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os-c106
os-c106
DNV-OS-C106
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Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C106, January 2001
Contents – Page 3
CONTENTS
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
A 100 Introduction 401 For use of this standard as technical basis for offshore
classification as well as descriptions of principles, procedures
101 This document provides requirements for the structural and applicable class notations related to classification services
design of DDF units, fabricated in steel, in accordance with the see, DNV Offshore Service Specification given in Table B1.
provisions of DNV-OS-C101.
402 Documentation requirements for classification are given
102 A Deep Draught Floater (DDF) is categorised with a rel- in DNV-RP-A202.
ative large draught. This large draught is mainly introduced to
obtain sufficiently high eigenperiod in heave and reduced
wave excitation in heave such that resonant responses in heave
can be omitted or minimised. B. Normative References
103 A DDF can have multi vertical columns, single column
without, or with (e.g. classic and truss spar) moonpool. B 100 General
104 The unit is usually kept in position by a passive mooring 101 The standards given in Table B1 and Table B2 include
system. The mooring system may also be activated in case of provisions, which through reference in this text constitute pro-
horizontal movements above wells (drilling riser placed verti- visions for this standard.
cally above well).
105 The deck or topside solution may be modular, or inte- B 200 Offshore service specifications and rules
grated type. 201 The offshore service specifications and rules given in
106 The standard has been written for general world-wide Table B1 are referred to in this standard.
application. Govenrmental regulations may include require-
ments in excess of the provisions of this standard depending on Table B1 DNV Offshore Service Specifications and rules
size, type, location and intended service of the offshore unit/in- Reference Title
stallation. DNV-OSS-101 Rules for Classification of Offshore Drilling and
Support Units
A 200 Objectives
DNV-OSS-102 Rules for Classification of Floating Production
The objectives of the standard are to: and Storage Units
Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine Op-
— provide an internationally acceptable standard for struc- erations
tural design of DDFs
— serve as a conctractual reference document for suppliers, B 300 Offshore Standards
yards and owners
— serve as guidance for designers, suppliers, owners and reg- 301 The offshore standards given in Table B2 are referred to
ulators in this standard.
— specify procedures and requirements for units and installa-
tions subject to DNV verification and classification serv- Table B2 DNV Offshore Standards
ices. Reference Title
DNV-OS-A101 Safety Principles and Arrangement
A 300 Scope and application
DNV-OS-B101 Metallic Materials
301 The DDF unit may be applied for drilling, production, DNV-OS-C101 Design of Offshore Steel Structures, General (LR-
export and storage. FD method)
302 A DDF unit may be designed to function in different DNV-OS-C103 Structural Design of Column Stabilised Units
modes, typically operational (inclusive horizontal movement (LRFD method)
above wells) and survival. Limiting design criteria when going DNV-OS-C301 Stability and Watertight Integrity
from one mode of operation to another shall be established. DNV-OS-C401 Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures
303 The DDF unit should also be designed for transit reloca- DNV-OS-E301 Position Mooring
tion, if relevant. DNV-OS-E401 Helicopter Decks
304 For novel designs or unproved applications of designs DNV-OS-F201 Dynamic Risers
where limited, or no direct experience exists, relevant analyses
and model testing shall be performed which clearly demon-
strate that an acceptable level of safety can be obtained, i.e.
safety level is not inferior to that obtained when applying this C. Informative References
standard to traditional designs.
305 Requirements concerning mooring are given in DNV- C 100 General
OS-E301 and riser systems are given in DNV-OS-F201. 101 The documents listed in Table C1 include acceptable
306 Requirements related to floating stability are given in methods for fulfilling the requirements in the standard and may
DNV-OS-C301. be used as a source of supplementary information.
E. Non-Operational Phases 202 Major lifting operations shall be evaluated to ensure that
deformations are within acceptable levels, and that relevant
E 100 General strength criteria are satisfied.
101 In general the unit shall be designed to resist relevant E 300 Mating
loads associated with conditions that may occur during all 301 All relevant load effects incurred during mating opera-
phases of the life-cycle of the unit. Such phases may include: tions shall be considered in the design process. Particular at-
tention should be given to hydrostatic loads imposed during
— fabrication mating sequences.
— load-out, load-on
— sea transportation (wet or dry) E 400 Sea transportation
— assembly of hull main sections 401 A detailed transportation assessment shall be undertaken
— installation (dynamic upending, launching, deck mating, which includes determination of the limiting environmental
jacking) criteria, evaluation of intact and damage stability characteris-
— relocation (drilling mode, new site) tics, motion response of the global system and the resulting, in-
duced load effects. The occurrence of slamming loads on the
— decommissioning. structure and the effects of fatigue during transport phases
shall be evaluated when relevant.
102 Structural design covering marine operations and con-
struction sequences shall be undertaken in accordance with 402 Satisfactory compartmentation and stability during all
DNV-OS-C101. floating operations shall be ensured.
103 Marine operations may be undertaken in accordance 403 All aspects of the transportation, including planning and
with the requirements stated in Rules for Planning and Execu- procedures, preparations, seafastenings and marine operations
tion of Marine Operations. should comply with the requirements of the warranty authori-
ty.
104 All marine operations shall, as far as practicable, be
based upon well proven principles, techniques, systems and E 500 Installation
equipment and shall be undertaken by qualified, competent 501 Installation procedures of foundations (e.g. piles, suc-
personnel possessing relevant experience. tion anchor or gravity based structures) shall consider relevant
105 Structural responses resulting from one temporary phase static and dynamic loads, including consideration of the maxi-
condition (e.g. construction or assembly, or transportation) mum environmental conditions expected for the operations.
that may influence design criteria in another phase shall be 502 For novel installation activities, relevant model testing
clearly documented and considered in all relevant design should be considered.
workings. 503 The loads induced by the marine spread mooring in-
volved in the operations, and the forces exerted on the struc-
E 200 Fabrication tures utilised in positioning the unit, such as fairleads and
201 The planning of fabrication sequences and the methods padeyes, shall be considered for local strength checks.
of fabrication shall be performed. Loads occurring in fabrica-
tion phases shall be assessed and, when necessary, the struc- E 600 Decommissioning
ture and the structural support arrangement shall be evaluated 601 Abandonment of the unit shall be planned for in the de-
for structural adequacy. sign stage.
SECTION 2
STRUCTURAL CATEGORISATION, SELECTION OF MATERIAL
AND EXTENT OF INSPECTION
SECTION 3
DESIGN LOADS
102 Hydrostatic or hydrodynamic differential pressures act- 302 If hydrodynamic analyses of a DDF are performed with
ing on the hull or buoyancy tanks during launch and upending the moonpool 'sealed' at the keel level it must be validated that
sequences shall be analysed or determined and taken into ac- the results are equivalent to 'open' DDF hydrodynamic analy-
count in design of the hull. ses. Special focus should be placed on the heave motion pre-
diction (important for riser system) by using consistent added
C 200 Differential pressures mass, total damping and excitation forces such that the eigen-
period and response in heave can be determined correctly.
201 All relevant combinations of differential pressures due
to filling of ballast tanks, produced fluids, compressed air etc. 303 In case of a DDF with damping and added mass plates
shall be taken into account in design. and where it is possible that resonant, or near resonant heave
motion may occur, the theoretical predictions should be vali-
dated against model test results.
D. Environmental Loads 304 If VIV suppression devices (e.g. spiral strakes) are at-
tached to the hull, the increased loads (drag, inertia) must be
D 100 Environmental conditions taken into account. This applies to the operational as well as
non-operational phases.
101 If sufficient environmental data is available, environ-
mental joint probability models may be developed and applied 305 Simulation of loads and responses on risers in the moon-
in the design of DDF units. This is especially important in ar- pool area shall be carried out according to a recognised code.
eas with e.g. high loop current and frequently occurring hurri- Guidance note:
canes. DNV-OS-F201 may be applied for this purpose.
102 Due to the geometry (deep draught and large volume) of ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
DDF units the current loading may be of high importance for
design of mooring or riser systems and in relation to vortex in-
duced vibrations (VIV) for e.g. hull and risers. Hence attention D 400 Combination of environmental loads
must be put on the description of magnitude and direction of 401 In areas with high current (e.g. loop current, or high sub-
current with depth. surface current) special attention must be given to the joint oc-
currence of wind, waves and current. Joint probability models
D 200 Determination of characteristic loads (loads and load effects) are recommended.
201 Calculation of characteristic hydrodynamic loads may 402 If not more accurate data are available, the combination
be carried out according to Classification Note 30.5.
of environmental loads may be taken according to DNV-OS-
202 Hydrodynamic model tests should be carried out to: C101 Sec.3.
SECTION 4
LOAD EFFECTS
SECTION 5
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (ULS)
A. General 104 The same applies to combining the loads from the risers
on riser frames in the moonpool and transfer into the hull struc-
A 100 Objective ture. Horizontal forces as well as vertical (friction from riser
101 General considerations in respect to methods of analysis system) shall be taken into account.
and capacity checks of structural elements are given in DNV- 105 If VIV suppression devices (e.g. strakes) are installed,
OS-C101. both local (direct wave or current loads) and global bending ef-
102 This section applies for the hull and deck or modules and fects should be considered in design of the suppression devic-
operational as well as non-operational phases. es.
103 The LRFD format shall be used when the ULS capacity B 200 Non-operational phases
of the structure is checked. Two combinations shall be
checked, a) and b). The load factors are defined in DNV-OS- 201 Finite element analyses will be required performed for
C101 Sec.2 D400 and values are given in Table A1. overseas wet tow and dry tow in harsh environment.
202 For dry tow this implies that the complete structural sys-
Table A1 Load factors – ULS tem (hull sections, sea-fastening, transport vessel) shall be
Combination of Load categories modelled such that reliable stress-distributions can be ob-
design loads tained.
Permanent and Environmental Deformation
variable func- loads, loads, 203 For wet tow in harsh environment special emphasis must
tional loads, γf,F γf,D be put on the simulation or modelling of the hydrodynamic
γf,G,Q wave pressures or accelerations acting on the wet hull struc-
ture. Further the non-linear hogging and sagging bending or
a) 1.2 1) 0.7 1.0 shear effects due to the shape of the hull should be properly
b) 1.0 1.3 1.0 simulated or accounted for in the design.
1) If the load is not well defined e.g. masses or functional loads with great 204 The level or amount of finite element analyses for the
uncertainty, possible overfilling of tanks etc. the coefficient should be upending process needs to be evaluated. As a minimum, the
increased to 1.3.
following considerations shall be made:
104 The loads shall be combined in the most unfavourable
way, provided that the combination is physically feasible and a) Global bending moments and shear forces to be compared
permitted according to the load specifications. For permanent (location and level) for the operational phase and pre-up-
loads, a load factor of 1.0 in load combination a) shall be used ending and dynamic upending.
where this gives the most unfavourable response. Other con- b) Possibilities for local and global buckling (e.g. skirt area
siderations for the partial coefficients are given in DNV-OS- for a classic spar) due to global load effects and lateral dif-
C101. ferential pressures needs to be assessed/analysed.
105 The material factor γm for ULS yield check should be
1.15 for steel. The material factor γm for ULS buckling check
is given in DNV-OS-C101 Sec.5.
C. Deck or Topside
C 100 Operation phase
B. Hull 101 Structural analysis of deck structure shall, in general,
B 100 Operational phase follow the same principles as outlined for the hull.
101 For global structural analysis, a complete three-dimen- 102 Horizontal accelerations at deck level due to wave load-
sional structural model of the unit is required. This may be a ing will be high for some DDF units in harsh environment. De-
complete shell type model, or a combined shell or space-frame tailed finite element analyses of the deck or hull connections
model. shall be performed in such instances.
102 Additional detailed finite element analyses may be re- C 200 Non-operational phases
quired for complex joints and other complicated structural
parts (e.g. fairlead area, hard tank area, column and brace con- 201 Typical non-operational phases as fabrication, transpor-
nections, strake terminations or interactions, deck and hull tation and installation of deck and topside modules shall be as-
connections, riser frame and hull connections, curved flanges) sessed and analysed to a sufficient level such that the actual
to determine the local stress distribution more accurately. stress level can be determined and further used in the design
Guidance note: checks.
In order to be able to assess the effect of all possible tank filling
configurations, a local finite element model covering the hard
tank area may be utilised. Only those tanks used in the normal
operation of the platform shall as a minimum be modelled. The D. Scantlings and Weld Connections
stresses from a local finite element model should be superim-
posed to global stresses. D 100 General
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- 101 Minimum scantlings for plate, stiffeners and girders are
given in DNV-OS-C101 Sec.5.
103 The additional global bending and shear due to P-delta
and mooring restoring effects are to be combined with first or- 102 The requirements for weld connections are given in
der wave effects in a consistent way. DNV-OS-C101 Sec.9.
SECTION 6
FATIGUE LIMIT STATES (FLS)
C. Deck or Topside The amount or level of detailed finite element analyses for
these joints needs to be considered. For the deck and hull con-
C 100 Operation phase nection some level or amount of detailed finite element analy-
101 Wave induced horizontal accelerations and P-delta ef- ses shall be performed, at least for units located in harsh
fects will usually be governing for FLS design of deck struc- environment.
ture and topside modules and shall be duly taken into account. C 200 Non-operational phases
102 A stochastic approach is the preferred option for deter- 201 Fatigue damage of deck structure and topside modules
mination of final fatigue damage for the deck or topside. See shall be documented if the stress fluctuations in the different
Guidance note to B101 for the hull. phases are significant.
103 Deck and hull connections, joints in deck structure,
module supports etc. will typically be fatigue sensitive areas.
SECTION 7
ACCIDENTAL LIMIT STATES (ALS)
A. General E. Collision
A 100 Objective E 100 General
101 The objective of this section is to provide supplemental 101 Safety assessments will be the basis for determination of
guidance related to ALS design as outlined in DNV-OS-A101 type and size of colliding vessel and impact speed.
and DNV-OS-C101 Sec.8.
102 This section applies for the hull and deck or modules and 102 Collision impact shall be considered for all elements of
operational as well as non-operational phases. the unit, which may be impacted by sideways, bow or stern
collision. The vertical extent of the collision zone shall be
103 General requirements concerning accidental events are based on the depth and draught of attending vessels and the rel-
given in DNV-OS-C101. ative motion between the attending vessels and the unit.
103 Resistance to unit collisions may be accounted for by in-
direct means, such as, using redundant framing configurations,
B. General Requirements collision ring in splash zone and materials with sufficient
toughness in affected areas.
B 100 General
101 Units shall be designed to be damage tolerant, i.e. cred-
ible accidental damages, or events, should not cause loss of
global structural integrity. The capability of the structure to re- F. Dropped Objects
distribute loads should be considered when designing the
structure. F 100 General
101 Critical areas for dropped objects shall be determined on
the basis of the actual movement of potential dropped objects
C. Fire (e.g. crane actions) relative to the structure of the unit itself.
Where a dropped object is a relevant accidental event, the im-
C 100 General pact energy shall be established and the structural consequenc-
101 Deck area will be limited for some DDF concepts. Po- es of the impact assessed.
tential fire scenarios shall therefore be carefully considered 102 Generally, dropped object assessment will involve the
and taken into account in design and layout planning. following considerations:
H. Abnormal Wave Events from such wave impacts shall be evaluated and taken into ac-
count in design of the relevant structural parts.
H 100 General
102 In areas with hurricanes, special considerations have to
101 Abnormal wave effects are partly related to air-gap and be made with respect to selection of relevant sea states to be
wave exposure to deck or topside structures. Consequences applied in design of the unit.