CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
Module 1 CARPENTRY
Topics a. Introduction to Carpentry
b. Wood Framing System
c. Light Steel Frames
Overview: The lesson will cover the basic
concepts of carpentry.
Understanding different parts of
the wood framing system. Also,
part of this lesson
discusses the components of light
steel frames.
A. Introduction
Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the
primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and
installation of building materials during the construction
of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork,
etc. Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood
and did rougher work such as framing, but today many
other materials are also used.
Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood
which has been prepared by splitting (riving), hewing, or
sawing with a pit saw or sawmill called lumber (American
English) or timber (British English). Today natural and
engineered lumber and many other building materials
carpenters may use are typically prepared by others and
delivered to the job site. In 2013 the carpenters union in
America used the term carpenter for a catch-all position.
Tasks performed by union carpenters include installing
"...flooring, windows, doors, interior trim, cabinetry, solid
surface, roofing, framing, siding, flooring, insulation,
...acoustical ceilings, computer-access flooring, metal
framing, wall partitions, office furniture systems, and both
custom or factory-produced materials, ...trim and
molding,... ceiling treatments, ... exposed columns and
beams, displays, mantels, staircases...metal studs, metal
lath, and drywall.
The traditional method of construction utilizing wood
for building structures have been superseded by reinforced
concrete and steel. The use of wood or lumber in most
residential construction is now limited to floor, roof framing,
studs,stairs, joist, ceiling and paneling(partitions).
Lumber material is fast becoming limited and costly
despite of its becoming inferior (low grade) from small
younger or different species of trees. The most abundant
wood and cheapest construction material sometime ago is
now considered a costly commodities and prohibitive due
to government policies.
B. Wood Framing
1. Post - is a main vertical or leaning support in a structure
similar to a column or pillar, the term post generally refers
to a timber. Wooden post directly resting on the ground or
concrete footing drilled and bolted on post strap.
2.Girder – is a principal beam extending from wall to wall
or the structural member that supports the floor joists. Its
is also defined as the major horizontal support member
upon which the floor system is laid. The girder can be solid
or built-up member.
3.Floor Joist – is the part of the floor system that supports
the floor boards. Floor joists are fastened on the girders at
a distance from 0.3 to 0.4 meter rigidly secured by bridging
to prevent from turning sideways.
4.Sill – is that part of a house that rest horizontally upon
the foundation. Sill or wood plate as those wood member
fastened with anchor bolts to the foundation wall or beam.
5.Header – is a short traverse joist that supports the end
of the cut-off joist a stair well hole.
6.Trimmer -is a supporting joist which carries an end
portion of a header.
7.Flooring – refers to the wooden board commonly used
in wood flooring materials. It can be tongue and groove
(T&G) board, wood board or planks (plywood or ply board)
with thickness of ¾” to 1 inch.
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C. Light Steel Frames
Light gauge steel frame construction is an
innovative and reliable construction method which is
broadly used in the world and has surpassed wood
frame construction in many design and construction
aspects.
It offers several advantages such as buildability,
strength, design flexibility, sustainability, and light in
weight which makes it easy to handle and hence increase
speed; safety; and quality of construction. Nonetheless, it
is easily influence by fire, that is why fire protection coating
shall be provided.
Light gauge steel frame elements are manufactured,
based on ASTM standard A1003, from structural steel
sheet that formed into strong C or Z or S shapes which
are able to support heavy loads. The light gauge steel is
also called cold formed steel which comes from the
process by which steel members are formed.
1. Wall System - A load bearing wall is one which
carries vertical loads from the construction above or lateral
loads resulting from the wind. These loads may act
separately or in combination. Both internal and external
walls may be load bearing. Other types of walls include
non-load bearing walls, wall cladding, and partitions.
2. Flooring System - The flooring system can be made
up of C-sections as joists connected to C section bearers.
The floor joists can be designed from a range of C-section
sizes depending on loading parameters.
3. Roof System - The roof structure is generally a steel
truss system which can be designed for metal sheets or
tiles. The steel roof framing system can suit all types of roof
design – hip, gable, dutch dable, steel roof sheeting or tile
and would be screwed directly onto the wall frame.
4. Connections - Light gauge steel members are
usually joined with self-drilling, self-tapping screws, which
drill their own holes and form helical threads in the holes
as they are driven. Welding is often employed to assemble
panels of light gauge steel framing that are prefabricated
in a factory, and it is sometimes used on the building site
where.
Module 2 MASONRY
Topics a. Introduction to Masonry
b. Masonry Building Materials
c. Cement, Mortars and Concrete
Overview: The lesson will cover the basic concepts
of masonry, materials used in
masonry. Differentiate cement, mortars
and concrete.
A. Introduction
Masonry is the art of building with stone, bricks, concrete
blocks and other similar materials. This art of building has is
its origin from the land of Mesopotamia, China and Egypt as
manifested from some stone edifice still existing today.
In the development of masonry construction dry stones and
mortar less construction were widely used in their construction
of public buildings, monuments and building use for religious
sites.
Stones is relatively strong under compression, but weak
under tension. Meaning, it is good for making walls and pillars
but poor as beam and roof structures. For this reason all early
large building were roof with timber or timber in combination
with other materials.
B. Masonry Building Materials
1. Stones
• Rubble Stone - generally consists of irregular stones
with good face for the wall surface. The gaps between
stones are filled with small or broken stone or cement
mortar.
• Course Rubble – is made with roughly squares
blocks leveled up to 30 to 45cm thick course
• Bricks – are manufactured from clay and other
materials processed into a workable consistency
molded to sizes and fired in a kiln to make them
strong, durable and attractive.
Bricks – are made from clay commonly termed
commercial bricks
Face Bricks – are made from clay material used
on exposed exterior and interior masonry walls
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and other architectural applications where the
size, color and texture of bricks are given
importance
Calcium Silicate Bricks – are made from clay or
non clay materials with alumina and silica used in
furnace construction where resistance to
temperature as high as 178 oC is required.
2. Concrete Hollow Blocks
Otherwise called CHB for short. It is the most
widely used masonry material for all types of construction
such as walls, partitions, dividers, fences etc. It is a
building module resembling large bricks that are molded
from sand and cement. Types of CHB are shown below.
• Common Types of CHB Laying
Running Bond - This process of masonry works
the most common pattern of CHB laying, in which
the hollow blocks are arranged in a running
pattern, never aligning with each other when
stacked. It gives the wall a lot of structural
strength.
Stack Bond - where the CHB is placed precisely
on top of each other and the joints line. Requires
more reinforcements compared to running bond.
C. CEMENT, AGGREGATES, MORTARS and CONCRETE
1. CEMENT
Hydraulic Cement – is a bonding agent that reacts
with water to form a hard stone-like substance that
is resistant to disintegration in water. Most
hydraulic cement has specific combinations of
silicate and aluminates of lime. Cement is the
bonding agent of rock materials called aggregates
which as a filler.
Portland Cement – widely used in various small
and large constructions including roads and
highways. Portland cement is not a brand but a type
of hydraulic cement. In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a brick
layer of Leeds, England introduced the name
Portland a hydraulic lime that he patented for
resemblance to the natural limestone quarried on
the isle of Portland in England. In 1876, the first
Portland cement in the US was produced by David
Saylor of Coplay, Pennsylvania.
-a hydraulic cement produced by
pulverizing portland-cement clinker, and usually
containing calcium sulfate. (ASTM C219)
Types of Porland Cement as per ASTM C150
Type I—For use when the special properties specified for
any other type are not required. (for general use, most
buildings, bridges pavements and others0
Type IA—Air-entraining cement for the same uses as
Type I, where air-entrainment is desired.
Type II—For general use, more especially when moderate
sulfate resistance or moderate heat of hydration is desired.
(for structures exposed to soil or water containing sulfate
ions)
Type IIA—Air-entraining cement for the same uses as
Type II, where air-entrainment is desired.
Type III—For use when high early strength is desired. (for
rapid construction or cold weather concreting)
Type IIIA—Air-entraining cement for the same use as
Type III, where air-entrainment is desired.
Type IV—For use when a low heat of hydration is desired.
( for massive structures such as dam)
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Type V—For use when high sulfate resistance is desired.
Structures exposed to high levels of sulfate ions)
Pozzolan Cement – is an amorphous silica hardened as
silica gel by reacting chemically with alkali in the presence
of water. The name Pozzolan is derived from Pozzuoli, an
Italian town where Pozzolana a composition of glassy tuff
was found.
-a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material,
which in itself possesses little or no cementitious
value but which will, in finely divided form and in
the presence of moisture, chemically react with
calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to
form cementitious hydrates. (ASTM C 219)
Admixture – as defined by ASTM, a material other
than water, aggregates, hydraulic
cementitious material, and fiber reinforcement that is
used as an ingredient of a cementitious mixture to
modify its freshly mixed, setting, or hardened
properties and that is added to the batch before or
during its mixing.
Types of Admixtures
Type A water-reducing admixture—an admixture
that reduces the quantity of mixing water required to
produce concrete of a given consistency.
Type B Retarding admixture—an admixture that
retards the setting of concrete.
Type C Accelerating admixture—an admixture that
accelerates the setting and early strength development
of concrete.
Type D Water-reducing and retarding admixture—
an admixture that reduces the quantity of mixing water
required to produce concrete of a given consistency
and retards the setting of concrete.
Type E Water-reducing and accelerating
admixture—an admixture that reduces the quantity of
mixing water required to produce concrete of a given
consistency and accelerates the setting and early
strength development of concrete.
Type F Water-reducing admixture, high range—an
admixture that reduces the quantity of mixing water
required to produce concrete of a given consistency by
12 % or greater.
Type G Water-reducing, high range, and retarding
admixture—an admixture that reduces the quantity of
mixing water required to produce concrete of a given
consistency by 12 % or greater and retards the setting of
concrete.
Air Entraining Admixtures – materially improves the
durability of concrete in entraining billions of microscopic
air bubbles distributed all through out the matrix of the
concrete. These tiny air bubbles are large in volume
compared with the capillary voids and gel pores in Portland
cement paste. These air bubbles create space for the relief
of pressure built up in the smaller cavities when duly filled
with water that expand when it freezes.
2. AGGREGATES
- Aggregates are inert materials when bound together
into a conglomerated mass by cement and water
form concrete, mortar. The aggregate component
is about 75% of the total mass of concrete.
- granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed
stone, or iron blast-furnace slag, used with a
cementing medium to form hydraulic-cement
concrete or mortar (ASTM C125)
Two Categories of Aggregates
1. Course Aggregate (Gravel) – is that portion of an
aggregates that is greater than 4.76mm and less than
75mm in size (ASTM D2487) that usually come from
(a) natural gravel deposits which are formed by water,
wind or glacial action, (b) manufactured by crushing
rock, stone, boulder and large cobble stone.
Common Coarse Aggregates
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1. Limestone or calcium bearing materials paste is useful to hold building materials such as stone or
brick together.

Types of Mortars Used in Masonry Construction

1. Based on Applications
a. Brick Laying or Stone Laying Mortar - This type of
mortar used to bind bricks and stones in masonry
construction.

b. Finishing Mortar - Finishing mortar is used for

pointing and plastering works. It is also used for
2. Basalts, granite and relates igneous rocks
architectural effects of building to give aesthetic
appearances. The mortar used for ornamental
finishing should have great strength, mobility and
resistance against atmospheric action like rain, wind,
etc.

2. Based on Binding Material

a. Cement Mortar - Cement is used as a binding

material in this type of mortar and sand is employed as
aggregate. The proportion of cement and sand is decided
based on the specified durability and working conditions.
Cement mortar will give high strength and resistance
3. Sandstone and quartzites
against water. The proportion of cement to sand may
varies from 1:2 to 1:6.

b. Lime Mortar - In this case, lime is used as binding

material. There are two types of limes namely fat lime and
hydraulic lime. Fat lime in lime mortar requires 2 to 3 times
of sand and it is used for dry work. Hydraulic lime and sand
in 1:2 ratios will give good results in damp conditions and
also suitable for water logged areas. Finally, the lime
mortar has a high plasticity so it can be placed easily. The
pyramids at Giza are plastered with lime mortar.

4. Rock, composed mainly of amorphous silicon dioxide

Other Applications of Mortar
2. Fine Aggregate (Sand) – are aggregate material that
3. Based on Bulk Density – heavy mortar and
with size between 0.074mm to 4.75mm. Generally
lightweight mortar
product of natural disintegration of rocks. It is also
manufactured from large pieces of aggregates by
4. Based on Strength(ASTM C270) - type M, S, N, and
crushing, grinding and rolling.
O (17.2 MPa(2500psi) to 2.5MPa (350psi)
3. Mortars
5. Based on Special Purpose – fire resistant, packing
Mortar is a workable paste prepared by adding water to a
mortar, sound absorbing mortar, X-ray shielding mortar,
mixture of binding material and fine aggregate. This plastic
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chemical resistant Mortar
4. Concrete
-Concrete is an artificial stone as a result of mixing
cement, fine and coarse aggregates and water.
The conglomeration of these materials producing
solid mass is called plain concrete. Concrete with
embedded reinforcement such as steel is called
reinforced concrete.
-a composite material that consists essentially of a
binding medium within which are embedded particles
or fragments of aggregate; in hydraulic-cement
concrete, the binder is formed from a mixture of
hydraulic cement and water. (ASTM )
Basic Consideration in Mixing Concrete
1. Workability of Concrete
-that property determining the effort required to
manipulate a freshly mixed quantity of concrete with
minimum loss of homogeneity. (ASTM)
-is the ability of fresh concrete to flow freely around
the reinforcements and fill up the voids inside the
form. Workability of concrete are based from:
(a)Consistency-is the degree of wetness or
slump of the concrete mixture. It varies directly
with the amount of water in the mixture.
(b)Plasticity – is the ease of with which fresh
concrete can be molded or deformed without
segregation
(c.) Mobility – is the capacity of concrete to flow
particularly during vibration.
2. Strength of Concrete – is measured in its ability
to resist stresses caused by different forces
(compression, tension, shear and flexure). Grades of
concrete are defined by the strength and composition
of the concrete, and the minimum strength the concrete
should have following 28 days of initial construction.
The grade of concrete is understood in measurements
of MPa, where M stands for mix and the MPa denotes
the overall strength.
Other Considerations in Concrete Mixing
1. Curing of Concrete
2. Density of Concrete
3. Proportioning of Concrete
Module 3 FORMWORKS, SCAFFOLDING AND
STAGING
Topics a. Types of Formworks
b. Scaffolding and Staging
Overview: The lesson will cover the basic
methodology in formworks, concepts
of
scaffolding and staging
A. Introduction
Concrete mixture is generally semi-fluid material that
produces the shape of anything to which it is poured. Thus,
construction form is used to produce desired size, shape
and form of concrete. Forms must be substantially strong
and rigid enough to sustain the weight and horizontal
pressure of fresh concrete.
Forms must be watertight, simple and economically
designed to be removed and reassembled easily without
damaging to the forms and concrete.
Basic Considerations in Selection of Formworks
1. Cost of Materials – is the primary consideration in all
kind of construction works. Indeed, most of the form should
be viewed in totality of its service rather than the unit cost
of the materials alone. Computing the over-all cost must
be considered.
2. Construction and Assembling Cost – Construction
and assembling cost refers to the ease of assembling the
forms. Cost under this consideration refers to the kind of
materials, the manner of assembling and the cost of labor.
3. The Number of Times it could be used – A certain
form of material cost much higher than the other but could
be used for multiple times compared with that of a cheaper
one that could be utilized only once or twice.
4. Strength and Resistance to Pressure, Wear and
Tear – refers to the quality of the form to resist the weight
and horizontal pressure of fresh concrete. Forms must be
guarded against bulging and sagging failure that usually
occur during the process of pouring.
Different Formwork Materials
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1. Plywood - Plywood which is a manufactured product
of timber is also used for formworks. It consists number of
veneer sheets or plies in layers. Now a days, the use of
plywood formwork increases especially for facing panels.
The reason behind it is that the plywood formwork provides
smooth finish when compared to normal timber formwork.
Hence, finishing cost may reduce by the use of plywood.
For formwork, special type of plywood called exterior
plywood is used. The veneer sheets of exterior plywood
are bonded with strong adhesive to make it watertight. The
plywood boards are available in thicknesses from 7mm to
32mm. In general, plywood of size 1220 x 2440 and 18mm
thick boards are sufficient for most of the works. For curved
structures, special types of plywood with sufficient
thickness are also available.
Advantages:
➢ Plywood can also be cut into required size easily.
➢ Plywood Strong, durable and light in weight.
➢ Provides smooth finish on the surface.
➢ Very Large size plywood sheets are available
which makes the construction of formwork quicker
and easier.
➢ Curved formworks can also be prepared using
plywood.
Disadvantages
➢ Dry timber may absorb water from wet concrete
which result in the reduction of strength in
concrete structure.
➢ Wet timber having high moisture content
compress the wet concrete and forms cracks in
the structure and grout may leaked through joints
when shrinking occurs.
➢ Timber forms have limited usage. So, they cannot
be useful for more times.
➢ Thin plywood sheets cannot sustain the weight of
concrete they may bow out if proper thickness is
not provided.
2. Steel - Steel can also be used as formwork
material. It is very costly but it can be used for more
number of times than others. They provides excellent finish
to the concrete surfaces. For mass strictures like dams,
bridges, etc. steel from work is so strong and safe.
Advantages
➢ Steel forms are durable and stronger.
➢ Provides uniform and smooth surface finish to the
structure.
➢ Great reusability.
➢ Easy to fix the formwork and also easy to
dismantle.
Disadvantages
➢ Cost is very much higher.
➢ It is heavy in weight and requires lifting equipment
for large structure formworks.
➢ Corrosion will occur when there is a frequent
contact with water.
➢ The size and shapes of forms available are
limited.
3. Aluminum - Aluminum formwork is used often for
pre-fabricated formworks. It is getting more popular
because of its light weight and good strength. It requires
fewer supports and ties.
Advantages:
➢ Easy to fix and easy to dismantle.
➢ It can be handled easily because of its light weight.
➢ It can be re-used for many times.
➢ The walls and slabs of structures can be casted
simultaneously.
➢ Monolithic crack free structures can be built using
aluminum formwork.
Disadvantages:
➢ When the load reaches its maximum limit, the
lighter sections may deflect.
➢ Architectural modifications are not possible when
aluminum formwork is used.
4. Plastics - Plastic is another type of formwork material
which is used for small concrete structures or for complex
portions of the structure. It is light in weight and durable for
long periods. For complicated concrete structures, Glass
reinforced plastics (GRP) and vacuum formed plastics are
used.
Advantages:
➢ Plastic is light in weight and can be easily handled.
➢ Formwork for complex shaped structures can be
prepared easily.
➢ Good resistant against water.
➢ The damaged plastic sheets can be recycled and
useful to make new sheets.
➢ Good quality plastic has great re-usability.
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
Disadvantages:
➢ Plastic is weak against heat.
➢ It is costly material.
➢ It does not take much load when compared with
others.
5. Other Formworks Materials
- Timber
- Magnesium
- Fabric
Scaffolding and Staging
Scaffolding – is defined as temporary structure of
wooden, steel or other materials providing flat form for
working men to stand on while erecting, repair or
renovation of a structure. Also termed as Temporary
Framework
- is a temporary structure that is typically made
from metal poles and wood planks and used to
support construction workers, inspectors,
cleaners, and others who need to work at height.
Staging – is more substantial framework progressively built
up as tall building rise up. The term staging is applied as it
is build up in stages from one storey to the next floor
- is a temporary structure which is used to support
formworks (shuttering and centering) either it may be for
slab, beams or columns. Staging is done using props,
jacks, H-frames, cup lock system and wooden ballies.
Scaffolding and staging is not simple as one may
think of it. It requires trained and experienced men to do
the work .The construction of large structures should be
managed by knowledgeable person with special training
and exposure in the field of construction.
Module 4 LAYING AND STAKING
Topics a. Introduction
b. Basic Materials , Equipment and
Instrument
c. Laying out procedures
Overview: The lesson will cover the basic steps in
pre-construction procedures or
laying out and staking.
A. Introduction
In building construction, layout and staking is the process
of establishing the point of building outlines or perimeters
on the ground or site where the building is to be
constructed.
It also includes demolition, clearing, staking, batter boards
and establishing the exact location of the building post and
walls that will rest on the ground.
Others define layout and staking as the process of
transferring the measurements of building foundation plan
to the ground or site of construction.
B. Basic Materials and Equipment/ Instrument in
Laying out
Stake – are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one
end and driven into the ground to serve as boundaries or
support of the horizontal batter boards.
Batter Boards – are wood stick nailed horizontally to the
stake to serves as the horizontal plane where the building
technical measurements are established.
Surveying Instruments – is the instrument used in
relocating and establishing all reference points, lines and
boundaries of the construction.
Plastic water hose – is a transparent plastic tube having
a diameter of ¼” to ½” filled with water used to establish
horizontal lines. This is a simple but accurate instrument
conveniently used in establishing horizontal plane.
String or Chord – is any medium of material such as steel
wire, cotton, plastic or nylon chord used for connecting
established points or lines in the batter boards.
Other materials as paints, nails and marking pins.
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C. Laying out Procedures
1. Before doing any construction activity on the site,
see to it that all necessary permits have been
secured from local authorities concerned. This will
avoid inconvenience and unnecessary expenses
2. Relocate the boundaries of construction site. In
the absence of established corners and
boundaries, Geodetic Engineer’s service is
required. There were several cases filed in court
for encroachment to adjoining property because of
failure to locate the boundaries prior to the building
lay out and excavation
3. Clear the site of any existing structures, trees and
other obstructions that will disrupt the construction
activities.
4. Provide an on site construction office and
warehousing as one requirement in the
construction.
5. Apply and secure temporary electrical and water
supply.
6. Construction site must be securely fences for
security and safety.
7. Determine the building set back from the road line
for establishing level lines
8. Proceed with the construction of stakes and batter
boards.
THE 22 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING
THE 1999 NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
Who is the Plumber?
• The Plumber is the one who works or engages in
the business of installing in buildings the pipes,
fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in the
water supply and removing liquid and waterborne
wastes.
What are the different categories of Plumbers?
• There are 3 categories of plumbers:
1. Apprentice Plumber – a beginner at the trade
who usually serves for 3 to 5 years as a helper to
a journeyman.
2. Journeyman Plumber – has served his
apprenticeship and is competent to perform the
tasks of installing and repairing the plumbing
system.
3. Master Plumber – a person technically and
legally qualified and licensed to practice the
profession of master plumbing without limitations
in accordance with R.A. 1378, having passed the
examinations conducted by the Professional
Regulation Commission, has received a
Certificate of Registration from the Board of
Master Plumbing and possesses the current
License to Practice. (Sec. 214.5 NPC 1999)
What is the Plumbing Code?
• The Plumbing Code is manifestation of the right of
the government to regulate the practice of the
plumbing profession based on the principle of the
protection of public health.
• The basic goal of the National Plumbing Code of
the Philippines is to ensure the qualified
observance of the latest provisions of the
plumbing & environmental laws.
What are the basic principles that govern the National
Plumbing Code of the Philippines?
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• There are 22 basic principles of the 1999 National

Plumbing Code of the Philippines which are
updates of the tenets in the “Plumbing Law of the
Philippines” approved on 18 June 1955 as
amended on 28 November 1959 and revised on
21 December 1999.
• The basic principles are as follows:

Principle No. 1:
• All premises intended for human habitation,
occupancy or use shall be provided with a supply
of pure and wholesome water, neither connected
with unsafe supplies nor subject to hazards of
backflow or back siphonage. Principle No. 2:
Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be
supplied with water in sufficient volume & at a pressure
adequate to enable them to function satisfactorily & without
undue noise under normal conditions of use.

Principle 2 Keyword: PRESSURE

607.1 Inadequate Water Pressure – whenever the
water pressure in the main or other source of supply will
not provide a water pressure of at least 103 kPa (15 psi)
after allowing friction and other pressure losses, a hydro
pneumatic pressure tank or an elevated tank and booster
pump will provide 103 kPa pressure.

607.2 Excessive Water Pressure – when the local

water pressure is in excess of 551 kPa (80 psi), an
approved-type pressure regulator preceded by an
adequate sized strainer shall be installed to reduce
pressure on the building side of the regulator to the
required supply pressure.
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Principle No. 3:
Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the
minimum quantity of water consistent with proper
performance and cleaning.
Principle No. 4:
Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed
and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through
overheating,
Principle No. 5:
Every building having plumbing fixtures installed & intended
for human habitation, occupancy or use on premises abutting
on a street, alley or easement where there is a public sewer,
shall be connected to the public sewer system.
Principle No. 6:
Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on a sewer or
with a private sewage disposal system shall have at least
1water closet & 1 kitchen-type sink. Further, a lavatory or
bathtub or shower shall be installed to meet the basic
requirement of sanitation & personal hygiene.
Principle No. 7:
Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non- absorbent
material, free from concealed fouling surfaces & shall be
located in ventilated enclosures.
Principle No. 8:
The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and
maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids,
clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the
pipes might be readily cleaned.
Principle No. 9:
All piping of plumbing systems shall be of durable NAMPAP
– APPROVED materials, free from defective workmanship,
designed & constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to
ensure satisfactory service.
Principle No. 10 :
Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall
be equipped with water – sealed trap.
Principle No. 11 :
The drainage piping system shall be designed to provide
adequate circulation of free air from siphonage, aspiration or
forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
Principle No. 12:
Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to
preempt clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
Principle No. 13:
Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to
effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.
Principle No. 13 KEYWORDS:
501.2.2
Testing Media – the piping of the plumbing, drainage and
venting system shall be tested with water or air.
501.2.3
WATER TEST – the water test shall be applied to the
drainage and vent system either in its entirety or in sections.
The water shall be kept for at least 15 minutes before
inspection starts.
501.2.4
AIR TEST – the air test shall be made by attaching an air
compressor testing apparatus to any suitable opening, and
after closing all other inlets and outlets of the system, air is
forced into the pipe system until there is a uniform gauge
pressure of 34.5 kPa (5 psi) or sufficient to balance a
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
column of mercury 254 mm in height. The pressure shall Principle No. 19:
be held without introduction of additional air for a period of at Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable
least 15 minutes. condition by Registered Master Plumbers.

501.2.6 Principle No. 20:

WATER PIPING – upon completion of a section or of the
entire hot and cold water supply systems, it shall be tested
and proved tight under a water pressure not less than the
working pressure under which it is to be used plus 50%.
The water for test shall be obtained from a potable source of
supply. A 344.5 kPa (50 psi) air pressure may be substituted
for the water test. In either method of test, the piping shall
withstand the test without leaking for a period of not less
than 15 minutes.
Principle No. 14:
No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive
mixtures,destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly
with the sewage disposal process shall be allowed to enter
the building drainage system.
All plumbing fixtures shall be properly spaced, to be
accessible for their intended use.
Principle No. 21:
Plumbing shall be installed by Registered Master Plumbers
with due regard to the preservation of the strength of
structural members and the prevention of damage to walls
and other surfaces through fixture usage.
Principle No. 22:
Sewage or other from a plumbing system which may be
deleterious to surface or sub – surface waters shall not be
discharge into the ground or onto any waterway, unless first
rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable
form of treatment.

Principle No. 15:

Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination
of food, water, sterile goods & similar materials by backflow
of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance
shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage
system.

Principle No. 16 :
No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment
which is not properly lighted or ventilated.

Principle No. 17:

If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in
buildings where there is no sewer within a reasonable
distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of
the building sewage by some accepted method of sewage
treatment and disposal, such as septic tank.

Principle No. 18:

Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to
backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to
prevent its overflow in the building.