MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

SECTOR- 14, FARIDABAD

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT FILE

SESSION- 2024-25

PROJECT- ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE

REPORTED BY- NAMAN MALHOTRA

CLASS 12TH- SCIENCE ROLL NO.-

REPORTED TO- MR. SHARWAN CHHABRA

 Index
1. Certificate

2. Acknowledgements

3. What is an Astronomical Telescope?

4. Parts Required

5. Working Principle of an Astronomical Telescope

6. Uses

7. Future Aspects

8. Bibliography
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that NAMAN MALHOTRA, student of

Class XII A has completed the project during the
academic year 2024-25 towards partial fulfilment of
credit for the Physics practical evaluation of CBSE
board 2024-25, and submitted satisfactory report, as
compiled in the following pages, under my supervision.

INTERNAL EXAMINER’S SIGN

EXTERNAL EXAMINER’S SIGN PRINCIPAL

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of any project is not

complete without
thanking the people behind the venture &
this project is no exception. I take this
opportunity to express my
profound gratitude and deep regards to my
Physics
teacher Mr. SHARWAN CHHABRA for his
exemplary guidance, monitoring and
constant encouragement throughout the
course of this thesis. The blessing, help and
guidance given by his time to time shall
carry me a long way in the journey of life on
which I am about to embark.
 WHAT IS AN
ASTRONOMICAL
TELESCOPE
An Astronomical Telescope is a simple device based on
optical refraction through spherical lenses, that is used to
view heavenly bodies such as the moon, stars and distant
objects.
 PARTS REQUIRED
Two Convex Lenses are required:

 Objective Lens:
This lens is fitted at the front side of the telescope. It should
have a large aperture (diameter) and a large focal length.

 Eyepiece
This lens is fitted at the back side of the telescope. It should
have a smaller aperture (diameter) and focal length as
compared to the objective lens.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
OF AN
ASTRONOMICAL
TELESCOPE

As this telescope uses a lens as an objective, it is called

a refracting telescope or refractor.
The objective lens forms a real, reduced image I of the
object. This image is the object for the eyepiece lens,
which forms an enlarged, virtual image of I. Objects
that are viewed with a telescope are usually so far
away from the instrument that the first image I is
formed very nearly at the second focal point of the
objective lens. If the final image I’ formed by the
eyepiece is at infinity (for most comfortable viewing by
a normal eye), the first image must also be at the first
focal point of the eyepiece. The distance between
objective and eyepiece, which is the length of the
telescope, is therefore the sum of the focal lengths of
objective and eyepiece, ƒ1 +ƒ2.
The angular magnification M of a telescope is defined
as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the
final image I’ to the angle subtended at the eye by the
object. We can express this ratio in terms of the focal
lengths of objective and eyepiece. The object (not
shown) subtends an angle Ө at the objective and would
subtend essentially the same angle at the eye. Also,
since the observer’s eye is placed just to the right of
the focal point F2’, the angle subtended at the eye by
the final image is very nearly equal to the angle Ө’. As
bd is parallel to the optic axis, the distances ab and cd
are equal to each other and also to the height y’ of the
real image I. Because the angles Ө and Ө’ are small,
they may be approximated by their tangents. From the
right triangles F1 ab and F2 cd,

𝜃 =−𝑦′/ƒ1

𝜃′ =𝑦′/ƒ2
And the angular magnification M is

𝑀 =𝜃′/𝜃 = 𝑦′/𝑓1/−𝑦′/𝑓2 = -𝑓1/𝑓2

The angular magnification M of a telescope is equal to

the ratio of the focal length of the objective to that of
the eyepiece. The negative sign shows that the final
image is inverted. This equation shows that to achieve
good angular magnification, a telescope should have a
long objective focal length ƒ1.
 USES
Astronomical telescopes are being used worldwide for
scientific as well as educational purposes.
The refracting telescope design was originally used in
spy glasses.
It is also used in long focus camera lenses.
With the addition of another convex lens (inverting
lens) at an appropriate position, this telescope can be
modified into a terrestrial telescope.
Modified Models &
Designs
 Galileo’s Telescope
 Keplerian Telescope
 Achromatic Refractor
 Apochromatic Refractor
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Physics (Part I) – Textbook for Class XII; National
Council of Educational Research and Training

 www.google.com