(Political Short )

1. Describe the presidential form of government and its

features? Ans. The presidential form of government is
a system where the executive branch, led by a president, is
separate from the legislative branch. Here are its key features:
Separation of Powers: In a presidential system, the executive,
legislative, and judicial branches of government are distinct
from each other. The president, elected by the people or
through an electoral college, heads the executive branch and is
independent of the legislature.
. Fixed Terms: The president serves a fixed term, typically
ranging from four to six years, depending on the country's
constitution. This term provides stability and continuity in
governance.
Executive Authority: The president holds significant executive
authority, including the power to veto legislation passed by the
legislature, appoint key government officials, and implement
policies.
Checks and Balances: Although the branches are separate,
there are mechanisms for checks and balances. For example,
the legislature can override a presidential veto with a
supermajority vote, and the judiciary can review the
constitutionality of presidential actions.
In essence, the presidential form of government emphasizes a
strong executive branch with a directly elected leader who
exercises considerable power while being subject to checks
and balances from the other branches of government.
2. Describe the fundamental principal and add
ashiortbcrictism? Ans.The fundamental principle of
a presidential form of government is the separation of powers,
which ensures that the executive, legislative, and judicial
branches operate independently of each other, thus preventing
the concentration of power in any single entity.
Short Criticism:
One criticism of the presidential form of government is its
potential for gridlock and difficulty in achieving consensus
between the executive and legislative branches. Unlike
parliamentary systems where the executive is drawn from the
legislature, in a presidential system, the president and the
legislature may be from different political parties. This can lead
to political polarization, legislative stalemates, and hindered
governance. The fixed terms of office for the president and
legislators can exacerbate gridlock, especially during periods of
divided government. Additionally, the separation of powers can
sometimes lead to conflicts between branches, impeding the
efficient functioning of the government.
3. describe the federal feature of a state?
Ans. The federal feature of a state refers to a political system
where power is constitutionally divided between a central
authority and constituent political units, such as states or
provinces. Here are its key aspects:
Division of Powers: In a federal system, specific powers are
assigned to the central government, while others are reserved
for the constituent political units. Typically, the central
government handles national defense, foreign affairs, and
overarching economic policies, while the states or provinces
manage local affairs such as education, healthcare, and
transportation.
Constitutional Framework: The division of powers is enshrined
in the constitution, which delineates the authority of the central
government and the rights of the constituent units. The
constitution serves as the supreme law of the land and provides
a framework for resolving disputes between the central
government and the states.
Dual Sovereignty: Both the central government and the
constituent political units possess sovereignty within their
respective spheres of authority. This dual sovereignty ensures
that each level of government can enact laws and policies
without undue interference from the other.
Supremacy Clause: In many federal systems, including the
United States, the constitution includes a supremacy clause
stipulating that federal law takes precedence over conflicting
state laws. This ensures uniformity in areas where the central
government has authority.
In summary, the federal feature of a state embodies a system
of governance characterized by the division of powers between
a central authority and constituent political units, with each
level of government possessing sovereignty within its
designated sphere of influence.
4. Explain marxs theory of the state and add short crictism?
Ans. Marx's theory of the state posits that the state is an
instrument of the ruling class, serving to maintain the existing
social order and perpetuate the dominance of the bourgeoisie
(the capitalist class) over the proletariat (the working class).
According to Marx, the state emerges as a result of class
antagonisms inherent in capitalist societies.
In Marx's view, the state serves to protect the interests of the
ruling class by upholding private property rights, enforcing laws
that favor capitalists, and suppressing dissent from the working
class. The state apparatus, including the government, judiciary,
and police, functions to perpetuate the economic and social
inequalities inherent in capitalist societies.
Short Criticism:
One criticism of Marx's theory of the state is that it
oversimplifies the complexity of state institutions and their
functions. Critics argue that the state is not merely an
instrument of class domination but also plays roles in providing
public services, maintaining law and order, and mediating
conflicts within society. Furthermore, Marx's theory does not
adequately account for the potential for the state to act
autonomously from the ruling class or to implement policies
that mitigate class conflicts. Additionally, Marx's focus on
economic determinism overlooks other factors, such as culture,
ideology, and institutional dynamics, that shape the actions of
the state.
5. Briefly discus merites and dictatorship ?
Ans. Efficiency: Dictatorships often allow for swift decision-
making and implementation of policies since power is
centralized in the hands of one individual or a small group. This
efficiency can lead to rapid responses to crises or emergencies.
Political Stability: Dictatorships can provide a degree of
stability by suppressing dissent and maintaining order through
authoritarian means. This stability may be appealing to some
segments of the population, especially during periods of turmoil
or uncertainty.
Clarity of Authority: In a dictatorship, the chain of command is
often clear, with the dictator wielding ultimate authority. This
clarity can facilitate governance and reduce bureaucratic
hurdles.
Ability to Enact Reforms: Dictatorships may have the ability to
push through reforms or development initiatives without facing
the obstacles of democratic processes, allowing for rapid
modernization or restructuring of society.
Criticism of Dictatorship:
Lack of Accountability: Dictatorships lack mechanisms for
holding leaders accountable to the people. Without free and fair
elections or independent institutions, leaders can abuse power
without consequences.
Violation of Human Rights: Dictatorships are notorious for
suppressing basic human rights, such as freedom of speech,
assembly, and press. Dissent is often met with censorship,
imprisonment, or violence.
Potential for Tyranny: Concentration of power in the hands of a
single individual or a small group can lead to tyranny and
oppression. Without checks and balances, dictators can rule
arbitrarily and impose their will on the populace.
Stifling of Innovation and Creativity: Dictatorships often stifle
innovation and creativity by restricting intellectual freedom and
suppressing dissenting voices. This can hinder societal
progress and limit the potential for innovation and development
6. Discus the relationship of political science with other social
science ? Ans. Political science shares a symbiotic
relationship with other social sciences, as it intersects and
draws insights from various disciplines to understand political
phenomena. Here's a brief overview:
Sociology: Political science and sociology share interests in
understanding social structures, institutions, and processes.
While political science focuses on political systems, power
dynamics, and governance, sociology examines broader social
structures, norms, and interactions that influence political
behavior and outcomes.
Economics: Political science and economics intersect in the
study of political economy, where they analyze the relationship
between politics and economic systems, policies, and
outcomes. Political scientists often study how government
policies, institutions, and decision-making processes impact
economic development, distribution of resources, and market
dynamics.
History: Political science and history are closely intertwined, as
understanding political phenomena often requires historical
context. Historians provide insights into the evolution of political
institutions, ideologies, and movements, which inform political
science research on continuity, change, and historical
trajectories of political systems and societies.
Psychology: Political science and psychology intersect in the
study of political behavior and decision-making. Psychologists
contribute to understanding individual and collective political
attitudes, beliefs, motivations, and biases that shape political
preferences, voting behavior, and policy outcomes.
Overall, the interdisciplinary nature of political science allows
it to benefit from insights and methodologies from other social
sciences, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of
political phenomena and their broader societal implications.
7. What are the kinds of sovereignty ? Discuss
ans.Sovereignty can be classified into two main kinds:
Internal Sovereignty: Internal sovereignty refers to the
supreme authority or power that a government exercises within
its own borders over its population and territory. It involves the
ability of a state to govern itself without external interference.
Internal sovereignty encompasses the state's monopoly on the
legitimate use of force, the establishment of laws and
institutions, and the maintenance of order and security within
its territory.
External Sovereignty: External sovereignty pertains to a state's
independence and autonomy in its interactions with other
states and international actors. It involves the recognition of a
state's authority and equality by other sovereign states within
the international system. External sovereignty allows states to
engage in diplomacy, negotiate treaties, participate in
international organizations, and conduct foreign affairs without
undue influence or coercion from external powers.
In summary, internal sovereignty concerns the authority of a
government within its own borders, while external sovereignty
relates to a state's independence and autonomy in its relations
with other states and the international community. Both forms
of sovereignty are essential for the functioning and legitimacy
of a sovereign state.
8. What is the difference between state and society ? Ans. The
key differences between a state and society can be
summarized as follows:
Nature and Structure:
. A state is a political entity characterized by a defined territory,
population, government, and sovereignty. It possesses
institutions and mechanisms for governance, including the
enforcement of laws and the provision of public services.
• Society, on the other hand, is a broader concept
encompassing the interactions, relationships, and organizations
that exist among individuals within a community or population.
It includes social structures, norms, cultures, and institutions
beyond those directly related to political governance.
Purpose and Function:
• The primary purpose of a state is to maintain order, provide
security, and regulate the behavior of individuals and groups
within its territory. It exercises authority through laws,
institutions, and policies aimed at achieving collective goals and
addressing societal needs.
• Society serves as the arena for social interactions, cultural
expression, and collective endeavors that shape individuals'
lives and identities. It encompasses diverse social, cultural,
economic, and religious activities that contribute to community
cohesion and individual well-being.
Authority and Power:
• The state holds a monopoly on legitimate coercion and
exercises authority over its citizens through laws, regulations,
and the enforcement of policies. It possesses the power to
make decisions, enforce rules, and allocate resources within its
jurisdiction.
• Society operates through informal norms, values, and
networks of influence that guide behavior and shape
individuals' interactions. Power in society is distributed among
various social groups, institutions, and organizations, each
exerting influence based on factors such as wealth, status, and
cultural capital.
Scope of Influence:
• The state's influence extends to all aspects of public life,
including politics, economics, law enforcement, and public
administration. It regulates relationships between individuals
and groups and provides a framework for organizing society.
• Society encompasses a wide range of social relations and
activities that occur within and beyond the purview of the state.
It encompasses family structures, community organizations,
cultural practices, economic transactions, and interpersonal
relationships that shape individuals' identities and experiences.
In essence, while the state represents the formal structures
of political organization and governance, society encompasses
the broader social fabric of human interactions, relationships,
and collective endeavors within a community or population.