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or
overload is removed.

4.14 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1
inches respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending
beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be
attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7

36
and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of
the other pins

Fig 4.5 Pin Configuration

4.15 ETHERNET CONTROLLER FEATURES

• IEEE 802.3 compatible Ethernet controller

• Integrated MAC and 10BASE-T PHY

• Receiver and collision squelch circuit

• Supports one 10BASE-T port with automatic

polarity detection and correction

• Supports Full and Half-Duplex modes

• Programmable automatic retransmit on collision

• Programmable padding and CRC generation

• Programmable automatic rejection of erroneous packets

• SPI™ Interface with speeds up to 10 Mb/s

37
4.15 BUFFER

• 8-Kbyte transmit/receive packet dual port SRAM

• Configurable transmit/receive buffer size

• Hardware-managed circular receive FIFO

• Byte-wide random and sequential access with

auto-increment

• Internal DMA for fast data movement

• Hardware assisted IP checksum calculation

4.16 MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROLLER (MAC)

4.16.1 FEATURES

• Supports Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast packets

• Programmable receive packet filtering and wake-up host on logical

AND or OR of the following:

- Unicast destination address

- Multicast address

- Broadcast address

- Magic Packet™

- Group destination addresses as defined by 64-bit hash tablee

- Programmable pattern matching of up to 64 bytes at user-defined offset

• Loopback mode

38
4.16.2.PHYSICAL LAYER (PHY) FEATURES

• Wave shaping output filter

• Loopback mode

4.16.3 OPERATIONAL

• Two programmable LED outputs for LINK, TX,

RX, collision and full/half-duplex status

• Seven interrupt sources with two interrupt pins

• 25MHz clock

• Clock out pin with programmable prescaler

• Operating voltage range of 3.14V to 3.45V

• TTL level inputs

• Temperature range: -40°C to +85°C Industrial,

0°C to +70°C Commercial (SSOP only).

39
 CHAPTER-V

SENSORS AND INTERFACING CIRCUITS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Sensors are mainly used to detect the status of the physical

quantity. Here we are using sensors for measuring irrigation area
temperature, Humidity, Soil moisture and flow of water.DHT11
temperature cum humidity sensor is used to measure irrigation field
temperature and humidity,Soil moisture sensors are used to measure soil
moisture and Water flow sensor is used to measure water flow in motor
output. Electromagnetic relays are used to interface Motor and solenoid
valves.

5.2 DHT11 Sensor Interface with Arduino

DHT11 is a Humidity and Temperature Sensor, which generates

calibrated digital output. DHT11 can be interface with any
microcontroller like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, etc. and get instantaneous
results. DHT11 is a low cost humidity and temperature sensor which
provides high reliability and long term stability.

In this project, we will build a small circuit to interface Arduino

with DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor. One of the main
applications of connecting DTH11 sensor with Arduino is weather
monitoring in agriculture field.

40
 Fig 5.1 Photo Image and Pin Configuration of DHT11.

Fig 5.2 Photo Image DHT11 interface with Arduino.

5.1 LCD INTERFACE

A Liquid Crystal Display commonly abbreviated as LCD is basically a

display unit built using Liquid Crystal technology. When we build real
life/real world electronics based projects, we need a medium/device to
display output values and messages. The most basic form of electronic
display available is 7 Segment display – which has its own limitations.
The next best available option is Liquid Crystal Displays which comes in
different size specifications. Out of all available LCD modules in market,
the most commonly used one is 16×2 LCD Module which can display 32
ASCII characters in 2 lines (16 characters in 1 line). Other commonly
used LCD displays are 20×4 Character LCD, Nokia 5110 LCD module,
128×64 Graphical LCD Display and 2.4 inch TFT Touch screen LCD
display.

41
In this article, we are going to learn how to interface lcd to arduino with 2
examples – one being interfacing a 16×2 LCD module to Arduino and the
other being interfacing a 20×4 LCD module to Arduino.

5.2 Interfacing 16×2 LCD to Arduinouno

LCD modules form a very important part in many arduino based

embedded system designs. So the knowledge on interfacing LCD module
to arduino is very essential in designing embedded systems. This section
of the article is about interfacing an Arduino to 16×2 LCD. JHD162A is
the LCD module used here. JHD162A is a 16×2 LCD module based on
the HD44780 driver from Hitachi. The JHD162A has 16 pins and can be
operated in 4-bit mode (using only 4 data lines) or 8-bit mode (using all 8
data lines). Here we are using the LCD module in 4-bit mode. First, I will
show you how to display a plain text messages on the LCD module using
arduino and then I have designed a useful project using LCD and arduino
– a digital thermometer. Before going in to the details of the project, let’s
have a look at the JHD162A LCD module.

16×2 LCD Module Pin Out Diagram

The JHD162A lcd module has 16 pins and can be operated in 4-bit mode
or 8-bit mode. Here we are using the LCD module in 4-bit mode. Before
going in to the details of the project, let’s have a look at the JHD162A
LCD module.The schematic of a JHD162A LCD pin diagram is given
below.

16×2 LCD Module Pin Out Diagram

42
The name and functions of each pin of the 16×2 LCD module is given
below.

Pin1(Vss):Ground pin of the LCD module.

Pin2(Vcc): Power to LCD module (+5V supply is given to this pin)

Pin3(VEE):Contrast adjustment pin. This is done by connecting the ends

of a 10K potentimeter to +5V and ground and then connecting the slider
pin to the VEE pin. The voltage at the VEE pin defines the contrast. The
normal setting is between 0.4 and 0.9V.

Pin4(RS):Register select pin.The JHD162A has two registers namely

command register and data register. Logic HIGH at RS pin selects data
register and logic LOW at RS pin selects command register. If we make
the RS pin HIGH and feed an input to the data lines (DB0 to DB7), this
input will be treated as data to display on LCD screen. If we make the RS
pin LOW and feed an input to the data lines, then this will be treated as a
command ( a command to be written to LCD controller – like positioning
cursor or clear screen or scroll).

Pin5(R/W): Read/Write modes. This pin is used for selecting between

read and write modes. Logic HIGH at this pin activates read mode and
logic LOW at this pin activates write mode.

Pin6(E): This pin is meant for enabling the LCD module. A HIGH to
LOW signal at this pin will enable the module.

Pin7(DB0) to Pin14(DB7): These are data pins. The commands and data
are fed to the LCD module though these pins.

Pin15(LED+): Anode of the back light LED. When operated on 5V, a

560 ohm resistor should be connected in series to this pin. In arduino

43
based projects the back light LED can be powered from the 3.3V source
on the arduino board.

Pin16(LED-): Cathode of the back light LED.

For knowing more about LCD module JHD162A and its pin functions,
read this article: Interfacing 16×2 LCD and 8051 microcontroller. The
circuit diagram of interfacing LCD to arduino for displaying a text
message is shown below.

Circuit diagram – Arduino to 16×2 LCD Module

RS pin of the LCD module is connected to digital pin 12 of the arduino.

R/W pin of the LCD is grounded. Enable pin of the LCD module is
connected to digital pin 11 of the arduino. In this project, the LCD
module and arduino are interfaced in the 4-bit mode. This means only
four of the digital input lines( DB4 to DB7) of the LCD are used. This
method is very simple, requires less connections and you can almost
utilize the full potential of the LCD module. Digital lines DB4, DB5,
DB6 and DB7 are interfaced to digital pins 5, 4, 3 and 2 of the Arduino.
The 10K potentiometer is used for adjusting the contrast of the display.

44
560 ohm resistor R1 limits the current through the back light LED. The
arduino can be powered through the external power jack provided on the
board. +5V required in some other parts of the circuit can be tapped from
the 5V source on the arduino board. The arduino can be also powered
from the PC through the USB port. The full program for interfacing LCD
to arduino is shown below.

45
 CHAPTER-6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

46
 CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION

The objective of this project is to design and develop Hybrid power

microcontroller and closed loop control system based temperature,
humidity, oxygen concentration and light controller for infant incubator
and Phototherapy. In the model both solar and commercial power is
used.To achieve this hardware is designed so that the above mentioned
parameters can be monitored for the normal growth of an infant. This
system can provide optimum automatic control of temperature for the
infant using closed loop control system. Moreover it controls the heater of
water reservoir according to relative humidity in the infant chamber. The
control of relative humidity in chamber is required for making the
thermal losses lessen from the infant’s body. Also controlling of light will
provide proper growth in infant. The controlling of the concentration of
gas with the sensor is beneficial for infant to protect him from various
kinds of breath diseases.

47
 REFERENCE
1. H. Blencowe, S. Cousens, M. Z. Oestergaard, D. Chou, A.-B. Moller, R.
Narwal, A. Adler, C. V. Garcia, S. Rohde, L. Say et al., "National regional and
worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends
since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications", The
Lancet, vol. 379, no. 9832, pp. 2162-2172, 2012.

2. Fatima Alshehri and Ghulam Muhammad, "A comprehensive survey of the

Internet of Things (IoT) and Al-based smart healthcare", IEEE ACCESS, vol.
9, pp. 3660-3678, 2021.

3. S. Khan, K. Muhammad, S. Mumtaz, S. W. Baik and V. H. C. de

Albuquerque, "Energy-efficient deep CNN for smoke detection in foggy IoT
environment", IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2019.

4. T. Hussain, K. Muhammad, J. Del Ser, S. W. Baik and V. H. C. de

Albuquerque, "Intelligent Embedded Vision for Summarization of Multi-View
Videos in IIoT", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2019.

5. Sun, W. Gong, R. Shea and J. Liu, "A Castle of Glass: Leaky IoT Appliances
in Modern Smart Homes", IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 25, pp. 32-37,
2018.

6. M. Mohammadi, A. Al-Fuqaha, M. Guizani and J. Oh, "Semisupervised Deep

Reinforcement Learning in Support of IoT and Smart City Services", IEEE
Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, pp. 624-635, 2018.

7. M. Sajjad, M. Nasir, F. U. M. Ullah, K. Muhammad, A. K. Sangaiah and S.

W. Baik, "Raspberry Pi assisted facial expression recognition framework for
smart security in law-enforcement services", Information Sciences, vol. 479,
pp. 416-431, 2019.

8. K. Muhammad, T. Hussain and S. W. Baik, "Efficient CNN based

summarization of surveillance videos for resource-constrained
devices", Pattern Recognition Letters, 2018.

9. M. W. Condry and C. B. Nelson, "Using Smart Edge IoT Devices for Safer
Rapid Response With Industry IoT Control Operations", Proceedings of the
IEEE, vol. 104, pp. 938-946, 2016.

10. K. Muhammad, R. Hamza, J. Ahmad, J. Lloret, H. Wang and S. W. Baik,

"Secure Surveillance Framework for IoT Systems Using Probabilistic Image
Encryption", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, pp. 3679-
3689, 2018.

11. T. Hussain, K. Muhammad, A. Ullah, Z. Cao, S. W. Baik and V. H. C. de

Albuquerque, "Cloud-assisted multi-view video summarization using CNN
and bi-directional LSTM", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2019.

48
12. P. H. F. N. Sousa, N. M. M, J. S. Almeida, P. P. Reboças Filho and V. H. C
Albuquerque, "Intelligent Incipient Fault Detection in Wind Turbines based on
Industrial IoT Environment", Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Systems,
pp. 1-19, 2019.

13. C. Taramasco, T. Rodenas, F. Martinez, P. Fuentes, R. Munoz, R. Olivares et

al., "A novel monitoring system for fall detection in older people", IEEE
Access, vol. 6, pp. 43563-43574, 2018.

14. C. Taramasco, T. Rodenas, F. Martinez, P. Fuentes, R. Munoz, R. Olivares et

al., "A novel low-cost sensor prototype for nocturia monitoring in older
people", IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 52500-52509, 2018.

15. O. Bonner, K. Beardsall, N. Crilly and J. Lasenby, "‘There were more wires
than him’: the potential for wireless patient monitoring in neonatal intensive
care", BMJ Innovations, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 12-18, 2017.

16. R. Maastrup, B. M. Hansen, H. Kronborg et al., "Breastfeeding progression in

preterm infants is influenced by factors in infants mothers and clinical
practice: the results of a national cohort study with high breastfeeding
initiation rates", PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 9, 2014.

17. ECRI HPCS Infant Incubator ECRI Product Comparison, PA, USA:ECRI
Institute, Plymouth Meeting, 2004.

18. F. Symon, N. Hassan, H. Rashid, I. U. Ahmed, S. T. Reza, R. Palaskar, et al.,

"Design and development of a smart baby monitoring system based on
Raspberry Pi and Pi camera", Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE)
2017 4th International Conference on, vol. 4, pp. 117-122, 2017, 2015.

19. M. P. Joshi and D. C. Mehetre, "IoT Based Smart Cradle System with an
Android App for Baby Monitoring", 2017 International Conference on
Computing Communication Control and Automation (ICCUBEA), pp. 1-4,
2017.

49