LAW ENFORCEMENT

OPERATIONS AND
PLANNING WITH CRIME
MAPPING (LEA 104)
AVELINO E ALERIA JR
CHAPTER I CONCEPT OF POLICE PLANNING
• WHAT IS PLAN?
Refers to an organize schedule or sequence of methodical activities that intends to guide
the attainment, the set of goals and objectives of a certain activity or operation.

• WHAT IS PLANNING?
It is a managerial function concerned with the formulation of future course of action
concerning an event, activities and or operations.

• WHAT IS POLICE PLANNING?

It is a systematic analysis of facts relative to law enforcement which will be the basis of
coming up with policy or decision that affects the law enforcement.
Operational Planning
- is the use of a rational design or pattern for all
departmental undertakings rather than relying
on chance in an operational environment
- It is the preparation and development of
procedures and techniques in accomplishing of
each of the primary tasks and functions of an
organization.
Police Operational Planning
- is the act of determining policies and guidelines for police
activities and operations and providing controls and
safeguards for such activities and operations in the
department.
- It may also be the process of formulating coordinated
sequence of methodical activities and allocation of
resources to the line units of the police organization for
the attainment of the mandated objectives or goals.
Goal
– a general statement of intention and typically
with a time horizon. It is an achievable end state
that can be measured and observed.

Objective
– a specific commitment to achieve a measurable
result with in a specific period of time.
Strategy– is a broad design, method; a plan to attain a stated
goal or objective.
Tactics– is a specific design, method, or course of action to
attain a particular objective in consonance with strategy.
Procedures– a sequence of activities to reach a point or to
attain that, which is desired.
Policy- is a set of principles, a product of prudence and
wisdom in the management of human affairs.
Guidelines- are rules of action for the rank and file to show
them how they are expected to obtain the desired effect.
WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES POLICE PLANNING?

• Increase the chances of success by focusing on the results and not so much
on the objectives.
• To establish a frame work for decision making that is consistent with the
organizational goal.
• To orient the member of law enforcement to be proactive and not
reactive.
 GUIDELINES IN PLANNING
USING THE CARDINAL QUESTION 5 W's AND 1 H

WHAT? - what are the mission's objective?

WHY? - Mission's rationale
WHEN? - THE CRITICAL TIME
WHERE? - LOCATION
WHO? - Personnel's
HOW? - The strategy
STRATEGIC PLANNING
- is a series of preliminary decisions on a framework,
which in turn guides subsequent decisions that
generate the nature and direction of an organization.
This is usually long-range in nature.
 THE PHASES OF STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS

• PHASE 1 – Missions and Objective Developments

• PHASE 2 – Determination of environmental threats and
opportunities
• PHASE 3 – Assessments of organizational strength and
weaknesses
• PHASE 4 – Formulation of alternative strategies
• PHASE 5 – Collation of data to develop strategic plan
• PHASE 6 – Development of Tactical plan
• PHASE 7 - Evaluation
 Approaches in Police planning
- A variety of approaches are employed in the planning
processes. Each is unique and can be understood as a
method of operationalizing the word planning. There are
basically five major approaches to planning which are:
(SITAR)
1.Synoptic Approach
2.Incremental Approach
3.Transactive Approach
4.Advocacy Approach
5.Radical Approach
 SYNOPTIC PLANNING OR THE RATIONAL
COMPREHENSIVEAPPROACH
• is the dominant tradition in planning.
• It is also the point of departure for most other
planning approaches.
• This model is based on a problem-oriented approach
to planning especially appropriate for police agencies.
• It relies heavily on the problem identification and
analysis of the planning process.
INCREMENTALPLANNING
• concludes that long range and comprehensive
planning are not only too difficult, but inherently
bad.
• The problems are seen as too difficult when they
are grouped together and easier to solve when
they are taken one at a time and broken down
into gradual adjustments over time
TRANSACTIVE PLANNING
• is carried out in face-to-face interaction with
the people who are to be affected by the plan
and not to an anonymous target community of
beneficiaries.
•Techniques include field surveys and
interpersonal dialogue marked by a process of
mutual learning
ADVOCACYPLANNING
• shows that beneficial aspects of this approach include
a greater sensitivity to the unintended and negative side
effects of plans.
RADICAL PLANNING
• Has two mainstream
• The first mainstream involves collective actions to
achieve concrete results in the immediate future.
• The second mainstream is critical of large scale social
processes and how they permeate the character of
social and economic life at all levels, which, in turn,
determine the structure and evolution of social
problems.
 SOURCE OF POLICY PLANS

• EXTERNAL POLICY – these are policy laid down by the

legislative branch of the government.

• INTERNAL POLICY - policy formulated by the law

enforcement organization in response to the mandates laid down by
external policy makers.
 CONSIDERATIONS IN POLICE PLANNING
1. Primary Doctrines
a. Fundamental Doctrines
b.Operational Doctrines
c.Functional Doctrines
2. Secondary Doctrines
a. Complimentary Doctrines
b.Ethical Doctrines
3. The Principles of Police Organization
4. Four (4) Primal Conditions of the Police Organization
 DOCTRINES OF POLICE PLANNING
PRIMARY DOCTRINES

FUNDAMENTAL DOCTRINE – these refers to the plans formulated in order

to guide the organization to attain its Vision, Mission and Objectives.

OPERATIONAL DOCTRINE – These are the principles and rules governing

the planning, organization and direction and employment of the PNP forces in the
accomplishment of basic security operational mission.

FUNCTIONAL DOCTRINE – it provides guidelines for specialized activities

such as personnel's, intelligence, operations, logistics, and others.
SECONDARYDOCTRINES

a. Complimentary Doctrines- Formulated jointly by

two or more bureaus in order to effect a certain
operation with regard to public safety and peace and
order.
b. Ethical Doctrines
- These define the fundamental principles governing the
rules of conduct, attitude, behavior and ethical norm of
the PNP.
- serve with utmost responsibility, integrity, morality,
loyalty and efficiency with due respect to human rights
and dignity.
 CHAPTER II
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
POLICE PLAN
According to coverage

Police Plans could be:

• Local Plans (within police precincts, sub
stations and stations)
• Regional Plans
• National Plans
According to Time

Police Plans are classified as:

1.Strategic or Long-Range Plan
2.Intermediate or Medium Range Planning
3.Operational or Short-Range Planning
1.Strategic or Long-Range Plan- It relates to plans
which are strategic or long range in application, and it
determines the organization’s original goals and
strategy.

Example: Police Action Plan on the Strategy DREAMS

and Program P-O-L-I-C-E 2000,
2. Intermediate or Medium Range Planning-

-It relates to plans, which determine quantity

and quality efforts and accomplishments. It
refers to the process of determining the
contribution on efforts that can make or
provide with allocated resources.
Example: 6 Masters Plans
• Master Plan Sandigan-Milenyo (Anti-Crime Master Plan)
• Master Plan Sandugo (Support to Internal Security
Operations Master Plan)
• Master Plan Banat (Anti-Illegal Drugs Master Plan)
• Master Plan Sang-Ingat (Security Operations Master Plan)
• Master Plan Saklolo (Disaster Management Master Plan)
• Sangyaman (Protection and Preservation of Environment,
Cultural Properties, and Natural Resources Master Plan)
3. Operational or Short-Range Planning

- Refers to the production of plans, which determine

the schedule of special activity and are applicable from
one week or less than a year duration. Plan that
addresses immediate needs which are specific and how
it can be accomplished on time with available allocated
resources.
Examples of OPLANS:
• Oplan Jumbo– Aviation Security Group Strategic Plan against
terrorist attacks
• Oplan Salikop– Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG)
Strategic Plan against Organized Crime Groups
• The TMG through its "OPLAN DISIPLINA" that resulted in the
apprehension of 110,975 persons, the confiscation of 470 unlawfully
attached gadgets to vehicles, and rendering various forms of
motorists’ assistance.
• OPLAN BANTAY DALAMPASIGAN that sets forth the operational
guidelines on the heightened security measures and sea borne
security patrols.
 TYPES OF PLANS IN GENERAL
1.Reactive Plans
2.Proactive Plans
3.Visionary Plans
4.Strategic Plans
5.Operational Plans
a. Standing Plans
b. Functional Plans
c. Operational-efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity
plans
d. Time-specific Plans
1.Reactive Plans- are developed as a result of crisis. A
particular problem may occur for which the
department has no plan and must quickly develop
one, sometimes without careful preparation.
2. Proactive Plans are developed in anticipation of
problems. Although not all police problems are
predictable, many are, and it is possible for a police
department to prepare a response in advance.
3. Visionary Plans- are essential statements that identify
the role of the police in the community and a future
condition or state to which the department can aspire.
4. Strategic Plans- are designed to meet the long-range,
overall goals of the organization. Such plans allow the
department to adapt to anticipated changes or develop
a new philosophy or model of policing.
5. Operational Plans (OPLANS)- are designed to meet
the specific tasks required to implement strategic plans
 Four (4) types of Operational Plan:

a. Standing Plans- provide the basic framework

organizational for vision responding problems. to The
and values, strategic statement, policies, procedures, and
rules and regulations are examples of standing plans.
b. Functional Plans include the framework for the
operation of the major functional units in the
organization, investigations. such as patrol and
c. Operational-efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity
plans are essentially the measures or comparisons to be
used to assess police activities and behavior (outputs)
and results (outcomes).
d. Time-specific Plans- are concerned with a specific
purpose and conclude when an objective is
accomplished or a problem is solved
 KINDS OF POLICE PLANS

1. Policy and Procedural Plans– to properly achieve the

administrative planning responsibility within the unit,
the Commander shall develop unit plans relating to
policies or procedure, tactics, operations, extra-office
activities and management.
a. Field Procedure– Procedures intended to be used in
all situations of all kinds shall be outlined as a guide to
officers and men in the field.- Examples of these
procedures are those related to reporting, to
dispatching, to raids, arrest, stopping suspicious
persons, receiving complaints, touring beats, and
investigation of crimes.
b. Headquarters Procedures– Included in these
procedures are the duties of the dispatcher, jailer,
matron, and other personnel concerned which may be
reflected in the duty manual. Procedures that involved
coordinated action on activity of several offices,
however, shall established separately as in the case of
using telephone for local or long distance calls, the
radio teletype, and other similar devices.
c. Special Operation Procedures– Certain special
operations also necessitate the preparation of
procedures as guides. Included are the operation of the
special unit charged with the searching and
preservation of physical evidence at the crime scenes
and accidents, the control of licenses, dissemination of
information about wanted persons, inspection of the
PNP headquarters, and the like.
2. Tactical Plans– These are the procedures for coping
with specific situations at known locations. Included in
this category are plans for dealing with an attack
against buildings with alarm systems and an attack
against the PNP headquarters by lawless elements.
3. Operational Plans– These are plans for the
operations of special divisions like the patrol, detective,
traffic, fire and juvenile control divisions. Operational
plans shall be prepared to accomplish each of the
primary police tasks.
4. Extra-office Plans– The active interest and the
participation of individual citizen is so vital to the
success of the PNP programs that the PNP shall
continuously seek to motivate, promote, and maintain
an active public concern in its affairs.
5. Management Plans– Plans of management shall map
out in advance all operations involved in the
organization management of personnel and material
and in the procurement and disbursement of money.
Standard Operating Procedures- Products of police
operational planning adopted by the police
organization to guide the police officers in the conduct
of their duties and functions, especially during field
operations.
SOP#01- Police Beat Patrol Procedures- basic procedures
to be observed by all PNP units and mobile patrol elements
in the conduct of visibility patrols.
SOP #02- Bantay Kalye- deployment of 85% of the PNP in
the field to increase police visibility and intensifies
nationwide. anti-crime campaign
SOP#03- Siyasat- guidelines in the conduct of inspections
to ensure police visibility.
SOP#04- React 166- prescribes the procedures in detail of
duty officers, telephone operators and radio operators and
their term of duty and responsibilities.
SOP#05- Ligtas (Anti-Kidnapping)- PNP's guidlines in its fight
against kidnapping activities.
SOP#06- Anti-Carnapping- prescribes the condudct of an all
out and sustained anti carnapping campaign.
SOP#07- Anti-Terrorism- prescribes the operational guidelines
in the conduct of operations against terrorist and other
lawless elements involved in terrorist activities.
SOP#08- Joint Anti-Bank Robbery Action Committee (Anti-
Bank Robbery)- provides overall planning, coordination and
monitoring to ensure successful implementation.
SOP#09- Anti-Hijacking/Highway Robbery guidelines and
concepts of operations to be observed in the conduct of
anti-highway robbery/hold-up/hijacking operations.
SOP#10- Paglalansag/Pagaayos-Hope concept of operations
and tasks of all concerned units in the campaign against
partisan armed groups and loose fire.
SOP#11- Manhunt Bravo (Neutralization of Wanted
Persons)- concept of operation task of all concerned units in
the neutralization of wanted persons.
SOP#12- Anti-Illegal Gambling- fight against all forms of illegal
gambling nationwide.
SOP#13- Anti-Squatting- campaign against professional
squatters and squatting syndicates.
SOP#14- Jericho- undertaken by the NHQ of PNP in the
establishment of quick reaction group that can be detailed
with the office of the SILG.
SOP#15- Nena (anti-Prostitution/Vagrancy) operation thrust
to be undertaken by the PNP that will spearhead the fight
against prostitution and vagrancy
SOP#16- Anti-Pornography- guidelines in enforcing the ban
on pornographic materials.
SOP#17- Guidelines in the Conduct of Arrest, Search, and
Seizure- procedures and manner of conducting an arrest,
raid, search, and/or seizure.
SOP#18- Schematic Diagram of Sandigan Master Plan
SOP#19-Anti-Illegal Logging SOP#20-Anti-Illegal Fishing
SOP#21-Anti-Illegal Drugs
Steps in Planning

1.Analysis of opportunity(SWOT)
2.Identify aim
3.Explore options
4.Selection of best option
5.Detailed planning
6.Plan evaluation
7.Plan implementation 8. Closure of plan
 CHAPTER III
CRIME MAPPING
CRIME MAPPING

- identifies not only where the actual crime took place, but
also looks at where the perpetrator “lives, works, and
plays” as well as where the victim “lives, works, and plays.”
Crime analysis has identified that the majority of criminals
tend to commit crimes within their comfort zones, and
crime mapping is what allows police and investigators to
see where that comfort zone might be.
- the process of using a geographic information system to
conduct spatial analysis of crime problems and other
police related issues.
Types of Crime Mapping

1.Single-Symbol Mapping
- In single-symbol maps, individual, uniform symbols
represent features such as the locations of stores, roads, or
states.-
- Display all features with the same symbol.
2. Graduated Mapping
- Crime analysts often use graduated maps
- that is, maps in which different sizes or colors of features
represent particular values of variables.
3. Chart Mapping
- Chart mapping allows the crime analyst to display several
values within a particular variable at the same time.
4. Density Mapping
- In density mapping, analysts use point data to shade surfaces
that are not limited to area boundaries.
5. Interactive Crime Mapping
- Rather than a type of mapping, the term interactive crime
mapping refers to simplified geographic information
systems made available to novice users over the Internet.