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Dietary Interventions in Gastrointestinal Diseases
This page intentionally left blank

     
Dietary Interventions in
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Foods, Nutrients, and Dietary Supplements

Edited by

Ronald Ross Watson

Victor R. Preedy
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Contents

List of Contributors xiii 2. The Physics of Fiber in the

Biographyxvii Gastrointestinal Tract: Laxation,
Acknowledgmentsxix Antidiarrheal, and Irritable Bowel
Syndrome
Johnson W. McRorie Jr.
Section I 1. Introduction 19
Background and Overview of Diet and 2. Chronic Idiopathic Constipation 20
GI Tract Health 2.1 Most Fibers Have No Laxative Effect,
and at Least Four Can Be Constipating 20
1. Plant Family, Carvacrol, and Putative 2.2 Insoluble Fiber/Wheat Bran
Protection in Gastric Cancer and Laxation 20
2.3 Soluble Gel-Forming Fiber/Psyllium
Ayse Gunes Bayir, Huriye Senay Kiziltan and and Laxation 21
Abdurrahim Kocyigit 2.4 Misconceptions About Fiber
1. Plant Family and Phytochemicals 3 and Laxation 21
1.1 General Properties of Dietary 2.5 Summary: Fiber and Laxation 22
Phytochemicals3 3. Antidiarrheal Effects of Fiber 24
1.2 Classification of Phytochemicals 3 3.1 Fermented Fibers/Prebiotics and
1.3 Mechanisms of Phytochemicals in Treatment/Prevention of Diarrhea 24
Cancer Chemoprevention 3 3.2 Prebiotics: Traveler’s Diarrhea,
2. Carvacrol 4 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea,
2.1 Carvacrol as a Molecule 4 and Clostridium difficile–Associated
2.2 Carvacrol Sources 4 Diarrhea24
2.3 Chemical and Physical Properties 3.3 Fermented Fibers/Prebiotics and
of Carvacrol 5 Enteral Nutrition–Induced Diarrhea 24
2.4 Metabolism and Excretion of Carvacrol 5 3.4 Mixed Fibers and Enteral
2.5 Acute Toxicity of Carvacrol 5 Nutrition–Induced Diarrhea 25
2.6 Biological Activities of Carvacrol 5 3.5 Gel-Forming Fibers and
3. Dietary Phytochemicals in Gastric Treatment/Prevention of
Cancer Chemoprevention 9 Diarrhea25
4. Gastric Cancer 10 4. Fiber and Irritable Bowel Syndrome 26
4.1 Anatomy and Physiology 10 4.1 Fermentable Fiber/Prebiotics and
4.2 Epidemiology of Gastric Cancer 10 Irritable Bowel Syndrome 26
4.3 Etiology of Gastric Cancer 10 4.2 Insoluble Wheat Bran and Irritable
4.4 Pathology of Gastric Cancer 11 Bowel Syndrome 26
4.5 Types of Gastric Cancer 11 4.3 Guar Gum and Irritable Bowel
4.6 Stages of Gastric Cancer 12 Syndrome27
4.7 Clinical Symptoms 13 4.4 Calcium Polycarbophil and Irritable
4.8 Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer 13 Bowel Syndrome 27
4.9 Treatments 13 4.5 Psyllium and Irritable Bowel
References14 Syndrome27

v
viContents

4.6 Summary: Fiber and Irritable 3.5 Colon 53

Bowel Syndrome 28 3.6 Anorectal 54
4.7 Recommendation to Begin Fiber 3.7 Pancreas 54
Therapy Gradually 28 3.8 Liver Disease 54
5. Overall Conclusions for Fiber and 4. Treatment of Obesity Focused in
Laxation, Antidiarrheal, and Irritable the Gastrointestinal Tract 54
Bowel Syndrome 28 4.1 Diets 55
References28 4.2 Drugs 55
4.3 Bariatric Procedures 56
3. Dietary Interventions and 5. Conclusions 57
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Disclosures57
References57
Zeinab Mokhtari and Azita Hekmatdoost
1. Introduction 33 5. Constipation: A Symptom
1.1 Clinical Manifestations and of Chronic Food Intolerance?
Complications of Inflammatory
I. Kearsey, Y.I. Yik, B.R. Southwell and
Bowel Disease 33
J.M. Hutson
2. Nutritional Issues/Common Problems
in Inflammatory Bowel Disease 34 1. Introduction 63
2.1 Vitamin D Deficiency in Inflammatory 2. Chronic Constipation 63
Bowel Disease 34 2.1 Definition 63
2.2 Anemia in Inflammatory Bowel 2.2 Epidemiology 63
Disease34 2.3 Etiology 64
3. Nutritional Assessment 35 2.4 Clinical Assessment 64
4. Nutritional Interventions in Inflammatory 2.5 Current Management Practices 64
Bowel Disease 35 3. Emerging Views of Pediatric Chronic
5. Some Popular Dietary Intervention in Constipation65
Inflammatory Bowel Disease 35 3.1 The Nuclear Colonic Transit Study 65
5.1 Enteral Nutrition in Inflammatory 3.2 Colonic Dysmotility Subtypes 67
Bowel Disease 35 3.3 Slow-Transit Constipation 67
5.2 Dietary Recommendations in Practice 37 3.4 Rapid-Transit Constipation 68
6. Conclusions 38 4. Adverse Food Reactions and Chronic
References38 Constipation68
4.1 Adverse Food Reactions 68
4. The Gastrointestinal System 4.2 Adverse Food Reactions (AFR’s)
and Obesity and Chronic Constipation 69
4.3 Exclusion Diet as a Management
Gerardo Calderón and Andrés Acosta Strategy for Chronic Constipation 70
1. Introduction 43 5. Conclusion 71
1.1 Obesity: Definition, Epidemiology, References71
and Pathophysiology 43
2. Gastrointestinal Regulation of 6. Food, Nutrients, and Dietary
Food Intake 43 Supplements in Management of
2.1 The Gastrointestinal Tract in Disorders of Gut–Brain Interaction,
Regulation of Food Intake and Formerly Functional Gastrointestinal
Regulation of Energy Balance 45 Disorders
3. Complication of Obesity in
Gastrointestinal Tract 49 Amol Sharma and Jigar Bhagatwala
3.1 Oral Disease 49 1. Introduction 73
3.2 Esophagus 51 2. Reflux Hypersensitivity and Functional
3.3 Stomach 51 Heartburn74
3.4 Small Intestine 52 3. Functional Dyspepsia 75
Contents vii

4. Irritable Bowel Syndrome and 4.3 Effects of Zinc Deficiency on the

Functional Constipation 76 Liver97
5. Summary 78 4.4 Effects of Zinc Deficiency on the
References79 Gut Barrier 97
5. Zinc Intervention for Alcoholic
7. Vitamin D and Quality of Life of Liver Disease 98
Patients With Irritable Bowel 5.1 Dietary Zinc Supplementation
Syndrome Prevents Alcohol-Induced Endotoxemia
and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction 99
Amir Abbasnezhad and Razieh Choghakhori 5.2 Dietary Zinc Supplementation
1. Introduction 81 Restores the Function of Intestinal
2. Health-Related Quality of Life of HNF-4α100
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients 81 5.3 Dietary Zinc Supplementation
3. Functions of Vitamin D 83 Reduces Endotoxin Levels in the
4. Vitamin D Deficiency in Irritable Intestinal Lumen 100
Bowel Syndrome 83 6. Conclusion 100
5. Vitamin D and Quality of Life in References101
Irritable Bowel Syndrome 83
6. Discussion 85 9. Exclusive Enteral Nutrition
7. Conclusions 86 in Children With Crohn’s
List of Abbreviations 86 Disease: A Focused
References86 Nutritional Intervention
Andrew S. Day
Section II 1. Introduction 107
Nutrition and GI Tract 2. Crohn’s Disease 107
3. Nutritional Impact of Chron’s
8. Sealing the Leaky Gut Represents Disease in Children 108
a Beneficial Mechanism of Zinc 4. Exclusive Enteral Nutrition 109
Intervention for Alcoholic 4.1 Typical Exclusive Enteral
Liver Disease Nutrition Protocol 109
4.2 Exclusive Enteral Nutrition and
Wei Zhong and Zhanxiang Zhou
Induction of Remission 109
1. Introduction 91 4.3 Other Benefits of Exclusive
2. Gut Barrier Dysfunction in the Enteral Nutrition 109
Development of Alcoholic 4.4 Adverse Effects of Exclusive
Liver Disease 92 Enteral Nutrition 110
2.1 Alcohol-Induced Gut 4.5 EEN for Complicated CD 110
Hyperpermeability92 4.6 Maintenance EN to Maintain
2.2 Bacterial Translocation and Remission/Prevent Relapse 110
Hepatic Signaling in Alcoholic 5. Mechanisms of Action of Exclusive
Liver Disease 93 Enteral Nutrition 111
3. Zinc Metabolism and Function 94 5.1 Putative Mechanisms of Action of
3.1 Physiological Functions of Zinc 94 Exclusive Enteral Nutrition 111
3.2 Regulation of Zinc Homeostasis 94 5.2 Exclusive Enteral Nutrition and the
4. Zinc Deficiency in Alcoholic Liver Intestinal Microbiota 111
Disease95 5.3 EEN Has Direct Antiinflammatory
4.1 Occurrence of Zinc Deficiency Effects and Enhances Barrier
in Alcoholic Liver Disease 95 Function in Epithelial Cells 111
4.2 Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced 6. Conclusions 112
Zinc Deficiency 96 References113
viiiContents

10. Gut Microbes in Liver Diseases: 2.1 Environment of the Gut Flora 136
Dietary Intervention for 2.2 Interaction Between Probiotics and
Promoting Hepatic Health Intestinal Epithelial Barrier 137
2.3 Strengthening of the Epithelial
Aryashree Arunima, Jugal Kishore Das and Barrier138
Mrutyunjay Suar 2.4 Application of Probiotics in
1. Introduction 117 Prevention of Enteric Bacterial
2. Gut Microbiota 117 Infections138
2.1 Gut Homeostasis 118 3. Probiotics and Its Antimicrobial Role in
2.2 Gut Dysbiosis 118 Reduction of Enteric Bacterial Pathogen
3. Gut Microbiota and Liver 119 Growth138
3.1 Liver as Vascular Sentinel of the 3.1 Probiotics Producing Antimicrobial
Immune System 119 Substances139
3.2 Gut-Liver Axis 120 3.2 Antimicrobial Action by Probiotics 139
3.3 Factors Affecting the Gut 3.3 Antimicrobial Activity of Probiotics
Microbiota in Liver Disease 120 in Food Products 140
4. Liver Diseases and Role of 4. Combined Effect of Pre- and Probiotic
Gut Microbiota 121 and Its Limitation 140
4.1 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 121 4.1 The Combined Effects in Form of
4.2 Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 122 Synbiotics141
4.3 Hepatic Fibrogenesis 122 4.2 Mechanisms of Synbiotics in
4.4 Hepatic Encephalopathy 122 Preventing Enteric Diseases 141
4.5 Viral Hepatitis 122 4.3 The Double Inhibitory Actions by
4.6 Hepatocellular Carcinoma 123 Synbiotics142
4.7 Liver Cirrhosis 123 4.4 Limitations of Synbiotics
4.8 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 123 Application142
5. Dietary Intervention Strategies for 5. Feasible Alternative to Overcome the
Liver Diseases 123 Limitation of Symbiotic 143
5.1 Probiotic Therapy 124 5.1 Alternative Functional Ingredients
5.2 Probiotic-Based Intervention for to Probiotics 143
Promoting Hepatic Health 124 5.2 Limitation in Prebiotics and
5.3 Prebiotics 125 Potential Solutions 144
6. Future Prospects 126 5.3 Antimicrobials’ Potential in
List of Abbreviations 126 Combinational Alternatives 144
Acknowledgments127 6. Conclusion 144
References127 Acknowledgments145
References145

Section III 12. The Role of Prebiotics in

Probiotics, Prebiotics, Symbiotics in Disease Prevention and
Intestinal Functions Health Promotion
Rabin Gyawali, Nwadiuto Nwamaioha,
11. Feasible Options to Control Rita Fiagbor, Tahl Zimmerman,
Colonization of Enteric Pathogens Robert H. Newman and Salam A. Ibrahim
With Designed Synbiotics
1. Concept of Prebiotics 151
Mengfei Peng, Puja Patel, Vinod Nagarajan, 2. Modulation of Gut Microbiota 152
Cassandra Bernhardt, Michael Carrion 3. Prebiotics Effects in Human Health 153
and Debabrata Biswas 3.1 Production of Short-Chain
1. Introduction 135 Fatty Acids 153
2. Probiotics and Its Role in the 3.2 Colon Cancer 154
Prevention of Enteric 3.3 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 155
Pathogen Colonization 136 3.4 Cardiovascular Disease 156
Contents ix

3.5 Type II Diabetes and Glycemic 5. Conclusions 187

Control157 List of Abbreviations 187
3.6 Weight Management 157 References188
3.7 Immune Function 158
4. Synbiotic Approach 158 15. Probiotics and Applications
5. Insight Into Prebiotics Effect on the to Constipation
Growth of Harmful Bacteria 161
6. Conclusions and Future Directions 163 Elena Scarpato, Vincenzo Coppola and
Acknowledgments163 Annamaria Staiano
References163 1. The Role of Microbiota in Gut
Motility193
13. Probiotics From Food Products 2. Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal
and Gastrointestinal Health Health193
3. Microbiota Alterations in Functional
Murat Doğan, İsmail Hakkı Tekiner and
Constipation194
Hilal DemirkesenBiçak
4. Probiotics in the Management of
1. Introduction 169 Functional Constipation 194
2. Probiotic Concept 169 5. Conclusions 195
3. Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics 170 References195
3.1 Antimicrobial Effects 170
3.2 Enhancement of Mucosal Barrier 16. New Functional Properties
Integrity171 of Fermented Rice Bran in
3.3 Immune Modulation 171 Food Processing and Inflammatory
4. Dietary Interventions of Probiotics Bowel Disease Model Mice
in Gastrointestinal Disorders 171
5. Probiotic Functional Foods, Status, Takashi Kuda
and Claims 172 1. Introduction 197
6. Conclusions 173 2. Preparation of Fermented Rice
List of Abbreviations 173 Bran for Ammonia Reduction in
References174 Shark Meat 198
3. Effect of Fermented Rice Bran on
14. Prebiotics for Gastrointestinal Ammonia Content and Preference
Infections and Acute Diarrhea Ranking in Shark and Other Fish Meat 199
Ignasi Azagra-Boronat, 4. Dietary and Lifestyle Disease Indices
Maria José Rodríguez-Lagunas, and Cecal Microbiota in High-Fat Diet,
Margarida Castell and Francisco J. Pérez-Cano Dietary Fiber-Free Diet, or DSS-Induced
IBD Models in Closed Colony Mice 199
1. Introduction 179 5. Protective Effects of FRB in
2. Gastrointestinal Infections 179 DSS-Induced IBD Model ICR Mice 200
3. Prebiotics: Types and Mechanisms 5.1 Total Phenolic Content and
of Action 181 Antioxidant Properties 201
3.1 Definition and Types of Prebiotics 181 5.2 Immune Promotion and
3.2 Mechanisms of Action in the Antiinflammation Activity in
Protection of Gastrointestinal Murine Macrophage
Infections181 RAW264.7 Cells 201
3.3 Microbiota-Dependent Mechanisms 181 5.3 Protective Effects of FRB-AES
3.4 Microbiota-Independent Mechanisms 183 in DSS-Induced IBD Model
4. Prebiotics in Gastrointestinal Diseases 183 ICR Mice 203
4.1 In Vitro Evidences 183 6. Conclusion 204
4.2 Evidences in Animal Models Acknowledgments204
of Infection 183 References204
4.3 Prebiotics in Human Infections Further Reading 206
of the Gastrointestinal Tract 186
xContents

Section IV Section V
Microbes and GI Tract Foods and Macro Dietary Materials
in GI Function
17. Zataria multiflora and
Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders 19. High-Fiber Diets in Gastrointestinal
T. Shomali Tract Diseases
1. Introduction 209 Ana Letícia Malheiros Silveira,
2. Beneficial Effects of ZM on Different Adaliene Versiani Matos Ferreira and
Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases 210 Mauro Martins Teixeira
2.1 Stomatitis and Intraoral Ulcers 210 1. Basic Concepts: Dietary Fiber 229
2.2 Gastric or Duodenal Ulcers 210 2. Gastrointestinal Tract and Microbiota
2.3 Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Interaction230
Inflammatory Bowel Disease 210 3. Stomach and Gastritis 231
2.4 Intestinal Infections 211 3.1 High-Fiber Diet in Gastritis 231
2.5 Colon Cancer Chemopreventive 4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease 232
Effect211 4.1 Microbiota and Inflammatory
2.6 Hepatoprotective Effects 211 Bowel Disease 232
2.7 Road Mapping for Future Studies 4.2 Dietary Fiber in Inflammatory
and Conclusion 211 Bowel Disease 233
References212 5. Mucositis 238
5.1 Microbiota and Mucositis 239
18. Influence of a Cocoa-Enriched Diet 5.2 Dietary Fiber in Mucositis 239
on the Intestinal Immune System 6. Conclusion 239
and Microbiota References240
Mariona Camps-Bossacoma,
Malen Massot-Cladera,
20. Dietary Interventions in Fatty Liver
Francisco J. Pérez-Cano and Zahra Yari and Azita Hekmatdoost
Margarida Castell
1. Introduction 245
1. Introduction 213 2. Soy 245
2. Cocoa Composition 213 3. Egg 246
3. Cocoa and Gut Microbiota 214 4. Nuts 246
3.1 Role of Cocoa Flavonoids on 5. Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics 246
Cocoa Microbiota Influence 215 6. Seal Oil (N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids) 247
3.2 Cocoa Fiber and Microbiota 216 7. Flaxseed 248
3.3 Cocoa Theobromine 8. Curcumin 248
and Microbiota 216 9. Resveratrol 248
4. Cocoa and the Intestinal Immune 10. Pomegranate 249
System217 11. Onion 249
4.1 Cocoa and the Intestinal Epithelium 217 12. Conclusion 250
4.2 Cocoa and the Intestinal References250
Immunoglobulin A 217
4.3 Cocoa and Gut-Associated 21. Rice Bran Usage in Diarrhea
Lymphoid Tissue Populations 218
5. Cocoa in Gastrointestinal Disease Shaohua Lei and Lijuan Yuan
and Food Hypersensitivity 219 1. Overall Health Benefits of Rice Bran
5.1 Influence of Cocoa Intake in Dietary Supplement 257
Intestinal Inflammation 219 2. Dietary Rice Bran Supplementation in
5.2 Food Allergy 220 Reducing Diarrhea 257
6. Conclusions 221 2.1 Diarrhea in Irritable Bowel
List of Abbreviations 222 Syndrome257
References222
Contents xi

2.2 Human Rotavirus–Induced Diarrhea 258 8. Impact of Storage Conditions and

2.3 Human Noroviruses–Induced Treatments270
Diarrhea259 8.1 Cold Storage 270
3. Mechanisms for Rice Bran Usage in 8.2 Pasteurization 271
Reducing Diarrhea 259 8.3 Bacteriophage 271
3.1 Antimicrobial and Antiviral 9. Biopreservative Potential of Raw
Activities260 Milk Microorganisms 272
3.2 Prebiotic and Microbiota 10. Human Health Association 272
Modulatory Properties 260 11. Pathogenic Bacteria Found in Milk 272
3.3 Effects on Intestinal Immunity 11.1 Listeria monocytogenes272
and Overall Health 260 11.2 Staphylococcus aureus272
4. Future Perspective 261 11.3 Escherichia coli272
References261 11.4 Salmonella 273
11.5 Coxiella burnetii273
22. Milk Bacteria and Gastrointestinal 11.6 Mycobacterium bovis273
Tract: Microbial Composition 11.7 Brucella 273
of Milk 11.8 Filamentous fungi 273
12. Health-Promoting Bacteria 273
Aseel T. Issa and Reza Tahergorabi 13. Conclusion 273
1. Introduction 265 Acknowledgments274
2. Sources of Milk Organisms 265 References274
3. Contamination in the Mammary
Glands265 23. Polyphenols in the Prevention of
4. Contamination Sources in the Ulcerative Colitis: A Revisit
External Environment 265
Elroy Saldanha, Arpit Saxena,
5. Contamination From Handling and
Kamaljit Kaur, Faizan Kalekhan,
Storage Equipment 266
Ponemone Venkatesh, Raja Fayad,
6. Microbial Composition of Milk From
Suresh Rao, Thomas George and
Different Sources 266
Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga
6.1 Cow Milk 266
6.2 Goat Milk 267 1. Introduction 277
6.3 Sheep Milk 267 2. Curcumin, the Active Component
6.4 Buffalo Milk 267 of Turmeric 277
6.5 Other Types of Milk 267 3. Resveratrol 278
7. Important Microorganisms Found 4. Quercetin 279
in Raw Milk 268 5. Kaempferol 279
7.1 Lactococcus268 6. Ellagic Acid 279
7.2 Bifidobacterium269 7. Rutoside or Rutin 280
7.3 Lactobacillus269 8. Green Tea Polyphenols in Colitis 280
7.4 Streptococcus269 9. Grape Seed Polyphenols 282
7.5 Propionibacterium269 10. Silymarin 282
7.6 Leuconostoc269 11. Polyphenols of Apple 282
7.7 Enterococcus269 12. Cocoa 284
7.8 Gram-Positive Subpopulations 270 13. Conclusions 284
7.9 Gram-Negative Subpopulations 270 List of Abbreviations 284
7.10 Fungal Populations 270 References285
7.11 Psychrotrophic 270

Index289
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List of Contributors
Amir Abbasnezhad Nutritional Health Research Center,
Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan
University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Andrés Acosta Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational
and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Aryashree Arunima School of Biotechnology, KIIT
University, Bhubaneswar, India
Ignasi Azagra-Boronat Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de
Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de
l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona,
Spain; Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària
(INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga Mangalore Institute of
Oncology, Mangalore, India
Ayse Gunes Bayir Department of Nutrition and Dietetics,
Faculty of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakif University,
Istanbul, Turkey
Cassandra Bernhardt Department of Animal and Avian
Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD,
United States
Jigar Bhagatwala Section of Gastroenterology and
Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of
Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
Debabrata Biswas Department of Animal and Avian
Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD,
United States; Biological Sciences Program - Molecular
and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College
Park, MD, United States; Center for Food Safety and
Security Systems, University of Maryland, College
Park, MD, United States
Gerardo Calderón Clinical Enteric Neuroscience
Translational and Epidemiological Research
(C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United
States
Mariona Camps-Bossacoma Secció de Fisiologia,
Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de
Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de
Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca
en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Santa
Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
Michael Carrion Biological Sciences Program - Molecular
and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College
Park, MD, United States
Margarida Castell Secció de Fisiologia, Departament
de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i
Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona
(UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca en Nutrició
i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de
Gramenet, Spain
Razieh Choghakhori Nutritional Health Research Center,
Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan
University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Vincenzo Coppola Department of Translational Medical
Sciences – Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples
“Federico II”, Naples, Italy
Jugal Kishore Das School of Biotechnology, KIIT
University, Bhubaneswar, India
Andrew S. Day Cure Kids Chair Paediatric Research,
Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago
Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
Hilal DemirkesenBiçak Istanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University,
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul,
Turkey
Murat Doğan Istanbul Gelişim University, Department of
Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Istanbul, Turkey
Raja Fayad Department of General Surgery, Father Muller
Medical College, Mangalore, India
Adaliene Versiani Matos Ferreira Department of
Nutrition, Nursing School, Federal University of Minas
Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Rita Fiagbor Food and Nutritional Sciences Program,
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC,
United States
Thomas George MBBS Student, Father Muller Medical
College, Mangalore, India
Rabin Gyawali Food and Nutritional Sciences Program,
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC,
United States
xiii
xiv List of Contributors
Azita Hekmatdoost Department of Clinical Nutrition
and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food
Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology
Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
J.M. Hutson Surgical Research Group, Murdoch
Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia;
Urology Department, The Royal Children’s Hospital,
Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics,
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Salam A. Ibrahim Food and Nutritional Sciences Program,
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC,
United States
Aseel T. Issa High Point Clinical Trials Center, High Point,
NC, United States
Faizan Kalekhan Mangalore Institute of Oncology,
Mangalore, India
Kamaljit Kaur Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public
Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC,
USA
I. Kearsey Surgical Research Group, Murdoch Children’s
Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Urology
Department, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne,
Australia
Huriye Senay Kiziltan Department of Radiation Oncology,
Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University,
Istanbul, Turkey
Abdurrahim Kocyigit Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University,
Istanbul, Turkey
Takashi Kuda Department of Food Science and Technology,
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology,
Tokyo, Japan
Shaohua Lei Department of Biomedical Sciences and
Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary
Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United
States
Malen Massot-Cladera Secció de Fisiologia, Departament
de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i
Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona
(UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca en Nutrició
i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Santa Coloma de
Gramenet, Spain
Johnson W. McRorie Jr. Procter & Gamble, Mason, OH,
United States
Zeinab Mokhtari Department of Clinical Nutrition and
Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food
Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology
Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Vinod Nagarajan Department of Animal and Avian
Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD,
United States
Robert H. Newman Department of Biology, North Carolina
A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
Nwadiuto Nwamaioha Food and Nutritional Sciences
Program, North Carolina A&T State University,
Greensboro, NC, United States
Puja Patel Biological Sciences Program - Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park,
MD, United States
Mengfei Peng Department of Animal and Avian Sciences,
University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United
States; Biological Sciences Program - Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park,
MD, United States
Francisco J. Pérez-Cano Secció de Fisiologia,
Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de
Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de
Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca
en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Santa
Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
Suresh Rao Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Mangalore,
India
Maria José Rodríguez-Lagunas Secció de Fisiologia,
Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de
Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de
Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca
en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Santa
Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
Elroy Saldanha Department of General Surgery, Father
Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
Arpit Saxena Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public
Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
Elena Scarpato Department of Translational Medical
Sciences – Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples
“Federico II”, Naples, Italy
Amol Sharma Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia,
Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
T. Shomali Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
Ana Letícia Malheiros Silveira Department of Nutrition,
Nursing School, Federal University of Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
B.R. Southwell Surgical Research Group, Murdoch
Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia;
Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, Australia

Annamaria Staiano Department of Translational Medical
Sciences – Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples
“Federico II”, Naples, Italy
Mrutyunjay Suar School of Biotechnology, KIIT
University, Bhubaneswar, India
Reza Tahergorabi Food and Nutritional Sciences Program,
College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences,
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State
University, Greensboro, NC, United States
Mauro Martins Teixeira Department of Biochemistry
and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal
University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
İsmail Hakkı Tekiner Istanbul Gelişim University,
Department of Gastronomy, Istanbul, Turkey
Ponemone Venkatesh Mangalore Institute of Oncology,
Mangalore, India
Zahra Yari Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics,
Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology,
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research
Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran
List of Contributors xv
Y.I. Yik Department of Pediatric surgery, University of
Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Lijuan Yuan Department of Biomedical Sciences and
Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary
Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
Wei Zhong Center for Translational Biomedical Research,
Department of Nutrition, School of Health and Human
Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro,
Kannapolis, NC, United States
Zhanxiang Zhou Center for Translational Biomedical
Research, Department of Nutrition, School of Health
and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at
Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, United States
Tahl Zimmerman Food and Nutritional Sciences Program,
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC,
United States
This page intentionally left blank

     
Biography

Ronald R. Watson, PhD, attended the University of Idaho but graduated from Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah,
with a degree in chemistry in 1966. He earned his PhD in biochemistry from Michigan State University in 1971. His post-
doctoral schooling in nutrition and microbiology was completed at the Harvard School of Public Health, where he gained
2 years of postdoctoral research experience in immunology and nutrition.
From 1973 to 1974, Dr. Watson served as an assistant professor of immunology and performed research at the University
of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson. He was an assistant professor of microbiology and immunology at the Indiana
University Medical School from 1974 to 1978 and associate professor at Purdue University in the Department of Food and
Nutrition from 1978 to 1982. In 1982, Dr. Watson joined the faculty at the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
in the Department of Family and Community Medicine of the School of Medicine. He is currently professor of health
promotion sciences in the Mel and Enid Zuckerman Arizona College of Public Health. Dr. Watson joined the faculty at
the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center in the Department of Family and Community Medicine of the School of
Medicine. His primary appointment now is professor of health promotion sciences in the Mel and Enid Zuckerman Arizona
College of Public Health. He has 14 patents on dietary supplement and health promotion. He continues to do research in
animals and in clinical trials on dietary supplements and health.
Dr. Watson is a member of national and international nutrition, immunology, cancer, and alcoholism research societies.
His patents are for antioxidant polyphenols in several dietary supplements including passion fruit peel extract, with more
pending. This results from more than 10 years of polyphenol research in animal models and human clinical trials. He had
done research on mouse AIDS and immune function for 20 years. For 30 years, he was funded by the NIH and foundations
to study dietary supplements in health promotion. Dr. Watson has edited more than 120 books on nutrition, dietary supple-
ments and over-the-counter agents, and drugs of abuse as scientific reference books. He has published more than 500
research and review articles.

Victor R. Preedy, BSc, PhD, DSc, FSB, FRCPath, FRSPH is attached to both the Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences
Division and the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. He is professor of Nutritional Biochemistry (Kings College
London) and professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon: Kings College Hospital). He is also director of the Genomics Center
and a member of the School of Medicine. Professor Preedy graduated in 1974 with an honours degree in Biology and
Physiology with Pharmacology. He gained his University of London PhD in 1981. In 1992, he received his Membership
of the Royal College of Pathologists and in 1993 he gained his second doctoral degree for his outstanding contribution
to protein metabolism in health and disease. Professor Preedy was elected as a Fellow to the Institute of Biology in 1995

xvii
xviii Biography

and to the Royal College of Pathologists in 2000. Since then, he has been elected as a Fellow to the Royal Society for
the Promotion of Health (2004) and the Royal Institute of Public Health (2004). In 2009, Professor Preedy became a
Fellow of the Royal Society for Public Health. In his career, Professor Preedy has carried out research at the National
Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated
with research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. Professor Preedy has a wide interest in diet–tissue
interactions and especially micronutrients. He has lectured nationally and internationally. To his credit, Professor Preedy
has published over 570 articles, which includes 165 peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, 90 reviews,
and over 40 books and volumes.
Acknowledgments

The work of Dr. Watson’s editorial assistant, Bethany L. Stevens, in communicating with authors and editors and working on
the manuscripts was critical to the successful completion of the book. It is very much appreciated. Support for Ms. Stevens’
and Dr. Watson’ editing was graciously provided by the Natural Health Research Institute (www.naturalhealthresearch.org)
and Southwest Scientific Editing & Consulting, LLC. The encouragement and support of Elwood Richard and Dr. Richard
Sharpee was vital. Direction and guidance from Elsevier’s staff Pat Gonzalez was critical. Finally, the work of the librar-
ian at the Arizona Health Science Library, Mari Stoddard, was vital and very helpful in identifying key researchers who
participated in the book.

xix
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