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Full download The Prodigal Son in English and American Literature: Five Hundred Years of Literary Homecomings Alison M. Jack file pdf all chapter on 2024
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OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 22/9/2018, SPi
Biblical Refigurations
BIBLICAL REFIGURATIONS
General Editors: James Crossley and Francesca Stavrakopoulou
This innovative series offers new perspectives on the textual, cultural, and
interpretative contexts of particular biblical characters, inviting readers to take
a fresh look at the methodologies of Biblical Studies. Individual volumes
employ different critical methods including social-scientific criticism, critical
theory, historical criticism, reception history, postcolonialism, and gender
studies, while subjects include both prominent and lesser-known figures
from the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament.
Biblical Refigurations
GENERAL EDITORS: JAMES CROSSLEY AND FRANCESCA STAVRAKOPOULOU
ALISON M. JACK
1
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3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Alison M. Jack
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
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rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
Madison Avenue, New York, NY , United States of America
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Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 22/9/2018, SPi
Acknowledgements
This book has had a long gestation, and I have been encouraged
along the way by many people. Colleagues at the School of Divinity,
University of Edinburgh, have been supportive and interested, full of
suggestions and ideas. Church groups who have heard me talk about
the parables and the Prodigal Son in particular have been keen to share
their insights with me, and I have appreciated this very much.
The book was finished during a period of research leave, and I am
grateful to the University of Edinburgh for the opportunity to be free
of other responsibilities and to focus on drawing the material together.
Two short periods of study at Westminster College, Cambridge, helped
to consolidate ideas and fill in research gaps, and were of great benefit in
the final year of writing.
The editorial team at Oxford University Press has been supportive
and understanding throughout the process, and I would like to thank
them for the guidance they have given me.
The title of the book was the subject of some discussion. ‘Literature
in English’ seemed to raise unmet expectations, and so ‘English and
American Literature’ was agreed. This should not be taken to down-
play the texts from the field of Scottish literature which are so import-
ant throughout the book, and I hope my friends and colleagues
working in that field will understand the balancing act that had to be
struck between full description and a workable title.
My children, Iain and Fiona, have been patient and uncomplaining
when I have felt the need to point out a Prodigal Son reference in every
film, television programme, or book we have experienced together. As
always, I owe them my thanks for their unfailing resilience and sense
of fun. Drew Brown was an encouraging and supportive presence as
the book neared its completion.
Finally, I dedicate this book to Ian Campbell, Emeritus Professor of
Scottish and Victorian Literature at the University of Edinburgh, who
has been a teacher, mentor, and friend for thirty years now, and who
continues to be a supportive advocate of my work.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 22/9/2018, SPi
vi Acknowledgements
Excerpts from ‘Crusoe in England’, ‘Over , Illustrations and a
Complete Concordance’, ‘The Prodigal’, and ‘Questions of Travel’
from Poems by Elizabeth Bishop. Copyright © by The Alice
H. Methfessel Trust. Publisher’s Note and compilation copyright
© by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Reprinted by permission of
Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Also published in The Complete Poems
– volume. In the UK, these poems are found in Poems by
Elizabeth Bishop published by Chatto and Windus. Reproduced by
permission of the Random House Group Ltd. © .
Permission to quote from the poetry of Iain Crichton Smith has
been granted by Carcanet Press (<http://www.carcanet.co.uk>), and is
acknowledged with gratitude. The lines quoted are all from Iain
Crichton Smith, New Collected Poems, edited and introduced by
Matt McGuire (Manchester: Carcanet Press Ltd, ).
‘Never Go Back’ by Felix Dennis, taken from A Glass Half Full
(Hutchinson, ), © Felix Dennis, is reproduced by kind permis-
sion of the Felix Dennis Literary Estate.
A short section of Chapter is adapted from my article ‘Henry
James’s “The Jolly Corner”: Revisiting the Parable of the Prodigal Son
(Luke .–)’ in Journal of the Bible and its Reception, vol. .
(): pp. –, and is used with permission.
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Contents
Bibliography
Index
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1
Reading the Prodigal Son
1
The most significant early association of ‘prodigal’ with this character in an
English translation of the Bible is to be found in the Geneva Bible, which was first
published with both the Old and New Testaments in . Here the parable is
introduced in the text as the parable ‘of the Prodigal Sonne’, and the page heading
repeats this, although the word is not found in the story itself. The same page
heading was used in the King James Version of the Bible published in , sealing
the ongoing connection between the parable and the prodigality of the younger
son. The history of the word’s association with the parable is charted in detail in
Ezra Horbury, ‘Aristotelian Ethics and Luke :– in Early Modern England’,
Journal of Religious History . ( June ): pp. –.
2
Jerome, Lives of Illustrious Men, ch. , quoted in Amy-Jill Levine, Short
Stories by Jesus: The Enigmatic Parables of a Controversial Rabbi (New York:
HarperCollins, ), p. .
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3
The Waiting Father is the title of the English translation of Helmut Thielicke’s
work on the parables (trans. John W. Doberstein (New York: Harper & Row,
)). Klyne Snodgrass prefers ‘The Compassionate Father and his Two Lost
Sons’, although he admits that brevity is not on the side of this suggestion, and the
parable of ‘the Prodigal or of the Two Lost Sons’ will probably hold sway. See Stories
with Intent: A Comprehensive Guide to the Parables of Jesus, nd edn (Grand Rapids,
Mich.: Eerdmans, ), p. .
4
George Mackay Brown, ‘The Tarn and the Rosary’, in Hawkfall (London:
The Hogarth Press, ; repr. Edinburgh: Polygon, ), pp. –, p. .
5
Manfred Siebald and Leland Ryken attempt such a survey in ‘Prodigal Son’ in
A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature, ed. David L. Jeffrey (Grand
Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, ), pp. –. The entry would have to be
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 22/9/2018, SPi
considerably expanded to cover the literature of the past twenty-five years. Mikeal
C. Parsons offers an overview of the appearances of the parable’s older brother in
art and literature, in ‘The Prodigal’s Elder Brother: The History and Ethics of
Reading Luke :–’, Perspectives in Religious Studies (): pp. –.
Manfred Siebald, in Der verlorene Sohn in der amerikanischen Literatur (Heidelberg:
Universitätsverlag Winter, ), focuses on the influence of the parable in
American literature.
6
Such as American drama from the s to the s, which Geoffrey
S. Proehl considers in illuminating depth in his Coming Home Again: American
Family Drama and the Figure of the Prodigal (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University
Presses, Inc., ), and which Leah Hadomi explores in The Homecoming Theme
in Modern Drama: The Return of the Prodigal (Lewiston: The Edward Mellen
Press, ). While the plays will not be considered in detail here, these literary
critical approaches will be contrasted with more traditional reception history from
within the field of biblical studies.
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7
Snodgrass, Stories with Intent, p. .
8
Unless otherwise stated, in this chapter all biblical quotations are from the
New Revised Standard Version. In later chapters, it is the King James Version of
the Bible which is quoted, unless otherwise stated. It is the KJV which has had the
most influence on the literary texts under discussion.
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9
Levine, in Short Stories by Jesus, p. , notes that this internal debate is found
in three other Lukan parables (the Rich Fool (:); the Dishonest Manager
(:) and the Unjust Judge (:–)), and in each case, the resulting action is
‘morally ambiguous’. However, the parable’s insistence that the Prodigal Son ‘came
to himself ’ (v. ) offers a more positive perspective on his internal struggle.
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10
David B. Gowler, The Parables of Jesus: Their Imaginative Receptions across
Two Millennia (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic Press, ), pp. –.
I have used the parable of the Prodigal Son as a similar test case in my ‘ “For those
outside, everything comes in parables”: Recent Readings of the Parables from the
Inside’, The Expository Times (October ): pp. –.
11
Yves Tissot, ‘Patristic Allegories of the Lukan Parable of the Two Sons, Luke
.–’, in Exegetical Problems of Method and Exercises in Reading (Genesis and
Luke ), ed. François Bovon and Grégoire Rouiller (Pittsburgh: Pickwick, ),
pp. –.
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12
Marsha G. Witten, All is Forgiven: The Secular Message in American Protest-
antism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, ).
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13
Witten, All is Forgiven, p. . 14
Witten, All is Forgiven, p. .
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15
Witten, All is Forgiven, pp. –.
16
Stephen I. Wright, The Voice of Jesus: Studies in the Interpretation of Six Gospel
Parables (Eugene, Ore.: Wipf & Stock, ).
17
Adolf Jülicher, Die Gleichnisreden Jesu, vols (Freiburg i.B.: J. C. Mohr,
, ); reprint in one vol. (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft,
).
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18
See, for example, Bernard Brandon Scott, Reimagine the World: An Introduc-
tion to the Parables of Jesus (Santa Rosa, Calif.: Polebridge Press, ).
19
Richard L. Rohrbaugh, ‘A Dysfunctional Family and its Neighbours (Luke
:b–)’, in Jesus and his Parables, ed. V. George Shillington (Edinburgh: T&T
Clark, ), pp. –.
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20
Levine, Short Stories by Jesus, p. .
21
Levine, Short Stories by Jesus, p. .
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