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Preface

8
Acknowledgments

9
About the Authors

PART I: FOUNDATIONS

1. Research in the Real World

2. Theory, Models, and Research Questions

3. Qualitative Research

PART II: STRATEGIES FOR DESCRIPTION

4. Measurement

5. Sampling

6. Secondary Data

7. Surveys and Other Primary Data

PART III: STATISTICAL TOOLS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION

8. Making Sense of the Numbers

9. Making Sense of Inferential Statistics

10. Making Sense of Multivariate Statistics

PART IV: STRATEGIES FOR CAUSATION

11. Causation

12. Observational Studies

13. Using Regression to Estimate Causal Effects

14. Randomized Experiments

15. Natural and Quasi Experiments

PART V: CONTEXT AND COMMUNICATION

16. The Politics, Production, and Ethics of Research

17. How to Find, Review, and Present Research

10
Glossary

11
References

12
Author Index

13
Subject Index

14
Detailed Contents

15
Preface

16
Acknowledgments

17
About the Authors

PART I: FOUNDATIONS

Learning Objectives
1. Research in the Real World
Do Methods Matter?
Good Evidence Comes From Well-Made Research
May the Best Methods Win
Research-Savvy People Rule
Research, Policy, and Practice
Performance Measurement
Evaluation Research
Evidence-Based Policy and Programs
Evidence Can Mislead
Misleading Measurements
Misleading Samples
Misleading Correlations
What Is Research?
Secondary and Primary Research
It Comes in Various Shapes and Sizes
It’s Never Perfect
It’s Uncertain and Contingent
It Aims to Generalize
Bits and Pieces of a Puzzle
It Involves Competition and Criticism
It Can Be Quantitative, Qualitative, or a Mix of Both
It Can Be Applied or Basic
Descriptive and Causal Research
Description: What Is the World Like?
Causation: How Would the World Be Different If Something Changed?
Description of a Correlation Is Not Proof of Causation
Epistemology: Ways of Knowing
The Scientific Method
Is There One Truth in Social Science?

18
 Induction and Deduction
Proof Requires Fresh Data
Approaching Research From Different Angles
Consuming Research
Commissioning Research
Conducting Research
Ethics of Research
Poisoned by New York’s Best Restaurants
History of Human Subjects Abuses in Research
Principles of Ethical Research Emerge
What Constitutes Informed Consent?
Ethical Issues Depend on Research Form and Context
Conclusion: The Road Ahead
Chapter Resources
Key Terms
Exercises
Student Study Site

Learning Objectives
2. Theory, Models, and Research Questions
Fighting Crime in New York City
What Is a Theory?
Theories Identify Key Variables
Theories Tell Causal Stories
Theories Explain Variation
Theories Generate Testable Hypotheses
Theories Focus on Modifiable Variables
Where Do Theories Come From?
Grand Social Theories
Academic Disciplines
Induction and Deduction
Exploratory and Qualitative Research
Theories, Norms, and Values
What Is a Model?

19
 Variables and Relationships
Independent and Dependent Variables
BOX 2.1 INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Causal Mechanisms
BOX 2.2 EQUATIONS AS MODELS: RIGHT-HAND SIDE AND LEFT-HAND SIDE
VARIABLES
Direction of a Relationship
Naming Variables
Models With Multiple Causes
Causal and Noncausal Relationships
Unit of Analysis
Same Theory, Different Unit of Analysis
Logic Models
BOX 2.3 WHAT IS A LOGIC MODEL?
Do Smaller Classes Help Kids Learn?
Intervening Variables
What About Other Causes?
Usefulness of a Logic Model
BOX 2.4 CHINA LAUNCHES NATIONWIDE AIDS PREVENTION PROGRAM
Tips for Creating a Logic Model
Inputs, Activities, Outputs, and Outcomes
Additional Issues in Theory Building
Interpretivist Theory
Does Theory Shape Observation?
Theories of the Independent Variable
Moderators
Hierarchical (Multilevel) Models and Contextual Variables
Theoretical Research
How to Find and Focus Research Questions
Applied Research Questions
Questions You Ideally Want to Answer, and Those You Really Can
Know If Your Question Is Descriptive or Causal
Make Your Question Positive, Not Normative
Generating Questions and Ideas
Conclusion: Theories Are Practical
BOX 2.5 CRITICAL QUESTIONS TO ASK ABOUT THEORY, MODELS, AND RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
BOX 2.6 TIPS ON DOING YOUR OWN RESEARCH: THEORY, MODELS, AND
RESEARCH QUESTIONS

20
 Chapter Resources
Key Terms
Exercises
Student Study Site

Learning Objectives
3. Qualitative Research
Fighting Malaria in Kenya
Theory, Causes, and Qualitative Research
What Is Qualitative Research?
Contrasting Qualitative With Quantitative Research
Schools of Thought in Qualitative Research
Advantages of Qualitative Research
Existing Qualitative Data
Archival and Other Written Documents
Visual Media, Popular Culture, and the Internet
Qualitative Interviews
Unstructured Interviews
Semistructured Interviews
Asking Truly Open-Ended Questions
The Power of Probes
Some Practical Considerations When Doing Interviews
Focus Groups
What Do People Think of Congestion Pricing?
Moderating a Focus Group
Why a Focus Group? Why Not Individual Interviews?
Telephone and Online Focus Groups
Qualitative Observation
Participant Observation and Ethnography
Why Do the Homeless Refuse Help?
Levels on a Participation-Observation Continuum
Secret Shopping and Audit Studies
Case Study Research
Maryland’s Gun Violence Act

21
 Selecting a Case to Study
Comparing Cases
Qualitative Data Analysis
Integration of Analysis and Data Gathering
Tools of Qualitative Analysis
Coding and Content Analysis
Qualitative Data Analysis Software
The Qualitative-Quantitative Debate
A Brief History of the Debate
Blurring the Lines: How Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Overlap
A Qualitative-Quantitative Research Cycle
Mixed-Methods Research and Triangulation
BOX 3.1 TRANSITION SERVICES FOR INCARCERATED YOUTH: A MIXED METHODS
EVALUATION STUDY
Ethics in Qualitative Research
Presenting Qualitative Data
Can You Obtain Informed Consent?
Should You Help People With Their Problems?
Should You Empower People?
Conclusion: Matching Methods to Questions
BOX 3.2 CRITICAL QUESTIONS TO ASK ABOUT A QUALITATIVE STUDY
BOX 3.3 TIPS ON DOING YOUR OWN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Chapter Resources
Key Terms
Exercises
Student Study Site

PART II: STRATEGIES FOR DESCRIPTION

Learning Objectives
4. Measurement
The U.S. Poverty Measure
What Is Measurement?
Measurement in Qualitative Research
Performance Measurement

22
 Measurement: The Basic Model and a Road Map
Conceptualization
Defining Can Be Difficult
Where Do Conceptualizations Come From?
BOX 4.1 IS POVERTY THE SAME THING THE WORLD OVER?
Manifest and Latent Constructs
Dimensions
Operationalization
Birth of the U.S. Poverty Measure
Instruments
BOX 4.2 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES
Protocols and Personnel
Proxies and Indicators
Composite Measures: Scales and Indexes
BOX 4.3 WHAT IS A LIKERT SCALE?
Validity
BOX 4.4 USING ITEMS THAT VARY IN DIFFICULTY: ITEM RESPONSE THEORY
Is the U.S. Poverty Measure Valid?
Face Validity
Content Validity
Valid for What Purpose?
Criterion-Related Validity
Self-Reported Drug Use: Is It Valid?
Does the Measure Predict Behavior?
Does the Measure Relate to Other Variables as Expected?
Limitations of Validity Studies
BOX 4.5 THE VARIOUS (MEASUREMENT) VALIDITIES
BOX 4.6 EXAMPLE OF A VALIDITY STUDY
Measurement Error
Bias
Random Error—Noise
BOX 4.7 BIAS, BIAS EVERYWHERE
Bias and Noise in the U.S. Poverty Measure
BOX 4.8 CLASSICAL TEST THEORY
Reliability
Why Reliability Matters
Many Ways to Tell If a Measure Is Reliable
Validity and Reliability Contrasted and Compared
Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Research

23
 Levels of Measurement
Quantitative Measures
BOX 4.9 UNIT/LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT/ANALYSIS?
Categorical Measures
Turning Categorical Variables Into Quantitative Ones
Units of Analysis and Levels of Measurement
Measurement in the Real World: Trade-offs and Choices
What Will It Cost?
Is It Ethical?
How Will It Affect the Quality and Rate of Responding?
Validity-Reliability Trade-off
High Stakes? Gaming and Other Behavioral Responses
Use Multiple Measures for Multiple Dimensions—or Aggregate to One Measure?
Conclusion: Measurement Matters
BOX 4.10 CRITICAL QUESTIONS TO ASK ABOUT MEASUREMENT
BOX 4.11 TIPS ON DOING YOUR OWN RESEARCH: MEASUREMENT
Chapter Resources
Key Terms
Exercises
Student Study Site

Learning Objectives
5. Sampling
Gauging the Fallout From Hurricane Katrina
Generalizability
Population of Interest, Sampling, and Generalizability
Are Experiments More Generalizable?
Replicating Research and Meta-Analysis
Are Relationships More Generalizable? Health and Happiness in Moldova
Generalizability of Qualitative Studies
Basic Sampling Concepts
Population, Sample, and Inference
Census Versus Sample
How to Select a Sample: Sampling Frames and Steps
Problems and Biases in Sampling

24
 Coverage Problems
Nonresponse Problems
When Does Nonresponse Cause Bias?
When Do Coverage Problems Cause Bias?
BOX 5.1 STEPS IN ASSESSING COVERAGE AND NONRESPONSE BIAS
BOX 5.2 SAMPLING BIAS
Ethics of Nonresponse
Nonprobability Sampling
Voluntary Sampling
BOX 5.3 STEPS IN ASSESSING VOLUNTEER BIAS
Convenience Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Quota Sampling
Sampling Online: Open Web Polls and Internet Access Panels
Purposive Sampling and Qualitative Research
Random (Probability) Sampling
The Contribution of Random Sampling
Random Sampling Versus Randomized Experiments
Simple Random Sampling
Sampling Variability
Sampling Distributions, Standard Errors, and Confidence Intervals
Confidence Intervals (Margins of Error)
BOX 5.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIOUS PRECISION MEASURES
Sample Size and the Precision of Government Statistics
Determining How Large a Sample You Need
What Is the True Sample Size?
Sampling in Practice
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Disproportionate Sampling (Oversampling)
Poststratification Weighting
Sampling With Probabilities Proportional to Size
Multistage and Cluster Sampling
Design Effects: Complex Survey Sampling Corrections
Random Digit Dialing Sampling
Sampling and Generalizability: A Summary
BOX 5.5 CRITICAL QUESTIONS TO ASK ABOUT SAMPLING IN STUDIES
BOX 5.6 TIPS ON DOING YOUR OWN RESEARCH: SAMPLING
Chapter Resources

25
 Key Terms
Exercises
Student Study Site

Learning Objectives
6. Secondary Data
Tracking the Flu
Big Data and the Virtual World
Quantitative Data—and Their Forms
Quantitative Data Versus Quantitative Variables
Forms of Quantitative Data
Micro, Aggregate, and Multilevel Data
BOX 6.1 UNIT OF OBSERVATION VERSUS UNIT OF ANALYSIS
Time Dimension of Data
Metadata
Where Do Quantitative Data Come From?
Administrative Records
Adapting Administrative Data for Research
Vital Statistics, Crime Reports, and Unemployment Claims
Data for Purchase
Ethics of Administrative Record Data
Published Data Tables
Where to Find Published Tables
Published Time-Series and Panel Data
Public Use Microdata
Secondary Analysis of Public Use Data: A New Model of Research?
Know the Major Surveys in Your Field
Accessing and Analyzing Public Use Data
Data Archives
Ethics of Public Use Microdata
Secondary Qualitative Data
Linking Data
Some Limitations of Secondary Data
Does Data Availability Distort Research?

26
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’19 2050w

INGERSOLL, ERNEST. Wit of the wild. il *$2

Dodd 591.5

“This collection of sketches deals for the most part with familiar
birds, animals, fish, and insects—the weasel, wasp, copperhead,
whip-poor-will, and a score of others. It ranges widely from
menhaden and muskrats to tree toads and the Portuguese man-of-
war.” (N Y Evening Post) “There are chapters on animals that
advertise, animals that wear disguises, animals that form
partnerships with other animals, animals that set traps and animals
that bluff.” (N Y Times)

“It is popular natural history at its best. The book is abundantly

and excellently illustrated.”
 + N Y Evening Post p26 O 23 ’20 160w
N Y Times p10 O 10 ’20 500w

[2]
INGPEN, ROGER, ed. One thousand poems for
children. *$2.50 Jacobs 821.08

20–19453

This is a revised and enlarged edition of a former volume of “a

choice of the best verse old and new” (Sub-title) which aims to
provide poetry that is both pleasant to read and profitable to
remember. The selection is graded according to the ages of children,
ranging from the very little tot to the average child of fifteen and the
poems are grouped under the headings: Rhymes for little ones;
Cradle songs; Nursery rhymes; Fairy land; Fables and riddles; The
seasons; Fields and woods; Home; Insects, birds and beasts;
Humorous verse; Poems of patriotism and history; Ballads;
Girlhood; Poems of praise; Miscellaneous. There are indexes of
authors, first lines and titles.

INTERCHURCH WORLD MOVEMENT.

COMMISSION OF INQUIRY. Report on the steel
strike of 1919; with the technical assistance of the
Bureau of industrial research, N.Y. *$2.50 Harcourt
331.89

20–16529
 In this report by the Commission of inquiry of the Interchurch
world movement, the basic facts of normal steel employment
conditions are presented with the commission’s findings from a
Christian viewpoint. These findings justify the strike in its central
phase and substantiate the claim that conditions after the strike have
remained the same—a situation characterized as a state of war that
threatens the industrial peace of the nation. The first two chapters
dwell on the inauguration of the inquiry, its scope and method, its
conclusions and recommendations and on the general ignorance of
the real conditions. The rest of the contents are: The twelve-hour day
in a no-conference industry; Wages in a no-conference industry;
Grievances and control in a no-conference industry; Organizing for
conference; Social consequences of arbitrary control; Concluding
(Christian findings); Appendices and index.

“The report is a challenging document and raises fundamental

questions concerning industrial relationships which need to be
raised.” G: M. Janes

+ Am Econ R 10:877 D ’20 1900w

Booklist 17:13 O ’20

“One of the most important documents in the history of American

industry. The report is crowded with revealing statistics and other
important information, but its supreme value proceeds from the fact
that its conclusions have been reached by investigators appointed by
organizations that are ordinarily anything but friendly to labour.” W:
Z. Foster

+ Freeman 2:44 S 22 ’20 850w

 “This report is a splendid example of scientific investigation in a
field where prejudice and hysteria make rational judgments difficult.
This work is invaluable.” James Oneal

+ N Y Call p11 D 12 ’20 370w

Reviewed by L. K. Frank

+ Pub W 98:663 S 18 ’20 260w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p655 O 7
’20 90w
+ Wis Lib Bul 16:232 D ’20 90w

“If we had greater faith in the efficacy of education by coercion we

should like to make two books compulsory reading for every
clergyman, newspaper editor, politician, and employer in the United
States. These two books are ‘The great steel strike’ by W. J. Foster
and ‘The steel strike of 1919,’ the report of the Interchurch world
movement’s commission.”

+ World Tomorrow 3:349 N ’20 560w

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF
WOMEN PHYSICIANS. Proceedings of the
international conference of women physicians. 6v $3;
ea 75c Womans press 613

20–15934
 The proceedings of a conference held under the auspices of the
National board of the Y. M. C. A. in New York city, Sept. 17–Oct. 25,
1919. “The conference met in response to a conscious need on the
part of the women physicians in America for free discussion of those
problems that relate to the maintaining and improving of health by
education and other constructive means.... The word ‘health,’ was to
be taken in its fullest sense as meaning the well-being of the entire
personality.” (Preface) The proceedings, issued in six volumes,
contain the addresses of distinguished physicians and specialists,
men as well as women, bearing on all aspects of the subjects of health
of women and children, sex and marriage, social morality, etc. The
six volumes are devoted to: General problems of health; Industrial
health; The health of the child; Moral codes and personality;
Adaptation of the individual to life; Conservation of the health of
women in marriage.

“Both the physician and the layman can profitably read these
discussions.”

+ N Y P L Munic Ref Lib Notes 7:39 O 20

’20 110w

IRWIN, FLORENCE. Poor dear Theodora!

*$1.75 (2c) Putnam
 20–6636

Theodora has race but no money. Her genteel family has all the
pride of their poverty and Theodora shocks them by breaking away to
earn her own living. She goes through a variety of experiences from
companion to an invalid old lady and mother’s helper in a feminist’s
household to war-worker. She has been dismissed from her first
position because the old lady suspects her favorite nephew of being
in love with her. She becomes engaged to a “newly rich” philanderer
and breaks it off before it is too late. At last true love “will out” like
murder and the old lady receives her with open arms. Incidentally
the book abounds in reflections on current opinions, tendencies and
fads.

“Theodora appeals to us, because of the sturdy independence of

her mind and her conduct. Her natural individuality is developing.
The novel excels in the delineation of character types.” D. L. M.

+ Boston Transcript p8 Mr 20 ’20 950w

“The story is well written and will be enjoyed by those who care for
this sort of fiction. Its chief fault is its length, which exceeds 400
pages.”

+ − N Y Times 25:168 Ap 11 ’20 600w

Spec 125:539 O 23 ’20 60w
+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p442 Jl 8
’20 170w
 IRWIN, WALLACE ADMAH (GINGER,
pseud.). Suffering husbands. *$1.75 (1½c) Doran

20–10767

A collection of short stories, first copyrighted by the Curtis

Publishing Company. Contents: All front and no back; Monkey on a
stick; Peaches and cream; Thunder; The goat; The light that paled;
Free; Gasless Sunday; Mother’s milk.

Booklist 17:33 O ’20

Outlook 125:615 Ag 4 ’20 30w

IRWIN, WALLACE ADMAH (GINGER,

pseud.). Trimmed with red. *$1.75 (2c) Doran

20–6843

A farcical story involving parlor Socialists and society Bolshevists.

Rosamonde Vallant, the young and beautiful wife of a middle-aged
and choleric husband, has just gone thru a course in esoteric eastern
philosophy and wearying of it, has turned to revolution. Her cousin,
Emily Ray, who is in love with Oliver Browning, uses Rosamonde’s
house as a convenient meeting place. Oliver is a soldier who has been
wounded in the service of his country, but alas the wound had come
from the kick of an army mule and Aunt Carmen refuses to see him
in a romantic light. Emily becomes deeply involved in bolshevist
plots and a revolutionary professor falls in love with her, but she
returns in the end to Oliver and his mules.

+ Booklist 16:348 Jl ’20

Reviewed by R. M. Underhill

Bookm 51:443 Je ’20 60w

+ Boston Transcript p8 S 15 ’20 370w

“Pure farce, but most of it is really funny.”

+ Ind 103:323 S 11 ’20 40w

“He had a ‘grand and glorious’ opportunity to create another droll

classic out of the materials used in this book. He did make an
attempt in this direction—an attempt that is well worth reading.
Measured by what it might have been, however, the book is a
failure.” Ralph Cheyney

− + N Y Call p10 Jl 18 ’20 550w

“Though the book is much too long and its humor of the most
obvious kind, it is amusing, and no more absurd than the idiotic
antics it is intended to caricature.”

+ − N Y Times 25:310 Je 13 ’20 450w