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NEW TECHNOLOGIES
FOR EMISSION
CONTROL IN MARINE
DIESEL ENGINES
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NEW TECHNOLOGIES
FOR EMISSION
CONTROL IN MARINE
DIESEL ENGINES
MASAAKI OKUBO
TAKUYA KUWAHARA
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage
and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to
seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our
arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright
Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by
the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research
and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional
practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety
and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or
editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a
matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any
methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-12-812307-2
Preface vii
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Classification of ships 1
1.2 Marine diesel engines inside ships 9
1.3 Mechanism of diesel engines 13
1.4 Targets of emission control 23
References 24
2. Emission regulations 25
2.1 Establishment of MARPOL 73/78 Convention 25
2.2 NOx regulations 26
2.3 SOx regulations 34
2.4 Particulate matter regulations 37
2.5 Fuel regulations 42
References 50
v
vi Contents
Appendix 267
Index 275
Preface
vii
viii Preface
contains much less sulfur and nitrogen. However, because the rotational
speeds of marine diesel engines are usually steady, emissions are induced at a
steady rate and thus are easier to control. Conversely, automobile engine
emissions fluctuate because the rotational speed of the engine varies more
frequently; thus, its emissions are more difficult to control. The complete
removal of these pollutants from engines in our laboratory was very exciting
experience for us, and we hope that some of our fascinations with this
technology is expressed in the book.
Our initial studies were motivated by the desire to clean stationary fossil
fuel (coal-, oil-, and gas-fired) power generation plants emissions and clean
exhaust gases, including dioxins, emitted by garbage incinerators. The
cleaning methods utilized new technologies that incorporated nonthermal
plasmas. Recently, almost all power generation plants in Japan have been
equipped with an environmental system composed of selective catalytic
reduction, electrostatic precipitator, and soda-lime gypsum methods, and
simultaneous removal of NOxePMeSOx with high efficiency has been
achieved. As a result, Japanese skies have been kept very clear. However,
early in the 2000s, emission control for automobile diesel engines became a
problem in Japan and in other western countries. We began JST
( Japan Science and Technology Agency) project to control diesel engine
emissions. The main cleaning technology used in the project was also
nonthermal plasma. Similar to the outcome of other diesel engine projects,
our project developed a new aftertreatment system for super-clean auto-
mobile diesel engines. As a result of another our combustion emission
cleaning project, a super-clean industrial boiler was successfully developed
with a NOx emission level of less than 10 ppm. Recently, marine diesel
engines with NOx, SOx, and PM controls have attracted attention, and
efforts have been devoted to further develop this research field in marine
engineering. We believe that these research developments should be
documented, and thus we have written this book to convey technologies to
future generations.
These projects were accomplished mainly at Osaka Prefecture
University in Sakai city, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, which has been the main
research institution of the authors. Sakai city has prospered ocean trade since
long ago. In the 16th century, it was called “Oriental Venice” known as
“Saccai” to Europeans and was imaged as a prosperous international trade
port. As an image of the prosperous Sakai of those days, there is a drawing
picture published in a book written by Dutch missionary and scholar,
Arnoldus Montanus, in the 17th century as shown in Fig. A.1 in A.2
Preface ix
University have been enriching and enjoyable. Most are credited in this
book through citations of their published work. We have truly enjoyed
studying and experimenting with emission control; we have found it to be a
very important research topic that has serious potential to improve the
lives and health of humanity. We hope that this book will be beneficial not
only among marine engineers and students but also among those in other
fields such as mechanical, electrical, chemical, and environmental
engineering to get fundamental knowledge on technologies for emission
control in marine diesel engines.
Masaaki Okubo
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
Takuya Kuwahara
Nippon Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Contents
1.1 Classification of ships 1
1.1.1 Merchant ships 1
Cargo ships 2
Tankers 3
Product-carrying ships 5
Passenger ships 6
Other miscellaneous merchant ships 7
1.1.2 Special operation ships 7
Operation ships 7
Helper ships 8
Other special operation ships 8
1.1.3 Other miscellaneous ships and marine transportation 8
1.2 Marine diesel engines inside ships 9
1.3 Mechanism of diesel engines 13
1.3.1 Heat engines 13
1.3.2 Classification of diesel engines 15
1.3.3 Four-cycle and two-cycle engines 17
1.3.4 Common rail fuel injection technology 21
1.4 Targets of emission control 23
References 24
which is an island country, the total amount of imported and exported goods
exceeds 900 million ton annually, approximately 99.6% of which are carried
by merchant ships [1]; less than 0.4% is carried by airplanes. Merchant ships
are classified as cargo ships, tankers, product-carrying ships, passenger ships,
and other miscellaneous merchant ships. These different classifications are
explained below.
Cargo ships
Cargo ships are classified into general cargo ships or freighters, bulk carriers,
container ships, and others. General cargo ships transport mainly cargo,
goods, and materials from one port to another. A bulk carrier, such as a
bulker or dry bulker, is a type of merchant ship that is used to transport
large amounts of unpackaged bulk cargo, such as iron ore, coal, cereal, salt,
aluminum, and copper ore. Bulk carriers come in many different sizes, and a
particular size is utilized depending on the amount of bulk cargo that must
be transported and the size of the port that receives it. Fig. 1.1.1 shows a
photograph of bulk carrier. The largest type of bulk carrier is called capesize
bulker ship. The capesize bulker ship is a type of ship that cannot pass
through the Panama Canal because of its large size; therefore, it travels
between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, passing by the Cape of Good
Figure 1.1.1 Bulk carrier ship. (By David Álvarez López, licensed under CC BY 2.0, https://
www.flickr.com/photos/david_a_l/32894529613/.)
Introduction 3
Hope in Africa. The name “capesize” was derived from its required travel
path. Another example of a capesize ship is a bulk carrier for coal. This ship
carries coal for coal-fired power generation plants and is designed based on
the depth-specialized berth of the power generation plant and the moving
area of coal-lifting machines. The width is generally extended to increase
coal-carrying capacity and tonnage to the 80,000e90,000 class. Fig. 1.1.2
shows a photograph of a container ship. Container ships carry cargo inside
overseas shipping containers that meet international regulations. The capacity
of a container ship is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units, which are the
number of 20-foot containers that a ship can carry, although the majority of
containers used today are 40 feet (y 12 m) in length.
Tankers
Tankers transport chemical products of liquid and gas. An oil tanker
transports liquid products such as crude oil, refined petroleum products
such as gasoline, and chemical solutions. An oil tanker is a typical example
of this class of ship, which can transport crude oil in bulk. Fig. 1.1.3 shows a
photograph of a large crude oil tanker. Oil tankers transport oil from
Figure 1.1.2 Container ship. (By Ian Kennedy, licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0, https://www.
flickr.com/photos/clankennedy/10865084363/.)
4 New Technologies for Emission Control in Marine Diesel Engines
Figure 1.1.3 Crude oil tanker. (By Frans Berkelaar, licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0, https://
www.flickr.com/photos/28169156@N03/19863834578/.)
countries rich in oil resources. Crude oil tankers carry oil that supports the
demands of human life and economic demands. A crude oil tanker, such as
the very large crude carrier, is generally utilized, the mass of which is more
than 200,000e320,000 ton. Different cargo tanks inside the ships allow for
different types of crude oil to be transported separately. Furthermore, liq-
uefied natural gas (LNG) tankers are often observed transporting natural gas
because of increased demand as safe and clean energy resources. Fig. 1.1.4
shows a photograph of an LNG tanker. LNG tankers have tanks that have
functions similar to a vacuum bottle. A typical component of natural gas is
methane. If it is transported in the gas phase, a large volume is required for
its storage. However, the volume is reduced to less than 1/600 by lique-
faction, which enables high-efficiency transport. Because the boiling point
of LNG is very low, 161.5 C, tanks are made with specialized steel such
as nickel, stainless steel, or aluminum alloy. For LNG tankers, steam turbine
engines are often used because the gasified LNG in tanks can be used as
fuel during transportation. There are other types of tankers as well.
Introduction 5
Figure 1.1.4 Liquefied natural gas tanker. (By Ken Hodge, licensed under CC BY 2.0,
https://www.flickr.com/photos/40132991@N07/7501108978/.)
Product-carrying ships
There are also ships that can carry processed products, which are different
from bulkers that carry natural resources and tankers that carry energy re-
sources. There are many types of product-carrying ships. One type is a
container ship that carries apparel and various types of household goods.
Reefer refrigerator ships are used to transport fresh goods such as fruits,
vegetables, meat, and seafood. Ships carrying automobiles are usually called
pure car carriers or pure car and truck carriers and are specifically designed
to carry automobiles and construction machines. Fig. 1.1.5 shows a
6 New Technologies for Emission Control in Marine Diesel Engines
Passenger ships
There are two types of passenger ships. One type is a ferry, which can
periodically transport passengers, automobiles, and freight cars such as trucks
and semitrailers. For example, one Japanese ferry can carry 632 passengers,
77 automobiles, and 154 trucks. Generally, there are parking spaces for
automobiles and freight in the lower region of the ship interior.
Automobiles are moved from the ship to the port through ramps over the
deck using the RO/RO method. Passenger rooms and restaurants are
located above the deck. The other type of passenger ship is a cruise ship.
Fig. 1.1.6 shows a photograph of a passenger cruise ship used for travel and
entertainment. The ship will arrive at the harbor slowly as passengers are
dining, watching a movie/show, or gazing at the ocean.
Introduction 7
Figure 1.1.6 Cruise passenger ship, Asuka II. (By Kabacchi, licensed under CC BY 2.0,
https://www.flickr.com/photos/kabacchi/3591076067/.)
Operation ships
There are many types of operation ships. Fig. 1.1.7 shows a photograph of a
type of operation ship that sets, repairs, and collects submarine cables for
telecommunication [3]. Because it is necessary to keep the ship in a fixed
position while this work is performed, it has a dynamic positioning system
that holds the ship in place against the effects of displacing forces such as
waves and wind.
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TRADUCCIÓN.
⁂
Vamos ahora á intentar, á título de trabajo imaginativo linguístico,
la formación de una plegaria religiosa, como si dijéramos, de una
oración dominical indo-antillano, que, aunque diste mucho de la
realidad de la que probablemente hubiere existido, nos trae á la
mente el dulce acento de aquel desgraciado pueblo. Utilizamos,
desde luego, las palabras que se conservan del extinguido lenguaje
indo-antillano.
He aquí dicha plegaria:
Guakía baba, turey toca, guamíkení guamí-caraya-güey, guarico-
guakía tayno-tí-bo-matún; bu-sicá para yucabia-aje-cazabí, juracán-
uá, maboya-uá, yukiyú-ján, diosá naborí-daca. Jan-jan-catú.
TRADUCCIÓN.