Rfsd Lab Manual

CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY::PRODDATUR
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTUA,Anantapuramu)
(Accredited by NBA for CE, EEE, ECE,CSE)
(Accredited by NAAC With Grade‘A’)
VidyaNagar, Pallavolu (V), Proddatur-516360
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Lab Manual
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2023-24
NAME OF THE LAB (20A04607)
III B.Tech-II Semester
(REGULATION–R20)
PREPARED BY VERIFIED BY
Faculty Name & Sign Faculty Name & Sign
CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY::PRODDATUR

(AUTONOMOUS)
COLLEGE VISION:
To impart futuristic Technical Education, advance knowledge, research and instill high pattern
of discipline that will best serve the nation and the world in the contemporary century.
COLLEGE MISSION:
M1: To provide students with an extensive and exceptional education that prepares them to
excel in their profession, guided by dynamic intellectual community and be able to face the
technically complex world with creative leadership qualities.
M2: Committed in creating and disseminating knowledge, to the students hailing from both,
rural and urban areas of Andhra Pradesh and from other parts of India. Endeavors to develop
in each student, the ability and passion to work creatively with relevance to real-world
problems.
M3: Provides world-class, quality education and gives importance for discipline, ethics and
character building.
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
VISION
To impart knowledge in ever-changing Electronics and communication engineering to promote
highly competent, innovative and ethical electronics professionals through excellence in
teaching, training and research.
MISSION
M1: Enable students to develop skills to solve complex technological problems of time and also
provide a framework for promoting collaborative, multidisciplinary and integral education
M2: To develop life-long learning skills that allows them to be adaptive and responsive to
changes in society, technology and the environment, as well as career demands
M3: To promote a research activity through constant interaction with researchorganizations
and industries.
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
PEO1: CBIT Graduates shall have strong foundation in electronics & communication
engineering along with advance knowledge on contemporary technologies and devise solutions
for realistic and social issues in the society.
PEO2: Graduates shall be employed in software and hardware industries or pursue higher
studies or research or become entrepreneurs.
PEO3: Graduates shall overcome cultural differences through teamwork, good communication
and high patterns of discipline.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including
design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT
tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and
environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverseteams,
and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community
and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation,
make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects
and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and
life-long learning in the broadest on text of technological change
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES(PSOs)
PSO1: Apply the knowledge of Electronics, Signal Processing, Communications, and VLSI &Embedded Systems to
the solutions of real world problems.
PSO2: Conduct investigations; address the real-time engineering problems, analyze, design and develop solutions in
real time in the domains of core electronics.
PSO3: Adaptability to changing work environment, good interpersonal skills in appreciation of professional ethics
and societal responsibilities.
SYLLABUS COPY
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B.Tech (ECE)– III-II Sem LT PC
1022
(20A04607) RF SYSTEM DESIGN
Skill Oriented Course – IV
Course Objectives:
To be well-versed in functionalities of basic RF electronics utilized in the industry
Course Outcomes: After the completion of this course, students will be able to
 Verify the basic principles and design aspects involved in high frequency communication systems components
 Conduct the experiments on different high frequency components to analyze and interpret data to produce
meaningful conclusion and match with theoretical concepts.
 Design and develop RF components using microstrip technology
 Apply knowledge of basic RF Electronics for realizing any RF system.
UNIT I
Basic Concepts in RF Design: Introduce any RF design software and orient students with the tools of the laboratory.
Practice the tool to use it for significant design. Introduction to RF Design, Time Variance and Nonlinearity, Effects of
nonlinearity, Passive impedance transformation, Scattering parameters, impedance matching, L match, Pi match, T
match, Passive IC Components- Resistors, capacitors Inductors, Schottky Diode, RF Switch.
UNIT II
RF Power Amplifiers and Filters: RF Power amplifier design examples, Gain equalizers, Voltage controlled
oscillators, Phase locked loops, Linearized PLL models, PLL design examples, High frequency oscillators, Loop
filters, lumped filter. LPF, HPF and BPF.
UNIT III
LNA, VCO and Mixers: General considerations, Problem of input matching, Low Noise Amplifiers design in various
topologies, Gain Switching, Band Switching, Voltage Controlled Oscillators, Mixers-General considerations, Passive
down conversion mixers, Active down conversion mixers, Upconversion mixers.
UNIT IVMicrostrip transmission lines and discontinuities: S parameters of a Microstrip Transmission Line, Smith
Chart, Analysis of Microstrip Transmission Line standing wave patterns at various frequencies, Different types of
Transmission lines like CPW, Microstrip and Co-axial cable. Different types of Microstrip discontinuities like Bend,
T, Via, Gap etc., Microstrip Ring Resonator.
List of Experiments
(ADS/IE3D/HFSS or any similar/ equivalent tool may be used for the design)
1. Design of λ/2, λ/4 micro strip transmission line.
2. Design of microstrip inductor and capacitor
3. Design of impedance matching network
4. Design and Simulate a Schottky Diode and RF Switch.
5. Design and characterization of RF BJT Amplifier and LNA
6. Analyse and measure the gain of a Power Amplifier and equalise its gain using an Equalizer.
7. Design of low pass, high pass, band pass and band stop filter at RF
8. Design and characterization of RF Mixer

9. Design and characterization of VCO
10. Measure the S parameters of a Micro strip Transmission Line and plot the normalized impedance on a smith
chart
11. Analysis of Microstrip Transmission Line standing wave pattern at various frequencies.
12. Study of different types of Transmission lines like CPW, Microstrip and Co-axial and
find/measure its Insertion Loss (S21 and S12)
13. Study of different types of Microstrip discontinuities like Bend, T, Via , Gap etc and
find/measure its Insertion loss.
JNTUA B.Tech. R20 Regulations
14. Design and characterization of micro strip patch antennas
15. Determine the Bandwidth and Quality Factor of a Microstrip Ring Resonator.
NOTE: Any TWELVE experiments are to be conducted
References:
1. T.Lee, “Design of CMOS RF Integrated Circuits”, Cambridge, 2004
2. Reinhold Ludwig and PavelBretchko, “RF circuit design,” Pearson Education, 2007.
3. B.Razavi, “RF Microelectronics”, Pearson Education, 2012
Do’s &Don’ts
List of Experiments
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List of Experiments
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List of Experiments
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Exp:1 Design of λ/2, λ/4 microstrip transmission line
Aim:-design of λ/2, λ/4 microstrip transmission line.
Software required:- matlab
Program:-
clc;
close all;
%Size of PCB
pcbThickness=1.6e-3;%1.6mm
pcbLength=152.4e-3;%152.4mm or 6 binch
pcbWidth=101.6e-3;%101.6mm or 4inch
%Specifing Material of PCB
pcbMaterial='FR4';
pcbEpsilonR=4.4;
%Creatig dielectric Material
d=dielectric(pcbMaterial);%Creating dielectric Material
d.EpsilonR=pcbEpsilonR;
d.Thickness=pcbThickness;
GndPlane=antenna.Rectangle('Length',pcbLength,'Width',pcbWidth);%Creating Ground
Plane of Antenna
AntennaPlane=antenna.Rectangle('Length',4.6e-2,'Width',2.3e-3,'Center',[1,1]);
%Creating Feed Plane of Antenna
%Creating Different Shapes of Antenna
p=pcbStack;
p.Name='Strip fed slot';
p.BoardShape=GndPlane;
p.BoardThickness=pcbThickness;
p.Layers={AntennaPlane,d,GndPlane};
p.FeedLocations=[0,0,1,3];%[x cordinate,y cordinate,startLayer,stopLater]
%%Creating PCb Stack
figure(1);
show(p);%Display Antenna
figure(2);
pattern(p,1.2e9);%Display Radiation Pattern at 1.93GHz
output:-
Result:-Hence the of λ/2, λ/4 microstrip transmission line is

verified.
exp:2 Design of inductor and capacitor
Aim:-design of inductor and capacitor
Program:-
clc
clear all
close all
h=rfckt.seriesrlc('L',4e-06,'C',5e-7);
y=analyze(h,logspace(4,10,500));
g=rfckt.shuntrlc('L',4.7e-06,'C',5e-07);
l=rfckt.shuntrlc('L',4.7e-06,'C',5e-07);
Z=analyze(g,logspace(4,10,500));
K=analyze(l,logspace(4,10,1000));
figure(1)
subplot(3,2,1)
loglog(h,'s21','db')
title('series RLC')
subplot(3,2,2)
loglog(h,'s21','angle')
title('series RLC')
subplot(3,2,3)
loglog(g,'s21','db')
title('shunt RLC')
subplot(3,2,4)
loglog(g,'s21','angle')
title('shunt RLC')
subplot(3,2,5)
loglog(l,'s21','db')
title('TXline')
subplot(3,2,6)
loglog(l,'s21','angle')
title('TXline')
output:-
Result:-hence,the inductor and capacitor is verified.

EXP:3 Design of impedance matching network
Aim:-Design of impedance matching network
Software required:-Matlab
Program:-
clc
close all
close all
i=33;
z0=75;
d=1;
C=3*10e8;
B=-500:10:500;
zin=-(i*(z0*cotd(rad2deg(B*d))));
figure
plot(B,(zin))
xlabel('B')
ylabel('zin')
title('input impedance of an open circuited tx line')
output:-
Result:-Hence,the impedance of the matching network.
Exp:4 Design and characteristics of microstrip

patch antenna
Aim:-Design and characteristics of microstrip patch antenna
Software Required:-Matlab
Program:-
clc;
close all;
%Size of PCB
pcbThickness=1.6e-3;%1.6mm
pcbLength=152.4e-3;%152.4mm or 6 binch
pcbWidth=101.6e-3;%101.6mm or 4inch
%Specifing Material of PCB
pcbMaterial='FR4';
pcbEpsilonR=4.4;
%Creatig dielectric Material
d=dielectric(pcbMaterial);%Creating dielectric Material
d.EpsilonR=pcbEpsilonR;
d.Thickness=pcbThickness;
GndPlane=antenna.Rectangle('Length',pcbLength,'Width',pcbWidth);%Creating Ground
Plane of Antenna
AntennaPlane=antenna.Rectangle('Length',4.6e-2,'Width',2.3e-3,'Center',[0,0]);
%Creating Feed Plane of Antenna
%Creating Different Shapes of Antenna
p=pcbStack;
p.Name='Strip fed slot';
p.BoardShape=GndPlane;
p.BoardThickness=pcbThickness;
p.FeedLocations=[0,0,1,3];%[x cordinate,y cordinate,startLayer,stopLater]
%%Creating PCb Stack
figure(1);
show(p);%Display Antenna
figure(2);
pattern(p,1.2e9);%Display Radiation Pattern at 1.93GHz
figure(3)
impedance(p,1.6e9:2e7:2.2e9);
freq=linspace(1.6e9,2.2e9,50);
s=sparameters(p,freq,50);
figure(4);
rfplot(s);
Result:- Hence the characteristics of microstrip patch antenna is
verified.
Exp:5 design of lowpass,high pass,band pass,band
stop filter at rf
Aim:-TO design of low pass,high pass,band pss,band stop filter at rf using
matlab
Software required:-matlab
program:-
clear all;
close all;
clc;
h=rfckt.lclowpasstee('c',20e-12,'L',10e-10);
m=analyze(h,logspace(1,9,1000));
s=extract(h,'s-parameters',75);
l=rfckt.lchighpasstee('c',2e-5,'L',5e-7);
n=analyze(l,logspace(1,9,1000));
figure
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(h,'s11','db');
title('s11 lowpass');
subplot(2,2,2);
semilogy(h,'s12','db');
subplot(2,2,3);
semilogy(h,'s21','db');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(h,'s22','db');
figure
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(l,'s11','db');
title('s11 high pass');
subplot(2,2,2);
semilogy(l,'s12','db');
title('s12 highpass');
subplot(2,2,3);
semilogy(l,'s21','db');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(l,'s22','db');
output:-
Program:-
clear all;
clc
filter1=rfckt.lcbandpasstee('c',[1e-12,4e-12],'l',[2e-9,5e-9]);
analyze(filter1,logspace(5,1,1000));
filter2=rfckt.lcbandstoptee('c',[1e-12,4e-12],'l',[2e-9,5e-9]);
analyze(filter2,logspace(5,10,1000));
s1=sparameters(filter1);
s2=sparameters(filter2);
figure()
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(filter1,'s11','db');
title('Bandpass');
subplot(2,2,2);
title('Bandpass');
subplot(2,2,3);
title('Bandpass');
subplot(2,2,4);
title('Bandpass');
figure()
subplot(2,2,1);
title('Bandstop');
subplot(2,2,2);
title('Bandstop');
subplot(2,2,3);
title('Bandstop');
subplot(2,2,4);
title('Bandstop')
output:-
Result:-Hence the lowpass,highpass,bandpass,band stop
filter at rf are designed.
Exp:design and characterization of vco
Aim:-Design and characterization of vco
Software required:- Matlab
program:-
clc;
close all;
v_ctrl_min=0;
v_ctrl_max=1;
v_supply=3.3;
f_min=1e6;
f_max=10e6;
k_vco=(f_max-f_min)|(v_ctrl_max-v_ctrl_min);
v_ctrl=linspace(v_ctrl_min,v_ctrl_max,1000);
f_out=k_vco*(v_ctrl-v_ctrl_min)+f_min;
figure;
plot(v_ctrl,f_out);
xlabel('control voltage (v)');
ylabel('output frequency (hz)');
title('vco characteristics');
grid on;
output:-
Result:-Hence the characterization of vco was designed successfully.

design and characteristics of rf mixer
Aim:-To design and characteristics of RF mixer.
Software required:-Matlab
program:-
clc;
close all;
lo_freq=1e9;
rf_freq=10.0e7;
lo_amplitude=0.5;
rf_amplitude=0.5;
fs=10e9;
t=0:1/fs:1e-6;
lo_signal=lo_amplitude*cos(2*pi*lo_freq*t);
rf_signal=rf_amplitude*cos(2*pi*rf_freq*t);
mixed_signal=rf_signal.*lo_signal;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,lo_signal);
xlabel('time(s)');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('local oscillator signal');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,rf_signal);
xlabel('time(s)');
title('rf input signl');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,mixed_signal);
xlabel('time(s)');
title('mixed signal');
output:-
Result:-Hence the characteristics of rf mixer was
designed successful
Measure the s parameters of a microstrip transmission line
&plot the normalized impedance on a smith chart
Aim:-To measure the s parameters of a microstrip transmissson line & plot the
normalized impedance on a smith chart using matlab
Software required:- Matlab
Program:-
clc
clear all
close all
l=rfckt.txline('Termination','open','stubmode','series','z0',75);
k=analyze(l,logspace(5,10,1000));
figure
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(l,'S11','dB')
title('Termination open stubmode series S11');
subplot(2,2,2)
semilogy(l,'S12','dB')
title('Termination open stubmode series S12')
subplot(2,2,3)
semilogy(l,'S21','dB')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(l,'S22','dB')
j=rfckt.txline('Termination','Open','Stubmode','Shunt','z0',75);
g=analyze(j,logspace(5,10,1000));
figure
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(j,'S11','dB')
title('Termination open stubmode shunt 11')
subplot(2,2,2)
semilogy(j,'S12','dB')
title('Termination open stubmode shunt S12')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(j,'S21','db')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(j,'S22','db')
m=rfckt.txline('Termination','short','Stubmode','Shunt','z0',75);
v=analyze(m,logspace(5,10,1000));
figure
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(m,'S11','db')
title('Termination short stubmode series S11')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(m,'S12','db')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(m,'S21','dB')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(m,'S22','dB')
n=rfckt.txline('Termination','short','Stubmode','Shunt','z0',75);
b=analyze(n,logspace(5,10,1000));
figure
subplot(2,2,1)
semilogy(n,'S11','dB')
title('Termination short stubmode shunt S11');
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(n,'S12','dB')
title('Termination short stubmode shunt S12')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(n,'S21','dB')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(n,'S22','dB')
output:-
Result:-hence the s parameters of a microstrip transmission line &
plot the normalized impedance on a smith chart is measured.

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CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY::PRODDATUR

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2023-24

NAME OF THE LAB (20A04607)

III B.Tech-II Semester

Faculty Name & Sign Faculty Name & Sign

CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY::PRODDATUR

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES(PSOs)

B.Tech (ECE)– III-II Sem LT PC

Skill Oriented Course – IV

To be well-versed in functionalities of basic RF electronics utilized in the industry

 Design and develop RF components using microstrip technology

 Apply knowledge of basic RF Electronics for realizing any RF system.

1. Design of λ/2, λ/4 micro strip transmission line.

2. Design of microstrip inductor and capacitor

3. Design of impedance matching network

4. Design and Simulate a Schottky Diode and RF Switch.

5. Design and characterization of RF BJT Amplifier and LNA

8. Design and characterization of RF Mixer

find/measure its Insertion Loss (S21 and S12)

find/measure its Insertion loss.

JNTUA B.Tech. R20 Regulations

14. Design and characterization of micro strip patch antennas

NOTE: Any TWELVE experiments are to be conducted

1. T.Lee, “Design of CMOS RF Integrated Circuits”, Cambridge, 2004

3. B.Razavi, “RF Microelectronics”, Pearson Education, 2012

Result:-Hence the of λ/2, λ/4 microstrip transmission line is

Result:-hence,the inductor and capacitor is verified.

Result:-Hence,the impedance of the matching network.

Exp:4 Design and characteristics of microstrip

%Specifing Material of PCB

%Creatig dielectric Material

d=dielectric(pcbMaterial);%Creating dielectric Material

%Creating Different Shapes of Antenna

p.Name='Strip fed slot';

p.FeedLocations=[0,0,1,3];%[x cordinate,y cordinate,startLayer,stopLater]

%%Creating PCb Stack

pattern(p,1.2e9);%Display Radiation Pattern at 1.93GHz

Result:-Hence the characterization of vco was designed successfully.

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