Slide 2:

 Choose a developmental life course theory

 Tittle’s life control theory
 Choosing a shaming theory, a feminist theory, or a neoliberal theory

Slide 3: Life course/development criminology control balance theory

 Emerged due to emerged due to the social control theory and said that humans change at
different ages due to different things. Not just due to parents influence and upbringing
 Age-graded informal social control – assumes humans can change due to self-control. Looks at
risk factors and protective factors at different ages
 Looks at control ratio – control surplus and control deficit. The central themes. Depending on
this we have a predisposition to crime or conformity

Slide 4:

 Developmental theory – Sampson’s and Groves Age informal social control model
o Looks at different factors amongst different ages. Looks at informal social control such
as family, friends, school etc
 Is an integrative theory because we are looking structural background factors such as conduct
disorder and temperament
 Looks at poverty, family size, employment
 Formal social controls such as prison, and exposure to the CJS. This is criminogenic and
weakness labour and martial attachments

Slide 5:

 We all have a control ratio and feel the best when it is balanced. If it is not, we have to much or
too little control over our lives and the likelihood of criminality increases
 For deviance and crime to occur, we must still have the opportunity for crime, not just the
imbalance
o Influenced by social control and bonding theories
 This theory proves an explanation for street crime and white-collar crime

Slide 6: Critical criminology

 Called this because it questions the reality of crime, what will be called crime and who will be
treated as a criminal
 Aligns theories such as feminine, and Marxism, labeling, etc.
 Critical of the law for being racist, sexist, and classist
 Questions who studies crime and how it is studied
  Looks at previous theories and critiques it

Slide 7:

 Theories fall in and out of popularity

o We no longer study the peace-making theory
 Marxism has fallen out of favor while feminism has gone up

Slide 8: Sex-offender notification

 Breakaway theory was used to support sex offender notification and also used as a critique for
sex offender notifications
 Was able to get a line between theory and policy

Slide 9:

 Many argue that the notification is a form of shaming

 If you choose this theory, use the pros and cons
 Reintegrative – You did something bad but you’re still a good person (considered the better one)
 Disintegrative shaming – Shaming and boycotting which causes someone to be criminogenic –
more likely to reoffend (used more widely)

Slide 10: Feminism

 Gender is a theory that we use for every study

 Goal is to gender the study of crime, study the patriarch and how they shape society for women
and men
 Achieving masculinity can result in stress
 Do not use the entre theory, but a general perspective

Slide 11: Marxism

 Age-graded theory, feminism theories, neoliberal society critique are looking at crime and
criminal justice and look at capitalism at a macrolevel
o Look at socioeconomic status
 Critique how crime control strategies target the poor

Slide 12: Critique of neo-liberal management

 You are critiquing how and what we do to offenders to manage crime

  There are concepts such as credentialism and responsibilities is victim blaming because we say
the induvial should be responsible for keeping themselves safe
 Neo-liberalism crime management uses risk assessment, structural justice does not critiques the
problems and issues we are having with the increasing use of risk assessment in the CJS
 Also critiques how we are leaving the community responsible to house offenders. “Burification”
the community is asked to manage the offenders
 Critical about how neoliberal crime is organized and says it is sexist, and racist and we need to
reorganize the CJS

Slide 13:

 Apply the theory to say what they did and use the theory again to say what the policy
implications might be

Theories are hypothesis that try to explain a phenomenon. In our case it will try to explain crime, why it
is occurring, its causes, and what we could do to stop it.

They are important because it gives criminologists the opportunity to be able to understand the
behavior under study in a more complex, and potentially more complete, manner. They can also have
policy implications and can create them.