Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases

2nd Edition Ilpo Huhtaniemi

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/encyclopedia-of-endocrine-diseases-2nd-edition-ilpo-
huhtaniemi/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience, 2nd Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/encyclopedia-of-behavioral-
neuroscience-2nd-edition/

Encyclopedia of ecology 2nd Edition Fath

https://ebookmass.com/product/encyclopedia-of-ecology-2nd-
edition-fath/

Diagnostic Pathology: Endocrine 2nd Edition Vania Nosé

https://ebookmass.com/product/diagnostic-pathology-endocrine-2nd-
edition-vania-nose/

International Encyclopedia of Human Geography 2nd

Edition Audrey Kobayashi

https://ebookmass.com/product/international-encyclopedia-of-
human-geography-2nd-edition-audrey-kobayashi/
Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases 2nd
Edition Michel Tibayrenc (Editor)

https://ebookmass.com/product/genetics-and-evolution-of-
infectious-diseases-2nd-edition-michel-tibayrenc-editor/

Encyclopedia of modern optics 2nd Edition Duncan G.

Steel (Editor)

https://ebookmass.com/product/encyclopedia-of-modern-optics-2nd-
edition-duncan-g-steel-editor/

Encyclopedia of Environmental Health [6 Volume Set] 2nd

Edition Jerome O. Nriagu

https://ebookmass.com/product/encyclopedia-of-environmental-
health-6-volume-set-2nd-edition-jerome-o-nriagu/

The Palgrave Encyclopedia Of Imperialism And Anti-

Imperialism 2nd Edition Edition Immanuel Ness

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-palgrave-encyclopedia-of-
imperialism-and-anti-imperialism-2nd-edition-edition-immanuel-
ness/

Encyclopedia of respiratory medicine Laurent G.

https://ebookmass.com/product/encyclopedia-of-respiratory-
medicine-laurent-g/
 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
ENDOCRINE DISEASES
SECOND EDITION

EDITORS IN CHIEF
Ilpo Huhtaniemi
Imperial College London
London, United Kingdom

Luciano Martini
University of Milan
Milan, Italy

VOLUME 1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES, DIABETES, METABOLISM, OBESITY, GASTROINTESTINAL
HORMONES, AGING, ENDOCRINE TOXICOLOGY

AMSTERDAM
BOSTON
HEIDELBERG
LONDON
NEW YORK
OXFORD ACADEMIC

PARIS
SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO
SINGAPORE
SYDNEY
TOKYO PRESS
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK
50 Hampshire St, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

Copyright r 2019 Elsevier Inc.. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on
how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as
the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted
herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in
research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers may always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods,
compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the
safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or
damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-0-12-812199-3

For information on all publications visit our

website at http://store.elsevier.com

Publisher: Oliver Walter

Acquisition Editor: Blerina Osmanaj
Content Project Manager: Kate Miklaszewska-Gorczyca
Designer: Miles Hitchen

Printed and bound in the United States

DEDICATION

Professor Luciano Martini, 1927–2017

The other Editor in Chief of the Encyclopedia, Professor Luciano Martini, passed away on July 13th, 2017. He was an
internationally acclaimed authority in the field of endocrinology, in particular neuroendocrinology, a brilliant and imaginative
scientist, and an impressive and erudite scholar.
Luciano achieved the venerable age of 90, and his long career was full of outstanding scientific achievements, leadership
positions in academia and in scientific societies, academies, and committees.
Luciano received his MD degree from the University of Milan in 1950. He then rapidly progressed through junior academic
ranks up to the position of Professor and Chairman of the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Perugia in 1968, and
subsequently, in 1972, he returned to his alma mater, the University of Milan, as full Professor and Chairman of the Department of
Endocrinology, a post he held until 2001. He served in Milan as director of the training and research program entitled Physiology
of Reproduction for nearly 20 years and attracted to his team top-class Italian and foreign scientists to address his main research
interests of neuroendocrine regulation of reproductive functions.
Scientific severity, ethical integrity, fine perception, and deep farsightedness describe best Luciano’s character as a scientist. He
created in his institute a scientific research group devoted to experimental endocrinology, which grew over the years in size and
visibility and became widely recognized internationally. Luciano published more than 400 peer-reviewed and highly cited papers
mainly in the fields of neuroendocrinology, endocrine oncology, physiology of reproduction, and steroid and energy metabolisms.
Luciano was a prolific editor of scientific books and journals, which include the two volumes of Neuroendocrinology and the nine
biennial volumes of Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. He was Editor in Chief of Comprehensive Endocrinology published in 12 volumes
and the first Edition of Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases. He served as President in many national and international scientific
societies including the International Society of Neuroendocrinology, the Italian Society of Endocrinology, the International Society
of Endocrinology, and the European Federation of Endocrine Societies. For his scientific achievements Luciano received honorary
doctorates in the universities of Liège, Santiago de Compostela, Pécs, and Milan, and he was the recipient of numerous scientific
awards and invited academy memberships.
Luciano’s portrait could not be complete if one forgets to mention his life-time passion for music. He was a well-trained and
accomplished pianist, a passionate music listener, and an enthusiastic connoisseur of all types of music. He also was an amateur in
visual arts and deeply interested in history.
All of us who knew Professor Luciano Martini deeply mourn the loss of a great scientist and friend, the real “Il Maestro”,
teacher, colleague, and pioneer of modern neuroendocrinology. I trust Luciano would have been proud of this new edition of the
Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases, and all of us having worked on its production would like to dedicate it to his memory.

Ilpo Huhtaniemi

Editor in Chief
Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases, 2nd edition

v
EDITORS IN CHIEF

Ilpo Huhtaniemi received his MD and PhD at University of Helsinki, Finland, did postdoctoral
training in United States (UC San Francisco and NIH, Bethesda), and has been on sabbatical
leave in Germany, United States and Scotland. In 1986–2002 he held the post of Professor and
Chairman of Physiology at University of Turku, Finland. He moved in 2002 to UK to a Chair in
Reproductive Endocrinology at Imperial College London, from which position he retired in
2015. He has received several national and international honors, amongst them a fellowship of
The Academy of Medical Sciences, United Kingdom, and a Doctor Honoris Causa at the
Medical University Łódź, Poland, and University of Szeged, Hungary. He was the Chief
Managing Editor of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 1999-2017, has served in the Editorial
Board of Endocrinology and Endocrine Reviews and is/has been the Editor or Editorial Board
Member of several other scientific journals (e.g., European Journal of Endocrinology, Clinical
Endocrinology, Human Reproduction Update, Journal of Endocrinology, Molecular Human Reproduc-
tion, Reproduction, Asian Journal of Andrology). He has extensive experience as Official of inter-
national scientific organizations (e.g., Past President of International Society of Andrology).
His research interests include clinical and basic reproductive endocrinology, in particular the function of gonadotrophins and male
reproductive endocrinology. He also has long-term interests in development of male contraception, hormone-dependent cancer,
and the endocrinology of aging. He has authored about 700 peer-reviewed research articles and reviews, and his H-factor is 78.

Luciano Martini was born on May 14, 1927, in Milan, Italy. He obtained the degree of Medical
Doctor "summa cum laude" on November 24, 1950, from the Faculty of Medicine of the
University of Milan, Italy. He was Emeritus Professor of Pharmacology of the University of
Perugia, Italy, and Emeritus Professor of Endocrinology of the University of Milan, Italy. He
was Doctor Honoris Causa in Medicine of the Universities of Liège, Belgium, Santiago de
Compostela, Spain, and Pécs, Hungary, and Doctor Honoris Causa in Biotechnological Sci-
ences of the University of Milan, Italy. He was an author of more than 400 peer-reviewed
scientific publications in the fields of endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, pharmacology,
physiology of reproduction, steroid biochemistry, and basic oncology. He was elected member
of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Italian National Academy) and of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences (Honorary Foreign Member).
Luciano Martini acted as Editor in Chief of the journal Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology from
1990 to 2001, and was a Member of the Editorial Board of Endocrinology (Foreign Consulting
Editor, 1961–65), as well as of several other speciality journals, such as Experimental and
Clinical Endocrinology, Biochemistry, and Steroids. He has acted as Editor of several textbooks
(e.g., Neuroendocrinology, a textbook in 2 volumes, Academic Press, New York, 1966–67, and Clinical Neuroendocrinology, a textbook
in 2 volumes, Academic Press, New York, 1977–82) as well of a series of books under the name Comprehensive Endocrinology
(13 volumes), Raven Press, New York, 1979–84. He acted as Editor in Chief for the first edition of Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases
(4 volumes), Academic Press-Elsevier, San Diego, 2004.

vii
EDITORIAL BOARD

Jean-Jacques Body Jean Marc Kaufman

CHU Brugmann, Free University of Brussels (ULB), Brussels, Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital,
Belgium Ghent, Belgium

Felipe F. Casanueva André Lacroix

Department of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University, Endocrine Division and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de
Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Franco Mantero
CIBER de Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn),
University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
Carlos III Health Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Jorma Toppari
Jean-Louis Chiasson
Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology,
Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku,
Cardiometabolic Axis, CRCHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
Finland
Sophie Christin-Maitre Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku,
Hospital Saint-Antoine, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Finland
Paris, France
Jacquetta Trasler
Sorbonne University, Medical University, Paris, France
Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal,
Richard N Clayton QC, Canada
Keele University, Newcastle under Lyme, United Kingdom
Christina Wang
Nuffield Hospital, Derriford, Plymouth, United Kingdom
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA,
Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen United States
Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance,
Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital, CA, United States
Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed),
Torrance, CA, United States
Wouter W. de Herder
Department of Internal Medicine—Sector of Endocrinology Martin O. Weickert
Erasmus MC - University Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS Centre of Excellence,
Netherlands Coventry, United Kingdom
University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust,
Ieuan Hughes Coventry, United Kingdom
Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge, Clinical Research Network (CRN) West Midlands, Coventry,
Cambridge, United Kingdom United Kingdom
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and
Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Gregory Kaltsas
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens,
Greece

ix
SECTION EDITORS

Professor Jean-Jacques Body has been trained as an endocrinologist and a medical oncologist.
He was Head of the Department of Medicine at University Hospital Brugmann in Brussels and
Full Professor of Medicine (Internal Medicine) at the Free University of Brussels, (ULB),
Brussels, Belgium. He was previously Head of the Internal Medicine Clinic at Institute J. Bordet
(Cancer Center of ULB). He has also developed the “Supportive Care Dept” at the same
Institute. His particular research interests are osteoporosis and bone metastases. He has a long-
standing interest for bone metabolism and turnover in osteoporosis and tumor bone diseases.
He has authored or co-authored more than 250 international peer-reviewed papers and he
counts more than 200 invited lectures for international meetings.

Felipe F. Casanueva is Professor of Medicine at University of Santiago de Compostela and

Head of Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition at University Hospital Santiago. He has
been President of the scientific societes, such as: European Federation of Endocrine Societies
(EFES), The Pituitary Society, International Society of Endocrinology (ISE) and, Sociedad
Española para el Estudio de la Obesidad (SEEDO). Has written more than 50 chapters in
international books and published more than 700 papers in international journals. He has
received several awards for research at national and international level, such as: Rey Jaime I to
the Medical Research, Geoffrey Harris Prize in Neuroendocrinology, Fundación Lilly of Bio-
medical Research Clinic, Fundacion Danone – Professional Career – Dr Carlos Martí Hennberg,
European Hormone Medal by the European Society for Endocrinology (ESE); he has been
named Honorary Doctorate in Medicine of the University of Łódź, Erciyes, and Belgrade, and
Honorary Member of the European Society of Endocrinology.

Dr. Jean-Louis Chiasson is currently Full Professor of Medicine at the University of Montreal.
He is Head of the Research Group on Diabetes and Metabolic Regulation at the Research
Center of the Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM).
Dr. Chiasson obtained his MD at Laval University in Quebec City in 1967. He did his specialty
training in Internal Medicine at Laval Univesity and in Endocrinology at McGill University. He
then did a research Fellowship in Diabetes at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. In
1974–76 and 1978–80, he was appointed Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine
and Physiology respectively at Vanderbilt University. In 1980, he returned to Montreal as
Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine at the University of Montreal and as
Endocrinologist at Hotel-Dieu Hospital, now merged into the Centre hospitalier de l’Université
de Montréal.
Dr. Chiasson’s research interests include the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in health
and diabetes, as well as the development and evaluation of new strategies for the treatment and
prevention of diabetes and its vascular complications. He has contributed over 250 scientific
publications and lectures nationally and internationally on various topics on diabetes mellitus,
its pathogenesis, its treatment, and its prevention. His scientific contribution puts him in the
prestigious club of the 100 most cited publications in the world in the field of diabetes.

xi
xii Section Editors

Sophie Christin-Maitre received her MD at University of Paris XI and her PhD at University
Paris VI, Pierre and Marie Curie, France. She did a postdoctoral training in United States
(Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston); she specialized in reproductive
medicine. She holds the post of Professor of Endocrinology at University of Sorbonne, Paris,
France. She has been the head of the Adult Endocrine Unit, in Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assis-
tance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, since 2011. She is a member of the INSERM research unit
UMR S_933, specialized in identifying new genes in reproductive disorders. Her interests
include clinical and basic reproductive endocrinology, in particular the management of
patients with Turner syndrome, patients with primary ovarian insufficiency, patients with
hypogonadisms, and patients with abnormalities of sex development. She has authored
approximately 150 peer-reviewed research articles and reviews.

Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen is Professor at Copenhagen University and Chief of Medical Endocri-

nology, National University Hospital. Her research interests involve the thyroid gland and
autoimmunity, as well as pituitary and adrenal dysfunction.
She has published more than 410 papers in peer-reviewed journals on e.g., thyroid hormones
and body composition, thyroid autoimmunity and cancer, cytokines as regulators of endocrine
cells, influence of thyroid disrupting chemicals on thyroid cells, growth hormone deficiency
related to body composition, bone metabolism and other pituitary axes, and transition from
adolescent to adult care, as well as several aspects of Fabry disease. In recent years her group
has embarked on studies on pituitary function after traumatic brain injury in a nationwide
setting, and focusing on diagnostic accuracy of pituitary testing procedures. She has further
authored numerous proceedings, textbook chapters, and other publications; as well as orga-
nized numerous international meetings and postgraduate courses, and has led several Eur-
opean projects and other collaborations within many areas of endocrinology.
Professor Feldt-Rasmussen reviews for international journals, and is an editorial board
member of several endocrine journals. She belongs to many international professional orga-
nizations, including the Endocrine Society, ETA, ATA, ENEA, and GRS; she has served as Secretary-Treasurer of ETA and as
President of the ETA Cancer Research Network.
Professor Feldt-Rasmussen serves on the advisory boards of several ad hoc endocrine committees, and has received many pres-
tigious prizes including the Mayo Clinic’s Haynes Lecturer's Award and ETA’s Pinchera Research Prize.

Wouter W. de Herder M.D. Ph.D. (1960) is Professor of Endocrine Oncology at the Erasmus
MC in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In this University Hospital he is chairman of a multi-
disciplinary group for endocrine oncology (tumorwerkgroep endocriene tumoren) and he is
head of the ENETS centre of excellence for neuroendocrine tumors. His major research interests
are neuroendocrine and endocrine tumors.
Professor de Herder received his M.D. in 1985 and his Ph.D. in 1990 from the Erasmus
University in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
He is a member of several international and Dutch national societies, such as the Dutch Society
for Endocrinology (NVE), the Endocrine Society (USA), the European Society of Endocrinol-
ogy (ESE), European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) and the North American Neu-
roendocrine Tumor Society (NANETS). He served as a board member of the Dutch Society for
Endocrinology (NVE) (2009–14). He served as chairman (2006–08) and vice-chairman of
ENETS (2008–10) (European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society). He is member of the advisory
boards of ENETS and NANETS.
Professor de Herder has (co-)published over 400 peer-reviewed papers and book chapters and
is a reviewer for many international journals.
He is a member of the editorial boards of Neuroendocrinology; Endocrinology, Diabetes &
Metabolism Case Reports; Clinical Endocrinology, and Endocrine-Related Cancer.
Professor de Herder has given over 200 invited presentations at Dutch national and international meetings.
 Section Editors xiii

Ieuan Hughes is currently Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Cambridge and
Honorary Consultant Pediatrician at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
and Cambridge Biomedical Campus. He is the author of more than 300 papers and chapters
across the whole range of paediatric endocrinology. His particular expertise is in disorders of
sex development for which he coordinated the International Consensus on the approach to the
investigation and management of this broad topic. Research interests focus on steroid enzyme
deficiencies and molecular mechanisms of androgen action.
Professor Hughes has served on the editorial boards of several journals, including Clinical
Endocrinology, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, and Metabolism and Archives of Disease in Child-
hood where he was also the Associate Editor. He is Past-Secretary and President of the European
Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and a recipient of the highest award of the Society, the
Andrea Prader Prize. Professor Hughes is a James Spence Medallist of the Royal College of
Pediatrics and Child Health for outstanding contributions to paediatric knowledge. He is a
Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences, a Council Member of the Learned Society of Wales
and a Trustee of two charities. The chapter on Disorders of Sex Development in Williams
Textbook of Endocrinology (now in its 14e) by Hughes and co-authors is considered to be a
definitive and up to date regular review of this topic, specific and key to pediatric endocrinology.

Dr. Gregory Kaltsas MD FRCP (Lon) is Professor in General Medicine and Endocrinology at
the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. He was trained in General Med-
icine in Athens, Greece and London, UK, and in Endocrinology at the Middlesex and St
Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK. He developed a particular interest in neuroendocri-
nology (pituitary and neuroendocrine tumors) and adrenal physiology and diseases. Upon
returning to Greece he established a neuroendocrine network and he is currently running the
European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) Center of Excellence at Laiko Hospital in
Athens, Greece. He has served as a member of the advisory board of ENETS and of the
Executive Committee of the European Neuroendocrine Association (ENEA) and he has been
elected in the Executive Committee of the International Society of Endocrinology. He has
recently been elected as a representative of the European Society of Endocrinology in the ExCo
of the International Society of Endocrinology. He has published more than 300 original
papers, reviews, and chapters and serves on editorial boards and as associate editor in several
endocrine journals.

Jean-Marc Kaufman obtained his MD and PhD degrees at the Ghent University, Belgium. He
was a Senior Postdoctoral Research Fellow (1982–84) in reproductive physiology at the Uni-
versity of Texas Medical School at Houston. He is board certified in Endocrinology and in
Nuclear Medicine. In 1985 he joined the staff of the Ghent University Hospital; he headed the
department of Endocrinology from 2003 to 2014 and the Laboratory for Hormonology from
1995 to 2014. He was appointed in 1993 Professor of Medicine at the Ghent University (1993)
and is past Chair of the Department of Internal Medicine at the Ghent University (2010–14).
From October 1st 2014 he is Professor Emeritus at the Ghent University where he is pursuing clinical and research activities. Main
research interests are in the assessment, regulation, and action of sex steroids with focus on their role in health, disease, and aging in
men, and in osteoporosis in men. He is (co)author of over 300 publications in international peer-reviewed journals.
xiv Section Editors

André Lacroix, MD FCAHS is Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology at Centre

hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM). His areas of interest include the mechanisms
of adrenal Cushing syndrome, primary aldosteronism, adrenal tumorigenesis, the role of
aberrant adrenal hormone receptors in adrenal overfunction, as well as new drugs in the
therapy of Cushing disease, primary aldosteronism and adrenocortical cancer.
He was trained at the University of Montreal followed by fellowships in Endocrinology and
research at Vanderebilt University and National Institutes of Health, USA. He was Chairman of
Medicine and Director of Academic Affairs at CHUM. Former President of the Canadian
Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism, he is currently chairperson of the International
Society of Endocrinology (2016–20), Editor, Adrenal Section of UpToDate and Encyclopedia of
Endocrinology, Senior Editor of the European Journal of Endocrinology. Fellow of the Canadian
Academy of Health Sciences since 2008 and Foreign member of the National Academy of
Medicine of France since 2016.

Franco Mantero received his MD at the University of Padua, Italy, did postdoctoral training in
Switzerland (Clinique Medicale Therapeutique, Hopital Cantonal, University of Geneva) and
in United States (University of California, San Francisco), and has been on sabbatical leave in
United Kingdom, United States, and France. He held a post of Associate Professor in Medicine
at the Institute of Semeiotica Medica, University of Padua (1981–86). In 1986 he moved to the
University of Catania to the Chair of Andrology and Endocrinology, in 1992 to the University
of Ancona, and in 2000 to the University of Padua to the Chair of Endocrinology and Chief of
the Endocrinology Unit of the Department of Medicine. He has received national and inter-
national honors, including a Doctor Honoris Causa at the Semmelweis University, Budapest,
Hungary.
He has been Editorial Board Member of several scientific journals (e.g., Clinical Endocrinology,
Endocrinology, Journal of Hypertension, Journal of Endocrinology Investigation Steroids)
He has served as Member of the Council of several international scientific societies (including International Society of Endocri-
nology, International Aldosterone Conference, Journee Klotz d’Endocrinologie Clinique, ENS@T) and one of the founders of the
European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. His research interests include clinical and basic endocrinology of the adrenal
gland and endocrinology of hypertension, in particular pathophysiology of mineralocorticoids and primary aldosteronism. He has
authored approximately 500 peer–reviewed articles and edited several books and proceedings.

Jorma Toppari, MD, PhD, is Professor of Physiology at the University of Turku and Chief
Physician of Pediatric Endocrinology at Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. He is also
Adjunct Professor in the Department of Growth and Reproduction at the University of
Copenhagen, Denmark. He has served as chief editor of International Journal of Andrology
(2001–09), and has been on editorial boards of several endocrinological journals, including
currently Endocrinology and Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. He is the past
President of the European Academy of Andrology. He has made numerous contributions to the
studies on endocrine disruption in the past 20 years. He has published approximately 400
articles on endocrinology.
 Section Editors xv

Jacquetta Trasler is a James McGill Professor in the Departments of Pediatrics, Human

Genetics, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics at McGill University and a Senior Scientist at the
Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC). She received her MD
and PhD degrees from McGill University followed by postdoctoral training in reproductive
molecular biology at Tufts University in Boston. She has served as Director of the McGill
University MD-PhD Program, Scientific Director of the Montreal Children’s Hospital Research
Institute (and simultaneously as Deputy Director/CSO of the RI-MUHC), President of the
Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society, Member of the Institute Advisory Board for the
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Institute of Genetics and currently serves on the
CIHR Stem Cell Oversight Committee and College of Reviewers. Her research focuses on
epigenetics and epigenomics to better understand the molecular and cellular targets for drug
effects on germ cells with implications for the resulting offspring. She has been involved in
scientific program organization for numerous meetings in the field of reproductive biology and medicine and is collaborating with
national and international colleagues in clinical studies to examine how assisted reproductive technologies, infertility, drug
treatment, and folate deficiency and supplementation impact the human epigenome including that of future generations.

Christina Wang, MD is Professor of Medicine, Assistant Dean at the David Geffen School of
Medicine at UCLA, and Associate Director for Clinical and Translational Science Institute and a
faculty member of the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA
Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California.
Dr. Wang has been involved in many funded basic and clinical research studies. Her current
clinical research studies include androgen replacement therapy, hormonal male contraceptive
development, late onset hypogonadism, accurate assessment of serum androgens, and diet and
androgen metabolism. Her basic research studies focus on the regulation of spermatogenesis
and mitochondrial derived peptides in spermatogenesis.
She has authored over 300 peer-reviewed publications, 67 chapters and reviews mainly on
male reproductive biology including characterization of the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of
androgens in men, trials of hormonal male contraceptive, regulation of germ cell apoptosis,
and reproductive aging. Dr. Wang served on the Executive Council, several committees and was the President of the American
Society of Andrology (2006–07). She also served the International Society of Andrology as Secretary (2001–05) and Chair of the
Program Organizing Committee (2005–09). She was President of the International Society of Andrology (2009–13). She is a
member of the Research Group on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility of the World Health Organization since 1984 and
Chairperson (1991–2002).
She has mentored many physician and scientist and is an advocate of young investigators. Dr. Wang has been invited speaker and
distinguished lecturer at many national and international endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, and andrology conferences.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Bo Abrahamsen R.G. Allen

University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; The Sally Balin Medical Center, Media, PA, United
and Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark States

Catarina Abreu Jeremy Allgrove

Hospital of Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust,
London, United Kingdom
O. Addison
University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Paloma Alonso-Magdalena
MD, United States Miguel Hernan ́ dez University of Elche and CIBERDEM,
Alicante, Spain
Zaida Agü era
Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; and Mazen Alsahli
University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Southlake Regional Health Center, Newmarket, ON,
Spain Canada; and University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine,
Toronto, ON, Canada
Enrico Agabiti-Rosei
University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy Laurence Amar
Hop̂ ital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France;
Carlo Aggiusti INSERM, UMR970, Paris, France; and Université Paris
Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Descartes, Paris, France
University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and
L. Amar
Società Italiana dell'Ipertensione, Brescia, Italy
Hop̂ ital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; and
Veena Agrawal Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
Gisah Amaral de Carvalho
James Ahlquist Federal University of Parana,́ Curitiba, Brazil
Southend Hospital, Westcliff on Sea, United Kingdom Ravinder Anand-Ivell
Syed Faisal Ahmed University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom Dana K. Andersen
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United
Oluwaseun A. Akinseye
States
University of Tennessee Health Science Center,
Memphis, TN, United States Niels H. Andersen
Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg C, Denmark
Adriana Albani
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Mikkel Andreassen
Germany; and University of Messina, Messina, Italy ENETS NET CoE, Rigshospitalet, University of
Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Maria Alevizaki
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Di Vincenzo Angelo
Greece Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of
Obesity – Bariatric Unit, University of Padua, Padua,
Kristallenia Alexandraki Italy
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens,
Greece Jean-Marie Antoine
Tenon Hospital, Paris, France; and Pierre et Marie
Ahmad Alkhatib Curie University, Paris, France
Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
Athanasios Antoniou-Tsigkos
Stefano Allasia National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens,
University of Turin, Turin, Italy Greece

xvii
xviii List of Contributors

Victor Appay Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, ISCIII,

INSERM Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Madrid, Spain
Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
Guillaume Assié
David Araújo-Vilar Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; and Cochin
UETeM, IDIS-CIMUS, University of Santiago de Hospital, Paris, France
Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and
Mohamed G. Atta
University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
A.A. Aubdool
Sheryl E. Arambula
King's College London, London, United Kingdom
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United
States Richard J. Auchus
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
Jesús A. Araujo
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, Alain Audebert
United States Bordeaux, France
Leonardo Tadeu Araujo Maria Christina W. Avellar
University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Federal University of São Paulo, Paulista School of
Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
Teresa Arcidiacono
IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy M. Azizi
Hop̂ ital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; and
Josephine Arendt
Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
Stéphanie Bécourt
Jesús Argente Hop̂ ital Saint-Louis, Paris
Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain;
University Hospital Niñ o Jesús, Institute of Investigation Anne Bachelot
La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; and Center for Biomedical Sorbonne University, Paris, France
Research in Network on the Pathophysiology of Obesity
Lina Badimon
and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute,
Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC Hospital
Madrid, Spain; and Madrid Institutes for Advanced
Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
Studies (IMDEA), Campus of International Excellence,
Autonomous University of Madrid (CEIUAM), Madrid, Stefan Bagheri-Fam
Spain The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Decio Armanini Preeti Bajpai
University of Padua, Padova, Italy Integral University, Lucknow, India
David G. Armstrong Vania Balderrama
Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, United University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Kingdom; and Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs
Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, United States A.K. Balin
The Sally Balin Medical Center, Media, PA, United
Wilbert S. Aronow States
New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
Indraneel Banerjee
Pablo Arriagada Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester,
Gedeon Richter/Preglem S.A., Geneva, Switzerland United Kingdom; and University of Manchester,
Manchester, United Kingdom
Sylvia L. Asa
University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Kanthi Bangalore Krishna
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA,
Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada United States
Juan F. Ascaso María-José Barahona
University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; and Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa,
CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Spain; and Centro de Investigacioń Biomédica en Red de
 List of Contributors xix

Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), ISCIII, Pierre J.M. Bergmann

Barcelona, Spain Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier
Universitaire Brugmann, Free University of Brussels,
Pedro N. Barri Brussels, Belgium
́ Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain
University Hospital Quiron
Odilia I. Bermudez
Luigi Bartalena Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
Margaux Bernard
Anu Bashamboo INSERM, Faculty of Medicine Lyon East, Lyon, France
Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Alfredo Berruti
Spyridon P. Basourakos University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical
Center, New York, NY, United States Fabio Bertacchini
Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences,
Rafael L. Batista University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and
University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Società Italiana dell'Ipertensione, Brescia, Italy
Gerhard Baumann Jérô me Bertherat
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Cochin
Chicago, IL, United States Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hopitaux de Paris, Paris,
France
Kathryn Beardsall
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom Virginie Bertrand-Lehouillier
University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Albert Beckers
University Hospital Center of Lieg̀ e, Lieg̀ e, Belgium Shalender Bhasin
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;
P. Beck-Peccoz Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and
University of Milan, Milan, Italy Metabolism, Boston, MA, United States; Boston Claude
My-Thanh Beedle D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center,
Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United Boston, MA, United States; and Brigham and Women's
States Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

Alicia Belgorosky Antonio Bianchi

Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Pituitary Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart,
Argentina; and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Rome, Italy
Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina Andreas Bikfalvi
Julie Benard University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
Service de Médecine de la Reproduction et Préservation Beverly M.K. Biller
de la Fertilité, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France; Massachusetts General and Harvard Medical School,
and University Paris XIII, Bobigny, France Boston, MA, United States
Alexandra Benoit Emma O. Billington
Service de Médecine de la Reproduction et Préservation University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
de la Fertilité, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France
Bernadette Biondi
Salvatore Benvenga University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
University of Messina, Messina, Italy; and University
Hospital Policlinico Universitario G. Martino, Messina, Nick Bishop
Italy Sheffield Children's NHS FT and University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, United Kingdom
Sarah L. Berga
Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Joanne C. Blair
University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, United
UT, United States Kingdom
xx List of Contributors

Sofie Bliddal Janet Brown

Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Copenhagen, Denmark
Thierry Brue
Floyd E. Bloom Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases, Assistance
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Conception Hospital,
States Marseille Cedex 05, France; and INSERM UMR-U910,
Aix Marseille University, Marseille Cedex 05, France
Bruce Blumberg
University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States Antonio Bruni
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Fausto Bogazzi
University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Rosa Maria Bruno
Marco Bonomi University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and IRCCS Italian Aude Bruyneel
Auxological Institute, Milan, Italy Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
Julia K. Bosdou Michael Buchfelder
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
Anja Bosy-Westphal Krupali Bulsari
University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia;
Philippe Bouchard and University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Sorbonne University, Paris, France Peter Burckhardt
Roger Bouillon Hirslanden Clinic, Lausanne, Switzerland
Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Albert G. Burger
KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and University Hospitals, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and University of
Leuven, Belgium Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Isabelle Bourdeau Alexander S. Busch
Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Montréal, QC, Canada
Luca Busetto
Jean-Pierre Bourguignon University of Padua, Padua, Italy
University of Lieg̀ e, Lieg̀ e, Belgium; and CHU de Lieg̀ e,
Chen̂ ée, Belgium Gary Butler
University College London Hospital NHS Trust, London,
Mary L. Bouxsein United Kingdom; and UCL Great Ormond Street
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
United States; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Véronique Cadoret
Boston, MA, United States PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, University of Tours, Nouzilly,
France; and CHRU Bretonneau, Medicine and Biology
Elvira V. Bräuner of Reproduction, CECOS, Tours, France
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Lorenzo A. Calò
S.D. Brain University of Padua, Padua, Italy
King's College London, London, United Kingdom
Irene Campi
Glenn D. Braunstein
University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United
States; and University of California Los Angeles, Los Biagio Cangiano
Angeles, CA, United States University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and IRCCS Italian
Auxological Institute, Milan, Italy
Ralph Brecheisen
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Letizia Canu
University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Claire Briet
University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France; and Perrine Capmas
University of Angers, Angers, France Bicetre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicetre, France

Carlo Cappelli
University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; and Endocrine and
Metabolic Medicine Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di
Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Marta Caretto
University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Robert M. Carey
University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville,
VA, United States
Rafael Carmena
University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Nancy Carrasco
Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
Olivera Casar-Borota
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Livio Casarini
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
James Casella-Mariolo
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
C. Casellini
Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United
States
Lidia Castagneto-Gissey
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Maurizio Castellano
University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; and Endocrine and
Metabolic Medicine Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di
Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Frederic Castinetti
Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases, Assistance
Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, La Conception Hospital,
Marseille Cedex 05, France; and INSERM UMR-U910,
Aix Marseille University, Marseille Cedex 05, France
Frederic Castinetti
Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
́
Victoria Catalan
University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBEROBN,
ISCIII, Pamplona, Spain; and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
Victoria Catalan ́
Metabolic Research Laboratory, University of Navarra,
Pamplona, Spain; CIBEROBN, Carlos III Health
Institute, Pamplona, Spain; and Instituto de
Investigacioń Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA) Pamplona,
Spain
Richard L. Cate
Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
List of Contributors xxi
Sophie Catteau-Jonard
Department of Endocrine Gynecology and Reproductive
Medicine, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
Anne Caufriez
Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
Isadora Pontes Cavalcante
University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Etienne Cavalier
University of Lieg̀ e, Lieg̀ e, Belgium
Jonas Č eponis
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas,
Lithuania
Filomena Cetani
University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and University Hospital of
Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Nathalie Chabbert-Buffet
Sorbonne University, Paris, France
Alan Chait
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Peter T. Chan
McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria
Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
Philippe Chanson
Assistance Publique-Hop̂ itaux de Paris, Service
d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction and
Centre de Référence des Maladies Hypophysaires Rares,
Bicet̂ re Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicet̂ re, France; Université
Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicet̂ re, France; and Institut
National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
(INSERM) U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicet̂ re, France
Karen E. Chapman
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Helaine Laiz Silva Charchar
University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
F. Charles Brunicardi
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,
United States
Evangelia Charmandari
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical
School, Athens, Greece; and Biomedical Research
Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
Sumana Chatterjee
Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry,
London, United Kingdom
Eleftherios Chatzellis
251 Hellenic Air Force and VA Hospital, Athens, Greece
xxii List of Contributors

Tim Cheetham Laurie E. Cohen

Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;
Kingdom and Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Hospital Cancer and
Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, United States
Wassim Chemaitilly
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, Annamaria Colao
United States University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
H. Chen Annamaria Colao
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
AL, United States
Robert Coleman
Sabrina Chiloiro
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Pituitary Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart,
Rome, Italy James J. Colt
Luca Chiovato Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Oscar Coltell
E.R. Christ Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; and
University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and University of University Jaume I, Castelloń , Spain
Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Robert V. Considine
Mirjam Christ-Crain Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,
University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland United States
Sophie Christin-Maitre Lindsay S. Cooley
Hospital Saint-Antoine, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
Paris, Paris, France; and Sorbonne University, Paris,
France Martine Cools
Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
George P. Chrousos
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical Cyrus Cooper
School, Athens, Greece; and Biomedical Research MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton
Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
Janet S. Chuang Cyrus Cooper
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Cincinnati, OH, United States Kingdom; University of Southampton and University
Maria Verena Cicala Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust,
South Tyrolian Academy of General Practice, Bolzano, Southampton, United Kingdom; WHO Collaborating
Italy Centre for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal
Health and Aging, Lieg̀ e, Belgium; and University of
Francesca Cioppi Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Georges Copinschi
Frédérique Clément Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
Project-team Mycenae, Inria Center of Paris, Paris,
France F. Coppedè
University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Philippe Clézardin
INSERM, Faculty of Medicine Lyon East, Lyon, France Claire Cordroch
Hedi L. Claahsen van de Grinten University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Dolores Corella
Netherlands University of Valencia, Valeǹ cia, Spain; and Carlos III
Mélanie Claps Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Isabel M. Cornejo-Pareja
Bart L. Clarke Virgen de la Victoria Universitary Hospital (IBIMA),
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States Malaga, Spain
 List of Contributors xxiii

Giovanni Corona A.H. Jan Danser

University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Bologna Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
Jessica Daolio
Dalila B. Corry Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova of Reggio Emilia,
David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Reggio Emilia, Italy
CA, United States
Emile Daraï
Karen E. Cosgrove Sorbonne University, Paris, France
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Mehul T. Dattani
Maria Manuel Costa Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS
Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal; and Queen Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; and UCL
Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
Luís Costa Justin H. Davies
Hospital of Santa Maria, Institute of Molecular Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton, United
Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Kingdom
Lisbon, Portugal
Stephen N. Davis
Mariana Costanzo University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina MD, United States

Carine Courtillot Shanlee M. Davis

Sorbonne University, Paris, France University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States

Rafael Coveñ as Adolfo J. de Bold

University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Danila Covelli Giuseppina De Filpo

University of Milan, Milan, Italy University of Florence, Florence, Italy

Laura E. Cowen K. De Gendt

Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
DC, United States Wouter W. de Herder
Brittany Croft Department of Internal MedicineF Sector of
Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Endocrinology, Erasmus MC - University Hospital
Australia Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

William C. Cushman Frank H. de Jong

University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The
Memphis, TN, United States Netherlands

Daniele Cusi Frank H. de Jong

Bio4Dreams, Milan, Italy Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
Lanfranco D'Elia
Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy Peter W. de Leeuw
Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The
Stella D'Oronzo Netherlands
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Laura De Marinis
Catherine Dacou-Voutetakis Pituitary Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart,
University of Athens, Athens, Greece Rome, Italy
Rozenn Dalbies-Tran Maria Cristina De Martino
PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, University of Tours, Nouzilly, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
France
Sabine M.P.F. de Muinck Keizer-Schrama
Adrian F. Daly Erasmus Medical Center – Sophia Children's Hospital,
University Hospital Center of Lieg̀ e, Lieg̀ e, Belgium Rotterdam, The Netherlands
xxiv List of Contributors

Beatriz Marinho de Paula Mariani S. Dizon

University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Jean De Schepper Graham J. Dockray
Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Miguel Debono Marie-Madeleine Dolmans
The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom Pol̂ e de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche
Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University
Peter A. Deddish of Leuven, Brussels, Belgium; and Cliniques
University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
United States
G.A. Donnan
Asma Deeb University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Jacques Donnez
Olaf M. Dekkers Society for Research into Infertility (SRI, Société de
Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Recherche pour l'Infertilité), Brussels, Belgium; and
Netherlands Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Rita Del Pinto Olivier Donnez
University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy Institut du Sein et de Chirurgie Gynécologique d'Avignon
Anne Delbaere (ICA), Polyclinique Urbain V, Avignon, France
Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium Robert M. Dores
University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
Elaine M Dennison
MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton Maria Dracopoulou
General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Didier Dewailly A. Drexler
Department of Endocrine Gynecology and Reproductive UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United
Medicine, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France States
Nathalie di Clemente Stenvert L.S Drop
Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Guido Di Dalmazi
Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Ludivine Drougat
Italy Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development, National Institutes of
N. Di Iorgi Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
Jérô me Dulon
Paola Di Mauro Sorbonne University, Paris, France
INSERM, Faculty of Medicine Lyon East, Lyon, France
Agathe Dumont
Chantal Diaz-Latoud Department of Endocrine Gynecology and Reproductive
INSERM, Faculty of Medicine Lyon East, Lyon, France Medicine, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
Michael DiMattina Typhanie Dumontet
Dominion Fertility, Arlington, VA, United States CNRS, INSERM, Clermont Auvergne University,
Georgios K. Dimitriadis Clermont-Ferrand, France
University of Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Leo Dunkel
Kingdom; and Imperial College London, London, United Queen Mary University of London, London, United
Kingdom Kingdom
Na Ding Mark J. Dunne
Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Maria R. Dionísio Leonidas H. Duntas
Hospital of Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal University of Athens, Athens, Greece
 List of Contributors xxv

Richard Eastell Jane Evanson

University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
Camilla Eckert-Lind Shereen Ezzat
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada;
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; and
Grigoris Effraimidis
Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet),
Copenhagen, Denmark Patrick Fénichel
Urs Eiholzer University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
Paediatric Endocrine Center Zurich (PEZZ), Zurich, Stéphane Fabre
Switzerland PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, University of Tours, Nouzilly,
Graeme Eisenhofer France
Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany Henrik Falhammar
Jean-Marie Ekoe Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden;
CHUM University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; and Menzies
School of Health Research and Royal Darwin Hospital,
Mustapha El Lakis Darwin, NT, Australia
National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
Renato Fanchin
Sébastien Elis Hospital Foch, University Paris-Ouest, Suresnes, France
PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, University of Tours, Nouzilly,
France Maritza Farrant
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Rossella Elisei
University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Aitak Farzi
Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Gregory R. Emkey
Pennsylvania Regional Center for Arthritis & Patricia Fauque
Osteoporosis Research, Wyomissing, PA, United States Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction, Dijon,
France
Klaus Engelke
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany Birgitte Federspiel
T. Erbas ENETS NET CoE, Rigshospitalet, University of
Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Ervin G. Erdö s Richard A. Feelders

University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL,
United States
Héctor F. Escobar-Morreale
University Hospital Ramon ́ y Cajal, Madrid, Spain;
University of Alcala,́ Madrid, Spain; Ramoń y Cajal
Institute for Health Research IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain;
and Biomedical Research Network Center in Diabetes
and Related Metabolic Diseases CIBERDEM, Madrid,
Spain
Marc Espié
Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris
Stéphanie Espiard
Claude Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille,
France
Erica A. Eugster
Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University
Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet),
Copenhagen, Denmark
Fernando Fernan ́ dez-Aranda
Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; University
Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; and
University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Fabio L. Fernandes-Rosa
INSERM, UMRS_970, Paris Cardiovascular Research
Center, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Paris,
France; and Assistance Publique-Hop̂ itaux de Paris,
Hop̂ ital Européen Georges Pompidou, Genetics
Department, Paris, France
Uxía Fernandez
CIMUS, USC, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
and Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 ON THE SPARE WHEEL.

When non-commissioned officers sinned, which they did

sometimes, they were punished by being reduced to the ranks.
In some organizations gambling was not allowed, in others it was
carried on by both officers and privates. In one command, at least,
where this vice was interdicted, culprits in the ranks were punished
by having one-half of the head shaved—a most humiliating and
effective punishment.
 ON A WOODEN HORSE.

Then “back talk,” as it was commonly called, which, interpreted,

means answering a superior officer insolently, was a prolific cause of
punishments. It did not matter in some organizations who the officer
was, from colonel or captain to the last corporal, to hear was to obey,
and under such discipline the men became the merest puppets. In
theory, such a regiment was the perfect military machine, where
every man was in complete subordination to one master mind. But
the value of such a machine, after all, depended largely upon the
kind of a man the ruling spirit was, and whether he associated his
inflexibility of steel with the justice of Aristides. If he did that, then
was it indeed a model organization; but such bodies were rare, for
the conditions were wanting to make them abundant. The master
mind was too often tyrannical and abusive, either by nature, or from
having been suddenly clothed with a little brief authority over men.
And often when nature, if left to herself, would have made him a
good commander, an excessive use of “commissary” interfered to
prevent, and the subordinates of such a leader, many of them
appointed by his influence, would naturally partake of his
characteristics; so that such regiments, instead of standing solidly on
all occasions, were weakened as a fighting body by a lack of
confidence in and personal respect for their leaders, and by a hatred
begotten of unjust treatment. Hundreds of officers were put in
commission through influence at court, wealth or personal influence
deciding appointments that should have been made solely on the
basis of merit. At the beginning of the war it was inevitable that the
officers should have been inexperienced and uninstructed in the
details of warfare, but later this condition changed, and the service
would have been strengthened and materially improved by
promoting men who had done honorable service and shown good
conduct in action, to commissions in new regiments. It is true that
such was the intent and partial practice in some States, but the
governors, more or less from necessity, took the advice of some one
who was a warm personal friend of the applicant, so that shoulder-
straps, instead of being always conferred for gallant conduct in the
front rank, were sometimes a mark of distinguished prowess in the
mule-train or the cook-house, which seemed to maintain readier and
more influential communication with the appointing power at the rear
than was had by the men who stood nearest to the enemy.
To bow in meek submission to the uneducated authority of the
civilian, or to the soldier whose record was such as not to command
the respect of his fellows, was the lot of thousands of intelligent and
brave soldiers, the superiors in all respects, save that of military rank
alone, of these self-same officers; and to be commanded not to
answer back, when they felt that they must utter a protest against
injustice, was a humiliation that the average volunteer did not fully
realize when he put his name to the roll,—a humiliation which grew
bitterer with every new indignity. Punishments or rebukes
administered by social inferiors were galling even when deserved.
It seems ludicrous to me when I recall the threats I used to hear
made against officers for some of their misdeeds. Many a wearer of
shoulder-straps was to be shot by his own men in the first
engagement. But, somehow or other, when the engagement came
along there seemed to be Rebels enough to shoot without throwing
away ammunition on Union men; and about that time too the men,
who in more peaceful retreats were so anxious to shoot their own
officers, could not always be found, when wanted, to shoot more
 legitima
te
game.
In
these
days,
when
private
soldiers
are so
scarce
and
officers
so
exceedi
ngly
abunda
nt, the
questio
n might
IN THE SWEAT-BOX. very ON THE CHINES.
naturall
y arise
how the abundance came about if the officers were so often between
two fires; but what I have said will furnish a solution to the mystery.
Then, there were hundreds of officers that were to be settled with
when they reached home, and were on an equality with the private
soldier so far as military rank was concerned. But while there were,
as I have previously intimated, a few who took their resentments out
of the service with them, they were only few in number, and it is
doubtful whether any of them ever executed their threatened deeds
of violence. Poor underpaid non-commissioned officers, who
occupied the perplexing and uncomfortable position of go-betweens,
were frequently invited by privates to strip off their chevrons and be
handsomely whipped for some act annoying to said privates; but I
never heard of any n. c. o. sacrificing his chevrons to any such
ambition—for various reasons, of which the fear of a thrashing was
not necessarily one.
There were regiments each of
which, when off duty, seemed to
contain at least two or three hundred
colonels and captains, so much social
freedom obtained between officers
and rank and file, yet at the proper
time there was just one commander of
such a regiment to whom the men
looked ready to do his bidding, even
to follow him into the jaws of death.
These officers were not always devout
men; at an earlier period in their lives
some of them may have learned to be
profane; some drank commissary
whiskey occasionally, it may be; but in
all their dealings with subordinates,
while they made rigid exactions of
them as soldiers, they never forgot
that they were men, and hence,
endeavoring to be just in the
A WOODEN OVERCOAT. settlement of camp troubles,
protecting their command in the full
enjoyment of all its rights among
similar organizations, never saying “go!” but “come!” in the hour of
danger, they welded their regiment into a military engine as solid and
reliable as the old Grecian Phalanx. Punishments in such regiments
were rare, for manliness and self-respect were never crushed out by
tyrants in miniature. The character of the officers had so much to do
with determining the nature and amount of the punishments in the
army that I consider what I have thrown in here as germane to the
subject of this chapter.
It should be said, in justice to both officers and privates, that the
first two years of the war, when the exactions of the service were
new, saw three times the number of punishments administered in the
two subsequent years; but, aside from the getting accustomed to the
restraints of the service, campaigning was more continuous in the
later years, and this kept both mind and body occupied. It is inactivity
which makes the growler’s paradise. Then, in the last years of the
war the rigors of military discipline, the sharing of common dangers
and hardships, and promotions from the ranks, had narrowed the
gap between officers and privates so that the chords of mutual
sympathy were stronger than before, and trivial offences were
slightly rebuked or passed unnoticed.

STRAPPED TO A STICK.

At the beginning of the war many generals were very fearful lest
some of the acts of the common soldier should give offence to the
Southern people. This encouraged the latter to report every chicken
lost, every bee-hive borrowed, every rail burnt, to headquarters, and
subordinates were required to institute the most thorough search for
evidence that should lead to the detection and punishment of the
culprits, besides requiring them to make full restitution of the value of
the property taken. Our government and its leading officers, military
and civil, seemed at that time to stand hat in hand apologizing to the
South for invading its sacred territory, and almost appearing to want
only a proper pretext to retire honorably from the conflict. But by the
time that the Peninsular Campaign was brought to a close this kid-
glove handling of the enemy had come to an end, and the wandering
shote, the hen-roosts, the Virginia fence and the straw stack came to
be regarded in a sense as perquisites of the Union army.
Punishments for appropriating them after this time were much rarer,
and the difficulty of finding the culprits increased, as the officers were
becoming judiciously near-sighted.

DRUMMING OUT OF CAMP.

Drumming out of camp was a punishment administered for

cowardice. Whenever a man’s courage gave out in the face of the
enemy, at the earliest opportunity after the battle, he was stripped of
his equipments and uniform, marched through the camp with a guard
on either side and four soldiers following behind him at “charge
bayonets,” while a fife and drum corps brought up the rear, droning
out the “Rogue’s March.” He was sure of being hooted and jeered at
throughout the whole camp. There were no restraints put upon the
language of his recent associates, and their vocabularies were
worked up to their full capacity in reviling him. After he had been
thoroughly shown off to the entire command, he was marched
outside the lines and set free. This whole performance may seem at
first thought a very light punishment for so grave an offence, and an
easy escape from the service for such men. But it was considered a
most disgraceful punishment. No man liked to be called a coward,
much less to be turned out of the army in that disreputable way, and
the facts recorded on his regimental roll side by side with the
honorable record of his fellows. He was liable to the death penalty if
found in camp afterwards. Many more men deserved this
punishment than ever received it. There were very few soldiers put
out of the service by this method.
Sometimes an officer was assaulted
by a private soldier or threatened by
him. For all such offences soldiers
were tried by court-martial, and
sentenced to the guard-house or to
hard labor at the Rip Raps or the Dry
Tortugas, with loss of pay; or to wear
a ball and chain attached to their
ankles for a stated period. These
offences were often committed under
the influence of liquor, but frequently
through temper or exasperation at
continued and unreasonable
exactions, as the victim believed.
The penalty for sleeping at one’s
post, that is, when it was a post of
danger, was death; but whether this
penalty was ever enforced in our army
I am unable to state. There is a very
touching story of a young soldier who
was pardoned by President Lincoln for
this offence, through the pitiful
intercession of the young man’s
mother. Whether it was a chapter from
TIED UP BY THE THUMBS. real life, I am in doubt. I certainly
never heard of a sentinel being visited
with this extreme penalty for this offence.
The penalty attaching to desertion is death by shooting, and this
was no uncommon sight in the army; but it did not seem to stay the
tide of desertion in the least. I have seen it stated that there was no
time in the history of the Army of the Potomac, after its organization
by McClellan, when it reported less than one-fourth its full
membership as absent without leave. The general reader will
perhaps be interested in the description of the first execution of a
deserter that I ever witnessed. It took place about the middle of
October, 1863. I was then a member of Sickles’ Third Corps, and my
company was attached for the time being to General Birney’s First
Division, then covering Fairfax Station, on the extreme left of the
army. The guilty party was a member of a Pennsylvania regiment.
He had deserted more than once, and was also charged with giving
information, to the enemy whereby a wagon-train had been
captured. The whole division was ordered out to witness the
execution. The troops were drawn up around three sides of a
rectangle in two double ranks, the outer facing inward and the inner
facing outward. Between these ranks, throughout their entire extent,
the criminal was obliged to march, which he did with lowered head.
The order of the solemn procession was as shown in the
accompanying diagram, the arrows indicating its direction.
First came the provost-marshal,—the sheriff of the army,—
mounted; next, the band playing (what to me from its associations
has now come to be the saddest of all tunes) Pleyel’s Hymn, even
sadder than the Dead March in “Saul,” which I heard less frequently;
then followed twelve armed men, who were deployed diagonally
across the open end of the space, after the procession had
completed its round, to guard against any attempt the prisoner might
make to escape; fourth in order came four men bearing the coffin,
followed by the prisoner, attended by a chaplain, and a single guard
on either side; next, a shooting detachment of twelve men. Eleven of
these had muskets loaded with ball, while the twelfth had a blank
cartridge in his musket; but as the muskets had been loaded
beforehand by an officer, and mixed up afterwards, no one knew
who had possession of the musket with the blank cartridge, so that
each man, if he wanted it, had the benefit of a faint hope, at least,
that his was the musket loaded without ball. After these marched an
additional shooting force of six, to act in case the twelve should fail in
the execution of their duty.

P, prisoner; C, coffin; G, grave; F, firing party; R, reserve firing party; E, twelve

guards.

When the slow and solemn round had been completed, the
prisoner was seated on an end of his coffin, which had been placed
in the centre of the open end of the rectangle, near his grave. The
chaplain then made a prayer, and addressed a few words to the
condemned man, which were not audible to any one else, and
followed them by another brief prayer. The provost-marshal next
advanced, bound the prisoner’s eyes with a handkerchief, and read
the general order for the execution. He then gave the signal for the
shooting party to execute their orders. They did so, and a soul
passed into eternity. Throwing his arms convulsively into the air, he
fell back upon his coffin but made no further movement, and a
surgeon who stood near, upon examination, found life to be extinct.
The division was then marched past the corpse, off the field, and the
sad scene was ended.

DEATH OF A DESERTER.

I afterwards saw a deserter from the First Division of the Second

Corps meet his end in the same way, down before Petersburg, in the
summer of 1864. These were the only exhibitions of this sort that I
ever witnessed, although there were others that took place not far
from my camp. The artillery was brigaded by itself in 1864 and 1865,
and artillerymen were not then compelled to attend executions which
took place in the infantry.
Here is a story of another deserter and spy, who was shot in or
near Indianapolis in 1863. He had enlisted in the Seventy-First
Indiana Infantry. Not long afterwards he deserted and went over to
the enemy, but soon reappeared in the Union lines as a Rebel spy.
While in this capacity he was captured and taken to the
headquarters of General Henry B. Carrington, who was then in
command of this military district. He indignantly protested his
innocence of the charge, but a thorough search for evidence of his
treachery was begun. His coat was first taken and cut into narrow
strips and carefully scrutinized, to assure that it contained nothing
suspicious. One by one, the rest of his garments were examined and
thrown aside, until at last he stood naked before his captors with no
evidence of his guilt having been discovered. He was then requested
to don a suit of clothes that was brought in. This he did, and then
triumphantly demanded his release. But the General told him to keep
cool, as the search was not yet completed; that full justice should be
done him whether guilty or innocent. Taking up the trousers again,
the General noticed that one of the spring-bottoms was a little stiffer
than the other, and on further investigation with his scissors, sure
enough, carefully sewed in under the buckram, found a pass from
the Rebel General Kirby Smith.
At this discovery the culprit dropped on his knees, and begged for
his life. He was tried by court-martial, and sentenced to be hanged—
hanging is the penalty for treason, shooting being considered too
honorable a death for traitors. But General Carrington, wishing the
influence of the execution to be exerted as a check against
desertion, which was very common, decided that he should be shot.
It is customary to detail the shooting squad from the company to
which the deserter belongs. But so enraged were the members of
this man’s company at his offence that they sent a unanimous
request that the entire company might act as firing party. This
request was refused, however, and a detail of fifteen men made for
that purpose. But whereas it is usual for the sergeant in charge of
such a detail to load the muskets himself, putting blank cartridges
into one, two, or three of the muskets, on this occasion the men were
allowed to load for themselves, and when the surgeon examined the
lifeless body he found fifteen bullets in it, showing that each one of
the fifteen men had felt it to be his duty to shoot his former comrade,
and that he had conscientiously acted up to that duty.
Shocking and solemn as such scenes were, I do not believe that
the shooting of a deserter had any great deterring influence on the
rank and file; for the opportunities to get away safely were most
abundant. Indeed, any man who was base enough to desert his flag
could almost choose his time for doing it. The wife of a man in my
own company brought him a suit of citizen’s clothing to desert in,
which he availed himself of later; but citizen’s clothes, even, were not
always necessary to ensure safety for deserters. When a man’s
honor failed to hold him in the ranks, his exit from military life in the
South was easy enough.
I have been asked if all deserters captured were shot. No; far from
it. There were times in the war when the death penalty for this
offence was entirely ignored, and then it would be revived again with
the hope of diminishing the rapid rate at which desertions took place.
Desertion was the most prevalent in 1864, when the town and city
governments hired so many foreigners, who enlisted solely to get the
large bounties paid, and then deserted, many of them before getting
to the field, or immediately afterwards. They had no interest in the
cause, and could not be expected to have. These men were called
bounty-jumpers, and, having deserted, went to some other State and
enlisted again, to secure another bounty. In this manner many of
them obtained hundreds of dollars without being detected; but many
more were apprehended, and suffered for it. I knew of three such
being shot at one time, each having taken three bounties before they
were finally captured. The greater part of these bounty-jumpers
came from Canada. A large number of reliable troops were
necessary to take these men from the recruiting rendezvous to the
various regiments which they were to join.
The mass of recaptured deserters were put to hard labor on
government works. Others were confined in some penitentiary, to
work out their unexpired term of service. I believe the penitentiary at
Albany was used for this purpose, as was also the Old Capitol Prison
in Washington. Many more were sent to the Rip Raps, near Fort
Monroe. On the 11th of March, 1865, President Lincoln issued a
proclamation offering full pardon to all deserters who should return to
their respective commands within sixty days, that is, before May 10,
1865, with the understanding that they should serve out the full time
of their respective organizations, and make up all time lost as well. A
large number whose consciences had given them no peace since
their lapse, availed themselves of this proclamation to make amends
as far as possible, and leave the service with a good name. This act
was characteristic of the Emancipator’s matchless magnanimity and
forgiving spirit, but scarcely deserved by the parties having most at
stake.
 I have already intimated that death by hanging was a punishment
meted out to certain offences against military law. One of these
offences was desertion to the enemy, that is, going from our army
over to the enemy, and enlisting in his ranks to fight on that side. In
the autumn of 1864—near Fort Welch, I think it was—I saw three
military criminals hanged at the same moment, from the same
gallows, for this crime against the government. They were members
of the Sixth Corps. There was less ceremony about this execution
than that of the deserter, whose end I more fully described. The
condemned men were all foreigners, and rode to the gallows in an
ambulance attended by a chaplain. The ambulance was well
guarded in front, in rear, and on the flanks. The gallows also was
strongly guarded. If I recollect aright, the troops were not ordered out
to witness the spectacle. Nevertheless, thousands of them from
adjoining camps lined the route, and, standing around the gallows,
saw the prisoners meet their fate. No loyal heart gave them any
sympathy.
In April, 1864, I saw a man hanged for a different offence, on the
plains of Stevensburg. He belonged to the second division of my
own corps. Most of the corps, which was then twenty-seven
thousand strong, must have witnessed the scene, from near or afar.
In hanging the culprit the provost-marshal made a dreadful botch of
the job, for the rope was too long, and when the drop fell the man’s
feet touched the ground. This obliged the provost-marshal to seize
the rope, and by main strength to hold him clear of the ground till
death ensued. It is quite probable that strangulation instead of a
broken neck ended his life. His body was so light and emaciated that
it is doubtful if, even under more favorable circumstances, his fall
could have broken his neck.
The report of the Adjutant-General, made in 1870, shows that
there were one hundred and twenty-one men executed during the
war—a very insignificant fraction of those who, by military law, were
liable to the death penalty.
 CHAPTER IX.
A DAY IN CAMP.

“I hear the bugle sound the calls

For Réveillé and Drill,
For Water, Stable, and Tattoo.
For Taps—and all was still.
I hear it sound the Sick-Call grim,
And see the men in line,
With faces wry as they drink down
Their whiskey and quinine.”

A partial description of the daily programme of the rank and file of

the army in the monotony of camp life, more especially as it was
lived during the years 1861, ’62, and ’63, covers the subject-matter
treated in this chapter. I do not expect it to be all new to the outside
public even, who have attended the musters of the State militia, and
have witnessed something of the routine that is followed there. This
routine was the same in the Union armies in many respects, only
with the latter there was a reality about the business, which nothing
but stern war can impart, and which therefore makes soldiering
comparatively uninteresting in State camp—such, at least, is the
opinion of old campaigners.
The private soldiers in every arm of the service had many
experiences in common in camp life, so that it will not be profitable to
describe each in detail, but where the routine differs I shall be more
entertaining and exact by adhering to the branch with which I am the
most familiar, viz.: the light artillery; and this I shall do, and, in so
doing, shall narrate not the routine of my own company alone, but
essentially of that branch of the service throughout the army as
artillerymen saw and lived it.
Beginning the army day, then, the first bugle-call blown was one
known in artillery tactics as the Assembly of Buglers, to sound which
the corporal or sergeant of the guard would call up the bugler.

It was sounded in summer about five o’clock, and in winter at six.

It was the signal to the men to get out of their blankets and prepare
for the morning roll-call, known as Réveillé. At this signal, the hum of
life could be heard within the tents. “Put the bugler in the guard-
house!”—“Turn out!”—“All up!”—and other similar expressions,
mingled with yawns, groans, and exclamations of deep disgust,
formed a part of the response to this always unwelcome summons.
But as only the short space of fifteen minutes was to intervene
before the next call, the Assembly, would be blown, the men had to
bestir themselves. Most of them would arise at once, do the little
dressing that was required, and perform or omit their toilet, according
to the inclination or habit or time of the individual.

A CANTEEN WASH.

A common mode of washing was for one man to pour water from a
canteen into the hands of his messmate, and thus take turns; but this
method was practised most on the march. In settled camp, some
men had a short log scooped out for a wash-basin. Some were not
so particular about being washed every day, and in the morning
would put the time required for the toilet into another “turn over” and
nap. As such men always slept with their full uniform on, they were
equivalent to a kind of Minute Men, ready to take the field for roll-call,
or any other call, at a minute’s notice.
 As soon as the Assembly sounded, the sight presented was quite
an interesting one. The men could be seen emerging from their tents
or huts, their toilet in various stages of completion. Here was a man
with one boot on, and the other in his hand; here, one with his
clothes buttoned in skips and blouse in hand, which he was putting
on as he went to the line; here was one with a blouse on; there, one
with his jacket or overcoat (unless uniformity of dress on line was
required—it was not always at the morning roll-calls, and in some
companies never, only on inspections). Here and there was a man
just about half awake, having a fist at each eye, and looking as
disconsolate and forsaken as men usually do when they get from the
bed before the public at short notice.
 FALL IN FOR ROLL-CALL.

Then, this roll-call was always a powerful cathartic on a large

number, who must go at once to the sinks, and let the Rebel army
wait, if it wanted to fight, until their return. The exodus in that
direction at the sounding of the assembly was really quite a feature.
All enlisted men in a company, except the guard and sick, must be
present at this roll-call, unless excused for good reasons. But as the
shirks always took pride in dodging it, their notice of intention to be
absent from it for any reason was looked at askance by the
sergeants of detachments. The studied agony that these men would
work not only into their features but their voice and even their gait
would have been ludicrous in the extreme, if frequent repetitions had
not rendered it disgusting: and the humorous aspect of these
dodgers was not a little enhanced by the appearance which they
usually had of having been dressed much as is a statue about to be
dedicated, which, at the signal, by the pulling of a single cord, is
instantly stripped of all its drapery and displayed in its full glory.
Other touches, which old soldiers not artillerymen would readily
recognize as familiar, might be added to the scene presented in
camp, when the bugle or the drum called the men into line for the
first time in the day. When at last the line was formed, it was dressed