T H E C O MP L E T E

G A RD E N
BY

A L B ER T D TAY LO R M S A
.
, . . .

ASSISTED BY

GO R DON D COOPE R B S A
.
, . . .

ILLUSTRATE D W ITH mm P UL L PAG E

CUT S, P OUR LI N E CHARTS AND ,

NI N E C O LO URE D PL ATE S

G A RD E N C I TY , N . Y .
,
A N D TO RO N TO
DOU B L E D A Y , PA G E C O MP A N Y
1 92 1
 MAXI L IB R AR Y -
AG P ’
C U LT U R E D E F T .

CO PYRI G H T, 1 9 2 1 , B Y

D O U B L E D AY , P AG E COMPANY
C
AL L RI G HTS RE S E RV E D , I N L UD I NG TH AT O F TRANS LATI ON
I NT O FORE IG N LANG UAG E S , C C
I N L UD I NG TH E S AND I NAV I A N

M AT GAI DI N CITY, N Y . 0. 8 . A
.
 P R E FAC E

R EA S ON S FOR TH I S B oo n The auth o r h a s fo r some time felt that

.

the re wa s n eeded i n the l a n d sc a pe fi eld es pecially by the am a teur

,

ga rden er a book of thi s type H e h a s b e li eve d that s uch a book would

, .

be of value to eve ryon e who i s inte rest e d i n the import a nt wo rk of

l an d sc a pe pl a n ti n gs not on ly t o the a ma t e ur but to the expert g a r
,

d en e r a n d to the p ro pe rty own e r wh o h a s m a de a n exh a u stive study of

pl a n t uses an d pl a n t adapt ati on s .

On e of the re a son s fo r the p u blication o f th ese pla n ti n g li st s for differ

e nt p u rpose s i s th a t it p rovides a pe rma n en t rec o rd fo r fu t ure referen ce .

Th e re i s no good re a son why a l an d scap e archit e ct thoro ughly famili a r ,

a s a res ult of ye ars o f e xpe ri e n c e study a n d ob se rvati o n with the u

, , , se of

pla nt s s hould devot e h i s ti me a n d t ho ught to the compila tion of lists

o f pl a n t s fo r diff e ren t pu rp os es s uch a s wild ga rden s sp ri n g ga rden s
, , ,

rock g a rden s a n d bog ga rden s i n co nn ectio n with some s p ec i fic p roblem

,

on ly to have e a ch li st of m a te ri a l cea se to exi st for the use of others as ,

soo n a s the work i n question i s complet e d Plan t li st s compiled by

.

c a p a ble lan d sc a pe a rchitect s a re too freq uen tly used on ly for one
p ro blem thus re q ui rin g the n ext ma n who sta rt s to wo rk upon a
,

s i mil a r p roble m to b e gi n h i s st u dy n ot whe re the oth er ma n left off

, ,

bu t a t the same poin t whe re the othe r man b e g a n duplic a tin g work an d
,

wa stin g much ti me a n d ene rgy It i s not me a nt to i m ply that a ll

.

orn a men tal pl a n t s c a n be con fined within de fin i t e st an d a rdized li st s

fro m which thos e who attempt to select pl a n t s fo r a sp ec i fic pu rpose
must choose It i s the a utho r s si n ce re fee lin g th at li st s of pl a nt s
.
’

compile d as the res ult of t h e differen t st udie s a n d in ve stigation s con

ti n u a lly bei n g m a de , i n co n n ection with t h e la n d sc a pe p roblem s of
ma n y client s ma y be a ccepte d a s a sta rtin g poi n t o r a referen ce beyon d
,

which a planter i s at full libe rty to go wh en he wi she s to use s pecies an d

va rieties which a re un us ual a n d ra re or wh e never the con ditions of h i s
,

spec i fi c p roble m re qui re i t .

The res pon s ibility for t h e o rigi n a l ide a con ce ived a s a b as is for the
developmen t o f th i s book ma y be t raced to t h e autho r s e xpe rien ce i n ’

c lassroom wo rk a n d i n te a chin g . In this fie ld of wo rk from a pe d a ,

vi PR E FACE
g g
o i c a l s t dpoint h e h a s felt the n eed o f a s ystem atic c la ssi fic at i on
a n , ,

b ased upon the a ssoci ation o f ideas which would a i d i n remembe rin g
a n d g ro u pin g pla nt s Th ro ugh lea rn in g to know pl a n t s by thei r
.

group a ssociation s a comp reh en s ive knowledge of them may be ga th

e re d a n d retai ned with little effo rt One of the e a s iest wa ys of memo
.

ri z i n g i s th rough the ass oci a tio n o f ideas Thi s i s the fun dament a l
.

p rin ciple upon which the in fo rmation i n the v a rious groups i s b ased .

Th e s a me con dition h as b een foun d i n offi ce wo rk Men with the .

grea test ran ge of kn owle dge cove rin g the i d en t i fic a t i on of plant s an d

t h e bota n ical c la ss i fic at i on o f pl a n t s have fo u
n d a s m a lle r book o f

thi s ki n d in dis pens abl e a s a re a dy remi n de r of the possibilities of plan t

uses wh en wo rkin g o ut pl a ntin g design s
,
.

Th e fi rst ab ridge d e dition of thi s boo k w as p ubli s hed i n 1 9 1 6 ,

p ri ma rily fo r the use o f the a utho r an d a few o f h i s frien d s i n p ro

fessi on a l wo rk It wa s l a rgely local i n ch a ra ct e r It h a s met wit h
. .

su ch a fa vou rable reception howe ve r a n d so m a n y re quest s have been

, ,

received a s ki n g that a book o f thi s ki n d b e con tin ued an d that the fie ld ,

b e cove re d by comp re hen sive in fo rmation th at thi s revis ed edition i s ,

t h e res ult

O BJ E CT OF TH I S B OOK It i s hoped th at thi s book will se rve a s a

.

re a dy re fe ren ce to thos e who h a ve n o autho rit ative so u rce o f in fo rm a

tion a n d who se limited O ppo rtun ity an d limited ti me for ob servation

,

h a ve n ot en a bled the m to b eco me familia r with a wide ra n ge of mate ri a l s ,

an d to k ee p fa milia r with i t Thi s i n fo rmation i s n ot compiled for the

.

p urpose of t a kin g t h e pl a c e of t h e se rvice s of a p rofe ssion a l lan d sc a pe

a rc hit ec t wh e re t h e p robl e m i s o f s u
, ffi c i en t m a gn it ude to j usti fy hi s
e mploy men t . Thi s boo k will a ssi st those wh o h a vin g n o available
,

so u rc e s o f re li a ble in fo rmati on a t h a n d a re p ro n e to a c ce pt the advi ce

,
“ ”
of l a n d sc a pe quac ks an d sel f style d l a n d sc a pe a rchit ect s wit h littl e
-

t ra i ni n g.

Th e q u e stio n i s o ft en a s k e d Wh a t plant s c a n I use for a sp ec i fic

,
”
p urpose ? Thi s i s a s ked by both p rofession a l l a n d sc a pe a rc hitect s
a n d by own e rs o f p rope rti e s Thi s book will pl a c e at the dis posal of
.

su c h p e rson s a li st o f pl a n t s fro m which s p eci e s a n d v a rieties may b e

s elect e d a dvi s edly .

The di scussion doe s n ot by a n y mean s rep re se nt a co mplete study

of thi s s u bject It Wi ll t a ke ye a rs of che cki ng ve ri fic at i on a n d
.
, ,

c ritici s m b e fo re a comp a ct c o mpil a tio n of thi s m a t e ri a l c a n be put i nto

,
 P R E FACE vii
fin a l hape which will be valua ble a s a referen ce i n all section s of the
s

coun t ry where pl an t s ot he r th a n t ropic a l a re used fo r l a n d sc a pe effect s

, .

The co rrect select ion of plan t s fo r v a rious pu rpose s in l an d sc a pe wo rk

i s but a p a rt o f t h e s ucce ss o f l a n d sc a pe pl an ti n gs On e s ho uld kn ow
.

n ot on ly the co rrect u se o f pl a n t s a s in dic a ted i n the se list s but t hei r

,

la n d sc a pe v a lue from the st a n dpoi nt o f thei r ad a pt atio n to des ign an d

compos ition a s well as how to pl ant an d to m a int a in th em Fo r those
, .

unfamili a r with plant m ateri a ls t h e in form ation i n thi s book should be

s upplemen ted with a ddition a l in form ati on which may be ea sily
p roc ured from desc ription s i n n u rsery c at a logues en cyclopedias an d
, ,

ga rden books .

TH E E ss z m ut CHA RA CT ER or TH E B OO K . The main idea beh i n d

this method of compili n g i n formation fo r the use of those in tere sted in
lan d sc a pe plan tin gs i s th at of p rovidin g a co mp a ct refe ren ce man ua l
fro m which fu n dame n t a l in fo rmatio n c a n be e as ily obt a i n ed In .

“ ”
re ality it i s mo re i n the fo rm o f a l a n d sc a pe diction a ry The
.

ch a pte rs which h a ve been in t rod uced i nto thi s volume a re a s e ries of

s umm a rize d fu n d a men t a l p rin ciples with referen ce to t he res pective

chapte r headin gs, an d they a re n ot i n the fo rm of many m a ga zin e

articles, so compiled as to be interesti n g to man y pe rson s wh o rea lly
re a d the a rticl e s, not a lway s b e c a us e o f the fa c t s i n th e m, b ut bec a use

of the c a mou fl a ge d o u tli n es .

TH E S YST E M or NOM E NC LATURE In the compil a tion of the pl a n t

.

list s an d gen e rally th roughout the text of the book a n e a rn est effo rt
, ,

h as b een m a de to con fo rm to t h e recommen d a tion s of the Am e ric a n

J oi n t C ommittee on H o rtic ult ura l No men cl a t ure a s a d o pt e d and

published i n the 1 9 1 7 ofli c i a l code of st a n d a rdize d pl an t n a mes The .

t wo n ew rulin gs of thi s committee reg a rdin g bot a n ic a l n a m es a l s o h a ve

bee n a dopted Th ese rulin gs a re th at a ll b ot a n ic a l n a m es except
.

the gene ric n a me sh a ll b e gi n with a lowe r c a se let t e r an d not with a

c a pit a l letter ; an d secon d th at i n the c a s e of a ll sp ec i fic n a mes h e reto
,
“ ” “
fo re en din g i n a do uble i on e o f th e se i s sh a ll be d roppe d
”
’
. Th us
B erberi : Thu n bergi i will b ec o me B erberi : thu n bergi . S ince thi s code
fa i ls to co ve r m an y ho rticultura l v a rietie s o f plan t s it h as sometimes
see med wi se r to follow the n o me n cl a t u re of B a iley s St an d a rd Cyclo
’

pedia of Ame ric an Hortic ultu re especi a lly i n t h e c a se o f ga rd en fo rms

,

of pla n ts . An effort h as been made to hn d t h e most gen e ra lly a ccepted

vi ii P R E FACE
common n a me for e a ch pl an t ; or whe re no ne was a vailab le to in ven t a , ,

common n ame which would be desc riptive of the plant an d help ful in
fix i n g i t s v a luable ch a ra cte ri stic s i n mi n d .

AC K NOW LE DGME NT S Fo r n otes on the be haviou r of the newer

.

in t rod uction s an d for va l ua ble assi stan ce i n the checkin g of the pl ant
lis t s the a uthor i s in debted to M H Ho rvath L an d sc a pe Arc h itect . .
, ,

Cle vel an d Ohio an d to H en ry Koh an ki e N urse rym a n Pain es ville

, , , , ,

Ohio bot h of whom h a ve don e i mpo rtan t work i n the int roduction
,

an d testi n g o f man y so rts o f pl an t s .

For man y v a luable ob se rv a tion s on the behaviour h a rdi nes s an d , ,

a d a pt a bility o f o rn a me nt a l pl an t s i n thei r res pectiv e s ection s of the

coun t ry the autho r i s in d ebte d to Cha rles H R a msd ell Lan d scape .
,

Archit ect a n d Phelp s Wy ma n L a n d scape A rchitect of Mi nn eapoli s

, , , ,

Mi n n esot a a n d to A M H ill Nu rse ryman of D un d ee Illinoi s

, . .
, , , .

In a ddition the author i s in debted : Fo r li st s o f pl an ts a dapted to the

South Atla ntic States to Ch a rles F Gillet te L an d sc a pe Architect
, .
, ,

Ri c hmon d Vi rgi n ia a n d to E a rle D rape r L an d sc a pe A rchit ect

, , , ,

Ch a rlott e No rth Ca roli n a ; a n d fo r li st s of pl a n t s a d a pted to t h e

,

Oregon a n d Wa shin gton Co a st a l Plai n to Profe ssor Arthur L Peck .

of t h e Ore go n S t a te A gric u lt ura l College at Co rv a lli s Oregon , .

Fo r li st s o f plan t s an d mu ch i n fo rmation con cern in g pl a ntin g a n d

see di n g method s i n Fl o rid a the a u tho r i s in d e bted to E N R ea son er . .
,

Nurse ry ma n Oneco F lo rid a ; H H H ume Nurse rym a n Glen St

, , . .
, , .

M a ry s Florida a n d C L Whipp Flori st J a c kson ville Florida

’
, , . .
, , , .

Fo r much valuable i n fo rm a tion a bout the p re p a ra tion of lawn s an d

golf course fa i rways a n d green s i n Flo rida t h e a utho r i s i n debt ed t o
O B R och e S upe ri nt en d en t o f the Pa lm Be a ch Go l f Cou rse Palm
. .
, ,

Bea ch Florid a an d to J R Va n K lee k S eb ri n g F lo rid a

, ,
. .
, , .

Fo r n um erous p ractic a l s uggesti on s cove ri n g l a n d sc a p e uses a nd

n ot e s on the p ropagation a n d ma i n ten an ce o f a ll so rt s o f o rn ame nt a l
“
pl a nt s the write r than ks Ge orge J a c ques S upe ri n t en dent of Gwinn , ,

B rat en a hl Village Ohio ; J R B rydon S upe ri n t en d en t of Glen

,
“
. .
,

Allen Clevel a n d Ohio a n d E O Orp et formerly S upe ri nten de nt at

”
, , , . .
,
“ ”
Wa lden La ke Forest Illi n oi s
, , .

For un selfi sh devotion to t h e oft en times un i n t eresti n g wo rk of copy

re a di n g checki n g an d i n d exi n g without which thi s wo rk would n ev er
, , ,

h a ve been completed m uch c redit i s d ue to t h e followi n g membe rs of t he

,

autho r s offi c e st afi : Gordon D Coope r W Hoxie H ill a ry Lucie L

'
’
.
, .
, .
 P R E FA C E ix

F ren ch E lean o r H ill s Ch ri sti e J R Va n K leek E H Trout F ra n k B

, , . .
, . .
, .

Meyer an d Ann e C Thompson

,
. .

Fo r man y o f the ill ust ra tio n s i n thi s book t h e a utho r i s i n debted t o

the followi n g pe rson s
M a ttie E dwa rd s H ewitt for pl a tes Nos 1 2 2 1 2 6 44 a n d 48 ; .
, , , ,

Th e D H ill N urse ry Co mp an y fo r pl a t e No 1 7 ;
. .

M a ry E E a ton fo r pl a tes No s 3 1 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 8 3 9 46 a n d 49 ;
. .
, , , , , , ,

Mr an d Mrs F F P ren ti ss fo r pl a tes Nos 1 1 20 47 5 2 5 3 a n d

. . . . .
, , , , ,

60 ;
Mr W G M a th e r fo r pl a tes Nos 1 1 5 2 4 27
. . . .
, , , , and 28 ;
J H
. o ra ce Mc Fa rla n d Comp a n y for pl a te s No s . 1 8, 22, 23 ,

4 1 : 6
43 : 5 , 5 72 a nd 8
5 ;
Woodl a wn Cemete ry Associ a tion fo r pl a te No 42 ; .

The W m H Moo n Comp a n y for pl a te No 7 ;

. . .

Na th a n R G ra ves Compan y for pl a te No 3 3 ;

. .

Mr an d Mrs W A Thoma s fo r pl a te No 5 1 ;
. . . . .

Mr a n d Mrs Ch a rles F L a n g fo r pl a t es Nos 4 5 a n d

. . . .
54;
Mr a n d Mrs Ch a rles Re ed fo r pl a t e No 1 9
. . . .

F UT U R E COO PE RATI O N I N V I T E D Co rrection s a n d c ritici sm s will be .

a lw a y s welcomed by t h e a u th o r a n d thi s vol um e will be en l a rged a n d ,

co rrected a s con dition s j usti fy .

A L B E RT D . TAY LO R .

P p
r os ect a n d Farty s i xth Streets ,
-

Clevela nd , Oh i o .

August 1 , 1 9 20 .
 C O N TE N TS
PR EFAC E

PART I

G EN ERAL PLANTI NG Suc c ns rxon s

DAG!

Introd ucti on

Pl an ti ng and Seed i ng Se a son s .

Pruni ng

Pl anti ng a nd Tran s p l a nti ng

Lawn s
B ulb Cult ure
Ma i n t en an c e
W i nt er Prot e c t i on a nd Mulch i ng .

PART II

L1sr s FOR R E F E RE NC E
Evergreens
—
A Most h a rd y
—
B B est a d a p t ed foru se in mi d west -

—
C No t a d a p t e d fo r use i n mi d west
-

—
D Ad a p t e d to p a rt i a l s h a d e i n wood ed a re a s
—
E Low growi ng forma l
-
, t y p es

St ree t a n d Aven u e Pl a n ti ng
—
A Tre e s wh i c h a re e n t i rely h a rd y und er a l cond i l
t i on s
—
B Tree s wh i c h sh ou ld b e select ed wi t h a t h orough
k n owle d g e o f t h e c on d i t i on s un d e r wh i c h t h ey a re

t o be u se d
—
C Trees wh i c h sh ou ld n ever b e u sed o n st ree t s .

Pl an t s for Use i n Con g e st e d Ci t y Di st ri ct s

—
A Trees
—
B Sh rub s
 CONT ENT S
“ AM I

Pl an t s for H ed ges
—
A B a rri ers
a. Hold i ng le a ves d uri ng w mt er
b Not h oldi n g le a ves d u
. ri ng wi n t er
—
B E d gi ngs fo r wa lk s a n d fo r g a rd en bo rd ers .

—
C W i n d bre a k s a n d soli d s c reens
—
D Pri va cy
—
E H ed ges for b le k exp osu a res

a. La t e foli age
b Close sh e a ri n g
.

c Un sh e a re d low h e d ge s
.

d F ru
. i t i n g h e d ge
e Sh a d y p l a c e s
. .

Pl an t s fo r Bord er Pl a nt i n g
—
A Masse s fo r refi n ed l awn a re a s
a Low growi n g sh ru
.
-
bs
b Med i u
. m g rowi ng sh rubs
-

c Ta ll g rowi n g sh ru
.
-
bs
llect ed
.

—
B Ma sse s co n si st i ng most ly of n a ti ve co

a
sh ru

b Me d i u
.
bs
Low growi ng sh r bs
-

m growi ng sh rub s
-
u
c Ta ll g rowi n g sh ru
.
-
bs .

Accent an d Sp e c i men Trees an d Sh rubs

—
A Tree s
a. Accen t men t re es
a n d s pe c i .

b Co lumn a r
. a n d p yra mi d a l t re e s
—
B Sh rub s

Pl a n t s Va lua b l e for Use i n Roc k G a rd e n s, i n J a p anese

G a rd en s, a n d i n W a ll Cre vi ce s

u
—
A Eve rg ree n s
—
B De c i d uou s t re es a d s
n h r bs
—
C Pe re n n i a ls

Pl a nt s fo r H e a vy , Forma l Effe c t s
—
A Bo rd e r p la n t i n g
—
B Top i a ry wo rk a n d c l ose sh e ai r ng

a . Eve rgree n
b . De c i d uo us
—
C G rowi n g m t ubs
 CONT ENTS x i ii
PA“

—
D Trees a n d sh r ub s fo r a llees
a . Ple a c h ed
b Not p le a c h ed (op en
. a llees)
1 De c i d uo us
.

E vergreen
2 . .

Pl an t s for Na t ura l I n fo rma l Effe c t s

,

—
.

Lo w G rowi ng Pl an ts Along t h e Inner Si d o

f Cu
e rvmg
R oa d ways a nd at Ent ran ces
—
A E vergreen .

—
B De c i d uous .

Tree s a n d Sh rubs for Difi e

'

i i
'
en : Flowen ng Eflect s
'

—
A Prod uci ng flowers 1n e a rly s p ri ng before lea ves
a p pe a r
—
B Prod uci ng flowers 1n ea r ly sp ri ng a
ft er lea ves
a p pea r
—
C Prod uc i n g flowers d uri ng e a rly su mmer
—
D Prod u c i n g flowers d u ri ng la t e summer and e arly
a fit umn
—
E Prod u c i n g flowe rs 1 n sh a des of re d an d i n
k
p
a . E a rly
fi oweri ng sort s
-

b La te sp ri ng a n d su
. mmer floweri ng sort s -

—
F P1 od uc i ng yellow flowers
'

a E a rly fioweri ng sorts

.
-

b La t e sp ri ng a n d su
.
—
mmer floweri ng so rt s
—
G Prod u c i n g whi t e flowe rs

a E a rly fioweri ng sort s

.
-

b La t e sp ri ng a n d su
. mmer fioweri ng sort s -

—
H Prod u ci ng b l u e flowe rs
—
I Con t i n u ou s b loo m fro m twelve sh ru bs
Pl ants Va l ua ble fo r t h e Ch arac t eri st i c s of Th ei r Frui t .

—
A Prod u ci ng fru i t of p e c u li a rly i nt e rest i ng form or
si z e
—
B Prod u ci n g fru i t v lu a b
a le for u s col u r effect s o .

—
C Prod u ci ng fru i t va lua b le d u ri ng t h e wi n t e r mon t h s
—
D Prod u c i n g fru i t va l ua ble fo r a tt ra ct i n g bi rd s .

2 Frui t i ng i n summe r
.

b H old i ng fru
. i t i n t o t h e w1 n t er mon t h s
c Bi 1 d s a tt ra ct ed b y fru
.
'
i ts
—
E Prod u c i n g fru i t wh i c h a t t ra c t s b i d s awa y from i
'

ot h e r fru i ts
—
F Prod uc1 ng frui t wh i ch oft en ma k es t h e p l a nt und e
si ra bl e 1 n l a n d sc a pe p la n t i ng
xi v CONT ENTS

Trees a nd Sh rubs Bea ri ng Co loured Twi gs

Pl ants Va l u a ble Bec a use of th e Autumn Co loura ti on of

t h e Le a ves
—
A E arly
—
B Med i u m
—
C La te
a . r
Co loued foli age .

b Green foli age

.

XXI II .
—
F ast Growi ng Types Va lua ble for Prod uc i ng Screen Effe ct s
—
A Tree s
—
B Sh rubs
Pl ant s Ad a pted t o Va ri ous Ty pes of Soi l Con d i t i on s
—
A Boggy a n d pe aty soi ls
a . Boggy ua t i o n s
si t

Pe a ty
b . si t ua t i ons .

—
B Li gh t , s a n d y l
soi s .

2 Trees
.

b Sh ru
. bs
c . Vi n es
—
C H e a vy t y es o f soi s
p l
Trees
a.

b Sh ru
. bs
c Vi n es
. .

—
D Tre e s t olera nt of a lk a li soi l s
—
E D ro ug h t re si s t i-
n g p lan t s

Pl ant s fo r Exp osed La k e Fron t a nd R i ver Co ndi ti ons .

—
A Trees
—
B Sh rubs
—
C Vi n e s
Trees a nd Sh rubs fo r Se a s d e la nt i ng i I ’

—
A Pl a nt s h ard y u n d e r t h e seve re ex posure of t h e

Nort h At la n ti c Coa st
a Dec i d uous t rees
.

b Con i fe rs
.

c Sh 1 ub s
.
'

—
B Pla nts h a rd y m t h e less seve re se asi d e ex posure s .

a Deci d uous trees

.

b Co n i fers
.

c Sh rubs
.

XXVI ] . Pl a nt s fo r Pa rt i a lly Sh a d ed Lo c a t i o n s
 CONT ENTS
m n u
XXVI II . Pl ants for Un d e rgrowt h Plan t i ng i n W oo d ed Areas
—
A Sh ru bs a n d sma ll t ree s
—
B Grou n d c ove r p lan t s
-

Pl an t s for Gro u n d Cove r

—
A Moi st loc a t i o ns
—
B D ry loc a ti on s
—
C Sh a d y loc a t i on s
—
D Fems
a. D ry, sh a d y p la ce s
b Moi st , sh a d y p l a ce s
. .

—
E Emb an kme n t s a n d roc k y 8 10pe s
a. Sh rubs
b Pe renn i a ls
.

c Vi n es
.

o
.

—
F Small flowen ng a n d f li a ge p l a nt s fo r c revi ces be
-

tween st ep p i ng st o n es a n d fo r p a ved t erra c e a reas

-

—
G Pere nn i a ls a d a p t ed to op en s u n n y ex p osu res
—
H G ro u n d c ove r a mon g rh od od e n d rons an d az a le as .

—
I G rou n d c over among rose s

G ame Cover Pla n t s

—
A Foli age bud s , , an d blossoms (Sp ri ng c ove r )
—
B Nut s o r see d s (A utumn c ove r)

Perenni a l s for Di fle ren t Pu

'

rpo ses
—
A H a rd y p ere n ni als fo r gene ra l u se
—
B Pere nn i a l s a c cord i n g to colo u r a n d se ason .

a .Perenn i als for sp ri ng p u — rp l e, l a ven d e r, or bl u e

flowers
—
b Pere nn i a l s fo r s p n n g wh i t e flowers
.

c Pe ren n i a ls fo r sp ri n g
.
— p i n k t o cn m so n fl ow e rs
—
d Perenn i a l s fo r sp ri n g yellow to o ra nge flowers
—
. .

e Peren n i a l s fo r su
. mmer p urp le, l a vend e r, or bl u e

flowers
f Peren n i a l s fo r su
.
—
mmer wh i t e flowe rs
P ere nn i a l fo r sum m er — p i n k t o c ri m so n flow e rs
g . s

h Peren n i a l s fo r su
.
—
mmer yellow to ora n ge flowers
i Pe re nn i als fo r a u
. tu —
mn p urp le , la ven d e r, or bl u e

flowers
.Pe ren n i a l s fo r a utumn Wh it e l
— lowers
k Pe ren n i a ls fo r a u
. tu —
mn p i nk to c t i mso n flowers
I Peren ni al s fo r a u
. tu —
mn yellow to orange flowers
xv i CONT ENT S
CH A R ]!
—
C Peren ni a ls for na tura li z i ng i n wi ld g a rd e n a re as

aTa ll t y pe s
.

b Low t y p es
.

—
D Pe re n ni a ls for lon g fl weri ng peri oo d
—
E Peren ni a l s seld om u se d 1 n sma ll , refin e d , fo rma l
g a rd e n s

F Perenni als to supp ly perp e t ua l b loom

G Peren ni als for u se among p eo n i e s

H Pere n n i a ls fo r goo d bloo mi ng comb1 n at 1 on s

I Peren n i als va lua ble fo r cu t flowe rs .

J P e r e n n i a ls wh i c h sh o uld b e t re a t e d as b i e n n i a l s

K Peren n i a l s t o be t ra n sp l a nt ed fre q u e n tl y .

a To b e d i vi d e d every t wo ye a rs
.

b To b e d i vi d ed eve ry t h ree ye a rs
.

c To b e d i vi d e d e a c h ye a r
.

—
L Perenn i a ls for w a t er pla n t i n g
a . De ep wa ter
b . Sh a llow wa t e r
La n d a t
c . t h e wa t e r sid e
—
—
M Peren n i a ls for p la nti ng a g a i nst t h e sh rub bord er
—
N Peren ni a ls for a t t ra c t i n g h ummi n g bi rd s

XXXII . Ann uals

—
A An n u al s es p e c i a lly va l u a b le fo r c ut flowers
—
B An n u a ls t o b e sown for g ro u n d c ove r
—
C An n ua l s wh i c h a re d ifi c u lt to t ra n splan t su ccess

fu lly
—
D An n u a ls wh i c h sh o uld be p la nt ed 1 n se vera l sow

i ngs t o i n sure a su c c e ssi o n o f b loo m

E An n ua l s t o b e st a rt ed i n d oors m ord er t o p ro
— duce

bloom befo re frost

go o d .

—
F A nn ua l vi ne s
a Deli c a t e foli age
.

b H e a vy foli a ge
.

—
G An n ua ls for c a rp e b e d d i n gt
—
H An n ua l s fo r d e si g n b e dd i n g

XXXII I . H ort i c ul t ura l Va ri e ti es Selec t Li st o f

,

—
A Li l a c s
—
B Peo ni e s
—
C Sma ll floweri ng t ree s
 CONT ENT S x vi i

a . B est c li mbi ng roses .

b . H a rd i est g a rd en ro se s
1. Hybri d perp e t ua l cri mson , an d

2 H yb ri d p e rp e t u
. al p i nk , .

3. H y b ri d p e rp e t ua l w h i t e , .

4.Ye ll ow
5.M o s s

Best h ybri d te a roses

c.
—
E B ro a d le aved e ve rgree ns
-

a R hod odend ro ns a nd az a le as
.

b Oth er bro a d le ave d eve rgree ns

.
-

—
F Li li es
a Li st of li li es
.

b E a sy c u
. lt ure ln g a rden so i l
c Moi st a n d boggy loc a t i on s
. .

d Ca lc a reo u
. s so i l

e . Op e n su n

f
. Und e rgrowt h .

g . Sa n dy or d ry soi ls
h . Cl a y so i l
i
. Sh a d y loc a t i on s
XXXIV
. Vi nes
—
.

A Fl owe ri ng
—
B Use on b ri c k stone and ma son ry
—
, ,

C Climbi ng h a bi t a nd h e a vy foli age

—
D Fru i t i ng
—
E Fa st -

g ro wi n g
W i nd ow Boxe s a n d H a ngi ng B a sk e t s
—
A W i n d ow boxes
a. So uth or we st e xp os ure .

b . E a st exp osure
c . No rt h expo sure
—
B H an gi n g b a ske t s
a Vi n e li ke h a b i t
.
-

b Up n g h t h a b i t a n d go
. o d flowers

c Up ri ght h a b i t a n d go o d fo li a ge
.

B ulbs .

—
A Refi n e d l a wn a nd g a rd e n are as
—
B Na t ura li z i ng 1 n wo o d la n d a n d wi ld g a rd e n s
—
C Nat ci ssi for difi e rent loc at i ons
'
x vi ii CONT ENT S

—
D Tuli p co mbi n a ti on s
Si ngl e
a .

b Do u. b le
c Co tt age
.

d D arwi n
.

—
E B est va ri et 1e s fo r fo rcmg
a Forc1 ng i n soi l
.

b Forc i n g i n wa t er
.

XXXVII . Fragra nt Pl a n t s .

—
A Fragra n t flowe rs
Sh rub s
a .

b Trees
.

c Pere n ni a l s
.

—
B Fra gra nt le a ve s
a Tre e s a n d sh ru
. bs
b Pe re n ni a ls
.

XXXVIII . Poi son ous Pl a n t s

—
A Int e ma lly p o i so n o us
—
B Ski n i rri t a n t s
—
C Ca u si ng h a y feve r

Orn amen t a l Pl a n t s Subje c t to Di se a se a nd In sect Pest s

Pl an t s Difi c u lt to Tra n sp la nt a n d Th ose Ad a pted for
Tran sp lan t i n g a t Sp e ci fi c Se a son s o f t h e Ye a r
—
A Pl a nt s wh i ch sh oul d be t ra nsp l a n t e d i n a u tu mn
—
B Pla n t s wh i c h sh o u ld be t ra n sp l a nt ed i n sp ri ng
—
C Pl an t s wh i c h a re t ra nsp l a n t e d wi t h li t tle su cces s .

a Pla nt s t o b e ra re ly i f ever t ra n sp lan t ed

.

b Plan t s whi c h rec ove r slowly from t h e op era ti on

.

of t ran s p la n ti ng

Shrub s for Forc i ng i n W a ter i n E a rly Sp ri ng

Prun i ng Li st s
—
A Sh rub s need i ng comp l et e p ru ni ng

a Sp ri n g a n d e a rly s u
. mme r flowe ri ng
b La t e su
. mmer a n d fa l l flowen ng
—
B Sh rub s n e ed i n g re mova l of old wood o ly n .

Su mmer p runi n g
.

a .

b W i n t e r p run i ng
.

e
.

—
C Tree s wh i c h re q u i re li tt l o r no p run i ng
—
D Eve rgree n s t h a t sh o u ld be p run e d 1 n Ma y o rJune
—
E E ve rgreen s th a t may be p ru ned at any ti me .
 CONT ENT S

—
F Evergree n s most u sed
—
G Not h a rd y i n Mi n nesota .

Pl an t s for Sout h Atl an ti c St a tes

—
A G ro u nd cove r

a. Moi st p la c es

b D ry p l a ce s
.

—
B H ed ges
h
.

a .Hold i n g le a ves t rough out wi nt er .

b Na t h old i n g l e a ves t h ro u
.
g h o ut wi n t er
—
C Tree s for st ree t p l anti ng
—
.

D Eve rgreens most u se d

—
E Forma l effec t s
—
F Bo rd er pl an ti ng
a Low g rowi ng d e c i d u
.
-
ou s sh ru bs
b Low growi ng eve rgre en sh rub s
.
-

c Med i u
.
—
m growi ng d e c i d uous sh rubs
d Med i u
. m growi ng eve rg re en sh rubs
-

—
G Frui t va l u a bl e for i t s c olo u r efl ect s
'

—
H Spe ci me n t ree s a n d sh ru bs
a Trees
.

b Sh ru
. bs
—
I Pere nni a ls fo r g a r e n s a nd c ud t flowe rs .

J— Pe re nn i a ls fo r n a t ura li z i n g 1 n wi ld g a r d en s
—
K Pl an t s wh i c h a re c ommon ly an d freely u sed i n t h e

sou th b ut a re n ot h a rd y fa rt h e r nort h
a Tree s
.

b Sh rub s
.

—
L Vi nes for t h e sou th

XLVI . Plan ts for Use on the Oregon and W a sh i ngton Coast a l

—
A H e d ge s .

a. Deci d uous
b . Evergreen
—
B Pl an t s for g round c over

Op e n sun
a .

b Sh a d e
. .

—
C Pl an ts for bord e r p l a nt i ng
a Refin ed l awn ma ss es
.

b Na t i ve a n d c ollec ted p l a nt s
—
.

D St reet a nd a venu e p l a n ti ng
—
E Pl a n t s for h e a vi ly sh a d ed loc a ti on s
 CONT ENT S

—
F Pl a n t s valua bl e for a utumn l ura ti on
co o leaves
—
G Vi nes
—
H E ve rgreen s most use d

a Con i fers
.

b B ro a d le a ve d
.
-
 LIST O F I L LU STRA TIO N S
un
r PAC .

I . Th e sca rlet t h o rn s la n ted on bot h s i d es of t h e wa ll on ei th er si d e o f th e

g a te ma k e an exc el en t fra me for t h i s a rc h i t e ct ura l d eta il a t t h e g a rd en
en tran ce Fra nti spi ece

Th i s ma p sh ows th ose po rti on s of t h e Un i ted Sta tes wh i ch b eca u se o f

c li ma t i c en vi ron men t an d geo g ra p h i c lo c a t i o n po s ses s s i mi la r p lan t i n g
sea son s . In ves t i g a t i on of z on es o f si mila r p la n t i ng sea son s h as , to d a te ,
n ot p ro vid ed com lete i n fo rma t i on t o t h e la n d s ca pe a rc h i t ect i n h i s
lan t i n work or s u pp le men t a ry i n fo m a t i on re fe to Pl t N
g
. r r a e o .

II on a ge 1 4 .
( In co lo ur)
Ach a rt to a i d i n d et ermi n i n g th e most fa voura b le peri od fo r t ransp la n t i ng ,
a n d for seed i n g of la wn s i n va ri ou s se c t i on s o f t h e Un i t e d St a t es . Not e
th e lo n g wi n ter p eri od s of t h e Nort h e rn Zo n es a n d t h e con t i n u ou s

p la n t i n g sea so n s o f t h e S o u th e rn Zo n es It
. i s o f g re a t i m p o rt a n c e t o b e
a b le to p la n a h e a d a n d to ord e r la n ts fo r d eli ve ry a t t h e p ro p e r t i me fo r
a n y se ct i on o f t h e co u n t ry . T ese a re a vera ge sea son s re s u lt i n g fro m
o b serva ti on s o f n o rma l se a son s d u ri n g a pe ri od o f yea rs . Fo r s u pp le
ment a ry i n forma t i on refer to Pla te No I I on Page 6 .

IV . Th e h ed e wh i c h ma y loo k u n k e p t an d ra gged if n ot p ru n ed wi ll i n t h e
h a n d s 0 th e s k illed g a rd en er ass u me a lmost a n y d egree of re fin ed ou t
li n e
. Th ese p h ot og ra h s s how on e of ou r mos t d es i ra b le h ed ge p la n ts,
t h e Ja p a n ese p ri vet i gw tru m i bota )
‘

V . Th e co rrect p r nui
n g o f t rees h rub s i s a grea t fa c tor i n t h e successful
and s
ma i n ten a nce of la n d sc a p e p la n t i ngs Th es e d i ag ra mma t i c d rawi n gs
.

tog e th er wi t h t h e ex p la n a t i o n s on t h e o p pos i t e p a ge illu s t ra t e co rre ct

an d i n co rrect met h od s o f p ru n ing

VI . A knowled ge of th e u i n volved i n t h e work of co rrect ly

va ri o s o p e ra t i on s
tra n s p la n t i n g pla n ts i s essen t i a l fo r t h e i r s ub seq u en t n o rma l d e ve lo p

men t Th ese di ag ra mma t i c d rawi n gs a eco m a med b y t h e ex p la n a t i on

.

on t h e o pposi te p a ge i llu s tra te va ri ou s t ra n sp a n t i n g op e ra t i on s .

Immedi a tely a fte r t ran s p la n t i n g , t h e t ru n k o f eve ry la rge t ree s hou ld be

p ro t ect ed w i t h a c o ve ri n g o f b u rla F
p ( gi B ) w h.i c h p re ven ts e x c e ss we
d ryi n o u t an d con seq u en t cra c k i n g a n d loosen i n g o f t h e b a rk ( Fi g
T
.

A) h i s p rot ect i on i s es pe ci a lly n ecess a ry d uri n g t h e wa rme r su mmer

mon t h s
VIII . To most of u s i n t h e no rt h e rn st a t es t h e met h od o f seed i n a la wn i s

fa mili a r, b ut t h e me t h od o f ma k i n la wn s i n so u t h ern st a tes y p la n t i n

Bermud a gra ss i s li tt le kn own .t h ese p h otog ra h s s ma ll c lump s 0
Be rmud a gra ss a re be in g pla n ted i n h ills sta t e a t i n terv a ls ra n gi ng
”

from ei g h t een i n ch es t o t h i rt y i n c hes Th e t i c k er t he p la nt mg t he

.

more q ui c kly a ma t of turf ca n b e d eveloped

xxi v LI ST OF ILL US TRATION S
“
PA

It i s i m rt a n t to kn ow th e d e p th , d i s t a n ce a p a rt , an d ti me of the year
a t wh i c d ifferen t ki n d s o f b u lb s sh ou ld be p la n t ed Many d i sa p poi nt
.

i ng flowe r effect s a re t h e res u lt of vi ola ti ng th ese ru les wi th referen ce t o

d e p th , d ist an ce a p a rt , an d ti me of p lan t in g

Trees a re gi ven wi n ter p rotect i on both ag a i nst i nj u ry from su n sca ld -

a n d a g a i n st i n i ury fro m s eve re wi n d a n d ch an g i ng tempera t ure cond i

t i ons . Th i s p hotogra p h sh ows on e method of p rotect i n g hemloc k:
a ga i nst t h e s u
’
n s ra ys

The list of evergreen s a d a p ted to so i l a n d to cli ma t i c con di ti ons of th e

mid d le west , and va lu a b le fo r low, re fin ed mass p lan t i n gs i s li mi ted .

Th e u pp e r p h o tog ra p h s h o ws an e ff e ct rod u ce d b y t h e u
s e o f d wa rf yew,

Pfi tz er s a n d t a ma ri s k lea ved j u ug ho p in es an d J a pan ese 3

’
n i pe rs ,
?
-

ed n Th e lower p hotog ra p h sh ows t h e effecti ven ess of ma sses 0 low,

gg
.

te i e everg reen s a g a i n s t ma ssi ve a rc h i tect u re

Und er cli ma t i c a n d so i l cond i t i on s fa vou ra b le to t h ei r g rt h everg reen s

wi ll p rod uc e a la n d sca pe i ct u re i n ca p a b le o f re p rod uct i on th rou g h t h e
p
use of d eci d uo us la n t s l h i s p h otogra p h shows an eff e cti ve use, u n d er
d
.

Long Islan d con i ti on s, of a rb orvi t a e, red ced a rs , j u n i p ers , rhod od en

d ron , an d yews as a b a c kgrou n d for a re fin ed , forma l pool

Ca refu lly selected an d p lan t ed t rees fo r a ven u e an d st reet p lan ti n g

u m mm
’

p ro v i d e a n ifor an d a sy e t ri ca l efl e c t t og et h er wi t h t h e i n v i ti n
sh a d e, a ll of wh i c h a re so essen t i a l t o t h e sta n d a rd s o f mod e rn res id en ti

Th e li s t of t re es an d sh rubs wh i ch th ri ve i n th e congest ed ci ty d i st ri cts

wh ere soil cond i ti on s a re oo r a n d t h e a i r i s pollu t ed wi t h smo k e and
p
du s t i s li mi t ed to a few h n d s, of wh i c h t h e t ree of h ea ven , loc ust , a n d
ca ta lp a a re t yp i ca l

An i n terest i ng use of h ed ges fra me one si d e of t h e re fin ed forma l

to
rd en
J a p a n ese ui n ce o n t h e left s id e o f t h e wa lk J a p an ese b a r
g q
. .

rry aga mst t h e n g h t s i d e a c cen t ed wi t h s h ea red ret i n os ra s , a n d

bu tt resses o f a p a n e se q u i n ce an d Amoo r Ri ver p ri vet on t e ext reme
left ag a i n s t e vi n e covered wa ll, fo rm t h e fea t u
-
res of t h i s compo
s 1 t 1on

Plu me li ke cyp ress , na turally a small tree , can b e ma i n ta i ned as a com

-

p ct d v f m l low h ed ge if g i ven p len t y o f s k i llful p run i ng

a an a e r
y o r a
a n d p rot ectwn 1n wi n t e r

XVII . Th e Can a d i a n h emloc k , wh en t own fro m th e nort hern seed a n d wh en

well est a b lish ed , fo rms on e o f t e b e st wi n db re a k s an d b a rri ers for th e
p ro t e ct i o n o f th e g a rd en o r or c h a rd wh e re ver d ri ft i ng sn ow mus t be o ver
come an d sec lu si on a lso a tt a i n ed

XVI II . Upon a s p a ci ou s la wn effecti ve u se c a n o c c as i on a lly b e ma d e o f t rees

an d s h ru b s possess i n g symmet ri c a l h a b i ts of grt h s an d fin e flowe ri ng
an d fru i ti n g q ua li t i es
. Th e d eutz i a i s a s h rub wi t h t h ese c a p a b i li ti es ,
bu t i t i s seld om seen a s a s peci men la n t . Res tra i n t , h owever, mu st b e
ob served a nd a d ott ed eEe ct a vo i d

Th e ex ten d ed lawn a rea oft en req ui res speci men t rees to lend sca le
an d colo u r to t h e p i c t ure, a n d i t a lso of e rs o p po rt um
f t y t o d 1s p la y t h e
n at ura l b e a ut y of man y o f o u r fin e s pec u n en t rees .
 LI S T OF ILLUST RATIONS XXV

A
P OI

Ao efl ect i ve comb i n a ti o n of stone work an d of p lan ti ngs i n an i nformal

'

la wn area Va ri et i es of stonecmp, moss p i n ks , an d Scotch p i n ks len d

.

c h a rm to an o t he rwi se u n i nterest i ng mass of stone ( See Pla te No . .

LIII, Page 3 3 4, for li ly p lanti ng shown i n b a ckg rou n d of th i s p i ct ure ) .

An u n i n terest i ng ro c k y slo oft en ca n be u rned i n to an a ttracti ve

t
land sca fea t ure t h ro u
g h e car efu l se lec t 1on an d lan t i ng of p lan t s
a d a pt to li h t, san d y soils Th i s slope i s cover wi th a grou
. i
p gn
of h a rd y p i n 3 , evergreen c an d yt u ft, saxi frage, an d tu fted pansy
XXII . To d evelop a su c cessfu l roc k g ard en , not on ly mu s t th e stones be well
u m u u
'

p la c ed , b t t h e p lan t s s t be se lec t ed t o p rod c e an cfl ect i

'
n k ee i
p ng
wi th th e sc a le of th e rd en ; ot h erwi se t h e cflect wi ll be t h a t of a
collecti on o f stones i ch overpower th e ga rden p i ct u re, as sh own

XXIII . To few of u s d oes th e term wall g ard en convey a d e fin i t e i m

p r es s i o.n Ye t h ow fre q u en t ly t h e o pp or t u n i co mes , e ven i n a sma ll

way, to ch ange a wa ll of roc k to a wall of owers an d foli age In .

t h 1s p hot p h w e see Sco t ch p i n k s , c ree i n

p g p h lo x, go ld en tuft ,
tu n i ca , an ot h er si mi la r p lan t s u sed to excellen t a d vanta ge

An i n t erior vi ew of a p lea ch ed a llee eig h t ea rs a ft er transp la n ti n

Note th e spaci ng of th e larger p l“a nts of” t e E uro pean cork ma p e z
a t i n t erva ls o f t h ree feet , wi th fillers b etween ea ch t wo of t h e
large r t rees Comp a re wi th Pla te No XXVII on Pa 1 7 fo r th e ex
ge
. .

t en o r vi ew Op en i ngs h ave b een cu

. t i n t h e to p of is e t o p ro
du ce i n teresti ng s pot s o f su n li gh t on t h e walk

An excellen t i llust ra ti on o f p leas i ng d en forma li ty filled wi t h box

wood h ed ges, as ed gi ngs for ca rp et p an t i ngs of J a p an ese sp u rge , and
a c cen ted wi th s p ec 1men s of Ca li fom1 a p n vet nea tly tri mmed i n a

py ra m id a l fo r m to re p res en t b oxw ood

XXVI Th e u
se of b ay trees i n t ubs i s re quired
i n man y of th e north ern a r
f
.

d ens to p rod uce a c c en t po i n t s o ft en a t s po t s wh ere n o p erma nen t p an t

m be lan ted i n th e grou nd Th ese t rees are stored i n cool green
.

h ouses u ri ng t h e wi n ter mon th s .

XXVI ] . A pleach ed fo rm not on ly a most i nterest i n g fea tu

a llee ma re as
sh own on Pla t e No V, Page 1 8 , b u
. t t hi s one serves as a soli d
between t h e lawn a rea and t e servi ce b u i ld i ngs
X XVI II . Th i s 0 a llee i s fra med on ei t h er s i d e b y a so li d row of closely
sh e th orn t rees Its fo rma l lines a re soft en ed b y th e row of pi n k
.

floweri ng d s whi c h a d d a ch a rm of flowers i n ea rly s p ri ng and

of fru i t 111 e la t e fa ll Th orn s pla nted fo u
. r to five feet a p art a nd
dogwood s ei gh t feet a p a rt W i d th b etween rows of t h orn s twen ty
.

t wo feet and between rows of d ogwood s n i n e to t en feet ( See ex .

p lana t i on o f m ea s ure m en ty on P a g e 1 44)

An o pen allee twelve fee t wi d e a nd ei gh t h u n d red feet lon , develo ped
g
b th e u se of wh i t e b i rc h p la n ted t h ree to fou r feet a p a rt m ea ch row .

or a rman en t a llee o f t hi s t ype t h e b i rch i s not id ea l b eca u se of i t s

sh ort i ved ch a ra ct eri st i cs and su scep t i b i li ty to borer Thorns or th e.

E uropean beec h would b e p refera ble .

A group of J a p an ese snow a ll,

b p rod uci ng flowers i n sp ri ng soon after

h
t e lea ves a p pea r, a dd s much to t h e a ttra c t i ven ess of a lan d sca pe
p ICture
xxv i L I S T OF ILLfi STRATIONS
PIA “ “
P

I t is q u i te i m rtan t i n t h e p lan ti ng of th e s p ri ng gard en th at the

d es er sho d know th ose sh ru bs whi ch prod u ce flowers before
t h e ea ves a p p ea r, si mila r to th e Ca roli n a az a lea ( B ) , an d those
early floweri n g s h ru
-
b s wh i ch p rod u ce flowers a nd lea ves at t h e sa me
t i me, si mi lar to t h e b la dd er n ut (A) ( In colou
-
r)
.

In th e perman en t p lan ti ng no flowe ri ng tree or sh ru b d eserves more

fa vou ra b le con s i d erati on th a n t h e fin e typ e of Sc h ei d eck er s semi
’

dou b le rose floweri n g cra b illu

-
stra ted a bove

As i men floweri ng lant for ea rly s p ri ng efl ect th e J a p anese

'

XXXIII . a s pec
weep i ng rose flowered c erry 1s ext remel mterest i n
-
cove ed
r
a lwa ys before t h e le a ves a p pea r W i t h a n a u
n d an ee o rose -
p rn k
flowers

It i s a sou rce of mu ch sa t i s fa cti on to t h e

°

lant d es er to know
t h a t sh ru b s whi c h are ca refu lly select ed or t h e co o u r of t h ei r
flowers ma y p rod u ce very effect i ve colo u r co mb i n a t ion s Th i s.

p l a t e s h o w s t h e S t o h n
’
s wo. rt (A ) i n co mb i n a ti on wi t h t h e
s c en t ed b u d d lei a ( In colo ur) .

Th e a ve e p erso n who h a s not b ecome i n t erest ed i n t h e colo u r

effect s p gfi
n ee d b y t h e fru i ts of our common trees an d s h ru bs can
h a rd ly a p rec i a te th e i nt en se colo ur d i s p la y of th e Ameri can b i tt er
ee t ( t h e W a sh i n gt on t h orn ( B ) , an d t h e wh i t e fri nge (C)
:fi
.

00lo ur .

Th e gard en d esi gn er mu st a lwa ys be a r i n mi n d th a t many of ou r

sh ru b s wh i ch p rod u ce ve ry u n in t eres t i ng flowers a re t h e ones wh i ch
u u m u
'

p rod ce o r o st a tt ra ct i ve fr i t i n g efl ec t s T h e v a ri a t i o n i n
colou rs of t h e fru i ts ran ges from t h e p u re wh 1 t e o f th e snowb e

(A) th ro ugh th e p u le an d po rcela i n b lue of t h e bea u ty fru it

to t h e vi vi d red s 0 wh i ch t h e Ja p a nese b u s h cran b e rry ( B) i s

t yp i ca l ( In co l
.o ur)
XXXVI I . Not on ly beca u se o f th e in t eres ti n u
colo r of i t s fru i t i n co mb i nati on
wi th t h e fru i t of o th er sh ru bs, b u t ca use of t h e si z e an d a b un d an ce
i r fru i t, t h e snowb e rry i s on e of o ur con sp i cu ou s an d va lu
gu:
c a b le
s t >8

XXXVI I I . Du ri n g t h e wi n t er mon th s wh en th ere i s li ttle else i n t h e sh ru b

bord er to a tt ra ct a tt en t i on , t h e vi vi d colo u rs o f th e twi gs of man y
of o u r s h ru b s p rese nt i n t eresti n g 3 o ts of colo u r ag a i n st t h e b a ck

g ro u n d o f
mm
e ve

d
rg re
d
e n s or
d
s now
—
(A —. f
b
ge
i
d
h
d o g w
d
o od ; B )
m
(
g reen st
-
e e o g w oo ; re d rc ; l en t gg ed
—
-

osi er; (E ) g y d ogwood ;

re s tri ped ma p le colo u r)
-

XXXIX . W h a t i s more bea uti ful i n t h e land sca p e th an th e i ntensely b rilli an t

colo u rs o f th e a utu mn foli age of man of our trees and sh rub s ?
More plan ts sh o uld be used for t h e v ue of th ei r a utumn foli age
'

efl ect — —
(A) b umin g b ush ; ( B) d a rk gree n golden bell; (C)
—
.

ma p le lea ved V i b urn um;

-
(E ) ma i d en h a i r tree ;
F
( ) — so u rwood ( In co lo ur) .

In h e d i fi cu
so lv ng t i lt p lan ti ng p roblems on ex sed la k e fron ts
and ri ver fron ts t h ere i s n o p lan t i n t h e li mi ted i st o f a d a p t a b le
types to excel th e bea ch p lu m -
xxvi ii LI ST OF ILLUST RATIONS
A
P L T! PAC!

An i nforma l p lan ti ng o f Scot ch p i nes an d Mu g ho p i n es m a y b e a o

cen ted b y t h e u se of a few s peci me ns of lili es to b ri gh t en th e lan d sca pe

p i ct ure as we ll as t o se rve as a b a c kg ro un d fo r t h e flo w e ri ng effec t o f

th e lili es

Th e knotweed i s not on ly on e of t h e most ra pi d growi ng vi nes, b ut -

i ts a b und an ce of d eli ca t e wh i t e flowers a n d i ts long b loomi n -

ma k e i t va lua b le for ma ny loca tion s on t h e la tti ce fra mewor

—
F i rst summer a fter t ran s p la n ti ng ; B Second summer after trans

One of th e b es t vi n es for u se on mason ry wa lls i s t h e Boston i vy , b u t

no vi n e s h o u ld be a llowed to overpower fin e a rc h i tect u ra l d e ta ils .

This i llu st ra ti on a lso sh ows a p erfec t ly d eve lo ped E urop ea n b eech

h ed ge (ten yea rs old ) p lan ted i n a si ngle row wi th p lan ts ei g h teen
i n ch es a p a rt
A leas i n comb i n a ti o n of t h e vi goro u s c li mbi ng W i st eri a u
sed to
ge g
ue r w i w i n d ow bo x es fi lled w u
b p e ri wi n k le to reli eve t h e h ea vy
an d ot h erwi se b a re a rc hi t ec tu
'

ra l eflect

Nasturt i um s, ma ri go ld s Engli sh i vy ,
, p e ri wi n k le , an d p et un i a s ma ke
flower eflect wh i ch a dd s gre atly to th e a ttra e
'

a wi n d ow box foli a g e an d
t i ven ess o f a ny h o me

LVI II . Duri n th e month s of Ap ril a n d Ma y th e flower ga rd en filled wi th

te fin ty p es o f tu li p s ca refully a rranged to p rod u ce ma s ses of co lo ur
i s th e eq ua l of t h e g a rd en a t an y o t h er mon th o f t h e wi n g sea son .

Th i s ga rd en i s filled wi th th e ta ll t yp es o f Da rwi n tui p s .

W i th t h e firs t u
to ch o f s p ri n
g t h e cro c s u b ins bloo m u
to pon th e
la wn Th is p la n t can ad a p t 1 tself ei th er
. to e re fin ed lawn area or
t o th e woodlan d and field areas

T h i
ere s a lwa ys an o p u
ort n i ty, on every la rger esta te, fort he n a tura l
12 1 n of bulb s .
p
Poet s n a rci ss us i s q ui te h a p py i n a W i ld gard en or
fiel env uon men t
Th rou g h o ut t h e so u t h e rn t a tes t h e cree i n g gfi i s o n e o f t h e mos t
p
s
d es1ra b le vi n es fo r g rowt h on ma son ry wa Is It d evelop s i nt erestmg
.

fol1age of a fin e text u re an d i s a vi go ro u s growe r an d co mp ares fa vou r

a b ly wi t h t h e Lowe s Boston i vy so su ccessfu lly u
’
sed i n t h e n ort hern
s t a tes

fl ects, speci men lan ti n g, or h ed ges, t h e

'

LXII Used a s a tree fo r screen e

ib
.

Au st ra li an p i ne i s th rou
g h o ut so ut h e rn F ri d a o n e o f th e mo st
freely u sed p lan ts

LXIII . Th e yellow a lla man d a d esi ra b le bec a u se of i ts h e a vy foli a an dbe

ca us o f i t s b ea u
e ti ful yellow fl o we rs , i s freq uen t ly n eg lect ior
'

u
se i n
Flor1d a p lan ti ng s as a sh ru b or a vi n e
 PART I

G EN ER A L PLANTING SUGG E STIONS

T H E C O MPLE TE G A RD E N
CHA PTE R I

INTRODUCTION

T11 11 Ms m on or TR E ATM E NT The list s of plant s do not rep resent

.

a complete an d tho roughly exh a u stive st u dy of the subject The .

g en e ra l di scu ss ion s an d g ro up i n gs will p rovide pe rso n s i nte res ted 1 n the

u se of pl an t m a te ri a ls wi th essenti a l fa ct s i n a comp a ct fo rm con

, ,

c emi n g the a pp rop ri a te u se o f the mo re perm a n en t species o f t rees ,

sh rub s vin e
, s pe renn i a ls a nn ua ls an d b ulb s
, , , .

Th e study of pl a n t s an d thei r s pe c i fic us es i n l a n d sc a pe planti n g

c an to s ome ext en t be an a lyzed a n d t a bul ated fo r re fe ren ce pu rpos es

i n the s a me wa y th at pl a n t s a re grouped fo r pu rpos es of i d ent i fic at i on .

This study howeve r i s n ot b ased e n ti rely upon sc i en t i fic fact s an d

, , ,

th e refore i s s ubject to pe rson a l poi nt s of view an d m a n y times no ,

h a rd an d fa st line c an be d ra wn which wi ll pl a ce an y on e pl a n t i n
one li st i n p re fe re n ce to the poss ibility o f pl a ci n g it i n so me othe r li st .

T11 13 ARRA NG E M E NT or 1 1 1 13 MAT E RIAL Ar the begi nn i n g of e a ch

.

m a in group a n d at the begi nn i n g of e a ch sub he a di n g un de r the main

,
-

g roup s , the re i s a s ho r t di s c u s s io n o f the fu n dame n t a l p r in ciple s

g o ve rn i n g that pa rticul a r type o f c la ss i fi c a t i on o f pla n t s fo r l a n d sc a p e

uses Th is di scussion wi ll be of some ass i st a nce by wa y of en a bli ng

.

the reader p rope rly to con sult the list s con t a in ed un der thes e he a din gs .

A n umber of ch a pte rs a re in cluded i n thi s discussion devoted to the ,

followi n g s ubject s : P ru n in g Pl an ti n g S e a son s Pl anti n g an d Tran s

, ,

plan tin g Mai nten an ce Wi nte r Protection an d Mulchi n g L awns

, , , ,

Select ion an d Pl anti n g o f Bulb s The a u . thor feel s th at there s hould

be i n a book of thi s ki n d a con ci s e st atement of the fun d a ment a l p rin
ci p les which gove rn wo rk i n thi s fi eld o f L an d sc a pe Pl a ntin gs . These
ch a pt e rs a re i n n o way a complete di scussion of these subject s They .

are more i n the form o f i n st ru ction s a n d sp eci fic at i ons which will serve
3
 b oMPLETE GA R DEN
' ' '

4 TH E

as a guide i n the right di rection For further an d more comp let e .

in formation on these subject s reference s hould be made to the Bi b li

ogra p h y ( Pages 3 43 to 3 bot h of a rticles an d of books contained i n ,

the Appen dix to this vol ume The a uthor h a s compiled a bibliography
.

of a rticles an d books which a re of dis ti n ct v a lue to the reade r Bu t .

there a re many ot her a rticles a n d books of grea t inte rest an d va lue to ,

reade rs some of which p rob a bly h a ve esc a ped the a utho r s atten tion
’
,

a n d s hould be in cluded i n thi s list Th i s list wi ll be revi se d fro m .

ti me to time .

TH E US E TH E I N D E X Th i s book i s i n dexed very complet ely

01? .

an d i n det a il a n d h a s a re fe re n c e both to p a ge s an d to gro u ps Th e .

re a de r will n ote th a t t h e book h a s b ee n p a ge d i n t h e u su a l man n e r ,

an d al so th a t o n e a ch p a ge the g ro u ps h a ve been a lph a betic a lly a r

ra n ge d fo r t h e pu rpos e o f m a ki n g it more e a sy to co ns u lt i n fo rmat ion
as refe rred to by the T a ble o f Co n ten t s an d by the Group In dex As a .

m atte r of fact thi s I n d ex i s a lmost e qu a lly a s valu a ble as the complete

,

li st of plan t s un d e r e a ch o f the v a riou s g ro up s By mea n s of this .

In dex t h e studen t who i s fa mili a r with some pl an t an d wishes to hn d a

p rope r use fo r it c an re a dily asc ertain the use or uses to which the pl ant
i s adapted .

TH E P U RPOSE o r TH E I LL USTRATI O N S A n umbe r of photograph s .

a n d d rawin gs h a ve been in t roduced th ro ugho ut thi s vol ume Th ese .

photograph s a re illust rative o f va rious gro up ide a s cove rin g uses of

plant s Wo rd s howeve r c a refully selected often cann ot be a lite ral
.
, ,

i n te rp retation o f a n ide a whe re a s a photograph immediately c on veys

,

the d efin i t e id e a whi c h c ann ot be rep roduced i n wo rds These i l .

lus t ration s h a ve b ee n selec ted so fa r a s pos sible to illust rate the ma i n

, ,

fe a tu res whic h j u sti fy the ma ki n g of a n in dividu a l g ro up fo r referen ce

purposes It i s hoped th a t they ma y for th a t re a son p rove to be of
.

gre at v a lue .

M E TH OD US ING TH E B OO K
01?
Theo retic a lly a t rea tise on an y sub
.
,

j ect s ho uld b e so s i mp li fi e d th a t to t h e a ve ra ge re a d e r the me t hod of

usin g it i s self e viden t H oweve r a few s uggestion s cove rin g the
-
.
,

met hod s of c on sultin g t h e i n fo rma tion i n thi s vol ume ma y not be

ami ss Th e Ta ble of Cont en t s which i s a complete compilation
.
,

of all t h e gen e ra l i n fo rm a tion i n thi s vo lum e i s a rran ged with ,

 INT RO DUCTION 5
man y larger an d more impo rt an t headin gs to i n clude the man y mi n or
hea dings It i s he re that the reade r c a n e a sily fin d referenc e to li st s
.

of plan t s which a re valu a ble fo r sp ec i fic us es by exactly the in ve rse

p roces s th a t h e c an fin d from the I n dex a reference to the diffe rent

purpos e s for which an i n divid ual pl an t ma y b e used To the re a de r .

who i s s eeki n g to hn d a list of pl a n t s which c a n be u sed for a sp ec i fic

purpose fi rst the Ta ble of Co n ten t s an d the Li st of Illust ration s a re of

, ,

di rect an d p rima ry v a l ue To the reade r who i s seekin g to find for

.

what spec i fic uses an y pl a nt ma y b e a d a pted secon dly the I n dex to

, ,

p ages a n d gro up s of pla n t s i s of greatest i mport a nc e To the reade r .

who wi sh es to go fa rthe r i nto t h e s ubject of plan t st udy a s cove red by ,

va rious pha ses of l an d sc a pe work thi rdly the Bib liography i s the one
, ,

re fe re n ce which will b e of value Th e complete gloss a ry conta i n in g a

.

complete list o f d efin i t i ons cove ri n g te rms frequently used by la n d scape

a rchitect s i s of re a l value i n d e fin i n g s uch te rms .

The c rit ici sm may be rai sed by some who con sult a volume o f thi s
kin d that i n reality n o d efin i t e lin e c an be d ra wn between the uses of
so me pl a n ts fo r o n e p urpos e o r for an othe r purpose Thi s i s admi ttedly
.

a fa ct It will be q uit e eviden t from a short study of the I n dex that

.

man y pl an t s frequently h a ve a di stin ct an d d e fin i t e value a s adapt ed to

diff eren t pu rposes .

RANG E or MAT ERIA L Co vs a s n While the ran ge of mate rial

.

cove red by the li st s i s s ufi c i en t to meet the re qui remen t s of the avera ge

p ro pe rty h o lder the li sts may be supple men ted by addition al an d
,

un us ual va rieties which i f selected should be given un usual ca re

, ,
.

Th e in form a tion i n thi s book h as been co mpiled to cove r the ra n ge of

mate rial which i s adapted fo r use gen e ra lly th ro ughout the followi ng
po rtion s of the United S t a tes : The North Atl antic States the ,

Great Lakes Region the Cen t ra l S t a tes a s fa r west a s the Mi ssouri

,

R ive r an d as fa r south a s A rkan s as No li st s have been compiled for

.

the Great Plai ns an d the Rocky Moun tain States but speci a l li st s ,

have be en compiled for the Atl a ntic Co a st a l Plai n from Vi rgi n i a to

Miss i ssi ppi ; also for the Pen i n s ula of Flo ri d a an d fo r the region within
a radius o f o ne hun d red an d fift y miles from the Twi n Cities For the
Pac i fic Coast list s h a ve been p repa red fo r the Orego n Wa shi n gton
,
-

Co ast al Plain It should be bo rn e i n mi n d th a t pl a nt s which develop

.

on e type of growth i n a n o rthe rn clim a te will develop a n othe r type of

growt h becaus e o f the longe r growin g se ason i n a southern climate

, , .
6 THE COMPLETE GA R DEN
Tm; RA NG E P LANT ADAPTATI O N IN GE N ERA L A fter st udyi n g a
or .

compila t io n o f t hi s kin d the gre a t ran ge of pl a n t adapt a tions bec om e

s

evi d en t The re i s a l a rge gro up of m a teri a l s whi c h a re ha rdy un der

.

almost all con dit ion s Th ere a re man y oth er types of m a te ri a l how
.
,

eve r too n ume rou s to men tion i n detail which a re adapted on ly t o

, ,

s pe ci fic section s of the coun t ry .

Tuz ADA PTATI O N or E va a oa a s IN PARTI C U LAR Th e question .

o f the ad a ptation o f eve rgreen s i s pe rhap s t h e o n e whi c h may ca us e

the most serious di scussion Eve rgreen s a re a group of pl an t s which

.
'

possess widely v a ryin g ch a ra cteri stics es peci a lly o f h a rdin ess un der ,

diff e ren t c lim a tic con dition s The eve rgreen s whi c h will flouri sh i n the
.

h umi d an d less severe atmosphe re o f Lo n g I sl a n d will n ot grow th rough

the wi n dy region s o f t h e Middle West no r i n t h e ext reme ex posu re of ,

the water fron t con dition s o f the No r th Atl a n tic an d the Gre a t Lakes
-

Region Neithe r will eve rgreens whi c h flouri sh i n the s an dy soi ls o f

.

Michigan grow upon the c l a y soils o f the Middle Weste rn S t a tes .

The refo re the q uestion o f eve rgreens h a s b een c a refully c on sidered a n d

, ,

an attempt h as been m a de to diff e re n ti a t e the g roup s a n d t h e re q u i re

men t s of each Thi s subdividin g o f eve rgreen s fo r va riou s loc a t ion s
.

i s b a sed en t i re ly upon the n o rm a l p rotec tion M a n y eve rgreen s a s .

,

wi th oth e r pl an t s will th rive un de r a b n o rma l con dition s i f th ey a re

,

n u rsed an d p rotected du ri n g the s ev e re wi n t e r mon th s Outhe other .

h an d m an y eve rgreens whi c h will with st a n d the expo sures o f win ter
,

con dition s will n0t con ti n ue to th ri v e when pl a ced i n the cl a yey soil s

of some o f o u r Middle Wes te rn S t a te s whe r e they a re s u bj ected to t h e

,

s eve re b a kin g a n d d ryin g out o f thes e soil s d uri n g the s um me r mont h s .

M E TH OD 0 GROUP ING P LA NTS The question of whether pl an t s fo r

1?
.

lan d sc a pe use should b e grouped a cco rdin g to h eight o r a cco rdin g to

Other cha ra cte ri sti c s such a s sea son o f bloom c h a ra cte r o f growth
, , ,

soil a d a pt a tion s etc i s on e th a t h a s been di sc ussed to a con side ra ble

, .
,

exten t The writ e r feels th a t i n the selection of pl an ts a s a p a rt o f any

.

lan dsc a pe design the question o f height i s of secon d a ry c on sidera tion

,

as comp a red with the n a tu ra l c ha ra ct e ri stic s a n d a d a p t a tion s o f the

stock un de r con side ra tio n The selection of pl a n t s for sp ec i fic p ur

.

po ses such a s backgrou n d pl an tin g un d e rgrt h pl a n ti n g win db rea ks, , ,

groun d cover etc imp lies th a t i n a ddition to othe r i mpo rt a n t ch a r

, .
, ,

a ct eri st i c s o f h a rd i n ess comp a c tn es s an d qu a lities of fruitin g an d

, ,
 INT RO DUCTI ON 7
floweri ng, such pl a n t s fulfi ll the requi rements of heigh t a utomatically
imposed by some few groups H eight of pla nt s me a n s little to the
.

la n d sca pe de sign e r a s comp a red with the m a ny othe r impo rtan t

re q u i remen t s of foli a ge effe ct s c ha ra cte r o f fruit s a nd flowers soil
, ,

a d a ptation s, h a rdi n ess an d h a bit s of growth a n d thei r re s pon se to

p run i ng ope ra tion s .

In the selection of ga rden pe ren n ials que stion s of height a re en ti rely

s econ d a ry to the a bility o f t h e pl a nt s to p rod u ce flowe rs an d foliage o f
v a ryi n g q u a litie s
, so e ss en ti a l to the succ e ss o f t h e ga rde n pictu re

d uri n g d i ff e ren t month s of the g rowi n g s ea son .

 CHA PT E R II
PLANTING AN D SE E D ING SEA SONS

GE N E RA L CO NS ID E RATI O N S Co mp a ra tive d a t a b a sed on t h e be st

.

re li a ble so u rces o f i n fo rm a ti on re l ativ e to pl a n ti n g se a so n s a n d l a wn

seedi n g se a so n s a re so i n t e re sti n g a n d so va l u a ble

, a s a b a si s o f e s

t a b li sh i n g d e fi n i t e re l a tio n ship s a mo n g v a ryi n g sectio n s o f t h e Un ited

S t a te s th a t the w rite r h a s b een p rompt ed to attempt a di a gra mm a ti c

,

a n d a t a bul a ted a n a l ys i s o f th i s impo rt a n t ques tio n ( S ee Plate III ) .

Con sid e red from t h e st an dpoi n t o f a pl a n t the a ct o f t ran s plan tin g

i s a violen t on e a n d con si st s of sto ppi n g a t on ce a l a rge pa rt of i t s vit a l
a ctivitie s gen e ra lly c a u
, s in g t h e lo ss o f a con s ide ra ble pa rt o f i t s root

sy ste m .Th e refo re t ran spl a n ti ng sho uld be a c comp a n ied by p re

,

c a ution s to p rev en t too gre a t loss o f moi st u re by t ran s pi ra tion an d by

,

m e a sure s to a s si st t h e pl an t i n st a rti n g growth a t the ea rliest possible

d ate S eedi n g diff e rs from t ran s pl a n ti n g i n th a t a seed i s a ripen ed
.

emb ryo whi ch i s a mi n ut e b ut c omplet e do rm an t pl a nt As the .

p rocess of germi n a tio n i n c l ude s the m a ki n g of a v it a l con nection be

tween the yo un g pla n t an d t h e soil suffi c i en t to en a ble the pl a n t
t o p rod u ce green t i ssue an d s uppo rt it se lf seed a ge mu st a l so b e sur
,

rou n ded by p re c a u tio n s to in sure p ro pe r con ditio n s fo r germi n a t i on .

One of the mo st i mpo rt an t fa cto rs i n t ra n spl a nti n g o r s eedin g i s the

se l e ction o f t h e co rrec t s ea so n b ec a u
, se u pon the s ucc essful st a rt o f t h e
ope ra tion d ep en d s t h e whol e fut ure o f the pl an t Pl an t s grown i n pot s
.
,

o r so root p ru n ed th a t n e a rly a ll th ei r root s ma y b e moved with t h e m ,

a re o f co u
, rse i n co n dit i on t o b e mov ed a t a ll so rt s o f od d se a so n s b u
, , t

thi s l a tt e r i s t h e wo rk of expe rt s o r t ra in ed ga rden e rs a n d i s no t to be

recomme n d ed t o a ma t eu rs o n a c co u n t o f the tech n i c a l kn owl e dge a n d

s kill re q u i red both d uri n g t h e pl a n ti n g ope ra tion a nd i n t h e wa y o f

p rope r a fte r c a re a n d ma in t en an ce Thi s di scu ssion i s con fi n ed to
-
.

t ra n s plan ti n g do rma n t pl a n t s a n d t o s eedin g o f l a wn s u , n de r the fol

lowi ng he a di n gs :
( )
a D e cid u ou s T re
, e s Sh ru
, b s a n d V i n e s

b E v r reen Pl ant s Con i fe rou s a nd Broad le aved )

( ) e g
-

8
 PLANTING AN D SEE D ING SEA SONS 9

( )
c H e rb a ce ou s Pe re n n i a l s

d
( ) L a w n G ra sse s

G ree n hou se pl a n t s a n d t h e p rop a ga tion of pla n t s by seedi n g ex ,

cept a s re fe rri n g to l awn gra sses a re n ot i nc lud e d because con di

,

tio n s va ry so widely i n the same loc a lity .

D s c mu ou s T R E E S , S H R U BS , A ND Vms s .Th e t ra n spl a n ti n g o f

d eci d uou s t ree s, sh rub s, a n d vi n e s i s co mmo n ly c a rri e d o u t du ri n g th e i r

d o rm an t se a so n . It i s po ssible i n t h e sp ri n g, h oweve r, to c a rry on

p la n ti n g o f de c iduo u s w o od y pl a n t s , a t a ti m e wh e n t h e l o c a l pl a n t s a r e

t oo fa r adv a n ced to b e move d , b y the si mpl e ex p e di en t o f b ri n gi n g

pl an t s from a sto ra ge c e ll a r o r fro m a mo re n o rth e rly n urse ry wh e re
t h ey a re still do rm an t .Aga i n i n the a utu mn , these sa me no rthe rly
g r ow n pl a n t s m a y b e u se d t o s t a rt pl a n ti n g wo r k be fo re t h e loc a l
p l a n t s a re m a tu r ed a n d sa fe to mo v e .T ran s pl a n ti n g s e a so n s a r e

n o t so much go v e n ed by n o rth a n d so u
r th latit u de a s they a re b y

t h e co n d i tio n o f t h e pl a n t s, a s e xpl a i n e d i n an o th e r p a ra g ra ph u n de r

d i scu ssion of li fe zo n e s
-
.

The b e gi nn i n g of t h e do rma n t pe riod fo r woody d ec i duou s pl a n t s

co mes i n the a ut umn wh en th ei r wood i s ma tu re d a n d ripen e d a n d the
leaves st a rt to fa ll o r to t a ke on thei r a ut umn colo ura tion Thi s occurs .

e a rly i n such pl a n t s a s lil a cs, li n d en s, flowe ri n g c urran ts , a n d ho rse

ch e st n ut s, a n d it will usua lly be fo un d to occ u r l a te i n so me o f the
pl an t s wh i ch a re s a id t o b e h a rd to move i n the a ut umn , suc h a s popl a rs
an d silve r ma ple s . F ro m the b e gi n n i n g o f t h e do rman t pe ri od i n the
fa ll u n til t h e b egi n n i n g o f phy siologi c a l a c tivit y i n t h e s p ri n g, d e
ci d u ou s pla n t s ma y b e mo ved a t a n y ti me th a t t h e g ro u nd i s in

p rope r con dition an d the t e mpe ra t ure fa vo ura ble As a ma t te r of .

p ra ctice , i n the n o rth e rn st a t e s thi s wo rk i s s uspen d e d en t i re ly d uri n g a

n o rm a l wi n te r, fo r a bo u t fo ur mon th s, exce pt wh e re l a rge pl a n t s a re
moved with a frozen b a ll o f e a rth a bo ut th e i r root s, be c a u se froze n
gro un d an d sn ow ma ke t h e ope ra tion of t ra n spl a n ti n g s ma lle r pl a n t s
en ti rely i mp ra cti c a bl e . Thi s pe ri o d , lon gest i n M a i n e a n d i n t h e
se ctio n su rro u n di n g M i nn e a pol i s , le s se n s a s on e goe s fa rth e r south , u n ti l

i n Vi rgi n i a a n d Geo rgi a a con ti n uo us pl a n t i n g se a son exten d s witho u t

in te rruption th rough t h e d o rman t p e riod .

It wa s e a rly le a rn e d th a t t h e whole of No rth A me ri c a could be

con ven i e ntly di vi ded i n to seven t ra n sconti n en t a l b e lt s o r li fe zon e s, -

b a se d u pon the le n gth of t h e growi n g se a so n , which h a s b een d efin ed

10 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
as the pe riod betwee n t h e d a te i n the sp rin g when the no rmal mean
d a ily tempe ratu re ri ses to 4 3 d e gree s F a h r or above an d the dat e i n .
, ,

the autumn when it fa lls to b e low th a t figure (Th e read e r should co n .

s ult Bulletin No 1 0 o f t h e U S De p a rtme n t o f A g ricultu re D i vi sio n o f

. . .
,
”
Biologic a l S u rvey en title d Li fe Zo ne s a n d Crop Zo ne s
, Pa rt III .

o f that Bulle ti n i s e s pe c i a lly i n te re sti n g) Th e se li fe zon es a re a s .

-
,

n ot e d a bove a dapt e d to pl a n t s re qui ri n g g rowi n g se a son s o f s imil a r

,

lengt h a n d te mpe ra tu re ra nge Thus i f soil con dition s e xpo su re a n d

.
, , ,

amount o f a nn u a l ra i n fa ll a re a like i n two di st a n t po rtio ns o f a zon e

pl an t s which suc ceed i n on e po rtion ma y be expecte d to succeed i n t h e
oth e r po rtion They ma y i n an y e ven t be t ried out with con sid e ra ble
.

c on fi d e n c e whe n a ll t h e con dition s a re kn own to b e the s ame as ,

d esc ribe d above .

It n ow seem s evid en t from rec ently ga th e re d dat a that these

, ,

zon es correspon d ve ry closely to b e lt s of coun t ry which h a ve simila r

plan tin g se a son s for do rm a n t woody pl a nt s a t le ast th roughout the ,

humid region s e a st of t h e 1 00t h p a ra llel of l a titud e By con sultin g the .

a ccompan yi n g Pl a t e II which h a s been ad a pted from the on e i n

,

the a bove men tion ed Bull eti n a n d a l so the cha rt ( Pl a te III ) which
-
, ,

shows t h e re po rt e d l en gt h of pl a n ti n g se a so n s it will b e see n th a t the ,

st a tion s re po rti n g fa ll i n to g roup s which li e i n re s pective li fe zo n e s a s -

shown o n t h e ma p .

Thus st a tion s 2 3 4 a n d 6 a ll of whic h li e i n the so c alle d Tran si

, , , ,
-

tion Zo n e i nc ludin g most of New E n gl a n d New York S tate Penn

, , ,

sylv a n i a , n o rth e a st e rn Ohio t h e Alle g h a n i es from P e nn sylv an ia to

,

Ge o rgi a south e a ste rn On t a ri o Michiga n Wi scon s in south e rn Min n e

, , , ,

s0t a No rth D a kot a a n d n o rth e rn S outh D a kot a

, , all repo rt a sho rt ,

fall a n d s p ri n g pl a n ti n g se a son di vid e d by a lon g wi n te r se a son , ,

du rin g which o rdi n a ry pl a nti n g work i s imp ra ctic a ble Station s .

7, 8, a n d 1 0 l i e i n t h e n o rth e rn limit s o f the upp e r A u s t ral Zo n e wh ere

th ey a re i n flue nced by the G re a t L a kes St ation s 1 3 1 4 1 5 a n d 1 8 li e .
, , ,

out side of t h e Grea t L a kes i n fluen c e i n the s a me zon e which i ncludes a ,

gre at te rrito ry st ret c hi n g from t h e Co a st a l Pl a i n we stw a rd to t he

G re a t Pl a i n s a n d from t h e Tra n sition Zo n e on t h e n o rth to cen t ra l
,

Geo rgi a a n d n o rthe rn Texa s on t h e south except for a n a rm of t h e ,

Lowe r Au st ra l which ext en d s n o rthwa rd a lon g the Mi ssi ssippi Rive r to

Ca i ro Ill
, .The fi rst th re e st a tion s 7 8 a n d 1 0 show t h e i n fluence of , , , ,

the G reat L a kes i n th a t thei r sp ri n g pl a ntin g se a son i s d e layed while ,

st a tion s 1 3 1 4 a nd 1 5 s how a m a rkedly late r d a te for stopp i n g t ran s

, ,
 PLANTING AN D SEE DING SEA SONS 11

p lan ti n g i n w in te r a n d an e a rlie r closi n g date i n t h e s p ri n g due to the ,

g r e a te r le n gth o f the g rowi n g se a so n i n thi s z o n e S t a.tio n 1 8 h as s uch

s hort wi n t e r in te rruption s that it p ra ctic a lly off e rs a con ti n uous wo rk

i n g p e riod from fall to s p ri n g . St a tion s 1 7 a n d 20 li e i n the Lowe r

A us t ral Zone which i n cludes the Atl a n tic Coa st a l Pl a in from t h e
,

Pi e dmon t R egi on to the ocean a n d all t h e south e rn st a t es south of t h e

U ppe r A ust ra l Zo n e . Th e S a c ra men t o F resn o V a lley i n Ca li fo rn i a
-

also i s i n clud e d i n thi s zon e Th e se st a t i on s togeth e r with st a tion 1 9

.
, ,

w hi c h i s p rob a bly i n flu e n c e d by t h e J a pa n ese Cu rre n t a n d s t a tion 2 1

, ,

w hich li e s i n t h e G u lf st ri p of t h e Lowe r Aust ra l a ll re po rt a c on ti n uo us

,

p la n t i n g s ea so n o f abo u t t h e s a m e l en gth wh i c
, h i s u n i n t e rr upt e d by
a n y cold w ea th e r . St a tion 1 6 repo rt s a lon g fa ll se a son wi th a short
i n te rruption a n d a sho rt s p rin g se a son wh i le stati on 2 2 which li e s
, ,

just n o rth of the Tropical Zon e report s a short un i nterrupt ed season

, ,

whic h close s e a rly .

In t h e ext reme n orthe rn most a rea except that of Ca mden M a in e

, , ,

the fall plan tin g sea son does not open e a rly en ough no r does t h e sp rin g ,

se aso n exte n d lon g e n ough to off set the lon g wi n te r pe riod o f froze n

gro un d which may exten d to fi ve mon th s i n t h e Northe rn Zo n e

, .

Th us the t0t a l n umb e r of worki n g plan tin g d a ys i n t h e Northe rn Zon e

may be on ly 70 or 80 i n a n a ve ra ge ye a r of not unu su a l severity of
win te r while i n t h e gre a t cen t ra l po rtion of the cou n t ry e ach of the
,

two se a so n s ma y b e a s much a s 5 0 d a y s lon g gi v in g a combin e d pla n t ,

i n g sea so n o f a bout 1 00 wo rki n g days . In t h e S outh e rn Zo n e wh e re ,

th e re i s no in te rruption du ri n g t h e wi nt e r t h e se a son ma y be from 1 1 5

,

to 1 5 0 o r even 1 60 d a ys lon g exce pt th a t t h e begin n in g of growth i n th e

,

sp rin g cu rt a ils t h e se a so n a t th a t en d wh e n t h e Tropic a l Zo n e i s a p

p ro a c h e d .It s hould b e n ot e d th a t t h e f a rth e r s outh o n e go e s the mo re

a b ruptly t h e s p ri n g g rowin g se a son op en s a n d t h e h a rd e r it b e com e s to

p rolo n g t h e pla n ti n g s e a so n by a n y o f t h e e x pedi e n t s m e n tio n e d a bov e.

Th e growi n g se ason s of t h e southe rn sec tion s of t h e Un it e d St a t es open

ra pidly an d th e re i s gre a t e r dan ge r i n t h e op era tion o f t ra n spl an tin g

afte r lea f growth h a s st a rt e d th a n i n t h e coole r n o rthe rl y sec tio n s o f the

cou n t ry . It i s a lso in a dvi s a ble to import cold sto ra ge plan t s into

su ch south erly section s much aft e r t h e time wh en loca l st ock i s i n
full leaf .

It i s p robable that a s time goe s on much more detaile d a n d complete

data w i ll be publi shed re ga rdi n g s afe plan ti n g se a son s for t h e d ifi e rent
life-
z o n es o f the cou n t ry , thu s e n abli n g pl an t ers to e limi n a t e n e a rly a ll
12 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
of t h egues swo rk which now e xi st s wh en , one is called upon to exec ute
wo rk i n a n un familia r te rrito ry .

EVERG REE N P LA NT S (Comm a ous AND B ROAD LE AVE D ) Th e -

.

plan ti n g se a son s for eve rgreen s follow somewh a t closely those fo r

decid uou s plan t s It i s p rob a ble that as our kn owledge of b ro a d
.

le a ved eve rgreen s i nc re as es th ei r pl an ti n g se a son c a n b e shown to do

,

thi s a lso The re a re now a bout fift y kn own species of b ro a d leaved

.
-

evergreen s which a re h a rdy i n our no rth e rn c lim a t e i f han dled p roperly .

It i s impo rt a n t to kn ow wh a t a re the re qui rem ent s su rrou n din g suc

c essfu l t ra n spl a nti n g o f evergreen s P rob a bly t h e most impo rt an t
.

s ea son a l requi reme n t fo r t ra n splan ti n g o f e ve rgree n s i s that t h e soil

moi stu re shall be plen ti ful ju st p rior to t h e time of t ran splan ti n g i n

the loc a tion from whi c h th ey a re t a ken In oth e r wo rd s i n spite o f
.
,

all the old n otion s to t h e con t ra ry fa ll pl a n ti n g o f eve rg reen s should

,

n ot st a rt till t h e fa ll ra i n s h a ve ad e q u a tely moi ste n ed t h e so il F a ll .

plantin g of eve rg reen s c a n b e successfully done a s l a te a s an y oth e r

plan tin g p rovided t h e g ro un d i s moi st wh e n it fre eze s It i s bett e r to
, .

wait for the fa ll ra i n s th a n to pl a n t too e a rly an d subject the pl an t s to

a h ot d ry spell imme di at ely afte rwa rd In t h e sp ri n g while it i s
, .
,

possible to d el a y the pl an ti ng of eve rgreen s pa st the s afe date for

d ecid uou s stock due to t h e fa ct th at th ey a re p ra ctically always
,

moved with a b a ll o f e a rth yet the be st se a son i s t h e e a rliest possible

,

on e . In both sp rin g a n d fa ll pl a n ti n g e a rly pl an ti n g h a s t h e a d va n

,

t a ge of a llowin g t h e pl a nt to st a rt root growth b efo re t h e a dven t o f the

ve ry hot wea the r of summer a n d the d ryi n g wi n d s of wi n t e r which sa p ,

t h e moi st u re con t e n t o f the pl a n t fro m t h e po res o f t h e p e rsi ste n t l e ave s .

S uch sort s a s bi ota th u j a,a n d tax

, w w hich s
, ee m to e st a bli s h them s elv e s

re adily c a n p robably b e succ e ssfully pl a n t e d l a t er i n t h e sea son than

,

, ,
—
oth e rs like p i t t a abi es tm ga p i n uJ e xce pt n i gra ( a ustri a ca ) mon ta n a
, ,

( M u h u ) d St b u — d h m i E ve g e f the fi
g s a n
, ro r a n c a e cyp a r s r r e n s o
. rst

type will b e subject ed to m uc h loss i f n ot t ra n spl a nt e d i n a fully d or

m a n t con dition im me di a t e ly p rio r to t h e b e gin n i n g of growth i n the
s p ri n g o r if t ra n spl a n ted a t a time i n the fa ll wh e n root growth su ffic i ent
to fix t h e pl an t i n i t s n ew soi l su rroun di n gs c a nn ot be developed b e
c au se o f the l a t e n e ss o f the sea son .

P E R E NNI AL S Pl a n ti n g se a so n s fo r h e rb a ceous pe ren n i a l s a re

.

divid ed i n to s p ri n g a n d a utumn i n t h e No rth On e of t h e fi rst fa cto rs .

14 TH E COMPL ET E GA R DEN
1 st h or 20t h o f S ept ember thus not ove rlappi n g t h e autumn planting
,

se a so n to a n y exte n t . As on e goe s southwa rd t h e sea son a ga i n m erely

,

shi ft s a lo n g so th a t i n the Upp e r A u

, , st ral Zo n e it ope n s about S ep
,

t embe r 1 5 th a n d c loses a bout Novemb e r l st while i n the Lower ,

A ust ral it i s pushed a lon g to Octob e r 1 st h H ere t h e p ractice of

.

see din g stop s , exce pt for t h e u se o f E n gli sh ry e a s a green wi n t er

c a rp et a n d i s s uperseded by t h e p rac tice of sp riggin g o r plan t i ng

,

p i eces of Be rm ud a a n d St A ug usti n e gra ss Thi s gra ss pl a n t i n g i s

. .

common ly don e i n south e rn Flo rid a i n J un e whil e fa rt h e r n orth a n d

, ,

e sp eci a lly i n A l a b a m a it i s d o n e th rough t h e wi n te r mo n th s so a s to

,

t a ke a dva nt a ge of the then ab un d a n t ra i n s (S ee P age

G ra ss seed sown t oo ea rly i n t h e a ut umn an d n ot a rt i fic i a lly wa tered
wi ll gen e ra lly li e do rma n t u ntil t h e fa ll ra i n s st a rt ge rmin ation a n d , ,

likewi se seed sown too l a t e i n the a utumn or too e a rly i n the sprin g will
,

li e dorman t un til the grou n d w a rm s u p s uffi c i en t ly to st a rt s p routi n g

.

Th e g ra ss see di n g season i s from t h e tim e t h e g roun d get s wa rm

en ough i n the sp ri n g un til it get s too cold i n the a ut um n to sta rt the
ge rmin a tion p roc ess b ut thi s sea son i s a s a ma tte r of p ra ct ice divide d
,

i nto two p a rt s by t h e p e riod i n the summe r when t h e g ro un d i s too d ry

to sta rt ge rmi n a tion a n d the we a th e r i s so hot a s to req ui re con st a nt
a rt i fic i a l w a t e ri n g both to st a rt ge rmi n a ti o n of the see d an d to k ee p
,

t h e you n g pl a n t s a l i v e . It i s a l so gen e ra lly con side red wi se r not to

s eed so l a t e i n the a u t umn i n t h e North th a t t h e youn g gra ss pl ant s
, ,

will n ot b e well est a bli sh ed before free zin g we a the r These a re the .

fa cto rs which i n fluen c e t h e e st a bli shm en t of t h e l a wn seedi n g se a son

d a t es di a gra mm a tic a lly shown on t h e ch a rt ( Pl a t e III ) M a ki n g lawn s.

i n t h e Sou th i s a p roc ess of seedi n g w h en a d a pt a ble mixt ures of n orth

e rn l a wn see d a re u se d a n d a p roc ess of pl a n ti n g root s when the n a tive
,

B e rm ud a an d St Augusti n e gra sses a re use d Northe rn gra ss i s

. .

see ded i n t h e p e riod from S e ptemb er to J an u a ry It a lian rye i s seeded

.

from Octob e r to J a n u a ry a n d n a tive gra ss root s a re plan ted a s shown

,

on the cha rt i n s t a tion s 2 1 an d 2 2 .

 PLATE III A c h a rt t o a i d i n d e t ermi n i ng t h e most fa vo ura ble p eri od for
.

t ra n s p l an t i ng, an d fo r s ee d i n g o f lawn s i nv a ri o u s sec t i o n s o f t h e Un i t ed St a t es.

Not e t h e long wi nt er p eri od s of t h e Nort h ern Zo nes, a nd t h e c ont i n uous p la n t

i ng se a son s o f t h e So u t h ern Zo n e s . It i s o f grea t i mp o rt a n c e t o be a ble t o p l an
a h e a d a n d t o o rd e r p lan t s for d eli very a t t h e p rop e r t i me for a ny se c t i o n o f t h e

c ou n t ry. Th ese a re a ve ra ge se a so n s resu lt i n g from o bse rva t i on s o f n orma l

se a son s d u ri n g a p eri od o f ye ars Fo r su
.
pp l em e n t a ry i n form a t i o n re fe r t o

P te No II on o 6 .
PLANTING AND SEE D ING SEA SONS

82
THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN

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 CHA PTE R III
PRUNING

R E A S ON S FOR P RU NING . The o

re a s n s for p run i ng a re
To secu re a d es i red form o r h e i gh t of t h e p lan t ;

To remove inj u red , d i s ea sed , or d e a d b ra n ch es ;

To reno va t e or reju ven a t e o ld p lan ts ;

To ma i nta i n a ba la n ce between root grt h a nd to p n th (a s shown i n t h e

o pe ra t i ons of tran s p lan t in g) ;

To en cou rage t h e p rod u ct i o n of an a b un d ance of flowers ;

To en cou rage t h e p rod u ct io n of a few la rge flowers ;

To i mp ro ve or mod ify t he n a t u ra l fo rm of t he p lant fo r some sp eci fic reason

su c h a s i n top i a ry wo rk a nd h ed ge work .

Prun in g howeve r i s on ly a ph a se in the c a re of plan t s a n d must

, ,

b e a ccomp an ied by con st a nt good c u ltiv ation feedi n g an d m a n a gemen t

, ,

of plan t s . It i s on ly th rough t h e p rocess of i n t ellige n t p run in g th at

s h rub s es pecially c a n be m a in t a i n ed i n a d e fin i t e a n d n at ura l con di

tion of growt h a n d a l so ke pt a t a co rrect height to avoid i n many

in st an ces t h e out growin g or over powe rin g of the design fo r which
- -

th ey were selected to bec ome a p a rt Man y in correct i deas h a ve b e

.

come p reva len t con ce rn in g t h e p rocess of p run in g an d the a pplic a tion

,

o f thes e in co rrect met hod s often cau se s a s lowi n g up o r i n co rrect

d evelop ment n ot on ly i n t h e growi n g h a bit s of t h e sh rub s but i n the

qu a lity a n d t h e qu a ntity o f t h e flowe rs p roduced .

P R E CA UTI O N S TO OB S E RV E P ru n i n g should be don e on ly with a

.

d efin i te id e a l a n d afte r a rra n gin g a n in tellige n t p rogra m No set .

rules c a n b e offe red Clim a tic con dition s ma y cause rule s co rrect i n
.

on e loc a lity to p rove v a lue le ss i n a n othe r a n d pl a n t s o f the sa me

,

s pecie s o fte n v a ry i n th e i r h a bit o f growth a t differe nt a ge s a nd ,

must be p runed a ccordi n gly P ru n in g should b e en t rusted on ly to

.

a c a reful wo rkm a n It i s too com mon p ra ctice i n p run i n g to have

.

sh rub s a n d t ree s with a ll t h e tip s lightly sn ipped off with regu l a rity ;
or to h a ve t re es with the m a i n a n d l a t e ral b ranc h e s ruth les s ly lopped
18
20 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
b ranches will not int erfe re with pe d est ri a n s or ve hicles Th e root s of .

st reet t ree s a re mo re c on fi ne d th a n tho se o f oth e r t ree s an d th e y te

qui re top p run in g to b a l a n ce with t h e root sy st em P run in g should .

aim to p rese rve the n a tu ra l h a bit of t h e t rees ; b ut they should also

b e kept symmet ric a l i n form I f t h e top s b ecome too thick an d e x
.

e lude t oo much light they should be thi n n e d out M a i n lat e ra ls

.
,

howeve r mu st n ot be di st urbed b ut ra th e r t h e sh oot s t h at sp ring

, ,

from these m a i n l a te ra l s sho uld b e re move d .

S pecime n t rees on l awn s re qui re little p run i n g except to p reven t

b a d c rotche s (whi c h i f left might ca use Spl i tt i n g ) to shorte n b ra n ches
,

which may aEect the symmet ry o f the t ree to remove dead wood an d
, ,

so metime s to re move ( a s i n t h e c a se o f m a ple s a n d p i n o a ks ) som e of the

“ ”
fine r i n te rio r b ran ches i n o rde r to give mo re ch a ra cte r to the t ree .

It i s gene ra lly best to do t h e h e avy cutt i n g i n win te r while t h e t ree s ,

a re do rm a n t P run i n g i n e a rly sp ri n g or s umme r ma y c a use the

.

t re e t o bleed with a c on seq uen t ch ec k to t h e root syst e m from the

“ ”
,

loss of food Th i s i s es peci a lly t rue o f m a ples On e a dv a ntage how

. .
,

eve r of sp rin g o r summe r t rim mi n g i s th at t h e t ree will recove r more

,

quickly a n d st a rt to h ea l t h e wo un d w hich wo uld b e impossi ble du rin g

,
“
t h e wi n te r sea son I f t ree s a re p run ed i n wi n t e r the sh a pi n g up an d
.

re mov a l o f s m a ll p i e c e s o f d e a d wood sho u ld b e don e a fte r the le a ves

a ppe a r a t which time sy mmet ry c a n b e b e tte r judged an d a ll d e a d

b ra n ches c a n b e more e a sily di sc ove red To a ss ure the le a st possible

.

i nj ury from e xpo su re to clim a tic con dition s wi nt e r p ru n in g i f neces ,

s a ry s hould be del a yed u n til the d a n ge r from the mo re s eve re wi n t e r

,

con dition s i s p a st .

B ro ken a n d di se ased limb s must alwa ys be re moved a n d secon d a ry ,

growth a n d s uc kers c ut to o pe n t h e cen t re of the t re e to the sun an d

,

ai r . When li mb s a re p run ed they should be cut b a c k to a bud th a t will

grow outw a rd .

When l a rge r b ran che s a re en ti re ly remove d t h e c ut should ,

be m a de a t t h e b a se o f t h e b ran c h an d p a ra lle l to t h e t ree t run k .

No stump at a ll should be left an d c a re should fi rSt b e t a ken t o un de r

,

cu t a mply on a ll h e a vy limb s so th a t wh en t h e c u t on t h e u ppe r sid e i s

c omple t e d the b ran ch will n ot s plit the b a rk fro m t h e t run k All .

oth e r cut s such a s re movin g portion s of b ran c h e s should b e m a d e

, ,

pe rpen dicul a r to t h e a xi s of the b ran ch which i s b e in g sh o rt en e d The .

cut sho uld a lwa y s b e cle an with n o ra gged e dge s left (See Pl a t e V)
, .

Neve r c ut b a ck t h e l e a d e r on t rees t hat a re e xc u rren t such a s o a ks , ,

 P L AT E I V . Th e h e d g e w h i c h ma y loo k un k e p t , a n d ra gg e d i f n o t p run e d ,

W i ll i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e s ki lle d g a rd e n e r a ss ume a lmo s t a n y d eg ree o f re fi n e d

ou t li n e. Th e s e p h o t o g ra p h s s h o w o n e o f o ur mo s t d e s i ra b le h e d g e p la n t s ,
the J a p a n e se p ri ve t ( g
Li us tr um i bota ) .
( Se e Ch a p t e r III)
 P RUNING 21

b i rche s, s p ruce s, an d suga r maple s If the leade r i s killed it i s often

.

p o ss ib le to t ra i n the be st l a t e ra l a vail a ble a s a sub stitute Thi s may .

b e don e by bin din g the l a te ra l to a pole an d tyi n g with ra fi a .

I f the t ree i s weake n ed o r i s dyin g, seve re p ru n i n g will often aid i n

o fl set t i n g the t rouble an d ma y help the t ree to recove r i t s vigou r
'

M an y t rees an d sh rub s, a s popl a rs, soft maple s, the t ree of he a ven ,

b o x elde rs, hyd ran ge a s, an d su ma c s wi ll stan d ve ry he a vy p run in g an d
re co ve r ra pidly . Oa ks, elm s, a n d flowe ri n g dogwood s should be p run ed
o n ly a s co rrect ive me a s u re s a n d n ot to check growth .

D uri n g the p rogress of con st ruction wo rk i n the n eighbou rhood of

fi n e t ree s o r s h rub s some p rotection s hould be aff orded , eithe r by the
e rec t ion of a stout fe n ce o r a stout woode n fra mewo rk .

ROOT P RU NING Root p run in g se rves to check the growth of a t ree

.

a n d to en cou ra ge l a te ra l o r secon da ry g rowth o f the r00t s Wh en .

a plan t h a s a s low or a we a k growi n g top g ra fted u -

pon a vigo r
ou s root stock ,root p run in g i s ofte n us ed a dv a n t a geou sly to stop

too gre a t a growt h of the st ock Root p run in g should be don e be fo re

.

the we a the r become s too cold i n the fa ll If thi s p run in g i s del a yed till
.

ve ry l a te n o st a rt i n hea lin g the cut s will be ma d e b e fore sp rin g an d ,

mean while dec a y will set i n The p roce ss of root p run in g to a ssi st i n
.

the s ucce ssful t ra n splan tin g of t ree s i s effected by exc a v a ti n g a n a rrow

t ren ch a roun d t h e t ree en ci rclin g a b a ll of e a rth (Usu a lly si x to e ight
feet i n di a met er) ( S ee Pl a t e VI C I ) which c a n be h a n dled with a t ree
- -

ma chi n e In thi s way one h a lf to two thi rd s of the l a rge root s a re

.
- -

sev e red . The t ren ch i s fi lle d with loa m a n d du rin g t h e re ma in de r of

,

t h e growi n g se a son a ma ss of new fi b ro u s root s fo rm which re a dily ,

come to the a i d of the t ree when t ra n spl a nted to i t s n ew loc a tion

( S ee Pla n tin g a n d T ra n s pl an ti n g P a ge ,

All t rees should be top p run ed when t ra n spl a n ted Thi s i s don e to
.

offse t t h e loss of root sy ste m by removin g a portion of the top A .

gen e ral rule i s to remove fou r fi ft h s of t h e cu rren t ye a r s growth a n d

-
’

on e e ighth of t h e olde r b ra n che s

-
D o n ot c ut b a ck ma i n l a tera l s or
.

lea d er: so a s to le a ve l a rge stub s fo r with such p run in g t h e stub s will

,

rot an d s poil t h e t ree .

Trees wi th a mple fib rous root s suc h a s ma ples a n d elm s a re e a sier

, ,

to move succes sfully th an t rees wi th few root s or wi th t a p root s such , ,

as magn olia s tulip s gu ms a n d n u

, , , t t ree s It i s therefore n ecessa ry t o
.

run e t h e to s mo re h e a vil on t ran s lan ted stoc k with s a rse root

p p y p p
 22 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
syst ems On all t ran spl a nted stock the root s should be p run ed to re
.

move di se a sed dead or b rui sed po rtion s In olde r plant s tap roots
, , .

ma y b e shortened i f the c uttin g i s don e j udiciously Man y t rees .

,

especi a lly olde r t rees a re moved more s afely i n t h e win te r i f they a re

,

root p run ed n ot late r th a n the l a st of t h e p revi ou s July In t ran s .

pl a ntin g fi n e old specimen s of beech an d boxwood it i s sometimes

n ec e ss a ry an d alwa y s a dvi s a ble
, to root p run e the t rees for two
,

se a son s p rio r to the time o f t ran s plan tin g i n o rde r to in s u re the gre a test
,

possible s uccess .

4 H E DG E S Most hedge plant s such a s the J a p a n ese ba rbe rry

.
,

an d the p rivet i f allowed to g row a s speci men pl an t s u

, n rest rai n ed

by seve re p run in g will p roduc e a con side ra ble qu a n tity of flowers

,

an d a l so of fruit Thi s i s especi a lly t rue of the J a p an ese ba rbe rry

.
,

whi c h h a s in terestin g fruit If these pl a n t s a re grown i n hed ges

.
,

which a re subj ect to frequen t an d severe t ri mmi n g a t le a st th ree or

fou r ti mes du ri n g t h e g rowin g se a son then a ll of t h e flowe rs a re s urely
,

re moved a n d i f the flowe rs a re n ot removed then a t the time of the ,

n e xt p ru n i n g the fruit i s re moved the refo re ve ry few of the hedge s of

,

thi s ch a racte r eve r p roduc e a n y fruit The on ly wa y i n which to .

h a ve a hedge s uch a s a J a p an e se b a rbe rry h edge with a quan tity of ,

fruit upon i t i s to p ru
, n e t h e hedge du ri n g the v e ry l a te w i n te r mo n th s

or e a rly s p ri n g mon th s a n d n ot to p run e it ag a i n un til a ft e r the fru it i ng

se a son i s ove r .

H edges which a re a llowed to grow n a tu rally requi re b ut little p run

i n g exce pt t h e re mov a l o f d e a d an d di se a sed wood a n d t h e c heckin g of
,

an y po rti on th a t beco me s too ra mp a n t o r d est roy s s ymmet ry It .

oft en b ecomes desi rable i n t h e d evelopmen t of hedge pl a n t s to keep

the growth wi thi n ce rt a i n we ll d e fin ed limit s o f height a fte r the plant s
-
,

h a ve become a few ye a rs old Thi s requi res judi c ious p ru n in g c on

.
,

si sti n g o f the removal of ma n y of the old e r b ran c he s ea c h yea r b u t ,

n eve r a he a vy shea ri n g whi c h cut s the e nti re top o f the plan t rega rd
‘

less of the size o r a ge of the b ra n c hes to a fixed height , .

H edges which a re t ri mme d formally s hould be kept un i form i n

height an d thickn ess One l a t e wi n t e r a nd two o r th re e s ummer p run
.

i n gs du rin g the growi n g se a son a re bette r th a n on e he a vy p run ing

ye a rly H edges will do b e st i f ke pt i n a flatt ened ovoid s h a pe with the
.

widest p a rt a t the ba re ( Pl ate V) In this wa y a ll t h e le af s urface

.

wi ll rec eive a more n e a rly equ a l portion of light a n d le a ves will grow ,
 P RUNING 23

down to the groun d It i s p refe rable to h a ve the top roun ded rather
.

th an flat Remember that a portion of the curre nt yea r s growth

.
’

mu st be le ft on the plan t s whe n p ru n in g .

If p rivet h edges a re win te r killed pa rti a lly o r wholly or gi rdled by

-

anima ls they s hould b e cut b a ck to four or si x in c hes above the groun d

, .

A hedge when n ewly plan ted s hould b e c ut b a ck severe ly often to

, , ,

with in t we lve in ches of the groun d This i s n ecessa ry i n orde r to secure .

thick growt h at the base .

TOP I ARY E FFE CT S The ope ration of p run i ng to p rod uce topiary
.

eflec t s i s on e that requi res much mo re c a re ful atte ntion an d more

‘

freque n t p run i n g th an a lmost a ny ot he r type of p run i n g work wi t h ,

th e ex ce pt ion of po ss ibly some hedges s uch a s p rivet hedges whe re ,

it i s n ec ess a ry to m a i nt a i n a con stant even efl ect The yew an d b ox

’

, .

wood which are use d for t h e most pe rm a n en t eff ect s i n topia ry work
c an be p ru n ed to best a dv a nt a ge du ri n g t h e l a tte r pa rt o f Jun e a n d the

m ly part of July at which time all the n ew growth s hould be c u

, t back
as fa r as t h e older growth which con s i st s o f d a rke r green le a ves
, Th i k .

allow s oppo rtun ity fo r new s hoot s to develop wi thi n the old growt h
an d thicken the mas s M a n y pla nt s used fo r s uch topi a ry eff ect s as
.

ovals s pheres py ra mid s con es spi ra ls et c c an be given a thorough

, , , , , .
,

t rimmin g when t h e t rees a re youn g Th e s ub sequent growth (i f the .

loos e growin g tip s a re kept cut b a c k) will conti n ue to in c rea s e the

-

dimens ion s of these design s i n an i n teresti n g wa y The key to .

succes sful topia ry eff ec t s i s the ac c u ra te s h a pe to which the t ree i s

tri mme d when the first p run in g work on the s pecimen i s un dertaken .

8 11 11 0 11 3Orn a men t a l flowe ri ng sh rub s ma y be p run e d at any

.

se a so n of the ye a r i f n o con sid e ration i s given to the question of

flow e r p roduction Woun d s mad e by p run in g will h e a l howeve r
.
, ,

be tte r du ri n g t h e growi n g season L a te s u mmer p run in g will some .

times en c ou ra ge a n ew a n d vigorous growt h which doe s not thoroughly

ripe n du ri n g the late summ e r a n d fa ll mon th s an d i s c on se q uently ,

ex po sed to the d a n ge r o f wi n te r killi n g L ate summer p run i n g should

-
.

—
a cco rdi n gly n ot be p ra c ti se d e speci a lly on se mi ha rdy pl a n t s D u rin g .

wet seasons an d when plan t s a re ove r s upplied with food s umme r

,
-
,

p run i n g m a y be re so rted to i n o rde r to re st rai n s,uccule n t a n d weak

Man y sh rub s possess a gre a te r or less v a l ue for thei r floweri ng habits .

 Th e followi n g are a seri es of memorand u ms exp lan atory of t h e
d rawi n gs s hown on Plate No V, illust rat ing va ri ous method s of
.

p run i n g t re es an d sh rub s .

A la rge , overgrown , an d l sh ru b wi th some new long shoots growmg fro m

'

t h e b ase of t h e p an t
l I n . if?
overg rown p lan t s as t h w e all of t h e wood wh i d )

p ro d uces flow e rs 13 i n t h e t o p b '

ran ch es a t t h e en d s o f t h e o ld wood and t he sh rub
p resen t s a v e ry b are efl e c t a t i t s b ase .

Th e same s h ru b a s sh own u n d er A bu t ru n ed for t h e p u m e of allowi ng

ne w sh oots to d evelo p fro m t h e b ase o f t h e s ru p
b a nd to p e rmi t a n ew top a t a
norma l h ei g h t , t h us renova t i n g t h e en ti re s h rub du ri n g a p eri od of two or t h ree

yea rs .

Th e same sh ru ru
”
b as i n A , s howi ng i ts d evelo p men t a fter p ro n i ng . Th i s
p rod uc e s new fl ow eri n g w ood an d a m o re n a tura l an d e ven e ve o p m en t of th e
en ti re s h rub , wh i ch in s ures a be tt e r b loom an d a more sa ti s fa ctory efi ect
'

Th e s a me sh ru b as u n de r A b ut in correct ly ru n ed or s h a red i n a ccord an ce

wi th t h e met h od of u n i n t elli en tly re mo vi ng a w ood , n ew an d o ld , a t a u n iform
g
hei g h t, i rres pecti ve of fiowen n g h a b i ts or ot h er h a b i ts of n th of th e sh ru b .

Th e sa me sh rub as u
nd e r A h d evelop men t i n i ts growt h after i n
sho wi n g t e
correct p ru ni n (A N o te t h a t mos t o f t h e n ew t
g “
r h h a s d eve lo p ed on th e
"
old wood , p uci ng a b room eff ect a t th e to p an d a leggy cond i tion a t the
b ase o f th e sh rub Such p la n ts ca nno t grow no rma lly o r p rod u
. ce normal flower

st ra ti on s hows th e correc t met hod of p ru

Th is illu
'

h b ri d i n ord er
t ea roses
ligh y
n
to rod u ce la ge i n di vi dua l b loo ms Th e po rt i on in i t n es s hows t h e b ran ch es
g s
.

to e re mo ve
Th is illust ra t i on shows t h e h yb ri d t ea rose p nn ed to od
r uce an a b und a nce of
flowe rs b u t n ot necessa ri ly la rge i n d i vi d ual loo ms i . qh 0 p o rti on i n lig h t lin es
sh ows t h e b ran ch es t o be remo ved .

Th is i llu st ra t i on s hows th e correc t se ri es of cu ts to be ma d e i n removi ng la

b ra n c hes a t a poi n t close to t h e t ru n k of th e trees ( 1 i s t h e first c u t t o be ma e,
or th e u nd e r cu t 2 i s t h e second cu
. t to be ma d e , or th e u p p e r cut 3 i s t h e .

(ma cu t to be ma d e , or th e close cu Not e a lso th e h ea li ng o ver of a correctly

:
t) .

ma t e cut .

Th is i llustra t i on s h ows th e i n correct met h od of ma a cu t i n on e op era tion ,

ftc u ent ly c a u si n g t h e s li tt i ng d own of th e b ranc h ote a lso t h e a ttempt t o
.

he a a n i nco rrect cu t , w i c h wa s not ma d e su fi ci en tly close to th e tru nk Th e .

b a rk on su c h cu ts d i es b a c k to t h e tru
n k an d th e n ew h eali n g ba rk cannot gro w
ove r th e wou nd .

D 4 to 0 8 -

Shows correc t an d i n corre ct met hod s of sh ea ri ng or p ru

n i ng h ed ges .

0 1 to 0 4
- -

Shows t h e correc t met h od known a s th e ovoid cros s secti on (D r) ; th e tru nca t ed -

cross se ct i on ( D a n d t h e rect a ngu la r cro ss secti on ( D 3 As a resu lt of ea ch

)
.

o f t h ese met hod s of p ru n i n g t h e h ed ge p rod u ces a soli d fo i a ge effect a t i t s b ase .

Th ese i llust ra te i n correc t met h od s o f

p run i n g k no wn a s t h e i n vert e d py ra mi d a l
cross secti on a nd t h e i n ve rt ed con e cross sec ti on , bo th o f wh i c h me t hod s resu lti n g
i n a wid e top a nd a na rro w b a se i n t h e cross sect i on of t h e hed ge prod u
'
ce a b are
efi ect a t th e b a se and gi ve li t tle fo li a ge .
 P RUNING 25

T h e re a re two types of s h rub s (Ch a pter XLII A, Page on e of which

-

i s t h e s p rin g or e a rly flowe ri ng s h ru

-
b s , s uc h a s Va n H o utt e s spi rea, ’

w e i g ela, sn ow ball , an d most gold en bells , p roduci n g flowe rs on wood -

fo r m ed du ri n g t h e p re viou s yea r Th e othe r type c on si st s of pla nt s

.

w h i ch p roduce flowe rs du rin g the la t e s umme r a nd fa ll on t h e g rowth

of the cu rrent yea r Thi s type in clud es the rose of S h aron , t he
.

h y d ra n ge a , an d the common elde r The gen eral rule for the p run in g
.

o f flowe ri ng t ree s a n d s h rub s , i n o rde r to e n cou ra ge the developmen t of

m o re flowe rs, i s to p run e soon a fte r flowe ri n g Un less on e h as a d e fi .

n i t e kn owle dge of s h rub s, thi s ru le should be applied lit e rally The .

o t h e r rule i s th a t s p ri n g fiowe ri n g s h rub s s h o uld be p run e d i n the ea rly

-

su mme r immedi a tely a fter they a re th ro ugh floweri ng, an d the s umme r
flo we ri n g s h rub s c a n be p run ed t o t h e be st advan t a ge i n the lat e
w in ter an d e a rly sp rin g before growth h a s commen ced , to a voi d t he
p o s si bi li tie s o f wi n t e r killi n g
-
Lil a c s a
. l so s hould be p ru n ed du ri n g
t h e ea rly pa rt of the summ e r an d s ho rtly a fte r the bloomi n g pe riod i s

c omplet e an d i n eve ry i n st an c e b e fo re the seed pod s h a ve form ed .

S p rin g bloomin g plan t s should b e p run ed wi thi n a week after t he

-

b los so ms fall to en cou ra ge a s um mer gt of budded wood wh ich

will be well ripen e d by wi n t e r .

S ummer bloomi n g pl a nt s ma y be p run e d either i n the l ate summer

-

or ju st b e fore sp ri n g growth begin s, t o fo rce a n ew sp ri n g growth

upon which summer flowers appe a r L a te s ummer p runi n g i s n ever .

a d vi s able .Some sh rub s, such a s lil a c s, floweri ng dogwood s, an d

rhod od en d ron s should n ot be p run ed except to remove dead an d

d i sease d b ran ch es, or b ran che s th a t i n te rfe re with the development

o f the plan t s D eciduous sh rub s of which t h e wood h a s bec ome i n
.

cu rab ly affected with sc a le may , howeve r, be revi vi fi e d by bei n g

cu t down to t h e g roun d In t h e c a se o f pl an t s that form o rn a men tal

’
.

fruit t h e b ran ches should n ot be cut b a ck fa r, n or the p run i n g done

after the frui t bud s h a ve formed .

Any dead or dyin g wood s hould b e re moved a s soon as n oticed .

In the c as e o f s umme r bloomi n g s h rub s p run in g i s b est don e i n the

-

early s p rin g a fter the leave s a pp e a r, i n orde r to remove wi n te r killed -

hould be cut out to p reven t sh rub s from get ti n g leggy

s ,

i e havin g a ll top with n o foli a ge a ro un d the b a se

. .
,
In removi n g o ld .

wood cut to the b a se of the pl an t ; othe rwi se sp rout s will shoot up from
,

una lp s an d fail a s the l atter dec a y New growth should always be .

26 THE COMPLETE GARDEN
en cou raged fro m the roots Cutti n g back a ll b ran ches or gi ving
.
,

sh ru b s an even she a rin g should be avoided a s st ron g shoot s wi ll ,

deve lop an d c a use a too succulent a n d un b a lan ced top g rowth ( S ee

Pl a te V) With t ran splan ted st ock a gen era l rule i s to remove
.

a bout on e fou rth of the wood to offset the loss of root s

-
, Root p run in g .

for s h rub s i s simil a r to t h a t of t ree s ( See Chapter o n Plan tin g an d

Old s h rub s overgrown m a te ri a l s hould b e thi nn ed out by re

an d

movi n g some b ran c h e s to t h e b a se of t h e pl ant Thi s will a llow su n .

an d a i r to re a ch t h e b a se o f the pl a n t a n d e n c ou ra ge growth a t t h e

botto m The dog wood s globe flowe rs an d simil a r s h rub s lose t h e

.
, ,

b right c olou r of thei r wood as they age The old wood should be .

removed to encou ra ge n ew g rowth .

E V E RG R E E N S Evergreen s n eed b ut little p run in g The p ru n in g

. .

of eve rgree n s i s don e to s ecu re fo rma l s h a p es to thi c ken growth , ,

o r to p re se rv e s y mmet ry Tip s of b ran c hes should b e shea red i n

.

t h e sp rin g ju st b e fo re th e y st a rt g rowin g Begi n p run in g a year .

a fte r pl a n tin g an d con tin u e e a ch s ucc ee di n g ye a r E ve rgreen s d ry .

out more ra pidly th an d eciduous gt and a s they make much

growth i n the e a rly sp rin g woun d s from s p rin g c utti n g h e a l ra pidly

, .

Ap ril i s a good mon th fo r thi s work i n the n o rth e rn st a tes Pi nch .

i n g b a ck of bud s at a n y time i n o rd e r to thic ken the g rowth i s all

the p runi n g th a t most eve rgreen s re qui re S he a ri n g for formal .

sh a pes mu st b e don e c a re fu
'
lly an d a po rtion of the past se a son s growth
’

allowed t o rema i n on t h e plan t s M an y eve rg reen s such a s the plume

.

’
s h ap ed cyp re ss, L a wson s cyp ress a n d the a rbo rvitae will re spon d to
,

seve re p run i n g ope ra tion s Th ese pl an t s grow vigorous ly un de r ide a l

.

con dit i on s a n d du rin g t h e growi n g se a son it i s n ot i n freq ue n t th a t they

requi re p ru n i n g t wo o r th re e time s R a rely a re eve rgreen s p run ed
.

for the pu rpose of re movi n g b ran c hes which a re c rowdi n g an d on ly ,

un der ve ry a b n orma l con dition s i s it n ecessa ry to p run e eve rgreen s

i n orde r to re move de a d or di seased b ran ches .

RH ODOD END RO NS Th e p run in g of rhododen d ron s a s a rule i s

.
, ,

un s a ti sfa ctory p a rticul arly i f the wood i s old If t h e plant i s ve ry

, .

th ri fty an d i n a damp sheltered position fa i r s uccess may be h a d

, , , .

Not more th an on e h a l f of a pl a nt should be p run ed i n an y on e year

-

an d the ot h er part i n t h e s ucceedi n g ye a r It should be don e early .

 P RUNING 27

in t h e p rin g an d the bark of t h e stump s well moisten ed at least twice

s

d a ily to as si st the develop men t a n d b reaki n g th rough of the dorm a nt

leaf bud s Cut s s hould be m a de ju st a bove a who rl of leaves becau se
.

adven titious bud s wi ll a ppe a r the re more p romptly than e lsewhere .

If the plan t s a re n ot th ri fty it might b e a dvi s a ble to cut h a l f o f the

s t a lks to the groun d us in g c a re n ot to dec re a se mo re th a n i s n ece ss a ry
, , ,

the be a uty of the plan t s New shoot s will b e developed from the
.

groun d an d when th ese re a ch a sa ti sfact ory height repe at the p roce ss

, ,

wi th the remain in g st a lks The root system will also be b en efit ed

.

by such t reatmen t .

P run in g i s seldom resort ed to with rhodod en d ron s i n order to p ro

duc e i n c reased size an d qu an tity of flowers As an added p recaution .

for the succes sful develop men t of rhod oden d ron s all the seed p od s
s hould be re moved fro m t h e li n e r an d les s vigo rous g rowi n g plan t s

i mmed i a tely a fte r the floweri n g pe riod i s complete an d be fo re an y

of the plan t en e rgy h a s been ex pen ded i n the developmen t an d ripen

i n g of the seed pod s t hu s dive rti n g thi s en e rgy in to the p rod uction of
,

n ew flowe r bud s in stead of in to the p rod uct ion of u seless seed pod s .

l zs Vi n es a re p run ed on ly to remove de a d wood an d st rag

.

glin g growt h P run e vi n es a fte r bloomin g except vi n es with orn a

.
,

men t a l fruit ; the latte r should be cut back seve rely in the sp ri n g ,

becau se they fruit on the new wood .

Ro sz P run e hyb rid pe rpetu a l an d most othe r ha rdy roses i n

s .

Ap ril when s a p begi n s to flow an d bud s st a rt to swell At thi s ti me .

dead wood may be most ea sily di stin gui shed an d mulch should not
be distu rbed e a rlier Memo rial ro ses a n d ra mble r rose s should be
.

p run ed just afte r the floweri n g season to p roduce wood for the n ext
ye a r s bloom
’
.

Other thin gs bei n g equal the p run in g det e rmin es the qu a ntity an d
,

s ize of flowe rs Seve re p run i n g will p roduce the l a rgest an d best

.

flowers ; less seve re p run i n g i s p rod uctive of a la rge c rop of ave ra ge

flowers ; medium p ru n i n g p rod uc e s a la rge c rop of smalle r blooms

( Pl a te V Page,

For seve re p run in g thi n out to the ba se a ll but th ree to h y e shoot s

, ,

with two to th ree bud s on e a ch shoot Less severe p ru n i n g requi res

.

the s ame n umbe r of shoot s to be cut b a ck to from fi ve to t en bud s .

For med i um p runi n g l e a ve fou r to se ven shoot s a n d cut e ach b a ck to

,
 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
on e-
h a lf of i t s height A lways cut the stem on e fou rth to on e half
.
- -

in ch i mmediately abo ve a st ron g bud th at poin t s out from the cen t re of

the plan t W hen a plan t h a s been p runed the shoot s s hould be
.

left a s n ea rly a s possible equi d i stan t from e a ch other an d arran ged

-

a roun d the plant so that it p re sen t s a we ll b a l an ced appea ran ce on a ll

,
-

sides with a n un c rowded cen t re With some hyb rid pe rpetu a ls an d

.

climbers i f con sidera ble len gth of stem i s cut with the flowers the
, ,

plan t s c an b e in duced to m a ke s ome autumn bloom S eed s s hould .

n eve r be pe rmitted to ripen on rose bu s he s a s the eff ect o f t h i s i s

,

ext remely we a ken i n g t o t h e pl a n t .

Wh en p run in g hyb rid perp et ua l roses remove b ra n ch e s th a t c ross ,

an d all weak woo d a ls o Cu t back st ron g c a n es to s i x bud s the top

.
,

bud pointi n g outwa rd For a big o utdoor di spl a y le a ve two thi rd s

.
-

of the len g t h o f fou r to s even can es S ometimes it i s fe a sible to cut

.

awa y p a rt of the top s i n autu mn so th a t the fib ro us root s wi ll n ot be

loos en ed or b roken by t h e force of wi n ter wi n d s swayi n g the pl a n t s .

H yb rid te a s an d teas must be cut to the s u rfa c e of t h e so il i f n eces ,

sa ry i n o rd e r to cut to live wood

, H owever a s much o r more wood
.
,

should be le ft a s on hyb rid pe rp etu a ls i f po ssible Weak growe rs

, .

should b e cut b a ck fa rthe r th a n st ron g growe rs .

R ugos a s bou rbons chin a s a u st rian b riers ra mble rs an d wi ch

, , , , ,

ura i an a s n eed but little p run i n g Thi n out a n d cut b a ck on ly a few

.

in ches of the stems Remove wood to the b a se of the pl an t a s it b e

.

comes old .

Climbi n g a n d pill a r roses n ee d on ly on e thi rd to on e fi ft h of the wood

- -

removed A ll old wood s hould be remove d a b out on ce i n th ree yea rs

. .

In autumn an y un us u a lly lon g can es s hould be cut back slightly an d

'

tied up .

W hen rose bloom s a re cut from the pl an t the fin est an d la rgest

bloom s follow i f on ly on e bud i s left to the b ra n ch .
 CHA PTE R IV
PLANTI NG AN D TRANSPLANT ING

R E A S ON S TRA N S P LA NT ING Tra n spl a nti n g i n i t s gen e ral d efin i

1 0 11
7
.
,

ti on i s th e operation of taki n g a pl a n t up from the soil an d pl an tin g

,

it a g a in i n a n ew loc a tion where it i s expected to conti n ue n ormal

,

g r o m h The
. t e rm
“
pl a n t ”
i s a ppli e d to t ree s s h rub s vi n es pe, ren , ,

n i a ls an d an n u a l s
, Co rrect t ran spl a n ti n g implie s that a plan t i n i t s
.

n ew pos iti on s ho u ld be left i n p roper postu re an d fi rmly imb edded i n ,

go o d soil I n a dditi
. o n to pl a ci n g pl a n t s i n new a n d pe rma n e n t l oca
ti ons to have them mo re eff ective or wh e re th ey ma y d evelop to bett e r
,

a dv an tage 1 t i s often n e ce ss a ry to mov e pl a n t s from ma sse s i n o rde r to

,

p re ven t crowdi n g a n d to p rovid e mo re sp a ce for t h e rem a in i ng plan t s to

develop Th i s i s t rue especi a lly with n u rsery grown stock an d i n
.
-
,

pl an tation s a lso whic h a re m a de den se a t the o ut set in order to p ro

duce an immediate eff ect .

S PAC ING P LANT S On e of t h e i mport a n t fa ctors i n succ e ssful

01? .

pl an tin gs i s the correct spacin g o f pl an t s a t t h e ti me of t ra n spl a n tin g .

E ve ry plan t requi res sp a ce i n which to d evelop n o rmally The res ult .

of cl ose plan ti n g i s ev en tu a lly a n ove rc rowded con dition a n d a l a ck of

hea lthy well d eveloped foli a ge flowers an d fruit The more vigorous
,
-
, , .

“
s pe cimens c rowd out the w e a ke r on e s a n d un le ss a thinn in g out -

p rocess i s adopted the m a ss eff ect becomes quite un even an d ra gged

, .

Th e reas on for most ove rc rowd e d plan ti n gs i s the d esi re on the p a rt

of the de sign e r to obt a i n a n i mmedi a t e eff ect Too oft en our i m .

“
p atien ce a n d un willi n gn ess to w a it un til pl a nt s m a tu re an d fill
”
out develop s m a n y e rro rs Th ree yea rs a fter t ran spl a ntin g i s the
,
.
°

n o rm a l pe riod requi red fo r s h rub s two ye a rs fo r pe ren n i a l s an d eight

, ,

to t en yea rs for ave ra ge n u rse ry grown t rees to m a ke the n ecess a ry

-

g ro w t h to ove rcome the b a r e eff ect o f the bo rde r o r row o f t rees whe n

plan ted i n sm a ll sizes .

The questi on oft en ari ses a s to whethe r or n ot it i s better t o use

a verage sized n u rse ry st ock (th ree to four yea r old stoc k) or t o u
-
se- -

29
3 0 TH E COMPL ET E GA R DEN
'

la rge overgrown sh rubs Man y people feel that an immediate eflect i s

.

desi rab le an d therefore the la rger the sh rub s th a t a re u se d the more

'

quickly th e efl ect will be p rod uced The author h a s had con side rable .

experien ce wi t h b oth t ypes of pl a n tin gs The n u rsery s h rub will re .

qui re an ywhere from two to four yea rs un der n orm a l sp a ci n g before

it will develop sufi ci ent ly to p roduce the desi red eff ect i n the mass
p la n tin g O u. the othe r h an d the l a rge ove rg row n s
, h rub which will ,

p rod uce a n immediate eff ect gen e rally requi res seve re p run i n g an d
cu tting b a ck i n orde r to p rod uce an y growt h which will h ll the plan t
at the bot tom a n d the top Thi s ren ovatin g p rocess requi res from two
.

to th ree yea rs Therefore at the en d of thi s period the gen e ral efl ect
’

of the pl an tation i s about the s a me whethe r l a rge ove rgrown s h rub s ,

a re used or whethe r the s m a lle r n u rse ry specimen s are u sed .

Th e correct meth od to adopt i n gen e ral pl an tin g work i s to a llow

su fi c i ent sp a ce bet ween plan t s for the n orm a l developmen t o f e a ch .

Plan tin g too close a lthough p rovidi ng a more fin i sh ed a ppea ran ce

,

d urin g the first on e or two se a son s i s fa r more un desi ra ble than liberal
,

spaci n g It i s n ot p ra ctic a ble to lay down a well d efin ed rul e for

.
-

sp aci n g pla n t s The plan ter c an best be guid ed by the k n owledge

.

that h e i s seeki ng an immedi a te m a ss effect of foli a ge requi ri n g c lose ,

spacing, or that he will wait du ri n g a p rope r pe riod before exp ec t i ng

“
to see the plantation well developed S ee li st re S pacin g of Pl an t s .

which follows .

SPACING OF PLANTS
ma uowmo rs A TAB L E
ro o 1r ms rm c s s
'
i ls A c u
rve 111 m m
a as

Puaros s TYPI CAL Puu

ws

—
Allees Trees
Th orns
E uropea n Cork b arked Ma p le-

An l ua ls
é B ed d m
a r et
'

Desf
g n B e d di ng
Ed smss

Broad leaved Evergreens

-

Great La urel
Hb rid Rhod od en d rons
ou n ta i n La urel
Mo un ta i n Fetterb u sh
J a panese Az aleas
3 2 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN

Pm s
o s

Sh rubs in Masses

al W rea th

So ur Ch erri es

Groves
Lawn s peci mens Purp le Beech
Vine (fruit )

Vi nes
Cli mbe rs on wa lls Boston Ivy
Ouemb an kmen t s H a ll s H oneysuckle
’

W in d b rea ks (t rees )

CO ND I TI O N SFO R T RA N S P LA NT ING It i s better to t ran splan t stock

.

on a dull moi s t d a y ra th e r th a n on a b right s un n y day b ec a u se the

, , , ,

pl an te r n eed s to give less a tt en tion to t h e d ryin g out a n d con sequen t

in ju ry to fi b rous root g rowt h Th e most ide a l we a the r for movi n g
.

pl a nt s i s a d a y wh en a cloudy c on dition exi st s a n d when the re i s a mple

moi stu re i n the a i r Avoid b right s u n n y d ry days on which to
.
, ,

do t ran splan tin g un less plen ty of w a t e r i s use d or the pl a n t s a re

, ,

thoroughly do rm a n t D ry wi n d s a re eq ua lly a s i nj uri ous a s h ot s un

.
Q
.

Th e gen e ral rul e i s th a t n o pl a n t s hould b e t ra n spl a nted exce pt with

ext reme c a re a n d on l y wh en i t i s en ti rely dorman t Pl a n t s a re
, .
 PLANTING AN D T RAN S PLANTING 33
gen e ra lly con sidered dormant when t h e flow of s a p h as cease d i n t h e
h i s completed an d wh en t h e
’
to p at whi ch time the se a son s g rt
, ,

wood h as had an a mple opportun ity to ripen an d ha rden Decid uous .

pl a n t s a re dorman t when the leaves have fa llen or tu rned b rown .

Tran splan tin g before the wood i s thoroughly ripen ed i s one of the
sou rces of win te r killi n g-
It will be n oted un der group No 40 A
. .
-

an d 40 B (ou P a ge 2 8 9 ) that the re a re c e rtai n types of stock which

-

s hould be t ran spl an ted i n the sp rin g an d othe rs which s hould be

t ra n spl a n ted i n the fall to secure t h e best result s The explan ation .

i s con t a in ed i n Chapte r X L E ve rgreen s requi re diffe rent rules for

.

t ime of movin g an d must therefore be con side red sepa ra tely ( S ee

P a ge It i s p racti c a ble to t ran splant small t rees man y ,

eve rgreen s an d ma n y sh rub s toget her wi t h pe renn ials before th ey

, ,

have fin i sh ed th ei r growi n g se ason 0; a fter growth i n the sp ri n g h a s well

begun ; but thi s should ra rely i f ever be attempted wi th large t rees .

In s uch out o f se a son h an dli n g of the stock ext reme caution s hould be
- -

used to p reven t d ryi ng out an d the pl a n t should be moved i f pos sible

, , ,

with the e a rth b a lled about the root s .

TRA N SP LA NTING N U R S E RY Sroc x It i s essen ti a l that the p ur

.

ch a ser of n urse ry st ock should request th a t s uch m a terial be li fted an d

packed p rope rly Nu rse ry stock i n gen eral must be dug c a refu lly to
.

p res e rve a s much of the root growth a s i s p ra ctic a b le and wi th roots ,

cut a s clean ly as possible The stock should not be allowed to stan d

.

Open ly exposed to the in jurious eff ect s of win d an d sun aft e r li ftin g an d
before packi ng Fo r s hort shipment s of one or two days stock c an
.
, ,

be packed equ a lly well i n excel sio r sph a gn um moss or st raw but for
,
-

, ,

lon ge r shipmen ts mate ri a l should not be packed i n excelsior for it d ri es ,

out too ra pidly .

Ou receipt of n u rsery stock which h a s been shipped i n boxes or

c ra tes the stock (bei n g delive red by t ruck or by wagon) should be
so loa ded a n d so covere d with can v a s that the re i s a mi n imum of

ex pos u re to d ryi n g o u t p rocesses

-
Stock when received on the
.
,

g rou n d s whe r e it i s to b e plan t e d s ho uld,be r emoved at on ce from

“ ”
boxes or c rates an d i f n ot plan ted immediately must be heeled i n
,

( P lat e V I ) or kept i n so m e othe r way fro m d ryi n g out .

—
TRA N SP LA NTING CO LL E CTE D St oc x . Collected s tock n ee d s more
ca reful attention tha n n u rsery stock . Collect ed material usually
 The followi ng i s a desc riptive memorandum to accompan y Plate
No VI . .

A
If plan ts a re not to be p lan t ed i mmed i ately (wi thi n th ree or fou r d a ys ) a ft e r t he

ti me o f a rri va l, t h ey s h o u lly u
ld be carefu h eeled i n , u n til s u
”
n p a c k ed a n d ch
-

ti me as th ey can be p la n ted to a d va n ta ge ( See Pa ge

Th e a verage small tree a s i t i s recei ved fro m th e n u rse ry o u g h t t o b e p run ed be

fore th e p lan t is p u t i n i ts p erman en t loca ti on Th is d rawi n g sh ow

. s a nu rsery

t ree ( B 1 ) wi th two lea d ers , a n d th e p ro pe r p ru

-
n in g of th i s t ree ( B z ) by removi ng
-

one of t h e lea d e rs a n d so me o f t h e s ma ll b ran ch es .

0 1 -
a nd 04
La rg e t rees an d trees wh i c h a re d ifi cu lt to tra nsp lant sh ou ld b e mot p ru n ed not

la ter th an J u ly of th e su mmer p revi ous to t h e sea son wh en they a re to be trans

p la n t ed U s ua
. lly t h e fi b ro u s p art o f th e e x i s t i n g roo t s ys t em ( 0 1 ) i s e n t i rely
removed by t h e t ran sp lan t i ng o pera t i on u n less root p ru n i n g i s d on e (0 1 ) an d th e

t ren c h es filled wi t h well ro tt ed co mp ost, t h u

-
s en cou rag i ng t h e fi b ro u s root system

( 0 -
2 ) close to t h e t run k o f t h e tree an d w i t h i n th e d i a m e t e r o f th e b all of e ar th
usua lly moved wi th th e t ree .

0 1 . 0 2. 0 3 ,
- - -
an d D4
Hyb rid u
roses of va rio s types a re so meti mes grown mots wi thou
on t h e i r own t

g ra ft i n g ( D r ) S uch -
ro ses
. s h o uld b e t ra n sp la nt ed sli g h tly d ee pe r ( D 2 ) th a n

i n t h ei r ori gi n al posi ti on ( D 1 ) D 3 . s h ows t h e s a me b u sh mo u n d ed wi th a

d ep t h of 6 to 8 i n ch es of so il, for wi n ter p rotect i on In t ran sp la n t i n g gra ft ed

.

roses t h e k not fo rma t i on , i n d i c a ted b y t h e a rrow, wh ere t h e gra ft was ma d e sh ou ld

be set a bo u t 1 i n ch or more be low t h e s u rfa ce of t h e so il ( D If any su c k ers

d evelop from below the graft, t h e soil sh ou ld be d u g wa y and th e su

a ck ers cu t
of close t o t h e st em .

Trees an d sh ru b s g rowi n g ma l d ep th (E r) should be t ran sp la nted lea vi ng

a t a no r -

t h e surfa ce o f th e grou n d surro un d i n g t h e s tem a t th e s a me po i n t or sli gh tly below

th a t in th e n ew locat i on , a n d th e b asi n for wa teri n g su

p o i n t ch p lan t s sho uld be
mad e a s sh own i n E 2 Pla n ts sh ould n ever b e t ran sp la n ted a t an a b norma l
.

d epth below th e s u rfa c e o f t h e exi s ti ng groun d or pe rman en tly left wi th a mou nd

of ea rth aroun d t h e ma i n stem as sh own i n E 3 .

 -
D4

A k n owl e d ge o f t h e v a ri o us ii n volve d i n
o p e ra t on s

th e wo rk o f c o rre c t ly t ra n sp la n t i n g p la n t s i s e ssen t i a l fo r t h e i r
su b seq ue nt n ormal d evel op ment . Th e se d i a g ra mma t i c d ra wi n g s
a c c omp a n i ed b y t h e exp lan a t i on o n th e o osite p a ge i llu st ra t e
pp
various t ran spl anti ng operati ons .
 PLANTING AND T RAN S PLANTING 35
has a la rge r sp re a d of root s than pla nt s grown i n n ursery rows an d ,

as it h a s n e ve r been p re v io u s ly t ran spl a n t e d o r root p run ed it su

'

fl e rs
more se ve re ly th rough loss o f root sy st em Top p run in g mu st the re
.

fore be mo re se ve re for collect e d pl a n t s th a n for n u rse ry m a t e ri a l to ,

off se t t h e g re a te r los s o f root s Colle ct ed stock u sua lly req ui res a

.

lon ge r pe riod i n w hich to become we ll e st a bli sh e d i n i t s n ew loc a tion .

W hen the loss i n t ran spl an ted stock i s t en o r fi ft een p er cen t t h e a ve r

.
,

rag e l os s i n collect e d stock ma y b e a s high a s twen ty p e r cen t The .

u su a l p e riod requi re d for est a bli s hi n g n u rse ry stock i n i t s n ew loc a

tion i s two ye a rs The usua l pe riod for est a bli shin g collected stock may
.

ran ge f rom two to fou r ye a rs .

S E A S ON Y E A R FO R TRA N S P LA NTING
or . Pl an ti n g se a son s i n diffe r
en t l o c a liti es a re i n flu en c e d b y m an y fa cto rs . Soil con dition s an d
c li ma t ic con dition s a re t h e most impo rt a n t , a s seen i n Ch a pte r II .

He a vy soil s are more fri a bl e d uri n g the fa ll, while du rin g the sp ri ng
th e y re m a i n h e a vy, cold , an d wet un til quit e l a te In such soils if but
.

little pl an ti n g i s to be done it i s b ett e r to pl an t d uri n g the sp rin g

mon th s for the re a son th a t cl a y soil s ten d , th rough frost a ction durin g
t h e w i n t e r mon th s, to he a ve out ma t e ri a l w hich i s pl a n t e d i n the fa ll .

It i s un doubtedly t rue t h a t fa ll pl an ti n g, e spe ci a lly i n he a vy soil s,

req u i res more tho rough wi n t e r p rot ection th a n sp ri n g pl a n ti n g i n t h e
same soil . On the oth e r h a n d , i f a q uan tity of pl an ti n g i s to be don e
it i s m uch s a fer to pl an t d uri n g t h e fa ll i n a h e a vy soil, especi a lly a s a
rain y se a so n i s freq u en tl y e xp e ri en c e d d urin g t h e ea rly s p ri n g mon th s,

thus d el a yin g pl a n ti n g work un til growt h i s too fa r a dv a n ced Th e re .

i s lit t le a ct ua l d ifl e ren c e b etwee n t h e d esi ra bil i t y o f s p ri n g pl an tin g

'

an d f a ll pl an ti n g The re a re a rgumen t s on both sid es of t h e question

.

an d , with t h e e xception o f those pl a n t s which a re a d a pt e d fo r t ran s

pl an t in g on ly a t a sp eci fi c se ason , t h e writ er s uggest s th a t pl a n tin g

shou ld b e don e when eve r t h e soil i s re a dy to rec eive t h e pl an t s, whether
it be sp ri n g or fa ll Thi s i s especi a lly t rue i n the loa my soils Tra ns
. .

pl an t in g should n ot be don e too l at e i n the sp ri n g, for t h e re a son th a t

g row t h will be too fa r a dv a n c e d f o r the pl a n t s to b e mov e d with
sa fety , an d the se a son will become hot a n d d ry b e fo re the pl an t s a re

well est a b li shed It i s fo r thi s re a son th a t pl a n t s t a ken from a colder

.

climate to a much wa rmer climate should p refe ra bly be t ra n splan ted

in t he fall .
3 6 TH E COMPL ET E GA R DEN
P LA NTI NG B an s GE N ERA L P R EPARATI O N S or Soil for plan ti ng
. .

s hould be p rep a re d c a re fully Bed s for sh rubbe ry should be dug a t

.

lea st twelve in ch es deep an d a mple width a n d depth p rovided for

t rees v a ryin g a ccordi n g to th ei r size The soil should be m a d e loo se
,
.

a n d fri a ble so th a t it will cove r the root s tho rou —

ghly We ll rotted .

m an u re should be i n corpo ra ted i n pl an tin g bed s b ut n e ve r d i rectly i n ,

con t a ct with t h e root s especi a lly of eve rgreen s H e a vy soils should be

, .

lighten ed i f possible by t h e a ddition of s an d y loa m o r st raw m a n u re

, ,

a n d light soil s s hould b e imp roved by the a ddition o f ve get a ble m a tt e r .

Oft en times own ers of p rop e rty a re so anxious to do thei r pl an ti n g

i n a n econ omic a l wa y th a t th ey lose si ght of the fa ct th at tho rough
p rep a ra tion of a ll pl a n tin g a re a s a lthough more e xpen sive i s good
, ,

economy a n d the le a st expensive way i n the long run of obt a i n i ng good

,

res u lts Poo r p rep a ration of pl a n ti n g b e d s a s we ll a s foun d a tion s for

.

l awn a re a s me a n s a n i n c re as ed expen se i n the cost of mai n ten a n ce

du ri ng the succeedi n g ye a rs a ft er t h e completion of t h e origin a l wo rk .

Thorough p rep a ra tion of pl a n ti n g bed s c an be a ccomp li shed on ly

t h rough the u se o f good fr i a ble top soil an d an a deq u a t e s upply of well

rotted ma n u re It i s a n e a sy matter i n a ll pl an ti n g worlr especi a lly

.
,

th a t done i n cl ay soil s to do so c a lle d pocket pl an tin g an d to feel th at

,
-

t h e i n iti a l e xp en se h a s b een ve ry g re atly red u ced In a ll pl a n tin g .

a re a s bo rd e ri n g re fi n e d l a wn s thi s method of pl an ti n g i s n ot desi ra ble

'
.

“ ”
It c a uses a soil boun d a n d a stun ted growth of t h e root system an d
-

does n ot p rovi d e t h e a d eq uat e food supply which plan t s growin g freely

i n a loose a n d fri a ble soil c a n obt a in .

H EE L ING I N S TOC K TO B 1: TRA N SP LA NT E D When s hipmen ts of

-
.

stock a re rec eiv e d it i s fre qu en tly imposs ible to pl a n t t h e m a te ri a l as

ra pidly a s it i s u n p a c ke d a n d it i s oft e n impossible to pl an t the stock

,

bec a use t h e bed s a re n ot p re p a re d The pl a ci n g of stock i n tempo ra ry

.

“
n u rse ry rows imm e di a t e l y a ft e r it h a s b ee n u n p a ck ed i s c a lled h ee lin g
”
in. In th i s m a n n er stock ma y be p re se rved i n i t s n orm a l con dition
un til suc h ti me a s it c a n be t ra n spl an ted to i t s p erm an en t loc a tion .

Th e re a re a few import a n t poin t s i n con n ec tion with th e ope ra tion of

“
heeli n g i n st ock which should be cle a rly un de rst ood
-
”
Trees .

a n d s h ru b s whe n h eel ed i n ove r wi nt e r s hould b e le a ned to t h e

,
”
-

n o rth so th a t t h e low wi n t e r s u n ma y n o t s hi n e di re c tly i n to the top s

n o r so re a dily me lt the frozen g rou n d a bou t t h e st e ms Thus th ey a re .

p rotect e d b ett e r from free zi n g a n d th awi n g of t h e g rou n d a n d from

3 8 TH E COMPL ET E GA R DEN
DRAINAG E FO R T RA N SP LA NT E D 8 1 00 1 The soil i n which p lan ts a re
.

pl a ced should be con sidered c a re fully S a ndy soil s which have ample
.

d ra i n a ge a n d clayey soil s which n atu rally ret a in wa t er requi re d i s

, , ,

t i n ct ly d i ffe ren t t reatmen t It i s i n va ri ably n ecess a ry i n clayey soils

.
,

es peci a lly wi th la rger trees to p rovide a rt i fic i a l d ra in age In s an dy

, .

soils on t h e othe r h a n d
, a n ext ra s upply o f wa te r mu st be added
, ,

e speci a lly when st oc k 1 s t ran s pl a n ted du ri n g t h e latte r pa rt of the

s p rin g sea son or i n the w a rm er c limates A pl an t should not be

.

“ '

pl a ced i n a pocket exc a va ted i n shale or cl a y which will aflord

, ,

little or no d ra ma ge ; a n d it i s of cou rse bette r n ot to plant on a

sm a ll mou n d which wi ll lose moi stu re ra pidly d u ri n g the d ry sea son .

“ ”
Th e common p racti c e of hilli n g ea rth a roun d the st em of the
plan t which sh ed s water awa y from the root s i s to b e di scou rag ed
, , .

A sh a llow basin shap ed d ep ression should be left a roun d the stem

,
-
.

Th i s will hold the water un til it soa ks down to t h e root s But .

suit a ble a llowan ce mu st be m a de fo r late r s ettli n g of t h e loosen ed

ea rth .

BA LLE D -
AN D —
BU R oor SYS TE M S Pl an ti n g materi al i s
RLAP P E D .

often li ft ed with a ball of e a rth left i n tact a roun d the root s The b a ll .

of e a rth a ft e r b ei n g li ft e d i s then ca re fully w ra pped with bu rl a p .

Thi s p rocess i s u sed with l a rge ma t e rial everg reen s a n d an y plan t s

, ,

th a t a re d i ffi cult to move Th e g re at d a n ger of t ra n spla nti ng such

.

m a teri a l a fte r it h a s been wra ppe d for th ree or fou r d a ys lies i n the fact
th a t d uri n g thi s pe riod t h e oute r thin l a ye r of e a rth on the ball
becomes h a rd a n d d ry Th e gen e ra l p ractice with m a ny pl a n ters h as
.

been to pl a n t t h e stock without furth e r ca re a fter removi ng the bu rlap .

In t h e cou rse of a few mon th s the pl a n t di es Loss i s d ue to i n sufi ci ent

.

moi st ure re a c hi n g the out e r coa ti n g of the ball to loose n i t an d th us ,

n ecess a ry w a t e r can n ot re a c h t h e root s Wh ich h a ve become sealed in side

,

t h e h a rd co a ti n g The b e st p ra cti c e wi th all pl an t s which have been

.

“
b a ll e d a n d b urla p p ed i s to im me rse t h e b a ll i n wa t e r for a short
time i n ord er to thoroughly loosen t h e di rt i n thi s outer co a ti n g before
t ra n spl a n ti n g It i s n ever a d vi sa ble simply to slit the bu rl a p with a
.

kn i fe without removi n g t h e c overi n g enti re ly a n d soa kin g the ball wi th

wa ter b efore t ra n spl antin g Pl a ce the pla nt i n t h e hole where it i s
.

to be pl a n t ed then cut t h e bin di n g an d remove the bu rl a p ve ry slowly

,

an d c a refu lly exe rci si n g c a ution to avoid di stu rbi ng the ball ; then
,

p a rti a lly fi ll the hole wi th water .

 PLANTING AN D T RAN S PLANTING 39
D EPTH FO R TRA N SP LA NTING The question i s often a sked a s to h ow
.

d ee p stock s hould be set when it i s t ra n spl a nte d Thi s i s a que ry .

which mus t be a ppli e d to va ri ous type s o f m a te ri a l a ccordi n g to t h e

sp ec i a l requi rem e n t s o f e a ch Fo r ex a mple some of the more t en d e r
.
,

pe ren n i a ls li ke the Sh a st a d a i sy t h e foxglove a n d the c a rdin a l flower

, ,

s hould n ot be set a s d ee p a s some of the h a rdie r types like the phlox the ,

l a rkspu r a n d the h a rdy sun flower The suggestions here however a re

, .
, ,

g e n e ral A. pl a n t i n i t s n ew loc a tio n s hould st a n d a t a bout the sa m e

level a s it stood b efore The re i s more d a n ger of se tti n g a plan t too

.

d eep i n a cla yey soil th an i n th a t which i s sa n dy for it i s vit a l th a t the ,

a i r s hould re a ch the root s More stock i s i nju red by deep pl an tin g

.

th an by s h a llow an d it often will be foun d well to set the pla n t with the
,

crown or top of the root s a n i n c h or mo re n e a re r t h e surfa ce th an it wa s

befo re Thi s i s esp eci a lly t rue i n the c a se of t rees which a s i s fre
.
,

q uen tly ob se rved a re ea sily killed by filli n g i n e a rth a roun d them In

, .

the ca se of s h rub s it i s n ot a se ri ous m a tt e r except with rhododen d rons ,

an d a zal e as These two pl a nt s a re st ron gly c h a ra ct e rize d by h a vi n g

.

root s th a t rem a i n n e a r the s u rface Roses of a ll kin d s howeve r a re

.
, ,

bette r set deep for th ey re a dily th row out n ew root s a bove t h e old
, .

Deep plan ti n g thus in cident a lly help s to con se rve the supply of
moi st ure so essenti a l to success with the rose In t h e c ase of b udded .

rose s it i s n eces s a ry t o h a ve t h e un ion at le a st two an d a h a l f o r th ree

in ches be low t h e s urfa c e o f the groun d i n o rd e r th a t s ucke rs ma y not ,

sp ri n g up from the stock a n d c hoke the en gra ft e d plan t V i n es .

,

p a rt icularly gra pe vines a lso it i s well to plan t deep In fact gra pe

, .
,

vin es a re oft e n led un de r the g roun d fo r a ro d or mo re to s p ri n g up a t a

distan t poin t whe re it i s d esi red to h a ve th em grow But with .

pe ren n i a ls i n gen e ral ext reme c a re m ust be exe rci sed Those like the
, .

iri s with le a ves th a t sp ri n g from a poi n t n e a r the groun d a re made to

, ,

decay by ea rth he a ped a bout them Those wi th thick flesb y root s .

,

p a rticula rly should be pl a n ted on ly a ccordi n g to a c a reful ob se rv a n ce of

thei r h a bit of growt h Th e peon y does not m a ke good bloom i f the
.

eyes a re sun k much more th a n two a nd a h a lf inc h es below the

.

su rfa ce In the t ra n splan tin g of the root s of the l a rkspu r it

.

shou ld be bo rn e i n min d that the c rown at the b a se of the pl a nt

should be c ove red with good top soil to a depth of a pp roxim a tely

t wo o r th re e in ches In a ll t ra ns pl an tin g c a lcul a tion should be

.

ma de o f the po ssibili ty o f the ea rth settli ng a roun d the pl a nt

( S ee Pl a te V I ) ,
40 THE COM PL ETE GAR DEN
F 15 11 1 1 1 1 2 1 11 0 TRAN SP LA NT E D S roc x In usi ng fertilize rs i t i s not
'
.

advi sa ble to a pply them i n a ny qu a n tit y so that they will come i n

di rect con t a ct wi th the root s of n ewly t ra n s plan ted stock It i s a lwa ys .

e ssen ti a l fo r pl a nt s to b ecome e st a bli s h e d be fo re they c an m a ke u se of a

fe rtilize r ; othe rwi se i nju ry ma y result Un til a t ree ma kes a n ew .

t e rmin a l b ud on t h e secon d g rowth i t s root system h as n ot become

est a bli s hed n or h a s it develope d fib rous feedi n g rootlet s suffi ci ent to
s uppo rt the t ree A s a fe rec ommen d a tion i s th a t fe rtili ze rs should be
.

so di st ributed i n the soil su rrou n di n g t h e root s o f t ra n spl an ted stock

th a t t h e food c a n be come a v a il a ble a s soon a s the root s h a ve st a rted

growth In t ra n spl an tin g n u rse ry t rees a n d l a rge t rees a slow actin g
.
-

fe rtili ze r s uch a s bone me a l c an be used i n t h e soil a roun d t h e roots

, , ,

bec a use the fe rtilize r wi ll bec ome a v a il a ble a t the time when the t ree
h a s develop e d some of i t s n ew root growth .

TAM PING A ND W A rrz a mc S oil s hould be made c ompact i n among

'
-
.

the roots of n ewly t ra n spl a n ted stock by wa te ri n g or t a mpi n g Tamp .

i ng ma y be a c c ompli sh ed by p ressi n g down t h e soil with the heel o r a

stick . In t a mpi n g c a re should b e e xe rci se d n ot to p ress too heavily
,

immedi a tely a roun d the ste m o f the pl an t a s i n so doin g i nj ury may ,

be c a use d by t h e b rea ki n g of root s S oil th a t c a n b e re adily p a cked .

s hould be u s ed a rou n d t h e root s Thi s i s n ece ssa ry a s a n y a i r sp a ces

.
,

rem a i n i n g will c a u se d ryi n g out o f root s a n d con seque n t in ju ry to t h e

pl a n t s .

I f wate r i s a v a il a ble it i s a dvi sa ble to run some slowly i nto the holes
,

whe re m a teri a l i s pl a n t e d eithe r a t the time o f pl a n ti n g or immedi a tely

,

a fte r plan ti n g The best pl a n i s to put it i n when the hole i s p a rtly

.

filled with e a rth a rou n d t h e root s Thi s i s don e fu rth e r to compact

.

the soil a n d to p rovid e n ecess a ry moi stu re Un less soil i s p a rticul a rly .

moi st n ewly t ra n spl a n te d stock should be wa te red shortly a fter

,

t ra n spl a n ti n g It i s n ot a dvi s a ble howe ve r to apply ve ry m uch

.
, ,

wat er i n soils or site s ext re mely ret en tive of moi stu re for it i s quite as
e a sy to i n ju re pl an t s fro m ove r wa t e ri n g a s it i s to p rese rve them by
-

givi n g them just s uffi ci en t wa t er to meet thei r requi rement s .

TRA N SP LA NT ING SMA LL S E E D L INGS For t ra n spl a nti n g sm a ll seed .

li ngs of t rees a n d sh rub s a well p rotect ed spot should b e selected an d

-

t h e grou n d s hou ld b e p re p a red to a d epth of twe lve or fi ft een in ches by

deep sp a din g a n d c a reful ra ki n g P rep a re the a re a i n the same way
.
 P LA T E V I I I . To mo s t o f us i n t h e No rt h e rn St a t e s t h e me t h o d o f s ee d i ng
a la w n i s fa mi li a r, b ut t h e me t h o d o f m a k i n g la w n s i n t h e So ut h e rn St a t e s b y
p la n t i n g B e rm u d a g ra s s , i s li t t le k n o w n
. In t h e s e p h o t og ra p h s s m a ll c lump s
“ ”
o f B e rmu d a g ra ss a re b e i n g p la n t e d i n h i lls s t a g g e re d at i n t e rva ls i
ra n g n g

fro m 1 8 i n c h e s t o 3 0 i n c h e s Th e t h i c k e r t h e p la n t i n g
. th e mo re q ui c k ly a

ma t o f t urf can b e d e v e lo p e d .
( Se e p g
a e 6 2 )
 PLANTIN G AN D T RAN S PLANTING 4 1

as for avegetable ga rden The li ttle pl a n t s which should not have

.
,

been exposed a t a ll to the wa rm a i r or d ryi n g wi n d s a re then best ,

puddle d befo re they a re lin ed out But i n thi s a ctu a l planti ng th ere
.

i s dan ge r of pe rmitti n g the mud i n which th e y we re puddled to b e come

h a rden ed a bout thei r roots F urt h er to sa fe gua rd them p a rt i c u
.
,

la rly if they a re eve rg reen s it i s n ece ssa ry to s hade them un til they
,

a re well est a bli s hed i n the n ew home S ome evergreen s p a rti en

.
,

la rly the sma ll sh rubby kin d s n eed such shadin g even beyond the
,

fi rst ye a r .

P R U NING TRAN SP LA NT E D STO C K S uggestion s with reference to

.

“ ”
p run in g a re covered more fu lly i n the ch a pte r on Prun in g One .

of the fun damen tal p ra ctice s to be followed i n conn ection with the

correct t ra n spl a n ti ng of stock i s to p run e a ll b ran ches an d root s

p rop e rly An y b ran ch es th a t a re c rowdi ng should be c a refully p run ed
.

at t h e time of t ra n spl a ntin g especi a lly i f the t ran splan tin g i s don e i n
,

the s p ri n g ; oth e rwi se it i s a bett er p ra ctice to lea ve t h e stock stan ding

i n i t s n ew pos ition du ri n g the wi n t e r a n d p erfo rm the n ecess a ry p run
in g o f the top i n the e a rly sp ri n g or late r wi n t e r mon th s An ex ception .

to thi s p ractice i s the c a se of m a ple t rees which s hould be p run ed ,

be fo re sa p st a rt s to flow i n the sp ri n g With t rees an d sh rub s h a v

.

in g a he a vy top at lea st on e thi rd of t h e top should be re moved

,
-

at t h e time of t ra n spl a n ti n g o r before the stock h a s commenced to

,

m a ke i t s n ew growt h i n the sp ri ng Thi s i s don e to off set the loss

.

of root s in cu rred i n mo vi n g a n d i t i s e ssen ti a l e xcept wi th n u rs e ry

st o ck which h a s bee n frequen tly root p run ed a t the n u rse ry -

All .

b rui s ed a n d b roken root s should be c a refully p run ed with a clean ,

cu t, a t t h e time o f t ra n s pl a nti n g On ly i n thi s m a n n er will root s

.

he a l an d possible d ec a y be a voided S a ve a s man y root s a s possible

.

wh en movi n g .

W rm PROT E CTI O N or N E W LY TRA N SP LA NTE D Sroc rc A nec es

n
'
.

sa ry fe a tu re i n c a ri n g for n ewl y t ra n spl an t e d pl a n t s es pecially those ,

set i n the fa ll i s to a pply a s u

, it a ble mulch for wi n ter p rotection This .

a ppli es to a ll ki n d s o f t ra n s pl an ted m a te ri a l A mulch i n he a vier .

-
,

clayey soils re duces the possible inju ry c a used by chan ges of tempera
,

tu re an d con se quen t h ea vin g of the pl a nt s A p rope r mulch of fresh .

st ab le li tte r a pplied th ree to s i x i n ch e s i n depth keep s the soil at an

, ,

even t empe rature an d p reven t s ext reme freezin g con ditions from
42 THE COM PL ETE GA R D EN
i nju rin g the root s A mulc h which i s l a rgely st raw may p rovide a
.

refuge fo r ra bbit s ra t s an d mice which frequen tly gi rdle plan t s duri ng

, ,

the wi nte r mon th s .

TRA N SP L A NTING TR EE S S ome plan t s p a rticul a rly t rees ma y be

.
, ,

t ra n spl a nted s uccessfully while youn g but a re mo re d i ffi c ult to move

a s they g et olde r Exa mples o f thi s a re the hickory an d o a ks which
.
, ,

with the exception of the p i n oa k form deep t a p root s Th e tulip s an d

, .

m a gn oli a s a re h a rd to move b ec a use they h a ve few fi b rous roots ;

while m a ples an d elm s on t h e cont ra ry h a ve m a ny fib rous root s
, ,

an d a re moved more e a sily Jun ip e rs t ra nspl a nt more re a dily wh en

.

olde r for they then have a more exten sive l a te ra l root system
,
.

SE A S ON TO TRA N S P L ANT A ND P R EPA RATI O N or H ow s L a rge t rees

, .

should be t ran spl an t e d wh en th ey a re dorma n t It ma y be n ecess a ry

.

to move other m a te ri a l b efore t h e growi n g pe riod h a s stoppe d but ,

thi s s hould seldom b e att empt e d with olde r t rees L a rge t rees a re .

moved i n wi nter an d it i s p refera b le to move them wh en the groun d i s

,

frozen Th e b a ll of e a rth on t h e root s will th en re m a in fa i rly i n t a ct

.

an d there will b e a mi n im u m of root loss wh en movi n g H oles for the .

t rees should be dug wi th st ra ight sid e s a n d with bottom ra th er con vex

o r s lightly rou n d e d Thi s i s m uch to b e p referred to m a ki n g holes
.

bowl sh a ped a n d it p e rmit s an o ppo rtun ity to sp re a d the root s more

n a tu ra lly th a n i n a hole whe re the middle i s d ee p er than the s ides .

A common error i n t ran splan tin g l arge t rees i s th a t of p rovidin g a

h ole n ot s ufi c i en tly la rge to receive the r oot s o f t h e t ree wi tho ut c ra m p
ing . A hole for a l a rge t ree gre at e r th an fi ve to si x i n ch es i n di a meter
should n ot b e l e ss th a n e ight to t e n fee t i n di a met e r an d n eve r l e s s than
,

t h ree feet i n depth Th e most com mon method of t ra n splan ti n g l a rge

.

t rees i s the method of c utti n g the root s down to a b a ll a pp roxim a ting

eight to t en feet i n di a mete r Trees t ra n spl a n t ed i n this wa y a re
.

frequ ently subjected to a root p run in g p roc e ss du ri n g the p revious

-

su mme r or p refe ra bly d uri n g t h e p rev ious ye a r

, .

It h as been st a ted b y a uthorit i e s who a re i n a position to kn ow th at

, ,

t h e ide a l method of t ra n s pl a n t i n g t rees i s by s a v i n g a ll o f t h e root

sy stem i f po ssible
, Thi s p roce s s i s kn own a s c ombi n g out the root
.
”

system Un de r thi s method a ll of the root s a re t ra ce d down to thei r

.

fi ne en d s a n d th en the root s a re ti ed up i n b url a p i n o rde r to p re

ven t excessive d ryi n g out of the fin e fi b ro us root s Tran spl an tin g .
44 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
li tter, in ord er to p rotec t i t from freez i ng and to mak e i t read i ly a va il
sta b le

a b le wh en th e trees a re t ra n sp lan ted It i s q u

. i te essenti al th a t th is topsoil
sho u ld be fri a b le a t th e t i me of p la n t i ng .

4 W h
. en con d i ti o ns a re fa vo ura b le fo r t ra n s p lan t i n g , re move th e s t a b le manu re

from th e pla ce wh ere th e tree i s to be plan t ed , ex ca va te th e h ole, d i g u p t h e

t ree, p la ce i t i n th e h ole , cove r t h e ma t s wi t h t h e to p so il, a n d t h en rep la ce

th e st a b le ma n u re over t hi s a rea Th i s coveri ng wi ll th en se rve a s a mu
. lch an d
as p rot e cti on ag a i ns t fu
rth er freez i ng, an d aga i n s t eva pora ti on i n hot wea th er
.

After t rees a re plan ted guy wi res should be set to p reven t wi n d

sto rm s from ben d i n g or tippin g the t re e s ove r It i s n ever a s afe .

p ractice to t ran spl a n t an y l a rge t ree witho ut suppo rtin g it with wi res .

The re a son for a tt a chin g guy wi res to n ewly t ran splan t ed t rees i s two
fold . Fi rst to b e s u re that the t ree d oes n ot blow over du ri ng a severe
,

Wi n d sto rm a n d secon d to keep the t ree from swa yin g without blowin g
, ,

ove r an d the reb y loosenin g the root syst e m an d lettin g a i r get in to the
soil a roun d t h e root s Thi s se con d rea son for guyi n g t rees i s a n i m
.

po rt a n t on e a n d 1 s suffi c i en t 1 n it self to requi re a ve ry c a reful tight

,

en i n g of the wi res which hold the t ree s i n pl a ce In pl a ci n g guy .

wi res on the t run k it should be p rotected from in ju ry by t h e use

of pieces of hos e b a ggi n g or c an v a s
, , .

P ROTE CTI O N AFT ER TRA N S P LA NTING L a rge t rees wh en t ran s .

plan ted must be amply p rotect ed a gai n st ev a pora tion d u rin g the hot
summe r mon th s Thi s p rotection i s given to the t ree i n two ways
. .

Fi rst a m ulch con si stin g of st raw litter or le a ves i s a pp li ed to a depth

, , ,

of si x to eight i n che s ove r an a re a e ight to t en fe et i n di a mete r i m

, ,

medi a tely a roun d the b a se of the t ree S econ d the t run k i s wra pped
.
,

with b url a p or b a ggi n g to p reven t excessive d ryin g o ut M a n y n ewly .

t ra n spl a n t ed t rees a re i nj ured by the hot ra ys of the sun th rough

la ck of thi s p rotection which p reven t s a d ryi n g out o f the b a rk an d
c a mbi u m ti ssue on the expo se d t run k of t h e t ree Thi s d ryin g out .

often res ult s i n in ju ry to l a rge t rees (as shown i n Pl a te VII P a ge 7 5 ) ,

to s uch a n extent th a t the b a rk c ra c ks d ri es up a n d becomes loosened

, ,

from the t run k of the t re e thu s exposi n g t h e i n n e r wood immedi at ely

un d er the b a rk It i s q uite a s n ecessa ry to p rovide suit a ble m ulch
.

durin g t h e win t e r month s of t h e n ext se a son a ft e r the t ran splan tin g ,

a s to p rovide o n e i n the s umm e r mon th s In a n ewly t ran splan ted

.

t ree a fin e root growth i s d evelop ed n e a r to t h e surfa ce of the groun d ,

an d thi s r oot g rowt h i s e a sily in ju re d by a n y excess ive freez i n g and

t hawi n g which ma y occu r d u ri n g a s eve re wi n t e r .

 PLANTING AN D T RAN S PLANTING 45

PRU N ING TR EES AFT E R TRA N SP LA NTING After the t ran splanti ng
.
,

th e top a n d the root growth of a t ree mu st be bal an ced It i s n ece ssa ry

.

to remove a portion of the root growth i n o rde r to make it p ract icable

to han dle the t ree an d the removal of root s a n d li fti n g of the t ree from
,

i t s exi st in g location shut s off much of the supply of moi stu re which goe s
into the t ree In eve ry pl an t th at i s moved there i s sto red withi n the
.

plan t a cert a in a mount of food materi a l which becomes a v a ilable

immedi a tely when growt h st a rt s A p ort i on of the top of the t ree
. .

should the refo re be removed i n o rde r to les sen the possible a re as of

eva po ra tion a n d a rea s of leaf growt h which d raw he a vily upon the
,

sto re o f food i n the t ree ; othe rwi se thi s re se rve s upply i s a p t to be ex

h a nst ed b efore root growth i s st a rted sufli ci en t ly to p rovide the t ree

with new moi stu re The re a re in st an ces when it i s not n ecessa ry to
.

prun e bec a u se the full b en efit of the top i s immediately requi red .

The
.
l a tte r howeve r will requi re mo re c a re for t h e t ree du rin g the
, ,

summe r mo n th s an d e n t a il s a gre a te r liabi lity to loss bec a u se o f the

un b a l an ced con dition of t h e top an d root growth A t ree th a t i s .

p rope rly p ru n ed a t the time of t ra n splanti n g will within th ree years

, ,

eq u a l i n developmen t a s imil a r t ree th a t i s t ran spl an ted n ot p run ed , ,

an d gi ven m u ch n ecessa ry a ddition al ca re .

F 5 11 1 1 1 1 2 1 11 0 N E W LY TRA N SP LA NT E D TR EE S In t ran spl a ntin g

.

t ree s the re i s g re a t da n ge r th a t th ey ma y b e ove r fe rtilized -

A t ree .

which h a s just been t ran spl a n ted h a s suff ered a severe s hock to i t s
root syst em . It i s n ot i n a con dition to utilize a gre a t q uan tity of food .

It mu st be s upplied with food slowly an d on ly i n such qu a n tities a s it

can readily t a ke up th rough i t s root sy stem . There i s great d an ger of
ove r st imul a tin g n ew ly t ran spl a n ted t ree s a t the time when thei r le a ves
-

a re n ot su fi c i en t ly d eveloped to dige st the food which i s supplied ,

an d he n ce i n stead o f fo rcin g mo re g rowth i n the t ree a con dition ,

i s apt to be b rought about i n the soil su rrou n din g the root s an d i n the
t ree it sel f which ret a rd s growth i n stea d of en couragin g i r Ar t h e .

time a t ree i s t ran spl a nted a n orma l a moun t of well rotted man u re -

should b e wo rked in to the soil but not i n di rect co n tact with the root s .

Not un til the t ree shows evident sign s of rega i n i n g i t s n ormal vigou r
by developi n g leaves which a re full size a n d n ew wood of a n orm a l
,

len gth should the t ree be he a vily fe rtilized S uch t ree s ma y be

, .

“
tun ed up by feedi n g them with a mixed fe rtilize r of pota sh d ried
”
,

blood a n d bon e mea l S uch a fe rtilize r may b e fed to t rees du rin g t h e

, .
46 TH E COMPL ET E GA R DEN
yea r p reviou s to the time th a t they a re t ran spl a n ted i n order to mak e ,

them more vigorous an d bett er a ble to with st a n d the shock of t ran s

plan tin g or such a mixed fe rtilizer ma y be fed to the t ree in small qu an
,

tities five to t en poun d s to a n a ve ra ge sized t ree ( si x to eight in ches

,
-

i n diamet er) within the fi rst yea r a fte r the t ree h a s bee n t ran splan ted .

Un de r n o con dition s should a n ewly t ra n splan ted t ree be left on a

n e a tly mowed l awn a re a without a rt i fi c i a l method s bei n g reso rted to

for fee din g i t The old s ayin g a s quoted from Mr H icks i s th a t

.
“ ”
Nea t n ess i s st a rvation
, .
,
N a tu re p rovides a con tin u a l g a the rin g of
.

lea ves an d gra ss which rot s an d m a kes fertilizer for the t ree Wh en the .

gra ss i s kept closely clippe d an d the clippin gs t a ken awa y an d when ,

the lea ves a re ra ke d e a ch fa ll then thi s n eat n e ss dep rives the t ree of all
,

of i t s possib le so u rce of food s upply .

TRA N S P LA NTI NG N ua s s aY o a o wn Ta s s s Nu rse ry t rees are t rees

-
.

which h a ve bee n grown u n de r n u rse ry c on dition s fo r at le a s t two o r

th ree yea rs The most desi ra ble method of h a n dli n g s uch t rees i s to
.

b a ll a n d bu rl a p the m to le sse n t h e d a n ge r o f i nju ry fro m t ran s

- -
,

pl an ti n g This a pplies to sma ll t rees with well d eveloped root

.
-

sy st e ms a n d e sp ec i a lly to th ose w hi c h h a ve been so root p ru

, n ed th a t

t h e root sp re a d i s i n a s m a lle r mo re c o mp a ct a re a than that o f the

,

usu a l n u rse ry t ree Ho les fo r n urse ry t rees should be exc a vated a t

.

le a st on e foot l a rge r th a n t h e b a ll p rese rved with the t ree In other .

wo rd s t h e root s o f the t ree should never b e p run e d to fit the hole i n

,

which t h e t ree i s to b e pl a n t ed a n d the root s sho uld ne ve r be c rowded .

It i s quit e essen ti a l to pl a c e sma ll guy wi res n ot less th a n th ree in ,

n u mb e r to e a c h s ma ll n u
, rs e ry t re e fro m t w o t o fi ve i n c h e s i n di a mete r .

Thi s i s espec i a lly n ec essa ry when t ree s a re i n exposed location s or

st a n d a lon e a s s p e cimen s .

Wh en l a rge pl a n t a tion s a re set out a n d the t rees will be subjected

to b ro a d sweep s of wi n d it i s more econ omi c a l not to guy but rathe r to
, ,

w a tch t h e pl a n t a tion an d from tim e to ti me st ra i ghte n up such t rees

,

a s a re pu shed o u t o f th e i r n o rm a l position by t h e wi n d In a n effo rt to .

b ui ld up pl a n t a t i on s of n a ti ve growth suc h a s o a k b eec h hic kory , , , ,

b a sswoo d a n d a n y o th e r fo rest t rees it i s bette r t o pl a nt these t rees

, ,

i n c on c en t ri c c i rc l es o r a sp i ra l a rra n ge me nt so th a t d urin g the fi rst

th ree o r fo u r ye a rs a n y on e c o uld c ultiv a t e a mo n g th e se t rees wi thout
ve ry much d i ffi c ult y I f t h e t ree s i n suc h pl a n t ation s a re st a gge red
.

here a n d th ere witho ut a n y rel ation ship to a n y aven ue s th rough which

 PLANTING AN D T RAN S PLANTING 47
harrow or cultivator c an pa ss the mai nt en an ce work becomes , a ques
t ion of han d work in stead of team wo rk .

TRAN SP LA N TING SHRU B S E FF I C I E N TLY In t ran splan ti n g sh rubbery .

the stock should be left out of the groun d a s short a time a s possible .

A crew o f two or th ree men un der one competen t pla ntin g forem an i s a s
man y a s c a n be operated to good a dvan t a ge i n plan tin g sh rubbery an d
pe renn ials accordin g to some d efin i t e plan un less the men a re thor ,

oughly fa milia r with method s of pl a n ti n g an d the requi red loc a ,

ti on fo r the pla n t s .

TRA N SP LANTING V IN ES The t ran splanti ng of vi n e s i s simila r to

.

t ra n spl a n ti n g sh rub s Vi n es a re ve ry often plan ted too c lose to foun

.

d a tion walls Ca re must be t a ken n ot to set p l an t s a ga i n st a wa ll

.
,

but rather th ree or fou r i nches away All fo reign m a t e ri a l such as

.
.
,

li me b rick s et c s hould be removed from t h e g roun d to a d epth of at

, , .
,

lea st twelve i nches an d the vin es placed i n e xcellen t fi n e soil

, Vin es , .

should n ot be pla n ted agai nst wall s o r buildin gs whe re the ove rhan g

of the eave s or othe r featu res o f the buildi n g will dep rive them of the

n o rmal amoun t o f rai n ; othe rwi se g reat c a re must be e xe rc i sed i n

a rt i fic i a l wate ri n g .

TRAN SP LANTING P E R E NN IAL S The sea son fo r t ran splan ti n g peren.

n i a ls i s n ot quite a s d efin i t e a s the sea son fo r t ra n spla n ti n g t rees an d

sh ru b s Un de r n ormal con dition s of cloudy days an d good mulch

.

i n g p rotection to p reven t l a te r ev a po ra tion pe renn ials c a n be t ran s

pl an ted du ri n g thei r growi n g pe riod except when they a re n e a rin g ,

thei r maximum of growt h an d bloomin g con dition It i s p refera ble .

,

howeve r to t ran splan t pe renn i a ls a s soon a s thei r m a ximum growt h i s

,

completed for the sea son an d at the time when the n ewly t ran spl a nted
,

materi a l c a n obtai n a slight root growth i n i t s n ew location b efore

win te r con diti on s commen ce There a re some types of pe renn i a ls a s
.
,

—
indic a ted i n group No XL A P a ge 2 8 9 which should be t ran spl an ted
.
, ,

i n the fall an d othe rs which should be t ra n splan ted i n the sp ri n g

,
.

For most pe renn ial stock howeve r the re i s n o diffe ren ce between fa ll
, ,

p la n t m g an d s p ri n g pla n ti n g p rovid e d the p rope r time i s select ed a t

,

either se a son Th e p ri n cip a l objection to t ra n splan ti ng pe renn i a l s i n

.

the fa ll i s that i n heavy clay soils an d i n t h e colde r clim a tes the plants ,

i f not ca refully mulched du ri n g the wi n te r mon th s a re apt to b e ,

heaved from thei r n ew location s by freezi n g an d thawin g Per .

4 8 TH E COMPL ET E GA R DEN
en n i a ls s hould n ever be t ra n splanted When the groun d i s frozen even ,

s li ghtly . Do not move p eren n ial s when it i s impossible to p rovide

the pl a n t s with rich top soil i n which to con t i n ue growth Perenn i a ls .

“
ma y be hee l ed i n i n the sa me w a y a s othe r pl a n t s with on e diff er
-
,

en ce Peren n ials must be removed from the bun dles i n whi c h they a re
.

s h i pped an d each pla n t heeled i n sepa rately Un less th i s i s don e the

-
.

“ ”
pl a n t s a re a p t to mild ew or rot Perenn ials hee led i n du ri n g wa rm
.
-

we a th e r s hould be covered with a light litte r o f st raw for furthe r p ro

t ec t i on a g a i n st d ryi n g out When t ra n splan ti n g pe renn ials
.
,

p ec i a lly tho s e which h a v e b e e n g rowi n g fo r two or mo r e ye a rs it i s ,

“
quite n ecessa ry to divide th em Thi s ope ra tion of d i vidi ng plants
.

i s e xplai n ed i n the c h a pt e r on — ”
Mai nten an ce Perenn ials ( Page
Dividi n g should be don e when eve r the pl an t s b ec ome too thick .

The rea son why m a n y pe renn i a ls pu rch a sed from n u rseries do not do
well du ri n g the fi rst ye a r i s becau se the plan t s wh i ch a re sold by the
n u rse ry a re o ften the re su lt of too frequen t s ubdi vi di n g o f the pa rent
plant s an d t h e youn g pl a n t s a re n ot gi ven sufli ci ent time to establi sh
them se lves before bei n g sold to the p rospec ti ve pu rch a sers The .

re sult i s that those who p u rch a se these plan t s mu st w a it a t least du rin g

o n e g rowi n g s e a son be fo re t h e pe ren n i a l s wi ll de velop n o rmal fl owe r

growth No on e who i s deve lopi n g for the first time a p ere nn ial flower
.

ga rden should expect a no rm a l developmen t of good flowers from

perenn i a ls supplied by t h e ave ra ge n u rse ry S uch pe rson s s hould be
.

p repa red to wa it until the secon d growi n g sea son befo re expectin g a
n ormal fl owe r eff ect .

TRAN SP LA NTING E V E RGR EE NS Evergreen s s hould n ot be t ran s

.

“
plan ted to a cold soil but rathe r i nto a soil th a t i s sufi ci ent ly wa rm
,

to pe rmit root growt h to begi n immediately a n d to con ti n ue either

d uri ng the sp ri n g a n d summer o r du ri n g a period of two or th ree wee ks
i n the fa ll before the pl a n t s become dorman t The best season for
.

t ra n spl a nti n g e vergreen s espec i a lly i n colder climates i s du rin g th e

, ,

s p ri n g mon th s ju st a s n ew growth i s begi n n i n g

, Thi s i s don e for the
.

purpose of givi n g the pl an t s a n opportun ity to go th rough on e growin g

se a son a n d the reby bette r to est a bli s h them selve s to wi th sta n d cold

we a ther i n thei r n ew loc ation S t a ble man ure which i s n ot thor

.

oughly rotted s hould n eve r be pl a ced i n con t a ct with or close to

the root s of any eve rgree n pl a nt s F resh st a ble m an u re mixed i n
.

a ny soi l whe re everg ree n s a re to be plan ted i s fatal to the plan ts .

50 TH E COMPL ET E GA R DEN
s hould be born e i n mi n d th a t the root s o f rhododen d ron s an d of th e
ki n d red plan ts such a s the az a lea s feed n ea r the su rface of the groun d
, .

For thi s rea son a nd al so becau se of the eve rgreen foliage cha ract eri sti cs
.

some root action should be e n cou ra ged i f po ssible du ri n g the milder

, ,

wi n ter mon th s an d thus mulc h i n g of such plan t s i s vital Ext reme

, .

c a re should be exe rci sed i n t ran spl a n ti ng these types of plan ts Plants .

should be put i n a h eavy well rotted le a f mold soil a t n o greate r depth

,
-

th a n the pl a n t stood before movi n g from i t s p revious loc a tion It i s a .

com mon p ractice i n the p repa ration of l a wn a re as a n d plan ti n g areas ,

espec i a lly i n sect ion s where cl a y soil p redomi n a tes to apply a l a rge,

amo un t of lime Bec a us e li me i n the soil i s a n elemen t ve ry i nju ri ous

.

to the growth o f bro a d le a ve d evergreen s n on e s hould ever be put i n

-
,

o r close to a n y bed s which a re to be pla n ted wi th rhodode n d ron s .

Thi s i s al so t ru e of build i n g pl a ste r a n d mort a r w hich i s frequen tly

,

th rown i n to the soil adj a cen t to t h e foun d a tion of buildi n gs where

these pl an t s ma y late r be put .

R hododen d ron s should n eve r be pl a n ted i n a loc a tion where the soil
a roun d the root s will d ry out They should be sheltered from the
.

morn i ng sun a n d a l so from ext reme ex posures of win d D uri n g most .

o f the growi n g s e a son the fa lli n g of the dew as a re sult of the con

den sation of the moi stu re i n the atmosphere cau ses little globules of
wa ter to remai n on the su rfa ce of t h e leaves du rin g the n ight These .

p a rticles of moi stu re a re slowly evapo rated du ri n g the ea rly pa rt of the

morn i n g The rays o f the e a rly morn i n g sun comi n g i n di rect con t a ct
.

wi th the leave s of rhododen d rons on which these p a rticles of moi stu re

a re sti ll p resen t a re con cen t rated an d focu sed by these man y li ttle
“ ”
len ses a n d cau se a b urn in g of the su rface of the leaves which i n the
c a se of rh ododen d ron s i s extremely i nju rio us to the pl a n t Thi s i s one .

o f t h e mo s t impo rtan t rea son s why rhododen d ron s with thei r sen si

tive le af su rface should n ot be exposed to the di rect ra ys o f the early

morni n g s un at lea st un til a fter the he a t of the d a y h a s c a u sed an
,

eva poration of the pa rticles of moi stu re re ma i n i n g on the leaves

from the p reviou s n ight The b a ki n g out of the soil a roun d the r00ts
.

i s ext remely i nju rious to them I f t hi s soil c a n b e mai n t a i n ed at an

.

even cool temperatu re thei r n ormal growth i s better a ssu red du ri ng

, ,

the summer They a re n ot so much i nju red becau se of the cold but
.
,

becau se of the i n ten se s un wh i c h c a uses evaporation of moi stu re from

'

the leave s a t a time when the groun d i s frozen a n d a t a time when the
plan ts are u n abl e to repl a ce t hi s loss of moi stu re by a ddi tion al water
 PLANTING AND T RAN S PLANTING 5 1

tak en th rough t h e root s from the soil Thi s con dition i s especi a lly
.

true i n th e cl a y loam soils o f the middle west .

Th ey s hould n ever be watered wi th an y water which contai n s lime .

Thi s i s equally as import an t as t h e n ecessity of n ot plan ti n g rhodo

den d ron s i n a limeston e soil It matters not how much t h e soil may be
.

chan ged i n the bed s o r h ow much leaf mold ma y be put i n the bed s
i n which to pla n t rhodode n d ron s i f the wate r with which they are
frequen t ly so a ked comes from a limeston e region .

R hododen d ron s will grow i n an y good ga rden soil but they much
,

prefe r a soil with a good de a l o f humus i n i t a n d they should be t hor

,

ough ly mulched wi t h le a f mold soil whi ch s hould n ever be cul tivated ,

but left i n i ts n a tive woodlan d con dition .

Tu n sp um noANN U AL S It i s p referable to t ran splan t ann uals i n

.

a fin e loose loam an d n eve r to t rans pl a n t them i n a he a vie r cl a y soil

, , ,

wh i ch will pack an d d ry out Upon the size of the plan ts will depen d
.

the ca re t h a t it i s n ecess a ry to give them immedi a tely after t ran s

plan t in g The sm a ller th e plan ts t h e more c a re will be requi red i n
.
.

careful wateri n g a n d shadi n g du ri n g the hot portion s of th e d a y .

W hile with p roper c a re ann uals ma y be t ran s plan ted a t a n y se ason

du ri n g the sp ri n g or ea rly summer yet t h e l a te sp ri n g ( Ma y th rough
,

Jun e 1 5 t h ) i s p referred Ann u a ls will d evelop best outdoors i f t hey

.

rans plan ted a t least two weeks i n a dvan ce of the hot summer
are
t
mont h s F req uen t shi fti n g i n pots or fl a ts i s ve ry b en efi c i a l th rough
.
, ,

p romotin g the growt h of fi b rous roots whi ch mak e t ran spl a n ti n g more
su ccessful .
 CHA PT E R V
LAW N S

TH E fi rstp a rt o f thi s ch a pt e r t re at s of con dition s i n the North an d

the secon d pa rt of t h e ch a pte r t re a t s o f c on d i tion s i n the S outh .

LAW NS FO R THE NO RTH

P R EPARATI ON O F LAWN ARE A S The keyn ote o f su c cess i n secu ri ng
.

a good l a wn i s tho rough p rep a ra tion o f t h e a re a befo re se e di n g F ai l .

u res a re a lmost i n v a ri a bly d ue to poo r p repa ration ra the r than to poor

seed . G radi n g should be fi ni sh ed with a view to seedin g e ither i n the
e a rly fa ll o r sp ri ng Prep a re the soil thoro ughly for the perman en ce
.
,

o f the sod re st s e n ti rely on thi s i n iti a l outl a y The s oil should be dee p
.

an d po rou s to p rodu c e deep rooti n g o f t h e tu rf whi c h me a n s s uccess

,

i n c o mb a ti n g wi n te r killi n g an d d rought
-
Fo r the ide a l l a wn the
.

gro un d must be p rep a red to a depth o f on e foot ; b ut eighteen i n ches i s

p re fera ble If the a re a i s l a rge en o ugh it s hould be plowed ; othe rwi se
.

s p a d i n g mu st b e re so rted to When t h e soil i s n a tu rally good an d t he re

.

i s a mple top so il ( si x i n che s to e ight i n c he s) d eep plowi n g wi thout s ub soil

i n g i s sufi ci e n t
. I n h e a vy soil s t h e cl a y sub soil sho uld be b roken up
but n ot brought to the surfa ce Afte r plowi n g i f the a rea i s la rge enough
.
,

to permit the use of a te a m the soil should be worked fi n e by h a rrow

,

i ng. Fo llow thi s opera tion by levelli n g with s hovel s an d hoes an d ,

fi n a lly with ra kes . The top l a ye r of soil should be m a de ve ry fin e to

in duce qui c k ge rmi n a tion of seed a n d perma n en cy of sod .

The a vera ge l a wn to whi c h the a uthor refe rs i s the l awn developed

i n t h e i mmed i a te vi c i n ity o f t h e residen ce If b uildi n g ope ra tions h a ve
‘

exten ded ove r the gre a te r po rtion of thi s l a wn a re a a s i s gen eral on t h e ,

s m a lle r reside n c e lot s then a ll o f the top soil s hould h a ve bee n st ripped
,

a n d pl a ced i n on e or mo re l a rge piles p rio r to the com me n ceme n t of an y

buildi n g ope ra tion s In t h e p rep a ra tion o f a l a wn a re a un d er su ch

.

condition s it i s very a d vi sa ble to d el a y a c t ua l wo rk upon thi s a rea u n til

a ft e r th a t po rtion o f th e b u ildi n g ope ra tion s a p t to c a u se furthe r litter
to be t h rown over the lawn a re a i s complet ed While the id eal lawn
.
 LAWNS 53
area should have a p roper depth of top soil i n which the feedi n g root s of
grass can develop there a re ma n y i n stan ces w here for pu rposes of
,

econ omy o r othe rwi se a su fi ci en t depth of top soil i s n ot p rovided .

The fi rst step i s to determi n e the depth of top soil which i s to be fin a lly
sp re a d ove r the fi n i sh ed s ubgra de o f t h e lawn . The less the depth of
top soi l t h e grea ter will be the cost of fut ure mai n ten an ce ove r a period
o f ye a rs s uccee di n g the fi rst ye a r . The s u rfa ce of the fin i sh e d subgrade
s hould be e stabli s hed to con fo rm w ith the fi n i sh ed g rade of the l a wn

area an d at a d efin i t e even depth below th i s fi n i sh ed grade of t h i s lawn

,

are a No top soil s hould be sp read ov er thi s subgra de un til every p re

.

caution h as been t a ken to be ce rt a i n th a t an ex cessive depth of top soil

will n ot be n ecessa ry where spot s o f ext reme dep ression c a n be loc a ted
i n the su rfa ce o f the subg rade an d p revious ly filled . In s ection s of the
coun t ry wh e re the sub soil con si st s of a clay loam an d other types of
heavy soil t h e ite m of p rovidi n g top soil for the p repa ration of the l awn
a re a i s on e o f the most ex p e n si ve i tem s i n the la n d scape developmen t

o f the p rope rty . Ex perien c e h a s s hown th a t top soil i s on e of the

it ems which i s often subjected to the gre a test amou nt of waste an d ,

it should be c a re fully conserved an d n ot u sed i n an y i nstan ce except

, ,

to the correc t dept h a s re qui red .

When the subgra de i s c ompleted an d p revious to t h e applic a tion of

an y top soil it i s o fte n well es pec i a lly o n types o f clay soil to apply a co a t
, ,

i n g of lime at the ra te of n ot more t han twen ty h y e pou n d s to eve ry

-

squ a re feet . Outhe top of thi s a laye r o f well rotted man u re at

,
-

the rate of on e cubic y a rd for eve ry h y e h u n d red s qu a re feet s hould be

a pplied . The lime a n d man ure s hould t h en be spaded or ha rrowed i nto

t h i s fi n i sh ed s u rfa ce o f the s ubgrade an d the fin a l s u rface smoothed with

s hov el s or rak es befo re the fi n a l l a ye r o f top soil i s a pplied Th i s thor

.

ough p repa ra tion of the s ubgrade i s m uch more essential i f a sh a llow

depth (two i n che s to th ree i n ches of top soil ) i s to be used It i s not so
.

essen ti a l i f a more gen erou s depth (fou r i n ches to si x i n ches of top soil)
i s to be u sed .

F13 11 1 1 1 1 2 11 11 F011 LAWN PR EP ARATI O N In the p repa ration o f a lawn

.

are a t h e p roblem of correctly fertilizi n g thi s a re a i s an important

one . On t h e less fe rtile a n d poo r types o f soil a liberal a pplicat ion of
well rotted man ure togeth er wi th lim e should be s p read Man ure
-
.

s ho uld be used at the ra te of on e cubic y a rd for e a ch five hun d red s qu a re

feet an d li me should b e used a t the rate of between twelve an d twen ty
54 TH E 00MPLETE GA R DEN
fi ve po un d s to each squa re feet Out h e heavy typ es of soil t hi s .

man ure s hould be of a light texture con t a i n in g sufi ci en t st raw, wh ile on

the s an dy soi l thi s man ure s hould be of a h e a vy texture cont a in ing a
ua tity o f humu s I f the p repa ra tio n o f a law n a re a i s un dertaken at
q n .

le ast one ye a r p revious to the time that the act ual seedin g of the l awn i s
to be don e then the h eavy types of soil c an be made more fert ile an d
more porous by the development du rin g e a ch sp ri n g an d fall of a cover , ,

cr0p of clove r cow pea s vetch o r ry e

, , The deep roots of t hese plan ts
, .

an d t h e freq ue n t culti v a tion cau s ed by plowi n g them u n de r will do

muc h to p roduce a mellow a n d fri a ble con dition of th e soil On th e .

ve ry he a vy types of soil the frequent mi st a ke i s m a de of sp readin g a

he a vy co a ti n g of well rotted man u re over th e su rfa ce of the p roposed
-

lawn a re a an d plowi n g thi s u n de r to a depth of t en in c hes to twelve

in ches On the avera ge l a wn t h i s i s a grea t mi st a ke a n d a consider
.
,

able wa st e of time an d mon ey S uch lawns should be plowed thor .

oughly the soil m a de loo s e an d the s u rfa ce pulv e ri z ed as much as i s

, ,

p ra ctic a l with a di sc h a rrow A he a vy coati ng of m a n u re at t h e rate of

.

on e cubic yard to o n e a n d on e h a l f cubic ya rd s to e a ch fi ve hun d red

-

s qua re feet s hould then be applied an d h a rrowed i n to the soil B y th i s .

m ethod the a vail a ble food i n the fertilize r i s wit hi n reach of n ormal root
g rt h o f g ras s while u n de r the othe r me t hod s uch po r tio n s of the m a

n ure as a re plowed to a con side ra ble depth (t en i n ches to twelve in ches at

least) a re beyon d the reach of normal root grt h of lawn grasses an d

soo n become imbedded i n a he avy soil impe rviou s to root g rt h .

On the a vera ge lawn a top d ressi n g o f man u re a t th e ra te of on e

-

h a l f to th ree fou rth s cubic yard s to fi ve h un d red squ a re feet o f s h ee p

-

man u re a t the ra te of fi ve poun d s for e a ch on e hun d red squa re feet or of

bon e mea l at the ra te of h y e poun d s for e a ch two hun d red an d fift y
squa re feet s hould be a pplied an d ra ked i n to the s u rfa ce of the lawn
, .

Man u re when ever us ed especially i n the p repa ra tion of l a wns i n the

, ,

s p ri n g s hould be w ell rotted i n o rde r to avoid so fa r as p os sible the

,

p resence of persi stent wee d seed s (such weed s a s grow after the l a wn i s
seeded ) Bon e meal an d the types o f d ried man u res com mon ly p ur
.

c has ed on t h e ma rket i n b a gs do not b ri n g i n to the lawn t h i s o bj ec

t i on a b le featu re Outhe ot h e r han d s uch con cen t rated fe rtilize rs do

.
,

not p rovide the humu s whi ch may be almost as ess en tial a s the food

con t a in ed i n the fertilizers .

DRAINAG E of LAWN ARE A . A pa rt of the p repa rati on o f l lawns

al
 LAWNS 55
wh ich a re const ruct ed upon th e he a vy typ es of soi l s hou ld consi st of
correc t d rai n age i n orde r to secu re s u rface con dition s con ducive to t h e

g rt h of good lawn gr a ss es an d to p rovide a fi rm tex tu re to t h e

lawn S ub soil plowi ng i s sometimes don e with th e obje ct of correct

.

i ng soil wate r con diti on s Thi s i s not perman en t however bec ause
.
, ,

t h e soi l will pa c k down agai n withi n a few yea rs Before t h e top soil .

i s applied over the s ub grade all n eces sa ry ti le d rai n age s hou ld be

instal led at a depth averagi n g from twen ty fou r in ches to t hi rty in ch es
-

b elow t h e fin i sh ed grade of the l awn an d at i n tervals app roximati n g

from fi ft ee n feet to twen ty h y e feet betwee n li n es o f tile
-
Thi s in te rval .

ofte n depen d s upon the expen se which the own er feel s j ust i fi ed i n
makin g to p rocu re an ideal l awn su rface .

S EE DING LAWN S A ge n eral rule i s to sow i n Ap ril a n d Ma y ; or

01? .

Sept ember an d October ( S ee Plate III ) It i s but seldom that sowi n g

.

i n June or July i s s uccessful If sown before the fall rai ns grass

.
,

s hou ld become sufi ci ent ly d eveloped to wi t hstan d the wi n ter weat her .

It i s gen erally p referable to sow seed i n the fa ll If the soil i s p rop .

erly p repared i n the fall seed may be sown on a light fa ll of snow

,

i n t h e s p rin g The seed wi ll si n k i n as the sn ow melts an d will germi

.

n ate very quickly As a gen era l rule a lawn seeded i n the fall wi ll
.

develop to better advan t a ge wi t h less mai nten a nce cost than a lawn
seeded i n the s p ri n g bec a u s e a n y w ee d s eed p res en t i n the grass seed
,

wi ll germi n ate a n d most of th e weed s will be dest royed duri ng the

wint er mon t h s ; wh ile i f the s ame seed i s sown i n the sp ri n g it i s neces
sary to remove t hes e weed s by pulli n g them be fo re they go to seed .

Seed shoul d be sown a t the ra te of eighty po un d s to on e hun d red poun d s

to t h e acre or one qu a rt to th ree h un d red square feet Always sow
, .

thi c k Choose a day when the soil i s moi st when th ere i s little or no
.
,

win d an d when the we a ther i s comp a ratively cool

, S eed i s scattered .

b roadcast by han d an d the han d mus t be kept low Go over the

, .

area i n n arrow rectan gula r sections ma rked out sowi n g on e half t h e ,

-

seed ; t hen rep eat t h e p roces s walkin g at right an gles t o t h e p reviou s

,

course followed Afte r sowin g t h e groun d should be raked lightly

.
,
‘

a n d rolled t ho roughly Ve ry youn g grass must be safegua rded agai nst

.

d rought by frequen t an d deep wateri n g .

Wherever lawn s a re to be developed un der large shade trees such as ,

map les oaks beeches etc gre a t ca re sho uld be used an d the work of
, , , .
,

seed i ng s hould be complet ed a t the e a rlie st po ssible date i n t h e fall .

5 6 TH E COMPL ET E GA R DEN
It i s not p ra ctic a ble to seed l a wn s l a te i n the fall wh ere l a rge t rees d rop
lea ves which i f n ot removed withi n on e or two d a ys a re a p t to s mothe r
the youn g grass Thi s i s a n i mport a n t poi n t t o keep i n mi n d
. .

The best gra ss ge n e ra lly fo r t h e fo un dation of a l a wn except on aci d ,

soil i s Ken tucky blu e g ra ss

, Thi s doe s no t fully ma tu re u n til the
.

t hi rd ye a r It i s bette r therefore to use Ken tucky bl ue gras s i n a

.
, ,

mix tu re Other gra ss es such a s redto p a n d the c ree p i n g b en t s will

.

p roduce a quicke r eff ect an d will kee p out the weed s un til t h e bl ue grass
i s fully establi s hed Ken t ucky bl ue g ras s du ri n g t h e fi rst ye a r grows
.

thi n ly an d con ti n ues to b e co me thicker with successi ve mowi n gs

, .

When it i s fully est a bli s hed it will c rowd out som e of t h e l ess p er
m a nent grasses i n the mi xtu re The ide a l lawn i s o n e composed
.

mostly of bl ue gra ss an d it i s a l so the most d i fii c ult to est a bli sh .

Man y p eople wh o wi sh to develop a good l a wn i n a short sp a ce of

ti me resort t o t h e use of a con side ra ble portion of white c lover Clover .

i s o f n o rea l v a lue i n the ma ki n g of a li n e l a wn oth e r th a n th a t it h e lps

to p rod uce a qu i ck eff ect the reby c rowdi n g out ma n y e a rly weed s an d
, ,

th a t it p roduces a so ft c a rpet eff ect with li ttle d i ffi c ult y whe re t h e ,

p rocess of es ta bli shi n g a pe rm a nen t l a wn of bl ue gra ss might b e slow .

The immedi a t e develop men t of a c a rp et of green o v e r t h e surface

o f a l a wn a re a i s n o i n dic a tion th a t a p e rma n e n t l a wn h a s bee n es

t a bli s h ed Th e c on st ruct i on o f a p e rma n en t l a wn w hich re q ui res on ly

.

a n o rma l e x p e n s e i n fut u re ma i n t e n a n c e i n v ol v e s n ot o n ly the qu estion

o f se lec ti o n o f g ra s s se e d o f p e rm a n en t type s but a l so qu estion s o f a d e

q ua te d ra i n a ge es pe ci a lly on h e a vy typ es of soil a n d tho rough p rep a ra

, ,

tion of the sub soil a n d t h e top soi l a s a fo u n d a t i o n o f t h e l a wn Un .

fortu n a t e ly ma n y p erson s i gn o ra n t o f t h e re a l requi re me n t s of a

perm a n en t l a wn gi ve mu c h c redit to those p e rso n s wh o a re a ble by the ,

use o f q uick growi n g a n d t e mp o ra ry typ es o f gra ss seed t o gethe r with

clover seed a n d qu i c k a cti n g fe rt i l i ze rs suc h a s s h eep ma n ure (which
,
-

soo n rel e a se s a ll o f i t s food v a l u e a n d l ea ve s t h e l a wn i n a n u n fe rt i le

c on dit i o n ) t o s u cc ee d i n p rod u
,
c i n g a n i mm e di a te eff ec t o f gree n sw a rd

i n a rem a rk a bly s ho rt t i me Th e p erma n en t a n d d e s i ra ble type s of

.

gra sses will n ot d evel o p w i t hi n s uc h a s ho rt p e ri o d a n d l a wn s of this

,

tem p ora ry c h a ra c t e r While exc ee di n gly sa t i sfa c t ory d uri n g the fi rst
,

yea r will u sua lly p ro ve un s a ti sfa c tory a n d exp e n si ve i n thei r ma in

,

t en a nc e c o st du ri n g t h e s u c c ee di n g ye a rs Not on ly d o ce rt a i n types
.

o f g ra sse s die o u t du e to t h e n a tu re o f t h e g ra s s a n d t h e l a ck o f p rope r

food s upply but t h e l awn i s se ri ously i nju red d uri n g the hot summer
 5 8 TH E COMPL ET E GA R DEN
best whe re the summers a re cool an d moi st ; th a t i s i n the n orth eas tern ,

states an d on the n o rthwest c o a st When the soil i s limy other

.
,

g ra s ses s u c h a s,blue g ra ss a n d w h ite clove r te n d to c rowd out c,reepi n g

bent It s hould be sown a lon e except that combi n ed with red fe scue
.

it wi ll b e sa ti sfa ctory for a few ye a rs a fter wh ich the two gra sses ten d
,

to se p arate a n d make c i rcula r m a t s .

l
There a re stan d a rd mixtu res on the ma rket offered by the mo re
reli a ble fi rms for special use s s u c h a s on gol f green s fa i rways a n d , ,

s h a dy loc a tion s .

In the section south of W as hi n gton D C except i n the h igher , . .

,

altitudes it i s not a d vi sa ble to use Ken tucky blue grass White

, .

clove r i n t h i s sect ion of the coun t ry becomes the p revaili ng grass i n

, ,

lawns In the n ort hern p a rt of thi s a rea white clover redtop an d

.
, , ,

Rh ode I sl an d ben t m a ke an excellen t l a wn but not a lawn as p er ,

manent i n ch a racter as the n orthe rn tu rf .

S ODD ING S oddi ng i n ste a d o f seedi n g h a s the followin g advan t a ges

.

1 ) grass of a kn own textu re c an be obt a i n ed ; ( 2 ) a n imm edi a te stan d o f

grass i s se c ured ; ( 3 ) sod c an be laid a t an y season except when the groun d

i s froz en The di sa dvan tages however a re q uite n umerous : ( 1 ) a
.
, ,

seeded lawn i s a s good an d gen e ra lly i s better wit hi n a yea r; ( 2 )

the ex pen se of soddin g a l a wn i s grea t ; ( 3 ) it i s us ually d i fi c ult

to p rocure goo d sod ; (4) sod will h e a ve on hea vy soils i f laid too
l a te i n the fa ll ; ( 5 ) it i s d i fi c ult to get perfect u nion s between sod s .

S od i s genera lly used alon g the edges of wa lks borders b a n ks an d , , ,

c los e to b u ildin gs when seedin g an a re a ; a n d a l so on a rea s such as

,

terra ces an d l a un d ry y a rd s which a re to be used immedi a tely The .

p reparation of a l awn for soddi n g i s the s a me as for seedi n g S od .

sho u ld be laid on a fi rm foun d a tion ; th a t i s the soil s hould be thor ,

oughly tamped before a n y sod i s pl a ced upon i r The best sod i s .

se c u re d fro m p a stu re s wh ich a re on a he a vy type o f soil Past ure .

turf i s cropped an d therefo re forms a dense grow th whi c h c an be

removed i n thi n l a ye rs Cu t the so d a bout o n e a n d on e h a l f i n ches
.
-

t h ick twelve in ch es wide a n d th ree feet lon g A foot wide bo a rd

, , .
-

s hould be l a id on the tu rf an d the st rip s cut a lon g eithe r s ide with an

ed ger The sod i s li fted with a sp a de or p refera bly with a t urfi ng

.

i ron The st rip s a re rolled up gra ss side i n an d should be rel a id as

.
, ,

soon a s possible When l a yi n g sod fill the j un ction s with fin e soil

.
,

an d then beat it down with the back of a spade o r wi th a sod p oun de r ,

 LAWN S 59
remembe ri ng that it cann ot be poun ded too ha rd After bei ng lai d .
‘

sod mu st be ca red for c a refully th roughout the s ummer .

LAWNS FOR T HE SOUT H

S01 1 A ND CL I MAT I C CoND rrroN s
. The ext reme heat an d the long
.

d ry spell s duri n g the s u mme r mon th s th roughout the southe rn states

m a ke it i n a dvi s a ble to t ry to est a bli sh a tu rf simil a r to the tu rf of th e
n o rthe rn l a wn s co mpo sed mostly of Kentucky blue g ra ss redtop
, , ,

clovers an d ben ts These grasses when used i n the south for a lawn
, .
,

tu rf will completely burn out du ri n g the s ummer mon th s unless an

,

a b n o rmal amou n t o f l a bou r i s e mployed to p rotect them by excessive

wa teri n gs While i n t he north ern section of the coun t ry l a wns i n

.

genera l a re dev eloped on good loa m o r topsoil the soil con dition s of the ,

south a re somewhat diffe ren t The soil th roughout the south es

.
,

p ec i a lly i n F lo rid a i s gen

, e rally kn ow n a s yellow o r cl a y s a n d on which
l awns c an be develop ed with the l e a st di fi c ult y a n d the wh ite s an d ,

which con tai ns lit tle or no plan t food an d on which n o s a ti sfactory

l a wn can be developed wi thout the a ddition of a considerable qu an tity
“ ”
of muck . The top soil s an d so c a lled often possesses a con siderable
,
-
,

qu a ntity of food matter ; but the e ase with which water d ra in s from i t
combin ed with the heat o f su mmer will c a use the northe rn types of
grasses to burn out an d al so will kill man y of the southe rn types of
'

gra sses .

To one who h as been a ccusto med to the sha rp li n e of differentia

tion between the top soil s an d sub soil s of the n orth the p roblem of
d rawi n g a d efi n i t e li n e between the top soil an d s ub soil un de r the cond i
tions of the fa r south i s so mewh a t puzzli n g As a matter of fact on a ll
.
,

so i l s with the exc e ption of a good type o f muck soil co mi n g from t h e

,

sw a mpy a re as a n d the hammock l a n d n o good l a wn c an be developed

,

without the a ddition of con siderable fertilize r .

In the n orth the v a lue of a lawn con ti n ues only du ri n g the growi ng
se as on from Ap ril un til Octobe r
,
I n the south e speci a lly th rough
.
,

out the section vi sited by man y of the northe rn tou ri st s tempe ratu re ,

con di tion s a re fa vou ra ble for the growi n g of a lawn th roughout the
ent i re wi n te r . It i s the refore desi rable to h a ve types of grass es
for the develop men t o f l awn a re a s both d u ri n g the wi n te r mon t h s an d

the summer month s The excessive c ost of m a i n tai ni n g a good turf

.

on l a wn a re as du ri n g the hot a n d d ry s u mme r mon th s h a s di scou ra ged

the development of exten sive l a wn a reas a s seen i n the n orthe rn st a tes,

60 TH E COMPL ETE GA R DEN
except on gol f cou rses where the fa i rwa ys an d green s a re m ai ntai n ed
,

reg a rdle ss o f n o rma l cost .

Little expe ri men ti n g h a s been don e i n the fa r south to determin e

i n dividu a l types or comb i n ation s of types of n orthe rn grasses which
will th ri ve best un de r these clim a tic con ditions both d uri ng the wi nte r
mon th s an d the s u mmer mon th s .

TYPE S 0 1 GRA SS E S FO R LAW NS There a re th ree group s of gra sses

?
.

which a re u sed for the d evelop men t of l a wn s i n the fa r south (th rough
ou t G eo rgi a A l a b a ma an d F lorid a )
, Th e fi rst gro up con si st s of the
, .

more or less n a ti v e gra sses Bermud a gra ss St Augu sti n e grass an d

, , .
,

blan ket or c a rpe t gra ss These gra sses will n ot ma ke a perfect t urf
.

“ ”
as a perfect tu rf i s kn own i n th e n orthern st a tes They grow .

vigorously an d sp re a d ra pidly when the t e mpera tu re does not fa ll

below 5 0 or 5 5 degrees Th e secon d group of whi ch Ross s S outhern
.
,
’

Mixture i s typi c a l i s composed of types o f n orthern gra sses such as

, ,

orch a rd gra ss R hode I sl a n d ben t redtop an d a sm a ll po rtion of

, , ,

It a lian rye whic h a s a res ult o f ex perimen ts h ave p roduced good

,

tu rf on south ern l a wn s The thi rd group i s m a d e up of It a li a n rye

.
,

which ge rmi n a tes q uickly a n d p roduc es a green t urf an d lives for but
a sho rt p eriod duri n g the coole r wi nte r month s It bu rn s out qui ckly .

d urin g the hot summer mon th s .

TY PE S 01 8 01 1 3 In the p rep a ra tion an d developmen t of lawn

?

a re a s es pec i a lly on v i rgi n soil the l a n d m

.

, ust be cle a red a n d the stumps

,

re moved It i s p refe ra ble th a t st umps s hould either be pulled out

.

by t ra ctor or te a m c hopped out or i n the i nst an c e of pi n e l a n d s they

, , ,

s ho u ld be bu rn ed out The opera tion o f bl asti n g stu mps i n order to

.
,

re move the m le a v e s a co n side ra ble hole which whe n fi lle d with loose
, , ,

soil howeve r tho roughly t a mped ma y c a u se a dep re ssio n i n the l a wn

, ,

o n accou nt o f l a te r settli n g A fte r the l a n d i s cle a red a n d the stumps

.

a re re move d the l a wn i s b rought t o a n e v en gra de an d u

, n less the soil ,
“
i s a rich y ellow top soil s a n d it i s a dvi s a ble to sp re a d a l a yer of muck
, ,

avera gi n g from two to fou r i n ch es i n depth over the en ti re lawn a rea , .

A deeper coveri n g o f mu d : wo uld be bette r The cost of exce ssive .

mucki n g i s often the dete rmi n i n g fa ctor Thi s muck wh ich u su

“ ”
a lly .
,

comes from the swa mp s should be selected with great ca re Not , .

all so c a lled muck soil i n sw a mp s i s a d a pted for use on lawns

-
“ ”
.

It i s often the c a se th at sw a mp muck put on a high d ry a nd s an dy , ,

62 TH E COMPL ETE GA R DEN

so uthern portions of Flori d a t h i s i s perh a p s the most s ati sfactory

method of maki n g a good tu rf which will be more or less fi rm an d which
will b e green th rough the wi n ter mon t h s It a lian rye wi ll b urn out as
.

soon as the we a the r begi n s to get w a rme r d u ri n g the middle or latter

part of M arc h and c a n be reseeded on t h e foun d a tion of Bermud a

,

grass i n the s ame mann er du ri ng the s ucceedi ng fall

, , .

Lawns composed of the northern mi xtures of grass seed of which ,

t h e Ro ss s S outhe rn Mi xtu re i s typical c a n be seeded a t an y t i me

’
,

durin g the cooler mon th s between November an d Ma rch Th ese .

lawn s ma y be m a in tai n ed i n the sa me m a n n er that an y nort hern lawn

i s m ai n t a i n ed i f an exce ssive a mo u n t o f c a re i n w a te ri n g i s devot ed to

them du ri n g the hot summer mon t hs It i s p refera ble to reseed each

.

season . Thi s type of l a wn i s p rep a red an d seeded i n a mann er simi lar

to the lawns of the north an d will est a bli s h it self u n der normal con di
tions i n a period ran gi n g from four to si x weeks Thi s seed i s sown at
.

the ra te of one poun d for each two hun d red squa re feet of l a wn area .

The opera tion of se edi n g lawns with mi xtures of n o rthern seed

adapt ed for southern use an d a l so wi th Italian rye i s the s a me as
, ,

sowi n g s eed fo r the developme n t of l a wn s i n the n o rth .

It i s not advi sa ble to t ry to develop Be rm ud a gra ss a n d St Augu stine .

g ra ss law ns t h rough s eedi ng A .bette r l a wn c an be obt a i n e d with less

d i fi cu lty by plan ti n g s ma ll clu mp s o f Be rmud a grass a n d St A ugusti n e .

grass ( Pl a te VIII ) i n little d rills t en i n ches or twelve i nches a p art or by

s taggeri n g a t i n te rv a l s of twelve i n che s t o eighteen i n ch es The grea t er .

the desi re to h a ve a close ma t of Bermud a gra ss or St A ugusti n e grass .

the closer s hould the i n di vidu a l roots be plan ted For s m a ll lawn .

a reas tee s an d g reen s on gol f cou rses whe re the time i s s ho rt i n wh ich
,

to develo p a good t urf these roots or clump s ma y be plan ted as close

,

as si x i n ches from e a ch othe r The us u a l method i s to fin d a p a tch al

.

re a dy g rowi n g . The best method of gathe ri n g Bermud a grass i s to di g

un dern ea th t h e roots with a grub axe or m a ttock a n d to ga ther up the
root s with some ty pe o f a fork s uch as a pot a to fo rk
, As much soil as
.

possible s hould be t a ken up with the root s where the gra ss i s ,

n a tu ra lly i n rich fe rtile soil ; othe rwi se the soil c a n be s hake n from
,

the roots The best method of h a n dli n g these root s i s to pl a ce t h e

.

ent i re mass i n pot a to s a ck s especi a lly i f the sou rce of ga theri ng the
,

grass i s a t a con side ra ble di stan ce from the pl a ce where t h e l awn i s

be i ng m a de Ju . st p revio u s t o plan ti n g t h e gra ss should be eit h er
,

torn apart leav i n g root s an d top s on the same stem or i t should be ,

 PL A T E X I . Th e li s t o f e v e rg re e n s a d a p ted t o s o i l a n d t o c li ma t i c c o n d i

t ion s of t h e mi d d le -
w e st , an d u
v a l a b le fo r lo w , re fin e d , ma s s p la n t i n g s i s
li mi t e d Th e up p e r p h o t o g ra p h s h o w s a n e ff e c t p ro d uc e d b y t h e us e o f d w a rf
.

y e w ,P fi t z e rs a n d t a m a ri s k le a v e d j u
-
n i p e rs M u g h o p i n,e s a n d J p
a a n e s e s u
p g
r e

e dgi ng . Th e lo w e r p h o t o g ra p h s h o w s t h e e ff e c t i v e n e s s o f ma s ses o f lo w t e .

fi ned i
e v e rg re e n s a g a n s t ma s s i v e a rc h i t e c t ure .
( Se e p g
a e 1 1 4)
64 TH E COM PL ET E GA RDEN
st olon iferou s grom h The harrow s ho uld be pe rmitt ed to c ut t hi s
.

g ro u n d to a con sid e r able depth , so a s to en cou rage n ew root growt h as

well as a deeper root growth Probably the a vera ge depth which th e

.

ha rrow cuts app roximates from two t o four i n ches The ide a l h a rrow
.

fo r thi s purpose i s kn own as the a l fa lfa ren ov a tor wh ich i s u sed fo r

the p urpose of c utti n g a d eep furrow in t o the soil ra the r th a n
di stu rb i n g the soil .

If the l a wn a rea i s c ompos ed of a combi n a tion of Be rmud a grass

an d It a li a n rye or of a southe rn mixt u re of n o rt he rn grass seed it
, ,

s hould be tho ro u ghly so a ked with water as often as once every two d a ys .

Su p e rfi c i a l wate ri n g un de r co n dition s o f hot s un an d d ry c lim a te i s

more i nj urious to th e southe rn l a wn th a n a simil a r wa teri n g would be

to a n orth ern l awn Where a n excellen t l a wn turf i s desi red from
.

Novemb er to Ap ril it i s much p refera ble to top d ress the Bermud a

,

grass fo un dation with a thi n co a ti n g of m uck or rich soil an d to seed

, ,

eac h fa ll wi th It a li a n rye a s a filler If a l a wn o f no rthe rn gra sses i s to be

.

mai n tai n ed fro m Novembe r to A p ril experien ce to d at e h a s taught us

,

th a t: the most p ra cti c a l method i s th a t of reseedi n g t h e en ti re l awn

a rea du ri n g the middle o r l a tte r p a rt o f Octobe r or e a r
, ly November ,

ra the r th an to ex pen d the l a bou r n ece ssa ry to mai n t a in a tu rf du rin g

th e hot s u mmer mont h s when i t i s not used .

 CHA PT E R VI
BUL B CULTURE

CH ARACT E R I STI C S 01
?
B U L BS
A bulb i s a l a rge dorman t bud a n d i s
.
,

a con den sed pl an t when do rman t Bulb s c an develop on ly flowers

.

wh ich were formed withi n the m before they were ri p en ed The .

dorman t period of a bulb occu rs i n o rde r to ca rry it over the d ry or

co ld season .

A good b ulb must be fully develop ed i n good soil an d un der good , ,

co n d i tion s It m ust be kept from he a ti ng swe a ti n g or rotti n g i n

.
, ,

t ran sit a n d mu st n ot be kept out of the g roun d so lon g as t o d ry

,

out to a n i nj uriou s ext en t When buyi n g b ulb s a lwa ys t a ke i n to

.

considera tion th a t che a p bulb s are i n v a ri a bly poo r bulb s an d th a t

s ize a lon e does n ot co u n t but a dd s to the p rob a bility th a t the bulb i s
,

m a tu re Plu mp solid bulb s give the be st blooms a n d i f to t h i s i s

.
, ,

a dded size the b u , lb i s ide a l .

The re a re two group s of bulb s : tho se which should be plan ted

i n the fa ll to p rod u c e flo we rs i n the s p ri n g s uch a s tulip s n a rci ssi, , ,

an d c rocu se s an d those which should be pl a n ted i n the s p ri n g to p ro

,

duce flowers i n the s u mmer a n d e a rly fa ll s uch a s gl a dioli (In , .

”
bot an ic al sc ien c e i n the case of the gl a di olus the term i s corm rather
than

TIM E FO R P LANTING B U L BS Nothi n g i s gai ned by plan ti ng sp rin g

.

fl oweri ng bulb s s uch as t ulip s n a rci ssi c rocuses hya ci n th s sq u

, , , ills , , ,

an d S pan i s h i ri ses before S eptemb er or Octobe r The rea son for

, .

plan t in g then i s th a t they keep bette r i n t h e groun d an d a s they st a rt

, , ,

t o r00t i n the fa ll they begi n g rowth e a rli er i n t h e s p ri n g It i s h ard ly .

poss ible to pl a n t bulb s of thi s group e a rly en ough i n the s p ri n g to secu re

an y flowe rs the s a me s e a son Th ese bulb s s hould be pl a n ted not
.

e arlier than si x weeks before the h a rd frosts Na rci ssi may be planted .

e arlie r a n d it i s p re fera ble to pl a nt c rocus es e a rly Crocuses a re

, .

us u a lly pl an ted i n the l a wn An e a rly bloo m i s desi rable ; the re fore

.

ea rly S epte mbe r pl a nt i ng pe rmi ts roo t g rt h i n the fall a n d t h e

6s
66 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
flowers m ature a n d pass before the gra ss requi res cutti n g B ulb s i n .
,

order to m a ke so me root growt h i n the fa ll sho uld n ot be plan ted very ,

lat e Autumn fioweri n g sort s suc h as the colch icu m an d the saffron
.
-
,

c rocus ma y b e pl a n ted i n A ug u
, s t o r e a rly S epte mbe r i f well p rotected , ,

bu t i f pl a n ted i n the s p ri n g s hould be set o u t a ft er d a n ge r fro m fro st i s

p ast N a rci ssi a n d hyac i n th s a re pl a n t e d p refera bly e a rly i n Octob er

.
,

while tulip s p a rticul a rly the l a te bloo mi n g ma y w a it t i ll Nove mber

,
-
, .

I f the gro u n d begi n s to fre ez e h a rd be fo re t h e b u lb s c an b e plan ted it

s ho u ld be ke pt wa rm by a litte r of st raw or le aves S uch a bl a n ket .

sp read ov e r frozen grou n d e a rly i n the wi n te r will en a ble the he a t

within the e a rth to th aw it o ut an d permit q uite l ate pl a n t i n g If .

b ulb s a re plan ted l a t e it i s well to cover them with m ulch at on ce i n

order t h a t root growth ma y be ma de before th e cold p revent s i t If .

t h e bulb s a re pl a n ted e a rly i n the fa ll h oweve r the m u, lch should be

,

appli ed on ly a ft er the groun d h as been frozen to a depth of seve ral

i n c h es Th us ex cessive top growth will n ot st a rt p rem a turely
. .

Gl a diolu s bulb s should be pl a n ted i n the sp ri n g a fter th e fro sts a re over .

Th e period req u i red for suc h bulb s to m a t ure i s a bout n i n ety d a ys .

Th ere fore a suc c ession of bloom c an be obt ai n e d by plan ting a t

,

i nterv a l s of t en d a ys or two wee ks Un der expert c a re i n well d rai n ed

.
,
-

soils a n d with s u fli c i en t p rotection m a n y gl a diolus bulb s c a n be

,

plan ted i n t h e fa ll an d t h ereby i n sure a very much e arlier bloom i n the

s u mme r .Thi s s hould a t fi rst be t ried only with extreme caution ,

an d t h e pl a n t s will n eed p rotection from sp ri n g frost s .

Son . DRAINAG E n ums ms m s Bulb s s hould be plan ted i n a

AN D .

well d ra i n e d dee p ri c h soil i n order to develop s uccessfully In wet

-
, , .

soil s put a h a n d fu l of s an d un d er e a ch bulb to keep the wa te r a wa y

from the i mmedi a te vici nity of the bulb s In wet loc a tion s the beds
.

s hould be rai se d Hy a c i n th s req ui re a s a n dy soil a n d soon beco me

.

di se a sed i n h ea vy soil s Few lilies will succeed i n limeston e soil

. .

Lilies req ui re ext ra good d ra in a ge an d rich soil S ome will do well i n .

he a vy soil a s the m a don n a l i ly an d the tiger lily It i s best to sur

, .

rou n d lil y bulb s with s a n d an d whe re d ra i n age i s n ot ideal plan t the

, ,

bulb s on on e side so th a t wa te r ma y n ot collect i n t h e he a rt of the bulb .

F 5 111 1 1 12 15 11 3 FO R B U L BS No fres h m a n u re s hould eve r touch a

.

bulb but well rotted man ure may be i n corporated deep i n the soil
,
-

befo re pl a n ti n g with t h e best of results Th e m a n u re s hould be ac

.
68 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
the bulb s The li n er pi eces of mulch may be worked i n to the soil i f
.
,

the cultivati n g i s don e cautiously .

REP RO D U CTI O N 01 B U L BS M a n y b ulb s like the v a rieties o f c rocus

?
.
,

an d ce rt a i n va rieties of n a rci ssi will con ti n ue to multiply by devel ,

0pi n g s m a ll bulblets an d i n th a t wa y p roduce a fl owe r eff ect fo r

a c ons ide ra ble n umbe r of ye a rs Othe r bulb s like cert a i n varieties .

,

o f the tulip s an d oth e r v a rietie s of n arc i ss i will h ave thei r en ergy ,

s a pped d u ri n g the fi rst on e o r two ye a r 3 They will not rep roduce .

b ulblets an d the r es ult i s th a t i n o rder to contin ue the flower cflect

'

new bulb s mus t be pu rchas e d an d pl an t ed i n thei r pl a ce a t the en d .

o f two or th r ee ye a rs S p a n i sh i ri s an d a l so the En gli sh i ris will

.
,

un der id e al con dition s of soil an d c ultiv a tion con ti n ue to d evelop new ,

b ulb s an d to m ultiply For thi s reason they c a n b e l eft i n the groun d

.

duri n g a n umber of ye ars In cutti n g flowers from bulb s it i s quite

.

n ecess a ry th a t some le a f s u rfa c e s hould re ma i n a fte r the flowe r stalk

“ ”
h as b een re moved Thi s le a f su rfa ce p rovides a stoma ch for t h e
.

plan t i n which digestive fun ction s con ti n ue a n d n ew food i s s upplied to

,

the bulb for the purpose of en l a rgi n g it a n d for the pu rpose of fo rmi n g
n ew bulblet s The gladiolus i s the best ex ample of bulb s which a re
.

rep roduced i n the avera ge g a rden by n ew bulblet s M a n y v a rieties of .

gladioli however will not rep roduce bulblets i f the flowers a re re

, ,

moved Non e of th e v arieties of the gladiolus will p roduce n ew

.

bulblets or m a ke stron g bulb s i i when the flowers a re cut a ll of the , ,

leaves a re removed .

TR E ATM E NT 0 B U L B S AFT E R FL O W E RING Bulb s will not ripen i f

1? .

the tops a re cut very soon a fte r floweri n g For best res ults do not .
,

remove the top s be fo re l a t e Jun e o r u n til le a ve s tu rn b rown When , .

cutti n g flowe rs cut as few le a ves a s possible an d do not c ut the en ti re ,

stem o f a lily Never li ft an y bulbs i f it i s possible to wa it befo re

.
, ,

the top s a re b rown an d li mp If bulb s must be removed to m a ke way .

,
—
for othe r plan t s t a ke root s top a n d a ll s ome soil a l so with the roots
, .

Heel i n not too close together i n a sh a dy spot un til the top s commence
-
, ,

to die A utumn fioweri n g bulb s a l so s hould be a llowed to ripen b e

.
-

fore remov a l for wi n te r stora ge .

Often ti mes it beco mes n ecess ary i n the ren ova ti n g of the flowe r
ga rden to dig up bulb s du ri n g the mon th of S epte mbe r o r Octob er .

Th i s i s n ot de si ra ble Wherever it i s fo re seen th a t the soil i n t h e

.
 BU L B CULTUR E 69

flowe r bed s must be spaded over an d refertilized i n the fall all bulbs ,

s hould be removed i n the late s p ri n g a n d sto red i n the us ual m a nn e r

i n a cool d ry da rk place i n the cell a r or sh ed until time to plan t them

, ,

i n the fall .If it i s n ecess a ry to dig up bulb s i n the fall after some root
g rt h h a s s ta rt e d the n, the s e bulb s should be taken up wi th some so i l

attac hed to the roots They should be kept moi st an d replan ted
.

just as soon as p ractical Th ey s ho ul d n ever be left t o d ry out b ec ause

.

a fter the root growt h h a s on ce started t h i s drying out of the root s i s

likely to ca use c on siderable i nj ury to the bulb s On ly such perma .

n en t so rts as th e tulip s es peci a lly t h e D a rwi ns n a rc i ss i an d the li li es

, , ,

will as a rule rep a y the trouble en tailed Hyaci n t hs seldom can be .

depen ded upon for goo d bloom after the first display i n an y event , ,

an d a re thus ha rdly wo rth the t rouble o f replan tin g In the east e rn .

stat es an d i n the Middle West root growt h i n b u lb s h a rdly eve r st a rt s

before t h e latte r pa rt of S eptember be c a use the d ry mon th s of late
s umme r keep the bulb s do rm a n t un til the fall rai n s When rep la nti ng
.

o f bulb s i s don e a fte r S eptembe r 1 st h a good mulch of straw

,

man ure p ut on to keep the frost out of the groun d as lon g a s possible i s
essenti a l .

Of lili es i n t h e case of the fo reign a n d t h e hyb ridized it i s p ra ctically

, ,

useless i n gen era l to t ry t o p rolon g li fe a n d to imp rove bloom from

, ,

year to year by t a kin g the bulb s up a n n u a lly Ca reful study an d ex .

p e ri m en t i n g a re n e ce s s a ry to det e rmi n e wh a t ki n d s it i s be st to plan t .

The tiger lily the speci om m white a n d pi n k d otted a n d the ma donn a

, ,
-
,

lily a re ma n a ged ea sily an d the n a tive lilies a re apt to b e pe rman ent i f ,

g ive n thei r n atu ra l co n ditio n s The o n e.n a med la st s hould b e plan ted
e arly i n the a utu mn o r even late i n t h e s umme r n ot mo re th a n two o r ,

th ree i nch es deep an d i n heavy or somewh at clayey so il Th e b ulb s .

of thi s an d o f the ot h e rs n a med he re may be taken up eve ry few ye a rs

°
,

as t hey in c re a se i n n umbe r an d be repla n ted i n fre sh soil

, The bulbs .

of n ea rly a ll li lie s exc e pt n otably the ma don n a may be ke pt ove r wi n te r

packe d i n mo ss or sa n d an d stored i n a cool place where they will n or

freez e . Then they c a n be successfully pl a n ted i n the s p ri n g (Con
su lt XXXIII F P a ge -
,

Narci ssi a re best left un di sturbed for several years It i s best to .

allow c rocuses a n d ea rly tulip s to run o ut un less the tulips a re w an ted

,

for fo rm a l efl ect s
'

.A ll tulip s like hy a ci n th s yield most sati sfa ctory

, ,

bloom i f they a re taken up an n u a lly a n d repl a nted at the p rope r season .

On ly the l a rge r bulb s should be planted whe re un i fo rmity of eff ect i s

,
79 TH E COMPL ETE GA R DEN
desi red while t h e s ma lle r on es ma y be planted a pa rt by themselves
,

to i n c re a se i n si ze L a te t ulip s o ften do very well un di stu rbed for th ree

.
,

fou r o r h y e ye a rs
,
.

Croc uses s q u i ll s a n d n a rci ssi ma y b e n a t ura lized e sp eci a lly i f c a re i s

, , ,

t a ken n ot to c ut the top s too closely or too soon a fte r bloomin g Thi s .

i s o n e o f t h e st ron g a rgu me n t s i n fa vo ur o f pl a n ti n g c rocus b ulb s in

S eptembe r The top s will h a ve th en ma tu red be fore s p ri n g mowi n g
.

begi n s .

Afte r t h e bulb s o f a n y ki n d h a ve been li ft e d an d t h e t op s a re d ried , ,

t h ese top s should b e c a refully t ri mmed off a n d the bulb s stored i n a

d a rk c oo l pl a ce un til ti me fo r repl a n ti n g
, .

Pl a n t b ulb s i n combi n ati on s a s s hown un d er B ulb s Le a rn .

whi c h a re l a te floweri n g a n d wh i c h a re e a rly ; a lso whi c h v a rieti es a re

t a ll a n d wh ic h a re s hort Choose lili es th a t a re e a sy to g row an d select
.

v a riet ies th at h a ve p roved s ucc essful .

FORC1 N0 B U L BS . Bulb s
grown exten sively both p ri v ately an d
a re ,

com merc i a ll y for c ut flowers a n d for i n doo r us e d uri n g t h e win t er

, ,

se ason It i s n ot h a rd to a c hi e ve succ ess i n forci n g bulb s i f two

.

i mport a nt rules a re o b se rve d n a me ly : 1 P roc ure the st ron gest , .

a n d b e st b u lb s possible for good c a re will i mp rove the q ua lity of the

,

flowers b u t n ot the qu a n tity Th e l a tt e r i s a lwa ys fixe d withi n the

.

b ulb b e fore it i s p urc h a se d 2 Pe rfect root d eve lopmen t m ust be

. .

i n su red b efore t h e t 0 p s a re pe rmitte d to st a rt g rowt h .

Th e b ulb s should b e pl a n t e d a s soon a s t h ey a re p rocura ble with l a te ,

A ugust a n d Nove mb e r a s li mit s Th e soi l to use s ho uld be ric h loam .

mixed wit h bon e m e a l i n a o n e to fi fty p ropo rtion If the soil i s h e a vy .

a d d l e a f mold or s an d It i s bett er to a void man u re un less it i s

.

thoro ughly rott e d a n d p ulve rized F ive i n ch pot s ma y be used for .

-

la rge r b ulb s su c h a s hy a c i n th s ; a n d a th ree o r fo u

,
r i n ch pot fo r on e -

tul i p or a n y b ulb oth er th a n a hy a c i n t h b ulb o f l a rge size It i s bette r .

,

however to pl a n t th ree or more b ulb s i n a l a rger pot a s soil moi st ure

, ,

a n d t e mp e rat u re a re mo re e v en ly m a i n t a i n e d Wh en b e i n g fo rce d for .

cut flowe rs b ulb s a re pl a n t e d i n boxes o r fl a t s of a d epth of th ree

,

i n c h es to four i n c h es with t h e b ulb s set from on e i n c h t o two in c h es

,

a p a rt .Thi s i s a good w a y to grow b ulb s fo r d e c ora t i o n a lso si n ce ,

the fl at s c an b e c ove red wit h c re p e p a per ra fli a ma t s et c W hen , , .

,

t h e flowers a re i n bl oo m B ro ken pott ery or c h a rc o a l s hould be put i n

.

the bottom of t h e pot s for d ra i n age Th e soi l i s th en s i fted i nt o the .

7 2 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
c an be s uccessfully fo rced i n wat er Th e best method of fo rc in g bulbs
.

i n wate r i s th a t o f setti n g e a c h bulb i n a sh a llow rece ptacle pa rti ally

,

fi lled with s a n d or coarse g ra ve l a n d kee pi ng the wat er j u

, s t e ven or

s lightly b e low the ba se o f the b u lb These bulb s s hould then be kept

.

i n a d a rk cool place for at least si x wee ks an d the rec e ptacl e sh o uld

, ,

be fre quen tly fi lled with wat er wh i c h mu st a lway s be clea r an d fresh

, .

After the bulb s have commen ced to root they may be t reat ed i n the
s a me way a s bulb s fo rced i n soil .

Bulb s which have been forced i n an y man n e r a re of no v a lue for

forcin g d uri n g the secon d ye a r . S uch bulb s should be allowed t o
ri p en th e i r foliage by setti n g the pot s or fl at s i n a cool light place an d
, ,

p rovi di n g them wit h sufi c i en t wate r to keep the bulb from d ryi n g
out un til t h e top growt h h a s ripen e d an d begi n s to d i e These bulb s
.

may then be set i n t h e o p en g roun d at the p rop e r time i n the aut umn
a n d t hey will p roduce some flowe rs du ri n g the succeedi n g ye a r It i s
.

se ldom that they will recover th e i r vi gou r su fi ci en t ly to be o f value

fo r t h e pu rpose of fo rci ng du ri ng the secon d o r thi rd yea r .
 CHA PTE R VII
MAI NTENANC E “

RE QU I R E M E NTS The mai nten an ce o f t ree s sh rub s a n d vi n es sin ce

.
, , ,

they a re almost i n va riably plan te d whe re they a re e xpected to t e

main pe rman en tly p resent s fewe r d i ffi c ult i es than the c a re of pe renn i a l
,

plan ti n gs exc ep t whe re plan t s become di seased or subj ect to in sect

,

a ttack M a i n ten an ce i s con fin ed mostly to cultiv ation feedin g wate r

.
, ,

i n g p run i n g an d sp ra yi n g
, , .

—
TR E ES TR E E S URGERY P run i n g h a s bee n di scussed i n Chapte r
.

“
III but the re i s a n an a logou s p ra ctice often followe d by t ree doc
,

tors n amely the scra pin g of ba rk from t rees which should b e

, , ,

touched on he re The m a i n object a n d a ccompli s hmen t of t ree

.

“
sc rapi n g seem s to be the p rovidi n g o f wo rk fo r t ree d octo rs du ri n g
dull season s The ultimate con seq uen ces to the t ree a re seldo m
.

be n efi c i a l a n d oft en fa t a l
,
I n st a n c es h a ve occurred where h an d some
.

”
shade t rees we re sc ra p e d down to t h e c a mbium by ign o ra n t d octo rs
an d p romptly died The oute r ba rk of t rees i s pl a ced by n atu re as a
.

p rotective cove rin g a n d should n ot be removed exce pt i n the case of ,

those t rees such a s hickory a n d pl an e t ree which n atu rally s hed bark
, ,

i n la rge scales a n d then on ly wh en the se sc a les a re h a rbou ri n g i n sect s

,

which cann ot b e oth e rwi se des t royed The c ritici s m of the so .

called t ree doctors i s however not i nt en ded i n the le a st to di sc redit

, ,

really ex pe rt t ree s u rgeon s n o r to di sc o u ra ge the employi n g o f them .

Q u i te to the co n t ra ry it s hould be n oted that these men c a n ren de r

,

most valuable se rvi ce an d that often a gre a tly p rized t ree c a n b e

sa ved fo r m an y yea rs a n d i t s g rowth g re a tly imp roved by h a vi n g it

wi sely ca red for The supporti n g of b ra n c hes wh e re a c rotch might

.

c a us e a splittin g of la rge limb s i s too often n eglected Th e removi n g of .

b roken b ran ches often p re ven t s dec a y from en te ri n g i nto t h e heart of

t h e t ree The takin g out of c rossi n g limb s often m a kes p ossible a
.

sy mmet ry o f d e velopmen t th a t othe rwi se would n eve r be re a lized .

See also Ch apt er III P u i ng and Ch p t VIII d Mu

“ " “ "
‘
on r n W t r P t ti a er lch i ng
on in e ro ec on a n .

73
74 TH E COMPL ETE GA R DEN
The p roper filli n g of a cavity afte r the woun d h as b een sci en t i fi c a lly
,

d ressed will en able t h e cambiu m to b e gi n to grow ove r the s pace

,

an d i n tim e to cove r it e n ti re ly with ti ssue th a t will gre a tly p romot e

futu re growth o f the t ree as a whole whil e at t h e s a me time it re moves a

d i s fig ure men t But before t h e wel fa re o f val uable t ree s i s en t rusted
.

to a man who p rofesse s t o be a ble to restore th e m the re should be v a lid

a ssuran ce of h i s b ei n g i n every w a y p rofici en t an d thoroughly compe
tent .

FE RTI L n I NG S h a de t rees seem to be less i n t e lligen tly main t a i n e d

.

than sh rubbe ry It i s a m a tt er o f com mon kn owledge that the root s

.

o f t ree s sp read a s fa r o r fa rth e r than the top s a n d th a t most o f t h e

,

feedi n g root s a re a t t h e ext re miti e s o f the l a rge root s M an y ex .

p e ri m e n t s have p rov e d that the e ffe ct o f fe rtilize rs i s ra rely fe lt ve ry

fa r i n a l ate ral di rect ion from the place wh e re a ppli e d Th e re fo re .
,

wh en fee di n g a sh a de t ree do n ot b a n k a sma ll pile of st rawy man u re

a ro u n d the t run k a s thi s e n cou ra ge s mi ce on ly
, S p re ad the mul c h
.

well out ove r t h e whole a rea cove re d by t h e top o f t h e t ree an d n eglect , ,

i f an y the a re a n e a r t h e t run k
, I n c a se o f s h a d e o r orc h a rd t rees
.

which a re not vigo rou s a n d whi c h requi re fee di n g recen t exp e rimen t s ,

s eem to show that a pplic a tion s o f n it ra te o f sod a an d a c i d phos phate

a re effective .
Q u an titie s up to t e n po un d s f o r e a ch t re e m a y b e u se d
on old t ree s eithe r s p re a d even ly ove r t h e s u rfa c e o f the g ro u n d u n der

n eath the t ree o r i nt rod u ced ben e ath t h e so d i n qua n t i ti e s of a han d ful
depos ited i n t h e bottom of hol es ma de by a c rowb a r at staggere d i n
t e rv a ls o f e ight ee n i n ch es Bon e me a l i s p rob a bly on e o f the best
.

fe rtilize rs to be u s ed i n p re servi n g the vit a l i ty o f s had e t re es A .

s uccessful method o f a pplyi n g bo n e m e a l i s th a t o f s p re a din g it b road

cast ove r the lawn s urroun di n g t h e b a se of t h e t ree Thi s fe rtilizer .

,

whi c h i s slow acti n g sh o uld be a ppli e d du ri n g t h e wi n t e r o r very e a rly

,

s p ri n g mon th s at t h e rate o f a t l e a st twen ty fi v e o r fi ft y po u

,
-
n d s for

t rees from t en to twelve i n ch es i n dia met e r a n d at a p ropo rtion at ely

,

les s rat e fo r t rees of sm a lle r di amet er Thi s fe rtilize r sho uld be a ppli e d
.

at le ast on ce i n two ye a rs It i s much b ett e r t o apply a less amou

. nt

an d to fe rt i lize t h e t ree s e a ch y e a r .

WATE R ING Most of the d eep rooted s h a de t ree s such a s oaks sel
.
-
, ,

dom nee d wate ri n g after th ey a re on ce e st a bli sh e d b ut it i s often ,

advis able to grve sh a de t rees a h e a vy w a t e ri n g i n ti me of d rought.

76 TH E COMPL ETE GA R D EN
worse than the di se a se ; ( 3 ) a tho rough job must be don e or else t h e
whole job may h a ve to be done ove r at too late a sea son to secure t he
best result s ; (4) the c orrect time must be picked or a ra i n sto rm
may un do the whole work withi n a few hours ; ( 5 ) the s p ray must
s t i c k to the plan t lon g en ough to be o f so me use es pecially i n the ca se
,

of poi son s .

The v a rious fo rm s of sp rays may be c lassi fied i n fou r diffe ren t ways
accordi n g to t h e season of s p ra yin g t h e kin d o f chemic a ls used the
, ,

fo rm i n which the chemi c al i s a ppli e d a n d the kin d of plan t s s p rayed

, .

SE A S ON S FO R S P RAYING . The season s for outdoo r sp rayi n g a re two

the s ummer o r growi n g se a son , an d t h e win te r or dormant season .

S umme r s p rays a re i n v a ri a bly n ot appli ed so st ron g a s win t er sp ra ys,

bec a u se the b a rk on t h e n ew shoot s a s well a s the le a ves would be
i n ju re d by a s p ra y of a st ren gth w hi c h would not on ly be en ti rely s a fe,
but a dvi sa ble to use w h en a pl a n t w a s do rma n t Dorm a n t sp rays a re
.

mostly c on fi n e d to those a pplie d for p rotection a ga i n st vegetable

p a ra sites a n d tho se in ten d e d t o d est roy sc a le in sect s S ome use ful
.

win te r work i s often don e i n t h e dest royi n g of egg ma sses an d cocoons

by torc he s a n d t h e applic a tion o f c reosote o r other st ron g p a i n t s by
h a n d i n s ma ll q uan tit i e s ; but thi s i s n ot , st rict ly s peaki n g, sp ra yin g.

S umm e r sp ra yi n g i n c l udes n ea rly all the method s used i n the dormant

se a s on with the sp ra y m a de mo re o r l ess dilute depen den t up on the
, ,

e x a ct se a son as well a s a ll the oth e r fo rm s o f s p ray s

, It sh ould be
.

n oted that do rma n t s p ra yi n g ma y b e don e a t a l mo st an y ti me a fte r t h e

pl an t s become d orm a n t i n the a ut umn a n d un til th ey sta rt growt h i n

t h e sp ri n g ; but it i s n ot a dvi s a bl e t o att e mpt to s p ra y du ri n g fre ezi n g
we ath e r n o r too ea rly i n t h e wi nt e r bec a u se i n the l atte r e ven t much
, ,

o f t h e b e n e fit s o f t h e sp ra y will b e l ost th rough the s ub sequen t wi n ter

st o rm s . I f do rman t s p ra yi n g i s del a ye d u n til n e a rly s p ri n g some

b en e fi c i a l result s ma y b e e xpect e d t o e xt en d i n to the s umme r which,

would othe rwi se h a ve been lost S umme r sp rayin g on the con t ra ry

.
, ,

must us u a lly be d o n e a t some p reci se ti me i n o rder to s ecu re the de

si red re su lt s tho ugh thi s i s n ot a lw a ys strictly n ecessa ry
, .

SP RAY CHE M I C A L S U SE D The sp ra y chemic a l s used a re thos e which

.

a re b e st adapted to d est roy the va riou s fo rm s o f pl a n t a n d a n i mal

p a ra s ite s which it i s de si red to att a ck S ometime

. s it i s po s s ible t o

co mb i n e two fo rm s o f ch emic a l s i n one s pra y a n d thu s make on e

 MAINT ENANCE 77
op e r ation serve two pu rposes Those sp rays i n ten ded for leaf eati ng
.
-

insect s a re c lassi fied a s p oi sons an d act like a ll poi sons on bein g a b

sorbed in to t h e diges tive t ract o f the i n sect It i s gen e rally n ecess a ry
.

on ly to secure an even di st rib ution of s uch a sp ray which us ually con ,

tain s some fo rm of a rsen ic ove r the leaves of the plan t Those s p rays
, .

in ten ded fo r i n sect s such a s t h e scale i n s ects which d o not e at leaves

, ,

or g reen p a rt s of plan t s a re c la ssi fi ed a s con tac t i n secti c i d es

, They kill .

by s u ff ocati n g the i n sect o r by thei r di rect phy sical action u p o n the

body of the in sect Thus they ma y a lso be useful ag a i n st le a f eatin g
.
-

ins ects a s well These s p ra ys may be me rely some powde r i n a fo rm

.

so mi n ute th a t it c an en te r the b re a thi n g appa ra tus of the in sect o r ,

i n t h e case of the s uc k i n g i n sect s some oil whic h c an be held i n su

, s p en

sion i n w a te r lon g en o u gh to a llow it to be s p ra yed over the pl an t .

Ot her well kn own con t a ct i n secticides a re tobacco ext ract (n icotin e

-

“
s ulph ate) a n d va rious soap s s u
”
ch as whale oil soap m a de from fi sh
, ,

oil S ometimes poi son ous g a ses a re used for this pu rpose but th at i s
.
,

p ro pe rly s pea k i n g fumigation a n d n ot s p rayi n g The thi rd cla ssi fic a

, .

tion of sp ra ys acc o rdin g to chemic a l s i s that i nten ded for fun gous
dise as es c a us ed by low fo rm s of veget a ble p a rasites An th racn ose
, .
,

rust mildew c an ke r blight

, , , an d n ume rous oth e r desc riptive n ames
,

a re given t o the se di se a ses b u t they a re n ea rly a ll t reated a like by t he

application o f a f un gi ci d e whi c h i s gen era lly so me sp ray contai ni ng

s ulphu r eithe r lime s u
, lphu r mixtu re or Bo rdeaux mixtu re which i s a
-

lime an d coppe r sulph ate mi xtu re The lime s ulphu r mi xtu re als o
.
-

act s as a con tact i n secticide i n some c a ses Fun gici des s h ould be .

applied ve ry even ly over the whole of t h e plan t from top to bottom

an d ma y be us ed m u ch st ron ger du ri n g the dorm a n t se a son th an would
be sa fe du ri n g the growi n g se ason .

F orms 0 1 SP RAYS The t y pes of s p ra y cla ssi fied a cco rdin g to the
? .

fo rm i n which they a re us ed a re two The most gen e rally used fo rm

.

i s t h e liqu i d which gen e rally mean s a c he mic a l i n s us pen s ion i n wate r

,
.

Most s p rays used i n liquid form a re chosen bec a use of thei r a bility to
stay i n s us pe ns io n i n w a te r for a con s ide ra ble l e n gth o f t i me without

ei ther goi n g i n to solution o r ga the ri n g i n lu mp s Thi s p rope rty of .

s tayin g i n s us pen sion i s a ve ry v a lu a bl e o n e bec a us e it i n s u res an even

,

dist ribution of the s p ra y mat e rial without a n excessive a mount of

agi tati on to keep the mi xtu re even Th e re i s a n in c re asin g ten dency
.

to u se t h e d ust fo rm of sp ray i n whi c h t h e chemic a l s a re blown upon

7 8 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
the plan t s i n the fo rm of a very fin e powd er whic h i s la rgely depen dent
upon a tmosphe ric moi stu re to m a ke it stick t o the plan t D us t sp rays .

a re used mo re ofte n i n a co mme rcial way than by the ave rage a m a t e u r

when p rotectin g o rn a men t a l pl a n t s a n d thi s form of s p ray i s not

,

a d a pt e d to a ll the chemi c a l s us e d a s for in stan ce t h e oil a n d tob a cc o

, , ,

ext ract sp rays S ometimes poi son s a re mi xed with b a it a n d sp re ad

.

upon the gro un d n ea r the plan t s to be p rotected but this ag a in i s n ot

,

s p ra yi n g i n the gen e rally accept e d sen se o f the wo rd .

O UTF ITS FOR S P RAYING Th e re a re v a rious s p rayin g out fit s a dapted to

.

the va rious requi re men t s d e pen d en t on the a moun t of work to be don e

an d t h e phy s ic a l di fli c ult i e s to be ove rcome . P rob a bly the be st s m a ll
ou t fit fo r the a ma te u r i s the kna p s a ck s p raye r w hic h c a n be e as ily

t ran sp o rted an d even c a rried up i n to the top s of t rees i f n ecess a ry .

Thi s c on si st s of a n a i rtight recept a c le fo r the sp ra y mi xt ure whic h ,

may be st ra pped to the b a ck i n such a w a y a s to e a sily a llow t h e

p ressu re to be kept up with one h a n d while t h e n ozzle a tt a ch e d to a
sho rt l en gt h o f hose i s m a n ip u l a ted i n t h e oth e r h a n d The b est
.

kn a ps ack sp raye rs h a ve a copp er t an k h o ldi n g a bout four g a llon s of

li q uid a b ra ss pu mp an d an a i r p ressure c h a mber which i n sures a
, ,

ste a dy st rea m . They weig h fi fty poun d s when full of liq uid A .

che a pe r p ump of about t h e sa me typ e b ut sm a ll c a p a c ity i s the bucket

pump whic h c an be use d with a n y b uc ket or p a il Thi s i s h a rd er to
.

t ran spo rt a bout a n d not so s ati sfa ct o ry i n oth e r w ay s as a kn a p sac k

s p raye r . The re a re v a rious typ e s of h an d ope rat e d ba rrel out fit s
-
.

Sometimes t h e b a rrel i s mo un t e d on l a rge wh ee l s so th at it c a n b e

eas ily moved a bout with a p ump i n st a lled i n t h e h e ad of the b a rre l or ,

someti mes a la rge r h an d o p e ra t e d p u

-
mp i s mo un t e d on a c a rt b e sid e a
ba rrel or t a n k S uch a n out fit will t a ke c a re o f a ll b ut the tallest
.

t rees an d i s a bout the l a rgest s uit a ble for a mat eu r sp ra yi n g It h a s .

enough c a p a c ity to t a ke c a re o f c on sid e ra ble sp ra yi n g an d en ough

p ressu re to in sure a fi n e sp ra y re achi n g a ll p a rt s o f even l a rge plan ts .

Fo r occ a sion a ll y sp ra yi n g s ma ll s h rub s a n d s uc h pl an t s a s p erenn ials

a n d a nn u a l flowe ri n g h e rb s a s ma ll h a n d fo rce pu mp i s a v e ry c on

ven i en t on e to h a ve . Th ese sma ll pu mp s hold a qu a rt of liq uid i n a

glass o r cop p er ret a i n er
’

The powe r s p raye rs a re op erat e d eithe r by a ge a ri n g o r sp rocket

an d chai n con n ecti n g the wh ee l s of the o u t fit to the pu mp o r by a

gasolin e en gi n e moun ted on a plat fo rm togeth er wi th a pum p an d

 P LA T E X II I . C a re fully l
se e c te d d p la n t e d t re e s fo r a v e n ue a n d s t re e t
an

p la n t i n g p ro v i d e a un i fo rm a n d a s y mme t ri c a l e ff e c t t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e i n v i t

i n g sh a d e , a ll o f wh i c h a re s o e s s e n t i a l t o t h e s t a n d a rd s o f mo d e rn i l
re s i d e n t a

d i s t ri c t s .
(S
ee p g
a e 1 1 6 , g ro up X A)-
 MAINTENANCE 79
tan k When man y t rees a re to b e sp ra ye d a powe r sp ra ye r s hould be
.

used i n order to sec ure a p ress u re whi c h w ill en a ble the fo rc i n g of a fin e

sp ra y to a ll p a rt s o f t h e t a lle st t ree s For s p ra yi n g t a ll t rees a n
.

a ppa ra t u s whi c h wo rks u p a p re ss u r e o f two h un d re d po un d s i s req ui re d

so th a t the s p ray mi xt u re ma y l e a ve the n ozzle i n a solid st re a m a n d

b re a k in to a mi st a s i t n e a rs t h e top of t h e t ree This i s n ot requi red .

fo r sp ra yi n g sma lle r t ree s or bu she s o r flowers w he re the re q u i remen t

b ecomes th a t o f p rod uci n g a fine s p ray a few feet from t h e n ozzle .

Sp ra y ch e mi c a l s whi c h a re t o b e u se d i n d u st fo rm a re a pplied
“
by me an s o f so c a lled pow d er gun s w h en l a rge a mo un t s a re used on
-
”

l a rge t rees Th ese a re se ld o m use ful on o rn a men t a l pl a n t s bec a use

.

o f the us u a l p ro x imity o f ho u se s o r p u blic st reet s an d t h e c on sequen t

an n oy a n c e c a u se d by clo u d s o f o b n oxi o us d ust flyi n g i n the a i r M a n y .

t i me s howev e r s u
, lph ur d ust o r h e lle bo re c a n b e appli e d by me a n s of
,

s mall h a n d fo rc e p u mp s a d a pt e d t o usi n g t h e d ry d ust or thi s d ust c an ,

b e a pplie d b y s i fti n g o ve r t h e pl a n t s th ro u gh holes p un ched i n t h e con

t ai n e r i n whi c h it i s p urc h a se d .

FORM ULA S FOR The fo rmul a s for some of the si mpler

SP RAY S .

in sectic id es a n d fun gi c i des will be gi ven h e re ; b ut it i s gen e ra lly m o re

advi s able fo r the a ma te ur t o p urc h a se h i s ch e mi c a l s a l re a dy mixed an d
i n p ac k a ges o f a size a d a pted for h i s i mmedi a t e re q ui re men t s .

Pomon a
—
Pa ri s g reen a cet o a rsen i te of copper .

Arsen i te of li me .

Arsen a te of lea d ; u se 2 lb s t o 5 0 g a l wa t e r
. .
“
.

Helleb ore ; use 1 oun ce to 1 gallon of wat er .

P01 3 0»: Bm s
For cu t worms 1 lh Pa ri s green m i x e d wi t h 1 0 lb b ra n
. . .

For cu two rms 1 lb whi te a rsen i c a n d 1 lh of s u

.
g a r .o r m o la s ses i n 6 lb s o f b ra n . .

For gra ssh o pp ers u se t h e ars en i c, su g a r, a n d b ra n m i x t ure , p l a c i n g 1 t a b les p oo n fu l

eve ry 6 or 8 fee t .

For sow b u g s or p ill b ug s use s l i c es of p ot a t o d i pp e d i n a d r y a rs e n i ca l o r a st ro n g

solu t i on .

CO NTACT In s s m c ms s
For p la n t li ce u se on e lh soa p t o 5 t o 8 ga llon s wa t er
. .

For a p h i d s a n d la rva u se n i co t i n e s ulp h a te a t st ren gt h gi ven on p ac k a ge or 1 lb .

tob a cco s t ems bo iled i n 2 g a l wa t er ( D i lu . t i on of n i c o t i n e s ulp h a t e i s gen era lly

p i n t t o 5 g
0 a llon s of w a t e r T h e a dd
. i t i on o f 2 lb s o f soa p i s d e s i ra ble). .

For sc a les u se 2 g a l k erose n e an d 1 ga l so u

. r milk . .

For p la nt li ce u se 2
g a l k e rosen e a n d 1 ga l soft wa ter an d 5 lb soa
. .
p . .
80 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
For scales u i n wi nter on ly a li me sulp h u
se r s p ra y con ta i ni ng a bou
-
t 20 lbs of u n .

sla ked li me and 1 5 lbs of flowers of su. lph u r t o 5 0 ga l of wa ter . .

For red s p i d er and plan t mi tes use flowers of su lph ur a s a d ry powd er d u st ed ove r

t h e t rees wh en covered wi th d ew or i mmed i ately a ft er a ra i n .

For h i bern ati ng i nsects use a mi s ci b le or solu b le oil at t h e ra t e of 1 p a rt of oil to

1 2 or 1 5 p a rts of water .

F UNG ICID E S
Bord ea ux mi xture ; 5 lb s . co p per s ulp h ate an d 5 lb s
. li m e i n 5 g
0 a l water . .

Ain mon i a ca l cop p er ca rbon at e ; 6 02 . cop per ca rbon a te and 3 pt s a mmon i a i n .

5 0 g a.l of wa ter .

Cop p er s ulp h at e i s used , wi t h li me t o colou r ir For killi ng fu

. ngi on d orman t plants .

Li me su lp h u r mi xt u re a lso a cts as a fu n gi ci d e .

S YM PTOM S A ND TR E ATM E NT S Th e followi n g li st shows i n pa rallel

.

col umn s ( 1 ) the symptoms whi c h appe a r upon di sease d pl an t s or those

with in sect pes ts ( 2) t h e cause an d la stly ( 3 ) the i n dic a ted t reatment
, .

Sm m u CA uss Ta s a m s ur
‘

Fun g us Bord ea ux or li me sulp h ur -

F ungus Bordea ux a lso gat her and

,

burn d i se a sed le a ves

Lea f curl fu n gus Li me sulp h u
-
r or Bord ea ux
Freez rn g or rot fungus Cu t ou t a n d d estroy, d i s
d
e a se p a rt s
Bord ea ux
a p p les
, a lso c t o
u ut ceda r

Bordea ux
Li me su-
lp h ur, a lso cu t ou t
and bu rn d i seased p a rts
Su lp h ur du st, a lso bu rn
lea ves i n a utu mn
Ant h ra cnose fu n gu s Bordea ux
Smu t fu n gu s Bordea ux .

Too mu ch wa te r fol W a t ch soi l 0on d i ti ons

.

lowed b y h ot weath er
Freez i ng an d th awing or Prot ect from (wi nter u
s n a nd
fun gu s use Bord ea x u
Gum excreti on Borers Prot ect i ve wash an d d i g u
o t
bore rs
Borers Prot ect i ve wa sh
Lea f d i scoloura t i on of Red s p i d er Dry su lph u r du st

B a rk d i scoloura t i on Sc a les Li me sus

lp h ur or k erosene
emu lsi on
Lea f c urli n g Ni cot in e sulph ate or soa peude
W i lt Pa ri s green i n molasses in
b ran
 82 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
gro un d cove rs amon g sh rubbe ry i s excellent an d they a re esp ecially ,

v a lu a ble towa rd t h e fron t o f the bo rde r When p rop e rly m ulched an d

.

c a red fo r sh rubbe ry will seldom n ee d wat e ri n g after the fi rst ye a r or

,

two b ut an occ a sion al good soaki n g d uri n g the d rought of s ummer will
,

n ot co me a mi ss . It i s quite essen ti a l at in te rval s of eve ry two or th ree

,

y e a rs th at t h e deciduou s sh rub bo rde rs s hould b e c a refully gon e over

,

a n d th a t the g rou n d a ro u n d the i n dividual s h rub s s hould be tho roughly

loosen e d whe reve r it i s possible to do so without di stu rbin g the root

sy ste m . At such ti me s con sid e rable fe rtilize r con si stin g of well
rott e d man u re o r a heavy a pplic a tion o f bo n e me a l sho u ld be a pplied .

No q ui c k act in g fe rtilize r such a s s h ee p m a n u re d ried blood o r n it rate

-
, ,

o f sod a i s d es i ra ble
. I n the su cc e ss ful mai n t en an ce of the s h rub bo rde r

the objec t of supplyi n g fe rtilize r to th a t border i s n ot on e of forcin g

g rowt h b ut on e of ma i n tai n in g n o rmal g rowth .

In the p rope r ma i n t e n a n ce of a s h rub borde r the c rowdin g an d de a d

wood should be remove d eac h yea r It oft en become s n ecess a ry to
.

t ran s pl an t to othe r location s a n d to re a rran ge some pla n t s wh e re they

a re b e c o mi n g too thick i n t h e bo rd e r pl an t a tio n i n o rde r to give the ,

remai n de r o f t h e pl a n t s a n oppo rtun ity to develop n o rmally We .

“
o ften see sh rub plan t a tion s wh i ch a re leggy Thi s c an be overcome
.

b y a p rop e r p ru n i n g e a c h ye a r c on si sti n g of the re mov a l to a height of

, ,

twelve o r fift een i n c h es above t h e groun d of at lea st on e fou rth of the

,
-

old wood ( See Pl a t e No V) Thi s will en cou ra ge n ew growt h from

. .

the ba se of the sh rub an d whe re refin ed m a ss effect s a re desi re d thi s

, ,

method of p run i n g will eli mi n at e much of the b roken a n d un kept a p

p e a r a n c e o f m a n y pla n tatio n s The . re a re i n s ta n ce s i n which the e x

t re mely old a n d u n ke pt effe ct i s mo re t o be desi red an d thi s p rocess ,

of p run i n g c a nn ot be applied .

R H OD OD ENDR ONS R hod ode d o

. othe b road le a ve d evergreens
n r n s, r -

a n d con i fe rs s hould be tho roughly wate red du ri n g the l a te fall an d

n e ve r b e allowe d to free ze fo r the wi n te r i n a d ry con ditio n This i s .

mo re often t h e c a u se of wi nt e r killi n g th an i s severe cold The re ason

-
.

why these pl a n t s a re mo re su sceptible to i nju ry on thi s accoun t i s b e

cau se th ey h old thei r le aves d uri n g the wi n te r mon th s an d thus
t ran spi ration c on ti n ue s to so me degree an d i f t h e plan t i s n ot well
,

fi lled with moi st ure a d ryi n g o u

, t p roce ss occ u
-
rs an d the pla n t i s d e vit

a li z ed .B ec a use of t h e m a ss of h ue h a i rlike root s whi c h fi n d thei r way

,

t h rough the e a rt h n e a r t h e s u rfa ce of the groun d rhod od e n d rons c an ,

 MAI NT ENANCE 33

n ot en d ure con side rable d ry pe riod or a n y cultivation of the sur

a ny

face of t h e g ro un d i n the s ame ma n n e r as that a dopted i n ca ri n g fo r

,

deci d uous s h rub s an d t h e deepe r rooted eve rgree n s

-
.

Rn on on enn a o n s, a uz s n F0 11 R hod od en d ron s a n d othe r

'
n .

e ricace ous pla n t s s hould n ot be fe rtilized with man u re un til well

establi s hed In the late fa ll a fter t h e rhod oden d ron s h a ve b een

.

est a b li s hed on e yea r they ma y b e fe rtilized by the a pplication o f a two

in ch laye r of well rotte d stable man u re over t h e top o f the mulch

-
.

Th i s should b e re peat e d each ye a r Chemical fe rtilize rs a re seldom

.

o r n eve r u s e d on e ric a ceou s pl a n t s Bone me a l should n ever be

.

used a s i t s bon e phosph at e of lime i s s ure to react upo n t h e soil acidity

so essen ti a l to the s ucc e ssfu l c ultu re of rhod od en d ro n s a n d a lli ed pl an t s .

Th e use of b on e me a l h a s b ee n kn own to be fa t a l to th ese pla n t s .

E psom sa lt h a s b ee n rec ommen ded a s a fe rtilize r for rhododen d ron s ,

but thi s i s p robably a mi st a ke a n d i n a n y event a doubt ful p rocedu re

b ecau se of t h e c h e mic a l n a tu re o f thi s mat e ri a l As e p som s alt i s
.

magn esi um sulph a t e a n d h a s been u sed i n E n gl a n d to top d ress c lover -

as a s ub stit u t e for li me it p rob a bly would re a ct i n the soil simila r to

,

lime an d would be in ju rious to all e ricaceo us plan t s .

E V E RGR E ENS The greatest p roblem i n the mai n ten ance of eve r
.

greens i s that of kee pin g them i n a h e a lthy an d vi gorous con dition of

g rowt h Th e re a re ce rtai n location s whe re it i s e ssen ti a l to use ever
.

greens i n o rd e r to p rod uce a d esi re d effect Oft en times these loc ation s
.

a re s u rrou n ded by a c ity e n vi ron men t with a d u st l a de n an d s moky

-

atmosphe re which i s on e of t h e mo re i nj urio ns fa ct o rs i n the growi n g of

eve rgree n s If such pl a n t s a re to be m a i n t a i n e d i n a h e a lthy con
.

diti o n they should n ever be w at ered on the le a ves du rin g the heat
of the d a y when the sun i s s hi n i n g They should however be
.
, ,

s p rayed with a st ron g fo rce o f w a te r a t i n te rv a l s n ot le ss o fte n than

on ce each week i n ord e r to w a sh from the su rfa c e of t h e le a ves the

a cc u mulated d ust which i f left causes a devita lize d con dition of the
e nti re pl a n t .

V 1 N 1: s
-
Vi n es req ui re but little a ttention Wood s hould be
. .

cut back severe ly i n t h e sp ri n g on vin es with o rn a men t a l fruit Re .

move old can es a n d c heck a n y growt h th at becomes too ran k S hoot s .

t hat a re too lon g or sp oil the gen e ral effect s hould be cut A ll cli mbers ’
.
84 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
must be fu rni shed with some ki n d of s uppo rt a n d ca re s hould be taken
t o faste n loose e n d s .

Us ually vi n es a re planted close to foun d a tion s It must be t e .

membe red th at most foun dation s a re ca re fully p rovided with a li n e of

d rai n a ge on the out s ide of the wall i n o rd e r to re a dily ca re for an y
s u rfa ce wate r th a t seep s i n to the soil a n d the n late r seep s th rough the

wa ll i f not p romptly ca rried awa y Fo r thi s reason p rob a bly vi n es

.
, ,

requi re mo re a tten tion th a n mo st othe r pl a n t s i n o rde r to kee p them

s upplied with a qua n tity of w a te r n ece ss a ry to thei r n o rm a l develop

men t They should also be ve ry frequen tly fe rti lized p referably with
.
,

bon e meal o r well rotted m an u re Well rotted cow man ure i s an idea l
-
.
-

fe rti lize r for most vi n es .

—
LAW N s F E RT I L I Z ING The m a i n ten a n ce of l a wn s con si st s of
.

fertilizi n g rolli n g wate ri n g a n d mowi n g i n o rde r to keep the tu rf i n

, , ,

such con ditio n th a t few i f a n y weed s wi ll h a ve a n oppo rt u n ity to flou r

i sh . Fe rtilizi n g of a lawn i s pe rhap s on e of t h e most import a nt

items of i t s m a i nten a n ce for the rea son th a t few lawn s a re so well
,

p re pa red when fi rst m a de th at they do not begi n to n eed addition al

food m ateri a l du ri n g the secon d or thi rd yea r afte r m a ki n g It i s .

d i ffi c ult to conv i n ce those who a re developi n g lawn s fo r the fi rst time

th a t mon ey exp en ded i n the p rope r p rep a ra tion an d fe rtilization o f a
good depth of topsoil will do a wa y wi th t h e s ub sequen t a nn u a l expen se
n eces sa ry to keep a l a wn n ot co rrectly p rep a red when o rigi n ally m a de
, ,

i n t h e best con ditio n A good tu rf req ui res food i n t h e form of fe rti

.

lize r an d thi s food s upply must eithe r b e p rovided at the time the l a wn
,

i s m a de or it must be con st a ntly a pplied from yea r to yea r a fte rwa rd

( S ee P a ge Much thought l a bou r a n d mo n ey a,r e w a sted
, i n putti n g
a mulch on l awn s on ly to come back l a te r a n d c a st it away a gain
, .

It may be wi se to mulch a lawn i n the fall but the re i s mo re than an ,

even chan ce th at i f the a re a i s covered wi th fre sh man ure weed s will be ,

i nt rod uced an d thi s will mo re th a n offset a ny real val ue de rived from

the mulch Th e use of man u re a s a top d re ssi n g for lawn s s hould be
.
-

di scou raged un less used i n the fo rm of a comp letely decomp osed compost .

A thick coat of man u re i s apt to st i fle the g ra ss Lawn s should n eve r .

be mulched wi th man u re du ri n g the sp ri n g un less wi th thoroughly

'

mtt ed ma n u re a ppli e d n ot l a t er tha n e a rly Ma rch All mulchi n g .

or top d ressi n g s hould be done p re fe rably i n t h e fall so that the wee d

-

seed s a re killed to a g reat ext en t d u ri n g the wi n t e r It i s p ractically .

86 THE COMFL ETE GA R DEN
th rough the glob ule s or h lm of moi stu re upon them Do n ot hasten to .

sp ri n kl e a l a wn a t the fi rst app ro a ch o f w a rm we a the r a s thi s wi ll d i s

cou ra ge the ten d ency o f the g ra ss root s to go deepe r i n sea rch of the
groun d wa te r If the l a wn shows sign s l ate r i n the se ason of bei n g i n
.

di st ress give it a tho ro ugh so a ki n g An effective w ate ri n g s hould so a k

, .

t h e g rou n d to a depth of fi ve o r si x i n ches .

R O LL I N G AND W E E DING LAWN S Rolli n g of l a wn s i s n ot re so rt e d to

.

n e a rly a s m u c h a s fo rm e rly Prob a bly on e good tho ro ugh rollin g i n

.
,

the e a rly sp ri n g i s b en efici a l especi a lly on cl a y l a n d w hi c h ma y h a ve

,

h e a ved i n s pot s d uri n g t h e wi n ter Exc ept fo r thi s rolli n g i s of doubt

.
,

fu l v a l ue e speci a lly b ec a use d uri n g d ry we a the r it c a use s loss o f

,

moi st ure th rough t ra n spi ra t i on Weed s i n the l a wn in dic ate th a t t h e

.

g ra ss i s not p rope rly c a red for or h a s b ee n c a rel essly s eeded Weed s .

ma y a ppe a r i n a n ew l a wn e speci a lly i f m an ure h a s b ee n use d i n the

,

p re p a ra t i on It i s not n ece ss a ry to pull out the a n n ua ls fo r i f the tu rf

.
,

i s cu t they will not seed th e m selv es Re move on ly the p e re nn i a ls s uch

.
,

as b u rdock a n d pl a nt a i n Tre a d on the hol es th us le ft a n d hll th e m

.

with c ompost a n d see d It i s b ett e r to weed i n the fa ll a s i n the

.
,

s p ri n g c ra b g ra ss i s a p t to g et i n to b a re s pot s Pe ren n i a l weed s should

.

be c ut o ut wi th a kn i fe secu ri n g a s much of t h e roots a s possible ; or

,

a d rop o r two o f g a soli n e w i ll ge n e ra lly kill the pl a nt s Moss an d .

so rrel i n a l a wn i n di c a t e a so u r soil n ee di n g l i b e ra l a ppl i c a tion s o f a i r

s l a ked lime Cra b g ra ss c a u se s c on sid e ra bl e t ro uble i f on ce e st a bli shed

.

a n d c a re s ho u ld be t a ken to re move all po rtion s of the root s .

E N E M I ES TO LAWN S Weed s a re the most impo rt a n t e n emies to

.

l a wn s The b est w a y to e ra di c at e wee d s i n a l a wn th at i s oth e rwi se

.

wo rth s a vi n g i s to d i g them o ut fi ll the holes wi th good top soil a n d sow

, ,

fres h see d S p ra yi n g with ch e mic a l s a n d p atent remedi es h a s n ever

.

p roved effective An gle wo rms or fi sh wo rms may be d est royed by the

.

followi n g sp ra y : D i ssolve i n tw o g a llo n s o f boi l i n g w a t e r one po un d of

c om mon s a lt a n d a d d o n e pou n d o f co rro sive s u blim a t e D ilut e the .

above with four ga llon s of w at e r to m a ke a stock sol ution One pi nt .

o f t h e stock sol u ti on s hould b e a dd ed to si xtee n g a llon s of w ate r a n d

s p ra ye d ov er t h e l a wn A rmy wo rm s ma y be d est royed while yo un g by
.

a sp ra y m a de by di ssolvi n g th ree poun d s of a rsen ate of le a d i n fi fty

ga llon s o f w ate r Thi s should be sp ra ye d ove r t h e l awn until it i s
.

wh it e While white grub s a re a mon g the g ra ss root s i n l ate July i n

.
 MAINT ENANCE 87

p re pa rat i on to eme rge a s a dult beetles they may be c ru shed by rolling

t h e lawn wi th a t e n t on rolle r but fa ili n g thi s he roic t reatme nt the re
-
, ,

seem s to b e n o si mple r remedy .

Mowmo LAWN S Mowi ng of lawn s s hould be govern ed by the use

.

to which t h e lawn i s to be put Mowi n g should n ot be ve ry frequent .

i n h ot we a the r n o r ve ry lon g n eglected at se a son s when the gra ss i s

growi n g ra pidly Clippi n g sho uld ce a se before the gra ss stop s grow
.

i n g i n the aut u mn so th at a lon g g rt h may be left on the l a wn ove r

,

win te r A porti on of the cli pp i n g: s h ould be lef t on a la wn to act a : a

.

mulch e speci a lly i f the g ra ss i s cut often E nough gra ss le a ves

, .

mu st b e left on e a ch pl a nt so th a t it c a n m a i nt a i n i t s growth but on ,

the other h a n d g rowth m ust not be c a rried to t h e poi n t of seed p ro

,

d uction which mo re th a n a n yth i n g el se te n d s to weaken the vit a lity

, , ,

o f a pl a nt A bout two i n ches i s the height most oft en recommen ded

.

fo r g ra ss It i s best to le a ve mowe r kn ives set high a n d mow more

.

freq u ently rathe r th a n to a llow gra ss to grow high a n d the n cut it low
an d thu s remove too l a rge a po rtio n o f t h e l e a f s u rfa ce o f the pl a n t a n d ,

also expose the soi l to the d i rect ra ys of the s un When a l a wn becomes .

ru n down it i s ge n e ra lly b ett e r to re m a ke it e n ti rely i n ste a d o f w a sti n g ,

mon ey o n p atchi n g It i s well to conside r th a t i f the o rigi n a l gra ss

.

could n ot succeed on the soil n ew grass wi ll ce rt a i n ly fa il , .

/ —
P E R E N N I A L s WINT E R P R OT E CTI O N I n gen e ra l the bette r es .
,

t a b li s h e d a pe re nn i a l i s t h e l e ss wi nt er p rot ect i o n it requi re s

, H ow .

e v e r ev en though pl a nt s wo u
, ld wi n te r ove r s a fely i f un cove red they ,

s hould be p rot e cted from the he a vi n g whi c h follows a lt e rn ate th a wi n g

an d freezi n g I n the c a se o f pe re n n i a l s pl a n ted i n t h e a u

. tumn thi s i s
exceedi n gly import a nt for the fi rst wi nte r S n ow i s a good p rotective .

c ove fi n g b u t it i s ra re ly th a t pl a n t s wi ll be so cove red du ri n g the e n ti re

,

wi n t er It i s a cc ordi n gly a dvi sa ble to a pply a mulch

. .

M ulchi n g i n t h e fa ll p rovides a n oppo rt un ity for fe rtilizi n g a s well a s

p rot ection especi a lly i f good st ra w m an u re i s used St ra w or c om
, .

st a lks p rovid e excelle nt m u lch for pe re n n i a ls but both enc ou ra ge mice .

These pest s ma y be kill ed by poi son ed whe a t or by pouri n g c a rbon

bi sulphide down thei r bu rrows Whe re mice a re especi a lly t rouble .

some a c ompo st o f l e a ves s a wdu st l a wn t a k i n gs et c

, , should be us ed
, , .
, ,

i n a sm u ch as he a vy litte r or on e cont a i n i n g gra in i s id e a l for att racti n g

an im a ls Pe ren n i a ls s uch a s lilies whose c rown s a re completely un de r
.
,

g r o u n d requi , re t h e g reate s t p rotectio n Pe r e n n i a l s s uch as p rim.rose s

88 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
an d foxglove s , which c a rry ove r some flesb y foli a ge , m u st be cove red

lightly, i f at a ll, to p reven t rotti n g of the c rown s It i s desi rab le t o .

le a ve dead top s, stalks , etc , on t h e pl a nt s un til sp ri ng The tops will

. .

p rotect the pl a nt s to some exten t over wi nter a n d the re i s als o less

dan ge r t o the pl a n t from p rem a tu re re mova l of top s i n the fall before
the l a tt e r a re enti relyde a d Cult i vation sho uld ce a se i n the fa ll after
.

d a n ge r from weed seed s m a t urin g i s p a st Thi s wi ll di scou rage t oo

.

l ate growth , a n d a ny weed s will se rve a s a p rotective coveri n g .

It i s impo rt a nt th a t mulch for pe renn i a l ga rden s should not be

app lied too e a rly The re i s a gre a t d a n ge r i n a pplyi n g a litter of st raw
.

man ure o r le a ves befo re the wa rm we a the r i s fully ove r, a n d thus

e n cou ra gi n g top growth which eithe r rot s d u ri n g the wi n te r o r i s frozen .

Mulch should not be a pplied unt i l after th e fi rs t h eavy frosts , an d

p refe ra bly not un til the groun d i s slightly frozen i n the ea rly wi n ter .

The t ufted p a n sy, p rim rose, a n d S h a st a dai sy a re ve ry s usceptible to

i nju ry from a h ea vy m ulch .

Mulch should n ot be removed until d a n ge r from ext reme weath e r i s

p a st The time for remov a l i s gove rn ed by loc a l con ditions The
. .

—
mulch s hould be removed gra d ua lly n ot a ll at once a n d ext reme —
c a re should be used i n remova l i n orde r n ot to i nj ure o r dest roy s m a ller
pl a nt s or pl an t s which a ppe a r l ate i n t h e sp ri n g Any mulch h as a .

ten den cy to del a y t h e sp ri n g d eve lopment o f t h e root s It s hould be .

removed , howe ve r, be fo re t h e g ro u n d h as b e come so w a rm th a t root

growth h a s b ecome d e fin i t ely e n cou ra ge d a n d the sp rout s which a re

st a rti n g to grow a re becomi n g we a k a n d s pi n dly .

D I V IDING P E R E NNI AL S AND Rs n ovx rmc B a n s The re a re some

, .

perenn i a ls whi c h a re ben efit ed by b e i n g a llowed to rem a i n permanently

i n one pl a ce su
, ch a s p eon ies g a s pl a n t s a n d bleed i n g hea rt but t h e
, ,
-

v a st m ajori ty of pl a n t s a re n ot likely to i mp rove un less taken up from

t i me to ti me divid ed a n d re set Thi s i s es peci a lly t rue of plant s like
, , .

t h e i ri s a n d the s n eeze w eed which sp re a d u n de rgro u

-
n d a n d fo rm mat s ,

s oon e x h a u st s oil fe rtility a n d e n g a ge i n a seve re st ruggle which h a m

,

pers thei r o rn a ment a l d e ve lopment Likewi se c rown s o f pe ren n i a ls

.
,

which give the most desi ra ble flowe rs bloom on ly two or th ree season s
a n d then die . The re i s a l so t h e n ecessity fo r ren ewi n g t he bienn i a l s
such a s foxgloves c a n t e rb u
, ry bell s hollyhock s
, a n d sweet william s
, .

Some pe renn i a l s s uch a s o rient a l poppies s hould not be moved b ut

may be divided with a sh a rp t rowel The gene ral p ra ctice i s to
.
90 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
a ce with the flowe ri ng h a bit s of thi s pl a n t st ate that it should b e
t n

divided at le a st on ce eve ry th ree ye a rs i f an ab un d a n ce of la rge bloo ms

i s t o be obt a i n ed .

S uch pl ant s a s the l a rkspu r s hould be divide d with gre at c a re eve ry

th ree or fo ur yea rs a n d e a ch divi sion of thi s pl an t should be left wi th
a good c rown attached to which i s a qu a ntity o f good fi b rous root

Th e gre atest s uccess i n dividi n g pe ren n i a ls wi ll be att ain e d with

those pl a nt s whose root s c a n be re a dily pulled a p a rt with n o seve re
ru pt ures Those pl a n t s which h a ve h e a vy root s like the l a rks pu r an d
.

some of the i ri ses s hould be s u bdivided with m uch gre a t e r c a re .

Bien n i a ls will ren ew th e mselves by s eedi n g i f the soil i s n ot di stu rbed

a rou n d th e m to a n y g re a t e xt e n t . A few pe ren n i a ls s uch a s t h e ye llow
marguerite an d some of the h a rdy a ste rs wi ll a l so re n ew th e m selves
each ye a r by seed s d ropp ed from the p a rent pl a nt E ve ry pe ren n i a l
.

ga rden i s b en e fit ed by a tho rough sp a di n g ove r at le a st on ce i n th ree

ye a rs When a g a rden i s filled with pe renni a l s t h e s p a di n g does n ot i n
.

gen e ra l re a c h deep i nto the soil n o r does it cover t h e e n ti re a rea The

, .

best soil for th ese pl a n ts i s on e which i s fri a ble an d n ot too compact .

Thi s i s the re a son for s p a di n g eve ry two or th ree ye a rs .

Pl a nt s may be dug up an d sep a rated by han d o r thi nn ed out i n the

bed s by cutti n g wi th a clea n sh a rp sp a d e o r t row e l an d removi n g the
,

excess pl an t s Repl a nti n g sho uld be do n e i n fresh soil i f possible or

.
,

some n ew soil a n d bon e me a l wo u ld bette r b e worked i n Ca re should .

b e taken i n the repl a nti n g th at the c rown o f the pl a nt i s n ot smothe red .

It i s eq ua lly fat a l to t h e pl a n t to b e set too low or too h i gh D ivide .

a n d repl a nt i n t h e s p ri n g tho se fa Il bloomi n g so rt s which co nti n u

-
e in
full bloom u n til l a t e i n t h e se a s on s uch a s ch ry s a n th e mum s a n d a n e
,

mon es a n d a ll flesh y rooted pl a n t s except t h e p eo n y ( For t h e peon y

,
-
.

a n d t h e i ri s i n p a rticul a r a n d fo r pl a n ti n g p e re n n i a l s i n gen era l see

,

P a ges 3 9 a n d The b est t i me of the ye a r fo r li fti n g a n d se p a rati n g

peren n i a ls i n genera l i s p rob a bly the fa ll Th e e a rly floweri n g peren
.
-

n i a l s like som e o f t h e i ri s e s a n d the leop a rd s b a n e s ho u ld give t h e best

’

res ult by dividi n g a n d t ra n spl a n ti n g s ho rtly a ft e r th e y h a ve compl et e d

thei r floweri n g pe riod On e objection to fa ll plan ti n g howeve r i s

.
, ,

th at the sm a ller pl a nt s h e a ve o ut i f pl a nt e d too l ate or a re a pt to

get lost du ri n g m ulchi n g o r i n k le a n i n g up wo rk of t h e sp ri n g
‘ ”

K
.

Plant s wi th he a vy top s o r flesb y 1 t s i n gen e ra l except t h e i ri s a n d the

,

e o y mo re li a ble to rot i f pl an ted i n the fa ll I f the plan tin g of

p n , a re .
 MA INT ENANCE 9 1

them i s don e at thi s se a son it should be b egun i n the l atte r p a rt of

A ugust i f possible Th e re gul a r m ul c h i n g so n ecessa ry fo r a ll pl a nt s
, .
,

set i n the a ut u mn s hould n ot b e forgott en whe n t h e wi n te r c omes ou

, .

D urin g t h e s umme r a fi n e m ulch o f some so rt ma y be kept on a p e r

e nn i a l bo rd e r to good a dv a n t a ge a s it p re v e n t s l o ss o f moi st ure s a ves ,

l a bour othe rwi se n ece ssa ry i n c ultiv ati n g stop s s p att eri n g of mud ove r
,

the le aves of sm a ll e r pl a nt s a n d p reve n t s b a ki n g of the so il a ft e r ra i n s

, .

Fs a n uz mo P E R E NNI AL S AND A NN U A L S
'
Pe ren n i a l s n ee d a grea t
.

d e a l o f f9od a n d s hould h a ve pl a n t food to restore soil fertility S ueli

_ _
. .

y
héfv fe ede rs a s phloxes a n d p eon i es s ho uld receive a pplic ation s o f
bon e me a l a n d liq uid m a n ure . S uch a ppl i c ation s when the pl a n ts a re
i n bud will fre que n tly imp rove t h e size a n d q uality of the flowe rs .

M a n u re for fa ll mulchi n g will a l so en rich the plan t s The li n er p a rt .

c a n be w o rked i n to the b e d s du ri n g t h e s p ri n g , b u t c a re must be t a ken

n ot to i nju re o r de st roy root s or s m a lle r pl an t s Peon ies a n d i ri ses i n

.

g e n e ra l , like a ll pl a n t s wi t h thick , fles h y root s o r root stock s , a re s ick

ened by m an u re Bon e me a l i s p e rfectly s a fe to use an d i s i n eve ry
.

w a y t h e be st fe rtilize r fo r th e m On t h e oth er h a n d , the J a p a n ese

.

i ri ses, wi th the i r fi b rous root s, reve l i n cow m a n ure They, like i ri s .

lon gi p eta la , a re i n differen t to lime which to a ll oth er moi st ure lovi n g -

i ri ses, with the exception of t h e sp uri a g roup , i s obj e ction a ble .

Bed s must b e kept e n ti re ly free from w eed s un til fa ll Whe re .

mulch i s not m a i nt a i ned a roun d the pl a nt s c ultiv ation should be kept

up especi a lly a ft er a
,
i
p reve nt ev a poration
ra n , t o .

In t h e d ev elopme n t of t h e a n n u a l flowe r ga rd en the soil shou ld be

thoroughly sp a ded over e a ch sp ri n g an d well p ulverized A good .

coa ti n g of well rotted m an ure s hould be tho roughly sp a d ed i n to the soil

-

to a depth of fo u r i n ch es to e ight i n ch es D uri n g the flowe ri ng sea son

.

of th ese pl a n t s it ma y b ecome n ec ess a ry o n a cco u n t o f the l a ck o f su

, f
fici en t food to su , pply so me q uick a cti n g fe rtilizer s uch a s s heep
-

man ure or d ried blood which will forc e th ei r g rt h a n d a ssi st greatly

i n developi n g l a rge r a n d mo re a bun d an t flowers A slight sp ri n klin g
.

of s he ep m a n u re or d ri e d blood a ro u n d e a ch o f t h e pl a n t s will b e

su fi c i en t . It ma y b e a dvi sa ble to rep e a t thi s fertilizi n g ope ra t ion

a t i n te rv a l s o f th ree o r fou r week s du ri n g t h e flow e ri n g se as on Nit ra te .

of s od a i s sometim es u se d a s a pl an t stimul a n t It i s m uch mo re d an

.

g e ro u,s howeve r th an ,eithe r s h ee p m a n ure o r d ried blo o d becau s e an

overdose i s very apt to bu rn an d i nju re the plan ts .

92 TH E COMPL ET E GA R DEN
WAT E RI G N 0 P E R E N N IAL S W a teri ng must b e a tten ded to es
1? .
,

p ec i a lly d u ri n g d ry s p e l ls
. O n e good s oa k i n g a week i s mu c h mo re

v a l ua ble to pl an ts th an man y light sp ri n kli n gs which do n ot wet the

s o i l to an y a pp re ci a ble depth . On s an dy an d very light soi l s it wi ll be
n ecess ary to wa te r tho roughly eve ry d a y o r eve ry secon d d a y du ri n g t h e

d ryes t pa rt of the se a son Where it i s n ot possible to wa ter a ll t h e

.

pl a nt s tho roughly a t one time divid e t h e b ed s i n to sections an d wa ter

,

t h e v a rio u s se ctions i n rot a t io n Wa teri n g i n the l a ter a ft ern oo n or

.

e ven i n g ho u rs h a s a mo re las ti n g eff ect than d u ri n g the h otte r po rtion

of the d a y . Wa te ri n g c an be overdon e a s it c an b e c a rried to the

poi n t wh ere the soil becom es wa te r logged a n d will c on s equen tly
-

sou r . Too muc h s up erfici a l wa terin g of open grou n d pl an ts in duces -

su rfa ce rooti n g whi c h 1 5 not s a t i s fa cto ry a s su

, c h p l an t s do n ot

h a ve a c ces s to l a rge stores of food an d cons equen tly c ann ot wit h

,

st an d d ro u ght succ essfully Tran spl an te d p erenn i a l s should be wat

.

ered thoroughly an d left a lon e a few d a ys t ill they become somewh a t

est a bli s h ed .

Th e st a t em e nt i s some tim e s m a de th a t w a t e r fro m we ll s i s too cold

to be sui t e d fo r w a t e ri n g pl a nt s an d a l so th a t such wa te r often l a cks
'

ch e mic a l s w hich se rve a s pl a n t food On the con t ra ry s ucc essfu

.
, l
g a rden e rs often wa t e r pl a n t s a t midd a y on hot s u mme r d a ys i n o rd er
to ga i n t h e c ooli n g eff ect of t h e wa t e r wh e n it i s most n ee ded It i s .

a l so bel i ev e d by some e x p e rien c e d ob se rv ers th a t w a t e r fa lli n g o n t h e

soil re a ch es t h e soil temp e ra t u re ve ry qui c kly a fte r b e i n g a b sorbed a n d

i n a ll b u t a n egligibl e n u mb e r of i n s t a n c es befo re it re a ches the roots

,

o f pl a n t s. With reg a rd to t h e qu estion o f the amoun t of pl a nt food

con t a i n ed i n w a te r from a d ee p d ri ven well a s comp a re d to the
-

a mo u n t fo u n d i n su rfa c e w a t e r s u ch a s th a t flowi n g i n a c ree k or river

‘

the re s eem s to be little re a son to thi nk th a t w a te r from wells i s l a ck

i n g i n pl a n t food to such an e x t e n t a s to m a ke i t le ss v a l uable th a n
s u rfa c e w a t er . It i s now agre ed th a t s u rfa ce wa te r c ont a i n s mo re solid
m a tte r i n s u spen sion while s ubte rra n e a n wa te r h a s i t s lo a d of sol i d ma t
t e r i n sol u t i on Th e re fo re the pl a nt food which occu rs i n wa te r from a
.

d riven well diff e rs from the pl a n t food fou n d i n ri v e r wate r me rely i n

bei n g m ore likely to occ ur i n sol ution ra th e r th a n i n su spen sion The .

w a t e r which i s t a ken from a rt esi a n well s i s n ot a lwa y s ste rile a n d

ofte n c on t a i n s n it ra tes i n l a rge q ua ntitie s d ue to the reduction of the
n it ra tes which oc c u r i n d e e p l a ye rs i n t h e s oil Whe .n thi s w a t e r i s

us ed fo r i rrig a ti n g t h e surfa c e l a ye r b f the soil the n it ri fyi n g b a cte ria

,
94 TH E COMPL ET E GA R DEN
The followi n g plan t s i f attacked by leaf spot s , or mildews may, be
saved by fun gicides ( S ee P a ge

Alyssum (mild ew) .

An emon e ( root d eca y an d ru

'

st ) Des t roy afl ect ed roots

. .

Aq uilegi a (mi ld ew an d b la c k spot ) .

Ca mp an u la (red an d b rown ru st ) Kee p a wa y from pi n e : ri gi d a

. .

Ch rysa nt h emum (leaf s pot or powd ery mild ew) If rust ed , p la nt s sh ould be .

d est royed .

B urn afi ected p lants

'

Con va lla ri a (st ern rot ) . .

Co reo p si s (mild ew) .

De lp h i n i um (b la c k spot on lea ves ) Remove an d b urn . .

Fern s (t i p blig ht ) .

Hollyh oc k (lea f spot ) If a tt a c k ed by rust or an th racn ose d estroy t he p lants

. .

Iberi s ( club root ) .Use li me i n soil .

Pa p a ve r (mild ew) .

Peon y (st em rot , lea f s pot, botyri d es) .

Ph lox (le af s pot a n d p owd ery mild ew, an d st em can ker) .

Sed u m (lea f spot ) .

Th a li ct rum (red spot ) .

Ve ron i ca (lea f d i sea se ) , (lea f sp ot ) .

Vi olet s (leaf s pot an d lea f b li g h t) .

Root rot of violet s an d n e m a todes on the roots req ui re soil t re a t men t

an d ste riliz a t i o n .

Bulb spot of i ri ses should b e t rea t ed by soa ki n g the b ulb s for on e

hour i n fo rmali n solution con si st i n g of on e o un c e i n two ga llon s of
,

wa te r Root rot which i s foun d us ua lly on ly i n the mid st of an old

.

matted c l ump i s overcome by b rea k i n g the rhizomes fro m the clump ,

c ut ti n g off the d ec a y an d pl a n t i n g i n n ew soil wi th a wa te ri n g of

,

pot a ssium perman gan a te on ly en ough to ma ke the wa ter of light pi n k

,

colou r .

M A I NT E NAN C E 0 V AR IO U S Kmn s GA RD E N S No a tt e mpt s houl d

1?
01?
.

be m a d e to d ev elop a g a rd en of a ny ki n d un til a c a reful a n a lys i s h a s

fi rst been m a d e con c e rn i n g the p rob a ble c ost fo r fut ure ma i n te n a n ce .

Th i s a pplies equ a lly a s well to the exten si ve e st a te a s it d oes to the

d et a il e d flowe r ga rd en an d to t h e ave ra ge res id e n ce p rope rty Pl a n t s .

a re g rowin g t h in gs a n d re q u i re con st a n t a tten t ion i n gre a ter o r les s

d egree va ryi n g wi th typ es of d evelopmen t wh ethe r of ex t reme fo rma lity ,

o r ext re me i n form a lity i n te n d e d to p roduce c e rt a i n effe c t s

, M an y .

req u i re an ext remely abn o rm a l qu an tity of l a bou r an d others req ui re a

mi n im um of labou r for thei r ave ra ge main ten a n ce .
 P L A T E X IV . Th e li s t o f t ree s a n d s h r ub s which t h ri v e in t h e c o n ge st e d

i
c ty d i s t ri c t s w h e re so i l con d i t i o n s a re p oo r a n d the a ri i s p o llut e d w i t h s mo k e
a nd d ust , i s li mi t e d to a few k i n d s , o f whi c h the t re e o f h e a v e n , lo c u
- -
st a n d

c a t a lp a a re t yp i c a l .
( Se e p g
a e 1 1 9 , g ro up X I A)
-
 P LA T E X V . An i n t e re st i n g us e o f h e d g e s t o fra me o n e s i d e o f t h e re fi n e d fo r
ma l g a rd e n . J a p a n e se q ui n c e on t h e le ft s i d e o f t h e w a lk , J a p a n e se b a rb e rry

a g a i n st the ri gi d e a c c e n t e d w i t h s h e a re d re t i n o s p o ra s , a n d b ut t re sses o f
ht s

J p
a a n e se q u i n c e a n d A m o o r R i v e r p ri v e t o n t h e ex t re m e le ft a g a i n s t t h e v i ne

c o ve re d w a ll fo rm t h e fe a t u re s o f t h i s c o mp o s i t i o n S
, (
. e e a
p g e 1 2 4)
96 .
TH E COMPL ET E GA R DEN
Th e one most impo rtan t d uty i n th e s uccess ful growin g of ann u a l
floweri ng plan t s, i n o rder to con ti n ue thei r period of bloo m, i s to keep all
portions of the plan t from developi n g seed pod s Those b ran ches .

which have p roduced flowers should be removed a s soon as the bloo m

h a s ceas ed .Most of the ann u a ls like t h e c a len dul a s an d marigold s
a re en co u ra ged to p roduce mo re bloom th rough t h i s p roce ss of keepi n g

seed pod s removed an d the b ran che s seve rely c u t back Other .

’
ann u a ls like the a nn ual la rks pur the mat ric a ri a the ann ual baby 3
, ,

b reath an d the bachelo r b utton will n ot develop a secon d a ry grt h

, ,

an d must the refo re be plan ted i n s ucces si ve so win gs to secu re a c on

ti nu ou s s upply o f flowe rs .

REFIN E D FO RMA L GARD E N The re fined fo rm a l garden i s developed

.

t h rou gh the use of va rious types of perenn ial s an d ann u a l s The sa me .

rules apply to the ge n e ra l mai n te n an ce o f a ga rde n of t h i s kin d th a t

apply to the ge n era l m a i n ten a n ce of perenn i a ls a nd ann u a ls Thk .

?

type of ga rd en howeve r un like the othe r type s of ga rden s rock

, ,

ga rde n wild ga rden i n form a l g a rden etc s hould i f developed be

, , , .
, , ,

pe rfectly m a i n t a i n ed A form a l flowe r ga rden for i t s re al suc ess

.

d epe n d s upon well d e fined m a sse s an d d e fin i t e m ajo r an d mi no r ax i s

-

li n es Ext reme c a re should be devoted to the clippin g of all hedges

.

a n d the m a in t e n a n ce o f t h e o utlin es of t h e d efin i t e ma sses of pl an t s:

All tu rf bo rders a n d wa lks s hould be n eatly t rimmed a n d c a re fully
edged a nd little i f an y of the in form a l loose effe ct so common to th e ,

i nform a l ga rden an d to the wild ga rden s hould be pe rmitted The

, .

author attemp ts to di sc u ss thi s q uestion togethe r wi t h the question of

mai nten a n ce pe rtai n i n g to the othe r types of ga rd e ns i n orde r to make
cle a r th a t i n t h e selection of the plan t s i n l an d sc a pe work the item of
su b seq uen t m a i n ten an ce i s on e of t h e importan t fa cto rs i n the success
fu l developmen t of t h e fo rm a l flowe r ga rden to a n even greate r exten t
th a n i n othe r type s of ga rden s .

IN FO RMAL FLOW ER GA RD E N The i nformal flower ga rden req ui res

.

less mai nten an ce c a re t h a n the fo rm a l flowe r ga rden It i s n ot so .

essenti a l that the m a s ses of pl a n t s a n d the o utli ne of wa lks should be a s

c a re fully de fined Th ere i s n o garde n n ot even the wild ga rden
.
, ,

th a t does n ot req ui re con st an t a tten tion fo r the be st result s Th e sa me .

question s of m a i n ten a n ce apply to the i n fo rm a l ga rden i n the sa me

wa y that they d o to th e mai n ten ance of pe ren n ials an d ann u al s Th e .
 MAINTENANCE 97
onl y poin t wh ich t h e author wi sh es to make clear i s that from th e very
i nformal n ature of t h e ga rden t h e quest ion of main ten an ce cost i s not
a s great a s t h e mai n ten a n ce co st of the fo rmal ga rden .

R001: GA RD E N Man y persons labour un der t h e imp ression that

.

t h e roc k gard en doe s n ot requi re con stan t atten tion To s uccessfully

.

develop a rock garden pl an tin g requi res mo re thorough knowled ge

of pl an t s than the developmen t o f t h e refi n ed flower ga rden or t h e

i nformal ga rden . The rea son for thi s i s that those plant s which
s uccee d i n the rock g a rden developmen t a re much mo re u n common

t han t h e plan t s which s ucceed i n othe r type s of ga rde n s an d le ss op p or

tu
'

ni ty i s afl ord ed for i n tel ligen t study of thei r h a bit s of growt h an d

floweri n g cha ra cte ri stic s The rock garden like the wild garden i s
.
, ,

often thought of a s a ga rden i n which pl a nt s enter i nto a competition

“ ”
for the s u rvival of the fitt e st Q uite to the
. co n t ra ry i n te lli gen t,

m ain ten an ce mu st be applied i n o rder to even tually develop the pl an

as o rigi n ally i n te n ded Most of the plan ts adapt ed to the roc k
.

g a rde n a re the dwa rf slow growi n g type s which con ti n ue to become

,
-

larger from yea r to yea r They m ust be kept withi n boun d s by i n t elli
.

g en t p ru n i n g whi c h will n ot dest roy thei r effect O cca sion a lly man y
.

plan t s a re in t rod uced in to the rock ga rden plan ti n g which requi re

much more attention on accoun t of the wate r which i s n ecess a ry
for th ei r n ormal growt h A rock ga rden i s not a ga rden from which
.

flowers a re to be picked The period of bloom i s us ually the period

.

when the plan t i s most va l ua ble for i t s effect i n the ga rden a n d the
flowers s h oul d n ot be removed at th a t time .

CUTT ING GARD E N The cutti n g ga rden i s perh a ps t h e most s imple

.

ga rden an d the ea siest ga rden to mai n tai n The on ly p roblem of s uch

.

a gard en i s to p rovide e a sy a ccess to pl a nt s pl a ced i n d efin i t e rows wi t h

su fi ci en t space for e a sy c ult i vatio n In a g a rd en of thi s ki n d plan t s
.

a re pe rmitted thei r freedom o f grt h a nd the object i s to feed t h em

heavily with fertilizer i n order to p rod uce the most desi ra ble flowers
wh ich a re to be cut at a time when the plan t s a re at thei r height of
bloom The p roblem of mai nten an ce i s on e of s upplyi n g s ufi ci en t
.

fertilizer to keep the flowe rs growin g vigorous ly of c u ltivatin g them

,

frequen tly an d wate ri n g freely

, .

Ro s s GA RD E N The object of the ave ra ge rose garden i s to p rod uce

.

an ab un dan ce o f bloom a n d to p rod uce la rge i n dividual flowers Th e .

98 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
o e ga rden for the best s uccess of the plant s requi res c a reful m a in
r s

t en an c e The hyb rid ros es which a re usually grafted stock revert

.
, ,

q uickly to the o rigi n a l type i f s uckers a re allowed to develop and

n ot kept withi n con t rol The rose ga rden bed s s hould be kept clean
.

of othe r pl a n t s un le ss p rovide d with E n gli sh tu fted pan si es or p o r

tu la c a . I f the rose g a rden i s a pa rt of some formal ga rden develop

men t a n d t h e bed s are edged wit h an y small hedge o r edgi ng plan t such
as t h e alyss um then ext reme c a re s ho u
, ld be exe rci sed to be cert ain
that these pl an t s a re kept n ea tly t rimmed a nd within d efin i t e boun d s .

One of the importan t p roblems i n the mai nten a nc e of the rose ga rden
i s th a t of kn owi n g the di fferen t types of hyb rid s an d how t h ese plan ts
s hould be p run ed i n o rde r to e n cou rage the p rod u ction of more flowers
or o f la rge r flowers Thi s q uest i on 1 5 too exten sive to be di scussed i n
.

t h e s ho rt s pace available but the re a re n ume rous books whic h di scu ss

,

a t len gt h the d e velopmen t an d ca re of the rose garden .

Fs a fl mz mc R os e s When rose garden bed s h a ve been p roperly

.

of plan t food i n the form o f ma n u re

pr ep a red by the i n t rod uctio n ,

bon e and lime all that rem a i n s to be don e i n the way of ferti lization
, ,

ma y be easily atten ded to by top d re ssi n g from time to time Liquid

-
.

man u re s hould n eve r be given i n d ry weathe r without fi rst thoroughly

wet tin g t h e soil with plai n wa ter b ut it may be used at frequent in ter
,

vals p rovid ed it i s not too st ron g D ried blood may be us ed either i n

.

water o r d ry a t the rate of on e o un ce to the s qua re y a rd du rin g May ,

Jun e a n d July i f hoed well i n to the s u rface soil Wood as hes an d bone
,
.

me a l i n sm a ll quantities ma y be used i n a simil a r m a nn er a fter grt h

st a rt s .These d ry fertilizers s hould be u sed on ly j ust b efore a good
rai n o r s ho uld be followed by a thorough soaki ng with the hose .

WA LL GA RD E N Th e wall g a rden i s pe rh ap s one of t h e most inter

.

es t i n g type s o f ga rde n s A wall ga rden sh ould n ever be attempted

.

un less those re sponsible for i t s m a i nten an ce feel ce rtai n that the

p rop e r ki n d of i n telligent mai n ten a nc e ca re c an be devoted to su ch a
ga rden A li st of plan ts whi c h a re a dapted for p roducin g wa ll ga rden
.

eff ects i s sm a ll It i s n ot so muc h the question of quan tity of main

.

t en a nc e a s it i s the que stio n o f the deg ree of i n tellige n t m a in ten an c e

wh ich makes for the fa il ure o r s uccess of the wall ga rden Th e .

g re a te st s ucce s s i s attai n ed with wall ga rde n developme n t w h en

those respon sible for i ts m ai nten an ce make it a speci a l poi nt to t hor

 CHA PT E R VIII

W INTER PROTEC TION AN D MUL CH ING

R E A S ON S FO R WINT E R P ROT E CTI O N Wi n ter p rot ection 1 3 n ecess a ry

.

—
un der the followin g con dition s : Fi rst Wh en a pl an t i s removed fro m
—
i t s n a tu ra l h a bit a t to on e more seve re ; S econ d When pl a n t s a re n ot
su fli ci en t ly h a rdy to with st a n d the n ew c l i ma tic c on dition s or ex
u Thi rd— Whe n it i s de s i ra bl e to et i g o u d moi t u e d u i g
p o s res ; r a n r n s r r n

t h e win te r fo r plan ti n g on ex po s ed pl a c e s mou , n d s an d b a n k s

. Fourth
— When plan t s (especi a lly everg reen s) a re t ran spl a nted i n to a st ifi clay '

soil un der clim a ti c con dition s whe re they will b e s u bject e d to c on s id e r

able freez in g an d t h a wi n g an d it becomes n ec ess a ry to p rotect t hem
—
aga in st h e a vi n g ; Fi ft h When plan t s especi a lly rhodode n d ron s an d
,

ot h er evergreen s must be p rotected a ga i n st win d an d sun wh ich cau se

,

so much d a m a ge on a cco u n t o f ex c e s sive e v a po ra tion of moi stu re fro m

the lea ves a t a time when n o moi st ure i s bei n g t a ken in to the plan t
th rough the root sy ste m Con tin ued stea dy col d an d a perman en t
.
,

cove ri n g of snow a re gen era lly sufi c i ent to tid e a plan t th rough t h e
severest p a rt of wi n te r b u , t an open wi n te r followed by s evere cold
, ,

or the alte rn a t e freezi n g a n d th a wi n g i n s p ri n g will wo rk h a voc

, .

Mulch in g therefo re i s eq ua lly i mport an t not on ly to con t rol s udden

, , ,

chan ges in temperatu re i n ex t re me we a ther but a l so to m a i n t a i n a cool

, ,

even temp era t ure i n e a rly sp ri n g .

On e of t h e common imp ression s i n conn ec tion with mulch in g for

pu rposes of wi n ter p rotection i s th a t plan t s a re rea lly bei n g p ro
t ect ed a g a i n st ext rem e cold . Nothi n g coul d b e fa rthe r from the
truth It i s n ot possible to p rotect plan t s a ga i n st freezi n g c on dition s
.
,

especially d uri n g the cold wi n ters of o ur n orth wh en frost en te rs the soil

to a dep th of t wo to th ree feet Un der s uch con dition s no n orm a l
.

dept h of mulch con si sti n g of rotted le a ves or m a nure could keep frost
out of t h e soil s urroun di n g t h e root s of the pl a n t s .

The real re a son then i s a d iff eren t re a son fro m th a t of b ei n g a desi re

to wa rd off a freezi n g con dition It i s the desi re n ot of wa rdin g off the
.

col d b u t of p reven ti n g a b n o rm a l ev a po ra tion o f moi stu re from the

 ’ “

WINTE R P ROTECTION AND 1 111 1 011 1810

leaves an d e spe ci a lly from the lowe r p a rt of s uch plan ts a s t h e roses
which a re pa rticul a rly sen sitive to thi s type of ev a pora tion It i s for
.

thi s rea son that pl an t s wh ich do n ot h a ve well rip ened wood like the
-

golden bell an d c ertain v a rieties of the deutzi a a re subject to inj ury b e

ca use of thi s evaporation Other plan t s like the b us h hon eysuckle
.

an d lil a cs whic h s u ccee d i n developin g thoroughly ripen ed wood before

win ter a pp roach es do n ot s uff er so much There a re two impo rtan t
.

so u rces of i nj u ry ( outs ide of the gn a wi n g by an im a l s) which c an cause

plan ts to be inj ured du ri n g the wi n te r mon th s an d a s a p rotection

again st wh ich mulch i ng i s n ec essa ry The first i s a b no rm a l eva po ra
.

t ion from t h e root s an d stem s of pl an t s th a t a re i n expo sed s ituat ion s ,

an d the secon d a liability of bei n g he a ved fro m the grou n d where a

clay loa m soil i s s ubjected to viole n t ch an ges of freezin g an d t h awin g .

It i s for thi s s ame reason that stan da rd roses an d climbi n g rose s a re

frequen tly lost d uri n g the win te r mont h s becau se they a re p rotected
by a thi n cove ri n g of st ra w an d evapo ra tion i s allowed to con t in ue
, ,

when i n reality they sh ould b e t a ken down an d buried i n soil whic h

, ,

re ma i n s moi st th roughout the wi n te r mon th s an d thu s p rotect s the

stems a gai n st ev a po ra tion .

So u a c s s 01 e
?
s a INJ U RY, AND R E ME D I ES One sou
. rce of wi n te r

i nju ry i s a he a v in g i n cl a yey soil s which exposes root s of sm a ll an d n ewly

transpl a n ted plan t s Thi s may b e re me di ed b y a pplyi ng a groun d m ulch
.

of st raw litte r or man u re ove r the en ti re a re a im medi a tely a roun d the

trees a n d coveri n g the a re a of root growth An othe r so urce i s p re

.

mature a ctivi ty of the sa p , d ue to the warmth of the sun s rays If the

’
.

groun d i s frozen h a rd an d d eep , an d sun an d severe win d s st rike ever

green plan t s they will scorch o r d ry out b ecau se sa p can n ot flow from
the roots to t a ke t h e pl a ce of th at ev a porated Man y evergreen s whi c h
.

a re ex po sed to sev e re win te r con dition s a re i n reality killed du ri n g the

mon th s of Jan ua ry a n d Feb ru a ry ; b ut the d a m a ge don e does not b e

c ome eviden t u n til ti me fo r sp ri n g g row th to begi n du rin g the mo n th s

of A p ril an d e a rly May . If t h e eve rgreen s which have been killed

du ri n g the wi n te r month s i n the n u rse ry a re d ug a n d s hipped to own ers
of e states at a time p rior to s p ri n g growt h an d p rio r to a time when it i s

possible for a n u rseryman to determi n e whether o r n ot the pl an t i s i n a

n o rmal growi n g con ditio n , pl a n t s killed i n thi s m a nn e r (bec a u se of the

lack of wi nter p rotection ) do n ot s how the i nj ury un til t h e growin g

season, at which ti me with the begi nn i n g o f wa rm growi n g weather, t h e
,
 THE 0011 1 1 131 1 GA R DEN
leaves tu rn b rown . Co n dition s of thi s k in d often follow a severe
wi nte r. D uri ng a severe wi n ter i n which successive freezin g an d t h aw
i n g con ditions a re a common occu rren ce eve rgreens a re a p t to be
seriou sly d am a ged . Un de r s uch con d i tions it i s t he heat which c au ses
the wo rst i nju ry to t h e evergree n s du ri n g these win te r mon th s an d, as
common ly believed , thi s i s n ot i nj u ry due to excessive cold A s uc .

cession of ext re mely cold n ight s a n d wa rm th a wi n g con dition s du rin g

the d ay c a uses excessive ev a po ration from the leaves wh i ch , as hereto
fore men tion ed , c an n ot be repl a ced th rough t he do rman t root system,
the soil s urroun di n g which h as not bee n s ufi c i en tly wa rmed to exci te
g r t h .Thi s ev a po ra tion m a y be s topped by s helte r f en ce s o r by
“
wra ppi n g the pl a n t s with st raw ove rco a t s . Ca re s hould be t a ken ,
however, to a void wra ppi n g too tightly, or i nj ury to t h e plan t wi ll
res ul t from he a ti n g of foli a ge . Boxwood hedges a l so, pa rticula rly
when youn g, s hould be covered to p revent win te r i nj ury i n sect ions
of the cou n t ry whe re t h e tempe ra tu re ma y fall a s low as ze ro du ri n g

t h e wi n te r mon th s S uch hedges ma y be boxed , or t h ey may be

.

ban ked with c om st a lk s or co a rse l i tt er a n d a l so with eve rgreen bough s .

One of the be st p rotection s fo r boxwood hedges ( as well a s b ro a d leaved -

evergreen s) i s to be cert ai n th a t they h a ve a thorough soaki n g, e speci a lly

du ri ng a d ry fa ll , immedi a tely before the freezi n g we a ther begi ns .

Mice often i nju re plan t s, an d where t h i s occ u rs mulch in g should

be del a yed until cooler weathe r, when t h e rodents will h a ve n ested
elsewhere Poi son i n g may be reso rted to by placin g poi son ed wh eat
.

i n d rai n tiles amon g the mul c h . Mice an d rabbits will gn aw certain

s h rub s an d fruit t ree s, s uc h as qui n ces , s pi re as , fo rs ythi as , et c
. S uch
plan ts should be p rotected , es p e ci a lly the fi rst ye a r, by t a r p a per or
burl a p i f mice a re p resen t Wrappi ng sh ould begi n slightly below
.

the su rfa ce of the groun d a t t h e ba se of the t ree, an d exten d to a

height of two feet The a uthor i s advi sed on good aut h ority th a t
.

where the re i s excessive d an ge r that the base of certai n sh rub s an d

fruit t rees will be gn awed by mice an d rabbit s, an excellen t met h od of
p rotection i s th a t of mulchi n g th ese hedges with coa l a shes to a d ept h
o f th ree to fo u r i n che s a ro un d t h e i mm e diate ba s e o f t h e plan t . The
gritty con dition o f thi s mate ri a l i s eviden tly objection a ble to rabbits
an d mice an d i t s u se h a s s aved a n umbe r of valuable h edge pla nt s .

—
PE RE NNIA L s WINT E R PROT E CTI O N Peren n ial s sh ould h ave a
goo d mulch o f well rotted
-
man u re st raw leaves etc
, , applied
, ju
. st,b e
1 04 THE COMFL ETE GA RDEN
an d flowers do ri ot develop In th e plant i ng of crocu
. ses lat e i n th e

fa ll it i s advis able to cove r th e gro u n d imm ed i a tely with some fresh

s t raw man ure wh ich wi ll ke ep th e t empe rature o f th e g rou n d from b e

comin g too cold un til aft er the bulb s h ave d evelope d sli gh t root growt h .

—
Vms s W mrs a Pa m '
Vin es an d vari ous climbe rs such
'
c n on ,

as climbin g roses o r t rai n e d frui t t re e s wh en growin g ag a inst a so u

, th ern
o r west ern wall sh ould be p rot ected by burlap fro m th e win t er an d
,

early sp rin g sun which may c a use g rowth to start t oo soon Very
, .

ten der vin es s uc h as j asmin e an d some clem a ti ses an d roses can best
, ,

be t a ken down and bu ried es pecially where loc al c li m a tic con di t ions
,

or ex pos u res a re severe When plan ts are so t rea ted th ey s hould

.

b e allowed to lie on the groun d for t en d a ys or two weeks a fter t hey

h ave b een un cove red i n t h e sp rin g Th is allows th e canes t ime to
.

'

h arden ofl -
.

—
Ro ss s W mrs a Pa m'
H yb rid Teas an d H yb rid Pe rpet
c n on

n a ls i n most win te rs can be s afely c a rried ove r by hil li n g u p t h e s oil

a bout t h e plan ts t o a heigh t of si x or e ight i n ches th u s cove rin g t h e
,

lowest si x bud s an d t hen cove rin g t h e pl an ts wi th h a rdwood leaves

,

eight een to twen ty fou r in ches deep The le a ves sh ould be held i n
-
.

place wi t h comst alks or b rush to p reven t their bein g blown awa y A .

t h ree o r fou r in ch blan ket o f st abl e man u re may be a pplied be fo re th e

leaves a re use d an d a win db rea k o f boughs of pi ne or fir trees or ,

comst a lks may b e s ub stituted fo r the leaves if m an u re i s us e d Cu l .

ti va ti on sh ould be stoppe d i n S eptembe r to di scoura ge l a te growth b u t ,

t h e plan ts sh o u ld be t horou gh ly soaked with water i n October just b e ,

fore h illi n g t h em u p T h i s p
. rote ct ion sh o uld be remov ed piecemeal i n

t h e s p ri n g to gradually h a rden ofl t h e plan ts

‘

-
, .

S tan d a rd roses may be p rotected by layin g them on t h e groun d an d

t re a tin g them a s ten der vi ne s Th i s i s t h e most s ati sfa ctory met hod
. .

They may also be wrapped with st raw an d bu rl a p o r boxed wit h a , ,

filli n g of leaves wit h i n t h e box The safest met h od i n severe exposures

.

i s t h at of bu ryin g t h em .

—
RH OD OD E ND RON s WINT E R Pnor s cn R hododen d rons oth eron ,

bro a d le a ved evergreen s an d to a c e rtai n exten t a ll other eve r

-
, ,

greens a re a p t to be sc a lded i n win ter by the morn in g sun sh in in g

,

t h rough the co a tin g of i c e o r sn ow upon t h e lea ves un less t h ey a re ,

 WINTE R P ROTEC TION AND MULCH ING 1 05

shielded They sh ould be mulched a l so d u ri ng both win te r an d

.

su mmer The mulchi ng of rhododen d ron s for summer i s don e for the
.

purpose of p rovidi n g a thi n l a ye r of le a f mold which will p roduce as

n ea rly as possible the n a tura l con di t ion s of t h e u n di stu rbe d soil i n the

wood s an d field s whe re rhod oden d rons grow Mulchin g for wi n ter .

p rotection i s effected by b an ki ng the pl a nt s with a deep l a yer of le a ves .

These le a ves p reven t excessiv e freez i n g an d possible he a vi n g of

the soil aroun d t h e root s R hod od en d rons a re further p rotected
.

by build i n g a screen of eve rgreen bough s or of c om st a lk s en ti rely

aroun d the plan tation but especi a lly on t h e exposed si de A portion
,
.

of t h e leaves u sed i n the wi n te r mulch c an b e le ft wh en the m u lch i s

removed i n t h e s p rin g Un de r n o c on di t ion s should an attempt be
.

made to s p a de thi s mulch of leaves in to the gro un d i n the sp rin g .

It may be loosen ed slightly with a fork but b ec a use thi s plan t h as i ts

,

r00t s so n e a r the s u rface the g roun d a ro un d the root s below the n atura l ,

su rface s hou , ld n ot be di sturbed .

TR EES AND —
SH RU B s WINT E R Pa or s c rronWhen m ulchi ng
tree s c a re sh o uld be t a ken to exten d the mulch out a s fa r a s t h e roots
exten d or at le a st a s fa r a s the en d s of t h e b ran ches exten d Most
, .

of t h e J a pan es e flowe ri n g peach es che rries etc n ee d a fou r i n ch root

, , .
,
-

mulch every win ter i n severe climates Boxb ush es man y othe r ever .
,

green s an d some deci duous m a te ri a l s hould be tied i n wi nter Th i s

, .

i s don e to kee p the plan t from spli t ti n g un d er the weight of the he a vy

sn ows . Ban d s of rye st raw o r b url a p a re better th a n st rin g fo r tyi n g .

S h rub s an d t rees when pl an ted i n group s or pl a n t a tion s bein g th us ,

clos e togethe r wi ll p rotect ea ch other t oa con side ra ble exten t

, .

When pl a n t s a re of doubt ful h a rdi n ess screen s ma y b e e rect e d for

,

p rotect ion on the most exposed sides or c ompletely surroun din g the,

plan t s S uch screen s ma y be m a de of po les to which i s att a ched b rush

.

or bu rlap An other method i s to make a screen of bo a rd s S c reen s

. .

are frequen tly u sed to p rotect eve rg ree n s t ree s an d s h rub s A shed
, , .

without sides al so may be con st ructed over s uch pl an ti n gs Thi s i s .

d on e to a void loss by d rip fro m b u ildi n gs or b reak a ge from the weight

,

of sn ow S h rub s may be wra pped with st raw or bu rl a p the coverin g

bein g boun d with ra m
.
,

a or twi n e A pole i s usu a lly pl a ced i n side the

.

wrappi n g to p reven t the plan t from ben di n g or b rea k i n g It i s p ref .

et able however to p lan t more hardy types of m ate ri a l bec a u se sc reens

, ,
‘

a re ex t remely u nsightly u n less the plan t s a re i n an ob scure location .

1 06 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
—
LAWN S M ULC H ING After the fi rst yea r it i s gen erally not
necess a r y to p rotect l a wns i n win ter If a mulch i s desi red u
. se s t raw

or well rot ted man ure old e n ough so t h a t the re i s n o dan ge r fro m weed
-

se ed s In the sp ri ng t h e co a rse man ure s hould be removed an d t h e

.

fi n er portion s p ressed i n with a h ea vy rolle r H eavy coa rse man u re i s .

,

a p t to s uff oc a te the growi n g gra ss an d le a ve ba re spot s on the lawn .

GE N E RA L CO NDITI O N S F all plan ted m a terial esp eci a lly perennials

.
-
, ,

an d i n the heavie r soil s sh ould be well p rotected du rin g the fi rst

,

wi nter wi t h a mulch of st rawy m an u re or h a rd wood leaves Compact .

or fres h man u res s hould be a voided F res h m an u res free from .

,

st raw will bu rn t h e plan t s

, an d compact ma n ures will caus e decay
,

an d fe rme nt a tion due to lack of ae rat ion A good st rawy m a n u re

, .

sh ould be u sed In the sp ri n g the litter may be removed an d th e

.
,

fin er po rtions of the mulch s paded i nto the bed s When leaves are .

used p rovi sion must be made to p reven t them fro m blowin g awa y
, .

Boa rds b ran ches o r wi re n ett i n g can be u sed fo r thi s pu rpose Mulch
, , .

i n g applied ve ry e a rly may be ha rmful by rea son of e n cou ragin g late

, ,

root act ion an d top g rom h The refore i t i s a lway s advis able to
.
,

delay root mulchi n g un til a fter severa l light freezes a crust h a s formed
, ,

on the groun d Evergreen bo ugh s when p rocu ra ble m a ke an ex

.
, ,

cellen t p rotective cove rin g Afte r a d ry fa ll most plan t s except some

.
,

pe renn ial s a re b en efit ed by bei n g thoroughly soaked with water before

,

freezin g weather occurs Th i s i s especi a lly t rue of con i fers a n d b road

.

leaved evergree ns Cultivation i n sh rub a n d peren n i a l bed s ca n be

.

stopped as soon as dan ger from weed s m a t u ri n g t h ei r s eed s i s over .

Thi s will furn i sh some p rotection an d wi ll a lso di scou rage late grt h
of pla nt s .
 CHA PT E R IX

EV E R G R E ENS

T11 13 v a ri a t ion i n adapt a tion of evergreen s h a s come to be a much

deb a ted question a mon g hortic ult uri st s a n d l an d sc a pe a rchitec ts
who a re c a lled upon to use them An i nterestin g fact i s di scove red
.

afte r some st udy o f evergree n s The h a rdy types a re n ot pe rfectly

.

hardy un der the v a ryi n g con ditio n s of cl i m a te an d expos u re i n va rious

section s of the c oun t ry . Th erefore evergreens s hould be selected for
,

l an d scape pl an ti n gs with a considerable kn owled ge of th ei r abili ty to

wit hs tan d local c on ditio ns .

Th e fa cto rs whic h a re evidently most i nju rio u s to the no rmal

d evelopme n t of eve rgreen s a s a gro up a re ( 1 ) s udden v ari a tion s i n

c lim a ti c c o n dition s ; ( 2 ) c on dition of t h e soil ; ( 3 ) ex po s ure ; an d (4)

a tmos phe ri c c on d i tion s i n the vici n ity of co n gested city di st rict s A .

s ho rt di sc u s sio n of the se fa c to rs a s bea ri ng upon the grom h of ever

,

green s ma y be of v a lue
, .

1 . CL I MATI C CO ND ITI O N S . It is
afe ass umption th a t evergreens
a s

wh ich a re i n digenous to sections coun t ry wh e re the clim a tic con di

of

tion s a re severe will with stan d simila r con d it ions i n an y other section
of the co u n t ry u n less t h e othe r fa cto rs o f soil ex po s u re an d a tmo
, , ,

sphe ric c on ditio ns a re ext remely a dve rse An in teresti n g fa ct i s seen

.

i n the repe a ted e n deavou r to a c climat e eve rgree n s which Oth e rwi se a re
,

h a rdy to the s udden chan ges of tem p e ra t ure expe ri en ced a lon g the
,

s ho res of the G re a t L a ke s . E vergree n s whic h a re perfectly h a rdy i n

the severe clim a te of New York S t a te a n d New E ngl an d a nd even ,

i n Michiga n will not p rove ha rdy when u

, sed clo se to the s ho res o f the

Gr eat Lake s .

While no one h a s given a d efin i t e re a son fo r thi s it i s p res umed ,

th a t the s udde n chan ges of c li ma tic cond ition a re respon sible for
the failu re of m a ny pl a nt s In gen e ra l i n the selection of eve r
.
,

g re en s the
, mo r e te n d e r va rieties s hould n ot be fa r removed from
cli mati c con d i t i ons i n which they a re k nown to be pe rfectly h ard y ,

1 09
1 10 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
un less the person u si n g such pl an t s expect s the i n evitable loss which
will be experienced durin g a very seve re wi n ter .

2 .CO NDITI O N 0 TH E SO1 1 The question of soil con di tions

1?
.

with refere nce to the plan t i n g of evergreens i s more importan t i n t he

cl a yey sect ion s of the Middle West t h an i n most of t h e othe r sections
of t h e coun t ry In the n orthe rn po rtion s of the Middle West t h i s i s
.

not so evi d en t , becau se the s u mm e r mon th s a re n ot a s h o t a n d d ry as

they a re fa rther south E ven t h e more h a rdy evergreen s will not

.

with stan d t h e stiff cl a y con dition s of the Middle West du ri ng t h e hot

summe r mon th s at w hic h times thi s cl a y b a ke s ve ry ha rd
, E ver .

g ree n s to be g
, row n mo s t s ucc ess fully s hould be pl a n ted i n a,loo se ,

s an d y loam o r c l a y lo a m soil an d s hould n ot be pl an ted di rectly i n a

- -

soil the p redomi n ati n g po rtion of w hich i s clay Th erefore the soil .

con di t ion s s hould be ex a mi n ed closely b efore it i s d efin i t ely decided to

use evergreen s an d the li st of eve rgreen s s hown u
, n de r IX B a re t h o se -

whi c h a re most ha rdy an d best a d a pted to the clim a tic con diti on s an d
soil co n dition s of the Middle We st a s p roven by yea rs of expe rien ce
,

an d ca reful ob se rvation .

3 .E X P O S U R E I f the mo r
. e te n d e r t ype s o f eve r g ree n s whic h
'

do not n orm a lly grow un de r the most seve re clim a tic con di t ions
a re s el ected fo r u se i n a section whe re the clim a tic con diti ons a re

s eve re the n s uch pl a n t s s hould be so loc a ted t h at t h e ex pos u re from t h e

,

prev a ilin g wi n d s of wi n te r i s gre a tly re duced It i s possible to use most .

of the eve rgree n s s hown i n G ro u p I X A i n a ny section of the country

-

p rovided a p rope r expos ure i s selected and th e p roper win ter p rotection
i s give n M a n y ti mes thi s i s imp ract ic a ble bec a use evergreens a re
.
,

selected to b e o f equ a l value d u ri n g t h e wi n te r mon t h s a n d d u ri n g th e

s u mme r mon th s There i s no wi n db re a k or scree n a s yet developed

.

fo r the p rotection of evergreen s ag a i n st expos ure which i n it self

does n ot det ra ct to a gre a t extent from the beauty of these plant a tions
d urin g a pe riod of the year whe n thei r foli a ge should be most eff ective .

4 . ATM O SP H E R I C CO NDI T I O N S Ma n y eve rg ree n s a

. re used i n t h e

vici n ity of our con gested city di st rict s or i n loc a tions where th e ,

p revaili n g wi n d s su rroun d th e m With an a tmosph ere polluted with

dust smoke a n d gas es all of which a re ve ry i nju ri ous to most ever
, , ,
.

greens Only the most ha rdy eve rgree n s s hould be used un der suc h
.

con d itions an d i n order to keep them i n a n o rmal growi ng condi ti on

, ,
 P LAT E X V III . Up o n a s p a c i o us la w n e ff e c t i ve us e c a n o c c a s i o n a lly b e
ma d e o f t re e s a n d s h rub s p o s s e ss i n g sy mme t ri c a l h a b i t s o f g ro w t h a n d fi n e
flo w e ri n g a n d frui t i n g q ua li t i e s
. Th e d e ut z i a i s a s h rub w i t h t h e s e c a p a b i l
i t i e s ; b ut i t i s s e ld o m s e e n a s a s p e c i me n p la n t
. Re s t ra i n t , h o w e ve r mus t
,
'

b e o b se rv e d a n d a d o tt e d e fl e c t a v o i d e d .
( Se e c h a p t e r X IV )
112 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
P i cea excels a (i n va ri et y ) Tax u
; ca n ad e mi ;
Norway Sp ruce Ground Yew
P i cea omon h a Tax u : ew p i d a ta
'

Servi an Sp ru ce J a pa nese Yew

P i eea p ungem Tax w cw p i d a ta bremf oli a
Colora d o Sp ruce Short lea ved J a p an ese Y
-

Pi u m cembra j
Th ua occi denta li s a u rea

Georg e Pea bod y s Go ld en Arborvi tae

’
SW 1ss St on e Pwe
P i m udem i flora umbra eu hfera
'

j
Th ua occi den tali r dou g las i
Dwa rf J a p an ese Red Pi n e Dou A
’
g las r b o rv i t a e

P i nu : mon ta n a mu g h w T h uj a oe c ide n ta li r g lo b o m
Dwa rf Mo u n t a i n Pi n e Globe Arborvi t ae
P i m un i gra a u s tri a t a
‘
j
Th ua occid enta li s (Li ttle Gem)
Au st n an P1n e Li t tle Ge m Arborvi ta e
P i mu res i n ara j
Th ua occi d en tali r i ft a ta
g
'

Red Pin e Tall Poi n ted Ar rvi t a e

P i n w strobgu j
Th ua occi d enta li : pyra mid ali r
W h 1 te Pwe Pyra mi d a l Arbo rvi t a e
o

F i n a : 5 [vest m j
Th ua oeei dentali r rosenth ali
Rosenth a l s Arborvi t a e
’
Scot Pwe
P s eu d ot mga d ou l i (C l d F m ) T h ua ocei denta li : oerpamea na
°

g ar o o ra o or
Do u g la s Fi r e r va e n e
’
s A r b om t a e

Sei a d a i t 5 verti cilla ta j

Th ua occi d en tali r wu rea h u

Um re la Pi n e Si beri an Arb orvi t a e

Tax u : ba cca ta rep a u d em n a ca na d e m i r

Sp rea d i ng E ngli sh Y Ca na d i a n H emloc k

n a ca roli n i a na
Ca rolin a H emloc k

B . B EST AD A PT E D FO R Us e IN Mm W s sr Thi s group of eve r -

.

green s wi ll wi th stan d climatic a n d soil con dition s of the mid west -

espec i a lly th roughout Ohio a n d un de r a vera ge exposu re these types

,

will develop n o rm a lly i n the s ubu rb a n a n d coun t ry di st rict s .

Abi e: bra ehyp hylla

'

P i cea a leoch ta n a
Ni kk o Fi r Alcock s Sp ru
’
ce

Abi e: coneolor P i eea en gelma mti

W h i t e Fi r Eng elma nn s Spru
’
ce

Abi e: vei tcl n

'

P i cea ex cels a (i n vari ety)

Norway Sp ru
’
Vei t ch s Si lver Fi r ce

Ch a maecyp a ri ; obtuse; P i cea omori h a

J a p a n ese Cyp ress Servi an Sp ru ce

Ch a mae i p a rts {5 1 era P i cea a ngen: Ia u

' °

if era
idb i ff
n u i
ea
Th rez -
ra nc ed ess Kos er s Blue Sp ru
’
i
ce

Cha maee p a ri : p i nfera s q mra P i mu cembra

'

y
Vei tch s Si lve r Cypres
ar
Swi ss St one P i ne
j u n i p em ( i n v a ri et y) P i ns : monta n a mu gh w
J uni per Dwarf Mo u n t a i n Pi ne

P i cea a lba (nort h only) P i n w n fgra a w tri a ea

W h i te Sp ru ce Au stn an Pi ne
 EVE RG R EEN S 1 13

Tax u eu
' '

rp i d a ta brevi loh a

Sh ort lea ved J a p a n ese Y

-

Tax w cu sp i d a ta c a p i ta ta

Clu st ered J a p a n ese Yew

Pm ulotmga dou g as i
l j
Dou glas Fi r
Tax w ba cca ta rep a n dem
j
Th ua oeei dentali : (i n vari et y)
Ameri can Arborvi ta e
Th ua occid entali s ma rea na
Si beri a n Arborvi t a e
j
Th ua ori en ta li : (nort h ern grown)
Ori en t a l Arborvi ta e
'
Ts u g a e a n a d em i :
'

Sp rea d i ng E ngli sh Yew Ca n a di a n H emloc k

n a ca roli n i a n a

Ca roli n a H emloc k

C Nor ADA PT E D FO R US E IN Mm W s sr
. E vergree n s i n thi s
-
.

group sho uld not b e used i n t h e a ma teur g a rden of thi s s ection Ex .

“
p e ri en c e h a s s hown th a t they h a ve p rov e n t re a che ro us
”
i n thei r

ability to th rive a n d a lso i n th ei r h a bit of growth un d e r these peculiar

climatic an d soil con dition s to which they a re n ot a d a pt ed
, .

Abi e: balsa mea j un i p erw exeel m

Ba lsa m Fi r G ree k J u n i pe r

P i cea ma ri a na
Fra ser s B alsa m Fi r
’
Bla ck Spruce
Abi e: n ordma n ma na P i n u: ba n hn a n a
’ '

Nord man s Fi r
’
J a ck Pi n e
Ce halota x u i n va ri W )
°

P i tta : j e r 1
°

g g
:
'

a ls e Yew J efl re s i n e

Cha maecy a n : Iawron i a n a

'

F i n a : p a lw tri f
p
Lawso n 3 Cyp re ss Long lea ved Pi n e
-

Cha ma ecypa ri s i s ifer a P i mu p onderosa

Pea fru -
rt ed yp re ss B
ull Pi ne
Cha ma ecy a ri r p i nfera plumom Th u
'

j p i d l b ta
f
o r : o o ra
Plu me i ke Cy p ress
-
J a pa nese Arbo rvi tae
D . ADA PT E D TO PARTI AL SHAD E IN WOOD E D ARE A S The group .

of eve rgree n s which will d e velop n o rma l foli a ge a n d n o rm a l g rowt h

un d e r p a rti a l sh a d e i n wood ed a rea s i s li mited The types i n thi s .

gro up h a ve p roven the most s ati sfa cto ry .

u gi ma na P seud ob uga d ou m
'

j i p w vi l
'
n er r
g e
Red Ce d a r Dou glas Fi r

P i nw ba n hn a na ( for li gh t Tax u: ca na d em i :
'

soils )
J a c k Pi n e G ro un d Yew

P i mu rtrobu : j
Th ua occi den ta li s
W h it e Pi ne Ameri ca n Arborvit a e
n a mi :
ca n a de
Ca na d i a n Hemloc k
1 14 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
E . G ROW ING, F 01mm TYPES Thi s group con tai n s types of
Low -
. .

everg reen s which a re va luable for accen t an d for s pecimen purposes .

They should b e planted on the open lawn or where t he re i s amp le

space for th e m to develop thei r n atu ral habit of growt h E ve rgre en s .

from thi s li st an d the low g rowi n g types of a more i n formal character

,
-

from Gro up s I X A a n d I X B s hould be selected fo r the refin ed mass

- -

plan tin gs of evergreens a s ill ust rated i n Figu re 1 Plate XI .

d bi es cont olor globom (sp heri ca l) P i nu: ryloestri r uild (g loboc )

Globe W h i t e Fi r Glo be Scot ch gi ne

a ri r obtw a n a na ( con i ca l) P seudom d onglem globora (g loboc

'

Ch a n c e )
?f
Dwa l a p an es e Cyp ress Globe isz ugla s Sp ruce
Che mo: a rts obtu s e h a m: a u rea ( con i ca l) Team: bac cata repa ndem (s u b globoc )
'

Dwa ld en Ja p a nwe Cyp ress Sp rea d i ng E ngli sh Yew

j u n i p er u s i r i n i c ua g lob os a (g lo b ose ) Tax w {d a ta dem a (h emi s p h eri ca l)
cw
Glob e R Ced a r Dwa rf ap an ese Yew
P i cea exeeb a clan bm sli a na (comp a ct
'

j
Th ua ocei d enta li : eomp acta (globme)
b roa d coni ca l) Comp a ct Arborvi t a e
Co ne sh a ped Norway Sp ruce
-

P i cea exeelm eompa eta (su b globose) -

Dwa rf Arborvi t ae
Co mp a ct Norway Sp ru ce

P i eea exeeb a gregori a na (su b glob ose an d

-
b roa d p mi d )
mpa ct Ellwa nge Arb orvi ta e
i
co s
Gregory s >wa rf Norway Sp ruce
’
(g lobes: an d
P i cea exceb a h a n d d ep ressed s ub globose) -

Dwa rf No rwa y p ru ee

Th ua identa li : hooeyi (d en se ovat e)

°

Pi t ea exeel m pygmaea d
( nse,
e mall
s oce
ovey s Arborvi ta e
’
pyra mid )
Dwa rf Pyra mi d al Norway Sp ruce ja ocei dentali r (Li ttle Gem) (dat
Th u
P i t ea exeel mta bulaef ormi : (low an d fla t ) ova t e )
Ta b let sh a ped Norway Sp ru
-
ce
Li ttle Gem Arborvi t a e
P i t t a ori entali : mma (low, b road p yra mi d ) ja oecidentali : na n (compa ct globose)
Th u
Dwa rf Ori ent a l Sp ru ce
Dwa rf Arborvi tae
Ti m m ils d ense dwarf )
'

i d t li
ii
s oee en a a
P i cea p un m comp a eta (dwa rf j r
con i ca l )
Dwa rf lue Spruce Dwa rf Arborvi tz :

P i mu cembra compute (d wa rf con i ca l

ja occi denta li r rei d i (b roa d dwarf)
Th u
) Dwa rf Arborvi ta e
Dwa rf Swi ss Stone Pi ne
Th uja occi dentali : wagneri a a a (globoc )
P i tta ! dem i flora umbra eu li fera ta n yosha
Dwarf Arborvi ta e
s fo rm)
83 : ri J a p an ese Red Pi ne
Th u
j
gxj
c

o
i d ent
'
a li : wood w a rdi (d en se glo

P i tta: hard i em i : (d en se, b road p yrami d ) W ood wa rd s Dwarf Arborvit ae

’

Co rean Pi ne
Tm a ca na demi : globosa (d en se globoc )
P i tta : mon ta n a muglm: (g lo bose ) G obe Hemlock
Dwarf Mounta i n Pin e n a ea n ad em i : mum (d e pressed an d
P i mu strobe: umbra cu li fera ( vase form) sp rea d i ng
)
B ush W h i te Pi ne Dwa rf Hemloc
P i s a : strobe : brmjtoh a (comp act and
' '

round top p ed d ep ressed

Dwa rf ire Pi ne Sargen t
’
s W eep i ng Hemlock
1 16 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
in th ei r habit The popl a rs a re s ubj ec t to di se a se a s well a s bei ng
.

s hort lived a n d t h e wi ll ows a re n 0 t a d a pt e d to s h a de t ree p u

,
rpo ses ,

e ven i n th e i r habit o f g rowth I n spite o f t h e fact th a t the re a re some

.

excellen t t rees a s shown i n the fi rst a n d se con d li st s i n thi s c h a pte r ,

well adapted to st reet an d a ven ue pl a n ti n g a n d thoro ughly tested ,

t h ro u gh a pe riod of ye a rs yet ma n y i n di vid ua l s resp on sible for t h e

,

selec tion of the se pe rm a n e n t a sse t s o r det rime n t s to the p u blic streets

wi ll still select t rees su ch as those which a re i n clud ed i n t h e t hi rd list of
thi s chapter .

Trees such a s the maid e n h a i r t re e t ree of h e a ven orien t a l plan e

, , ,

an d p i n o a k s ho u ld n ot be u sed for st reet t ree pl an ti n g wi thout a

thoro ugh kn owle dge of t h e con dition s un der which they a re to grow
an d t h e con dition s to w hich th e y a re b e st a d a pted Th e p i n oak .

an d the ma id e n h a i r t ree a re t a ll py ra mid a l t rees which s hould b e

, ,

used on ly on wid e st reet s i n a h e a vy soil a n d t h e maid en h a i r t ree

,

s h o ul d n eve r b e u sed fo r st re et an d a ve n u e pl a n ti n g except i n t h e l ess

seve re cli ma tic con diti on s The t ree of h e a ven h a s a vigorous h a bit
.

of growt h a n d i s an ex cellen t t ree i n the s moky c on ge ste d section s of ,

ou r ci t ies wh e re s h a d e t ree s a re re q u i red Before t rees i n thi s group

.

a re u sed some of t h e i mpo rt an t b u lleti n s an d b oo ks on o ur city st reet

t rees shoul d b e c on s ult e d fo r furth e r i n fo rma tion ( See Bibliography ) . .

Whe re a n a ven ue i s of such l en gth th a t it p a sses th rough two or more

radi c a lly diff e re n t soil type s c a re m u st b e e xe rci sed or t h e t rees on one

soi l wi ll n ot g row a s fa st o r l u xu ri a n tl y as u pon a n oth e r soil Th i s wi ll .

res u lt i n an a ven ue of un even height a n d sp re a d i n the top s of t h e t rees

an d thu s s poil a n othe rwi se s u ccessful pl a n ti n g .

LI ST 01? T R EES FOR STR EET AN D AV ENUE PLANTING

A . TR EES W 11 1 c 11 ARE E NTI R E LY H A RDY UND E R AL L CO NDITI ON S .

Thi s group con t a i n s t h e st a n d a rd types o f s h a d e t rees which c an be

plan te d u n d er a l most a n y con d i t i on of clim a te o r soil with some d egre e ,

of a s s u ran ce th a t th e y will d e ve lop a n i n t e re sti n g n o rm a l h a bit o f

“
growt h Thi s li st ma y be t e rme d the t en be st t ree s for gen eral
.

use i n st reet a n d a ven ue plan ti n g i n city subu rban an d urban

, , ,

di st rict s .

d eer s a ccha r um
Sug ar Ma ple
 ST R EET AND AVENUE PLANTING 1 17

Qua sa r u
vel ti n a Ti li a vu
lga ri r
Bla c k Oa k Co mmon Li nd en
Ulmu: meri ca n a
a

Cn mean Lln d en Ameri ca n E lm

Ulmu: Ia bf a
S1 lver Li nd en Scot c Elm

B . Ta s s s W 11 1 c 11 SH OULD B E S E L E CT E D W rm A Tn onouon
K N OW LE DG E 0 1 1 11 1: Con o m on s UND E R W 11 1 c n TH E Y AR E TO B E
?
“

U SE D Before t ree s i n thi s group a re used desc riptive i n formation

.
,

o f t hes e types s ho u ld be con sulte d i n ord e r to kn ow th a t the soil

c on diti on s ex po su re cli mate an d wi dth of st reet s a re s u
, , , ch th a t th ese
t re es will mee t the requi remen t s an d develop a n o rm a l g rowth .

d eer plata noi de: L i d a mba r rtyra eifi ua

Norway Ma p le weet G u m
Ai la nth us Ia udu lom Li ri odend ron tuli p tfera
Tree of ca ven Tu li p Tree
Celti r occi den tali : P la ta mu ori enta li r
Ori ent a l Plan e
Ff ax i n a s ( i n va ri ety ) P hellodend ron a mu reme

As h Tree Ch i n ese Co rk Tree

Gi n k go bi loba Q ue r ew p w tri :
a l
Ma i d en h a i r Tree Pi n Oa k
Ulmu : ca m es tri :
E ngli sh lm

C . TR EES W 11 1 c 11 SH O ULD SELDOM B E U S E D ON STR EE TS M a n y .

t re es a re selec ted for St reet pl an ti n g eithe r becau se they a re the e a siest

,

t re es to grow o r the t re e which c an be obt a in ed wit h the least di ffi c u lt y

an d ex p e n s e S uch t rees a re a fut ure li a bility to the commun ity a n d
.

t h e y sho u ld n eve r b e plan ted exce pt fo r some impo rtan t rea son s uc h ,

a s t h e impos s ibil i ty o f obtai n i n g oth e r types They a re adapted to .

s p ecimen u se ra the r tha n to st ree t u se .

d eer saccha ri n um Gled i tri a tri aca ntho:

Soft Ma p le Honey Locust
A cer h e und o P lata n u: occi d entali :

Box lder Ameri ca n Plan e

40 m oearta n u
hi p m 1 0 11 111 1 eu
9
g nei
8
e

fi
Co mmon orse ch est n u t
-
.

a roh n a Po p lar
B etu Robi ma reu
'

la (i n va ri et y) d a ea ei a
Bi rch Bla ck ust
Sa li x i n va ri et y)
Cats ! 4 i n vari et y)
i
In i ar B ean W i l ow i
uup a n a
'

Sarba : a c
E uropean Mount a in Ash
 CHA PT E R XI
PLANTS FOR USE IN CONG ESTE D CITY D I STRI CTS

TH E eff ect ofmoke a n d g as fumes upon vegetation i s well

dust , s ,

kn own a n d yet n o con side ra ble amoun t of study h a s bee n given

to thi s subj ect l a rgely bec a u se it h a s n ot b een con sidere d an eco
,

n o mic question S urely the people who a re comp elled to live i n t h e

.

con gest e d di st ri ct s of o ur l a rge c ities a re as m uch entitled to s hade an d

gree n ery a s a n y one el se an d there i s n o question b ut th a t the healt h
,

fu l n es s of the con gest e d di st rict s i s lowered by the ab sen ce of shade an d

gra ss B y t h e use of those pl an t s which c an su rvive d rought smoke,
.
,

a n d abu se some so rt o f t rees o r s h ru

, bbe ry ma y be h a d a lmost any ~

whe re e xcept pe rh a p s i n t h e i mmedi a t e vic i n ity of a st eel mi ll or

,

s imil a r facto ri es wh e re n ot eve n gra ss wi ll s u

, rvive The fi rst t rees .

o n e come s to on the edge of the t reel e ss di st ri c t s which s u rro un d la rge

steel mill s a re u s ually a il a n thu s or wi llow The a il a n th us i s also t h e .

t ree which most oft en a ppe a rs i n the closely built up sect ion s of large
cities often p rovidin g the on ly gree n e ry to b e seen i n whole sections of
,

a town Ashes locust s E urope an pl a n es E u ropean li n den s an d horse

.
, , , ,

chest n ut s a l so seem to h a ve t h e ability to withstan d the s u mmer

d rought s a nd t h e su
'

fl o c a t i n g soot th a t p roves di s ast rou s to so man y

city t rees No ro ugh leaved t ree n or on e which req ui re s much water
.
-

s ho u ld be used a s a st reet t ree i n a con gested sooty di st rict bec a use , ,

it i s doomed beforehan d to a lin ge ri n g deat h i f i t survives at a ll , .

Pi n o a ks a n d willows a re useful on ly when they a re a ssu re d o f a

re a son able s u pply of wa ter du ri n g summe r d rought s .

Amon g the sh rub s such s mooth leave d h a rdy sorts a s the lilacs -
, ,

p rivet s golden b ell s buckthorn s a n d ba rbe rries seem to with sta n d the
, , ,

d rawb a cks of smoke soot a n d d rought the best

, , .

Most of the con i fe ro us evergreen s have a h a rd time even exi sting

i n a n y closely b u ilt up town Th e Colora do blue sp ruce silver fi r
.
, ,

S cotch pi n e a n d dwa rf moun t a i n pi n e have with stood the soot a nd g as

,

b ett e r th a n a n y oth e rs an d some re cent expe rimen t s with the C a roli n a

,

h emlock seem to s how that i t too will su rvive i n the he a rt of a ci ty , , ,

118
1 20 TH E COMPL ET E GA R DEN
B . S HRU B S In eve ry city di st rict the occup an t s of some homes
.

desi re s h rub s i n conn ection with thei r ya rd s which give a touch of ,

n atu re to thei r p lace s The sh rub s i n thi s group h a ve p roven the

.

most ha rdy un der adverse city con dition s an d should be u sed a s a

b asi s for selecti n g types .

d rali a i nas a Li ustmm (i n va ri ety

)
H ercues Clu
’
b n vet

B erben : th u u u
'

nbergi Ph J oea r p : op hf oli w

Th un b e rg s J a p a n ese
’
B arberry i n eb a rk
Coma: (i n va ri et y) Rh ammu in va ri “y,
Dogwood Buc kt h m d
E von ymw Sp i rae a (i n va ri ety)
St ra wbe rry B u sh Sp i rea
Forsyth i a ( i n va ri “y hori ca rp o: (i n va ri ety)
Gold en B ell
H i bi s cus s yri aew Syri n ge: vulga
Rose of Sh a ron Common Lilac
Vi b urn um (i n va ri ety)
Vi b urn um
 CHA PT E R XII
PLANTS FOR H E D G ES
TH E election of pl a n t s fo r h edges forms on e of the most i n te re sti n g
s

s ubject s i n the stu d y o f u se of pla n t s Mo re often th a n for a n y other

.

purp ose t rees a n d s h rub s for he dges a re selecte d e ither fro m a n eco
n omic o r a n aes thetic poin t of vi ew It ma y b e desi red to h a ve a
.

hedge for i t s b e a uty or it ma y be desi red for t h e pu rpose of a sc reen a

, ,

win db re a k or a s a d efin i t e ba rrier

, .

M an y times it i s desi rable i n t h e develop men t of he dge plan tation s ,

especi a lly tho se which a re mo re th a n the a ve ra ge height ( th ree to fo u r

feet ) to develop a hedge which will ret a i n i t s foli age du ri n g t h e wi n ter

,

mont h s Thi s ma y be desi ra ble for two reason s : fi rst to p rovid e a

.
,

ba rri er an d at the s a me ti me a sc reen agai n st obj ec tion able vi ews an d to

sec u re p riva c y an d
, s econ d
, to len d i n te rest to a wi nt e r lan d scape
,

becau se of the foliage eff ect The on ly effective hedge ba rri er which
.

h old s i t s le a ve s du ri n g t h e wi n ter i s on e composed of con i fe rs B road .

leaved evergree n s a re n ot desi ra ble fo r thi s p urpose ; mai n ly beca use

t h ey a re n ot s u ffi c i ent ly co mp a ct i n thei r habit of growth to meet the
requi remen t s o f a hedge a n d th e y do n ot le n d the m se lve s to s he a ri n g
,
.

Th e e vergree n hedge which i s pl an ted fo r t h e p urpose of p rovidi n g a

complete sc reen a n d req ui re s a n o rma l g rom h of t h e foliage s hould
, ,

seldom be pl a n ted i n the he a vy s had e of l a rge ov e rh a n gi n g t re e s .

Hedge pl a nt s which a re se lected a s b a rriers or sc reen s should b e close

growi ng a n d compact i n h a bit M a n y a mon g them a re thorn y i n cha r
.

acter thu s m a ki n g pa ss age th rough them ve ry d i ffi c ult

, .

H edges which a re planted fo r ba rriers a n d which do n ot hold thei r

leaves du ri n g the wi nter a re usually v a lu a ble mostly for thei r summe r
eff ect . They a re seldom plan ted for t h e pu rpose of a sc reen for s uch a ,

sc ree n i s des i rable du ri n g the mon th s o f t h e ye a r when the foliage i s n ot

presen t .

Man y flowe r ga rdens especi ally l a rge rose garden s have been much
, ,

en h an ced fro m a lan d sc a p e vi ewp oin t by t h e p re se n ce o f low growi n g -

compact hedge s which a ccu rately deh n e the out li n e of the va riou s bed s
1 2!
 1 22 TH E COMPL ET E GA R DEN
an d e mp hasize the main axial lin es of the g a rden There i s a group of .

plan t s from whic h ki n d s a re selected fo r hedge pu rp oses an d which ,

len d themse lves to frequen t c lippin g an d s hea ri ng Th ese a re most .

often used for ed gi n gs besid e form a l ga rde n walks p ools an d bed s of , ,

plantin g The ideal hedge for thi s pu rpose i s one which requi res a very
.

s ma l l amou n t o f p ru n i n g i n o rde r to m a i n tai n i t s close compac t habit , .

It i s the refore n ecessa ry to select p lant s for thi s pu rpose wi th a ca reful

kn owledge of the n atu ral habit s of growt h of the matu re p lan t s an d t o
use suc h plant s for hedge pu rposes rather than to en deavour by seve re
,

pru n i n g to adapt l a rger growi n g types to s uch uses S uc h h edges a re .

usually mai ntain ed from si x to twelve i n ches i n height an d s hould be

plan ted at least twelve in ches away from the edge of an y garden walk
i n ord er to p rovide amp le width for the h edge to sp read a s i t mat u res .

H edges for the p urpose of win db reaks an d solid screens a re compose d

1

almost en ti rely of t ree s which a re more or less compact i n thei r h a b it of

growt h a n d wi ll con ti n ue to develop whi le p lan ted i n a crowded spac e .

Consid erable good j udgmen t should b e u se d i n locati n g a win db reak

which i s likely to a ct a s a sn ow t ra p a lso bec a use the gre at d ri ft o f snow

,

which accumulates behi n d a l a rge win db reak may p rove a n ui san ce i n

the ea rly sp ri n g by lyi n g dee ply on the groun d lon g a fte r the lan d un der
it should be thawed out an d ready to use Thi s d ri ft ma y also b re ak
.

down s mall a n d b rittle t rees an d s h rub s an d do more d a mage th an good .

For thi s rea son on the open p rai ries of the D akotas it i s oft en foun d
,

n ecess a ry to locate wi n db reaks a s fa r a s on e h u n d red feet to t h e wi n d

wa rd of the buildi n gs or road which a re to be p rotected beca use a st rip ,

app roximately t en times i t s height i s affected by a win db re a k Thi s i s .

shown by the sn ow lyi n g d ri ft e d for thi s di st an ce to the l e ewa rd a ft e r a

heavy snowfall acco mpanied by a d rivi n g win d

, .

S ome thi rty yea rs ago L H Bailey gave the followin g rules for
, . .

plantin g wi n db reaks (Ga rd en a nd Forest Vol 1 p a ge . W hile

,

p rima rily inten ded for orcha rdi st s they a re well worth con side ri n g
to day by an yon e who i s goi ng to do such planti ng on a la rge scale for
-

o rn amen tal pu rpo se s .

Th e wi n db rea k shou ld not ob stru ct a t mos p h eri c d ra i n age .

Th e wi n d b rea k sh o u ld n ever b e d en se en ou g h t o fo rce t h e b ud s on frui t t rees

i n t h ose loc ali ti es whi ch a re su bject to la t e s p ri n g frosts .

As a ru le, i n loca li t i es wh ere a t mosp h eri c d ra i n a ge will not be severely c heck ed ,

t h e wi n d b rea k sh o u ld h ave a comp a ra ti vely d en se bottom, formed by
‘

u n d erg rowt h o r low b ran ch ed t rees

-
.

Nati ve trees and sh ru b s are p refera ble for wi nd b reak s .

1 24 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
Ma homa '

if oli um P yraca n tha cocci nea

Oregon ra pe E vergreen Th orn
P i t ea exeel m j
Th ua (i n va ri et y)
Norwa y Sp ruce Arborvi ta e
Tm mi :
a ca na de
Ca na i an Hemloc k

Nat holdi n g lea ves d uri n g wi n ter

d mpertre Fa u: a meri ca na
A
eer ca
E uro pea n Co rk Ma ple me ri ca n Bee c h
B erberi : th unbergi
Th un b erg s J a p an ese
’
Ba b erry
r Honey Loc ust
Ca i n w betu H1 ha e rh a mh oi der
°

lw po
gurope an Homb ea m a uc k th om
Cha enomele: m
'

Lon i cera ra gra nti

ég
on i ea
°

p a
Ja p an ese d umee E arly ra ran t Honeysuckle
H a rd y Oran ge
Gra tae w cocci nea P rumuI {h ora '

Sca r et frui t ed Thom

-
B la ck horn
Gra tae I eord a ta Rha mmu cath a rti ca
W a s i ngton Th orn Co mmon B u c kt h orn

Gra tae I e ms -

galli Rh a mn w f ra n u la (va ri ety Iatifoli a )

Coc p ur Th o rn Ald er B uck om
Crataegw oxyea nth a Ros a r u gos a
Ma y Thorn Ja p an ese Rose

B . Eoomos WA L K S AND 1 011 GA RD E N B oa n s a s The pl an ts

1 011 .

i n thi s group a re eithe r dw a rf i n th ei r h a bit of growt h or c a n be p run ed

seve rely i n o rd e r to kee p th em i n a low comp a c t fo rm The a ve rage
, .

height at wh i ch these hedges ma y be m a i n t a i n ed i s eight i n ches to

e ightee n i n ches .

Arti lhe ja p on i ca P h i lade hu mm w me:

'

gM
: eoro na
Ja pa n ese Ast ilbe Dwa Ora nge
ock

Az a lea a moen a P h i ladelp h i a coron a ri w na muc ures :

Ha rd y Evergreen Az alea Gold en Dwa rf Moc k Oran ge
B erberi : th unbergi P i eri : ja p on i ca
Th u n b e rg s J a p a n ese
’
B arberry Ja p anese Fett erb ush
Bu x w mfi r a ti c om P yraea n tha cocci nea Id a h di
Dwa rf Box E ve rgreen Thorn
Deu tz i a gr aci li s Rom bla nd a
Slen d er De u tz i a Mea d ow Rose
I lex mi crop hylla Rom pol a n ther (in vari ety)
Sma ll lea ved Holly
-
Fa i ry ose
Spi raea bu mald a a nth ony water"
Cri mson Sp i rea
mm a: {beta regeli a num Sp i raea ca llom alba
Eg l
e e
’
s a et Fortun e s W hi te Spirea
’
 PLANTS FO R H E DG E S 1 25

Thuj i d li ll Thua j o ei dent Thumb

fbi
a occ en ta r e wa n geri a n a
e r or

m
”Arbo“m“
'

Ellm
,
va n et y 14 ac 1 era

Tom Th u mb Arborvi t a e
j
Th ua occi den ta li : globora Viburnum opulw n a n um
Globe Arbo rvi ta e Dwa rf B ush Cra n be rry

C . W mn s a m x s AND S CREENS Most of t h e t rees a n d

.

sh rub s i n thi s group a re rapid g rowi n g an d a re e n ti rely ha rdy un de r

n o rm a l climatic con dition s Th ey c a n b e plan ted i n close p roximity to

.

e ach Oth e r without i n ju ri n g t h e i n divid ua l s pe cime n s Thi s close plant .

i ng howeve r ren de rs a ll t h e t rees usel ess i n futu re s pec imen plan tin g
, , .

J a panese {l
d eer i m w l La ri x leptole
ar
g a
Sib eri a n Ma p le ch

P i cea ( in va ri ety )
Sp ruce

um pyra mid ale m

'

d eer raeeh a n n P i ns : res no i

Pyra mi d a l Silver Ma p le Red Pin e
d eer tata ri cum P i mu rtrobw
Ta rta ri a n Ma p le W h i te Pi ne
Ca rpi m uca roli n i a n a Po 1u : ( in va ri et y )
Ameri can Hombe a m £
6 11 1“
Fa u : a meri c a n a Rh a mn u : c a roli n i a n a
e n ca n B ee c h Ca rolin a B u c k t h orn

Fa w f yloa ti ea Sali x ( i n va ri et y)
ur0pean Beech W illow
j un i p em vi rgi n i a na Ts u ga c a n a d e m ir
Red Ced a r Ca n a d i an H emloc k
La ri x europaea n a c a ro li n i a n a
E uro pean La rch Ca roli n a H emloc k

D . PR I V ACY Th ese types a re selected bec a u se of thei r

F011 .

a bility t o deve lop a comp a c t h e a vy foli a ge eff ect a n d most of these

,

type s retai n th ei r foli a ge d uri n g the late summer an d e a rly fa ll mon th s

“

d eermccha ri n um ra mid ale Li afl r um ( in va ri et y )

Pyrami d al Silve r a p le (low b ran ch ed )
-
ri ve t

Coma : mas Lon i cera bella

Co meli an Ch erry Za b el s Hon eysu c kle
’

E lae a gm ua h gw ti foli a Lon i cera ma achi

u
R ssi an Oli ve La te b loomi n g Honeysu
-
c kle

Fa w J yloa ti ca Lon i cera tata ri ea

uro pean Beech Ta rta ri an Hon eysu c kle

Foryyth i a i ntermed i a Rh em mu : ca th a rti ea

Hyb ri d Gold en Bell Co mmon Bu c k t h om

Forrythi a vi ri d i ni ma Sp i raea va n hou ttei

D a rk Green Gold en Va n Hou tt e s B ri d al W rea th
’

Sy utga rts
° '

n at o

gim o ri on Li la c
Vi burn um (i n va riety)
Vi b urn um
1 26 THE COM PLETE GAR DEN
E . H a ve ns FO R B LE AK Ex p os ua s s These plan t s a re ha rdy as
.

fa r n o rth a s the Can adian n orthwes t an d will s u rvive u

n de r ext reme

exposu re Thi s group h a s been subdivided i n orde r more clearly t o

.

differentiat e between pl a n t s which s hould be used for thei r

c ha racte ri stics un de r diff e ren t ex posu res .

Syri n ga md m (not va ri ety alb a )

g mmon Lila c

Close shea ri n g
B arbers} tlu mbergi E laea gmua n guxti j oli a
Th u n be rg 3 J a p anese
’
B arbe rry
Caragan a a rborexcm : Kh a ma u catha rti ca
Si beri an Pea Sh ru b Co mmon B u ckt bom

04 a na mi crop h Ila
0 Shep h rd i a a rgea u a
3 3 u ri an Pea b ru b Bu fla lo B erry
'

Shep herd i a ca nadn ui r (ouli me)

Ca nad i an B u flalo B erry
’

Un xh ea red low hedge:

th unbergi
Th un b e rg
’
3 Ja p anese B a rbe rry Van B outt e
’
s B rid al W rea th
Frui ti n g hed ge:
B arbers} th u nbergi Ram ( ia va ri et y)
Th u n b erg 8 J a p an es e
’
B a rberry Na ti ve Rose
Cra taegw (ih va ri ety) Rom ru goxa

Thom Ja p anese Rose

H i p a ha: rha mn oz dc:
'

a
ea uc kt h om
Kha ma u ca tha rti ca Sla di a ca na dn ui fl(ouli me)
Co mmon B uckthom g“ d i .a an Bu
fla lo
'

Berry
Symphorz ca rpfo: (i a va ri et y)
’

Snowbe rry

e. Sh ad y place:
d eer s accha ri n um P hd adelph u : corona n u
'

Silver Ma p le Co mmon Moc k Orange

Cra ne u : man ag mx Spi ra ea oa n hou tm
'

m Van Hou tt e 8 B ri d a l W rea th

’
E n g i sh H a
Lon i cem Iormnn Symphon ca rpo: racm om
'

Fly Bus Honeysuckle Snowberry

 P L AT E X X I . An un i n t e re s t i n g ro c ky f
s lo p e o t e n can be t urn e d i n t o an

a t t ra c t i v e la n d sc a p e fe a t ure t h ro ug h t h e c a re f ul s e le c t i o n d p la n t i n g o f
an

p la n t s a d a pte d to li g h t , s a n d y so i ls . Th i s l
s o pe is c o v e re d w i t h a g ro u i
p g n

of h a rd y p i n k s , e ve rg re e n c a ndy t -
uft , s a x i fra g e an d t uft e d p a n s y .
( Se e

p g
a e I 39 )
 CHA PTE R X I II
PLANTS FOR BO R DE R PLA NTI NG

A VERY important question i n t h e p mp e r d eve lopme n t of a lawn i s

how to give it a b a ckgroun d a n d s uit a ble en closu re of t rees a n d sh rub s .

Thi s ch a pt er i s espec i a lly con ce rn ed with t h e typ es of sh rub s w hi c h a re

us ed a s ma sses of pl a nti n g i n t h e sh rub bord e rs These sh rub s ma y be .

use d i n i sol at ed group s or i n a c onti n uous borde r t h e obj ect of either ,

method of a rra n gem en t bei n g to p rovide a fra me for the pictu re .

There a re two types of l awn s : the re fine d l awn a rea an d t h e mo re ,

n atu ra l l awn a re a w hich fit s i n to t h e exi sti n g l a n d sc a p e a n d w hich i s

n ot kept a s w ell mowe d an d a s n e atly e dged The re fin ed l awn a re a

.

req u i res a type of sh rub pl a n ti n g w hich mu st b e n eat i n i t s outli n es ,

posse ssi n g an i n teresti n g touc h of foli a ge flowe rs a n d fruit a n d , , ,

n a tu ra lly ma k i n g a comp a ct ma ss Thi s mat e ri a l i s u sua lly selected

.

fro m t h e re fi n ed types o f n urse ry grown stock suc h a s s pi rea p rivet

-
, ,

s nowb a ll gold e n b e ll h on ey s uckle a n d moc k o ra n ge

, , ,
-
.

In eve ry bo rd e r pl a n ti n g i f c a re fu
, lly an a lyz ed th e re will be found ,

t h ree di sti n ct type s of s h rub s : those w hich a re t a ll g row i n g a ve ra gi n g ,

fro m seven to t en fe et i n height ; those w hi c h a re of me d i um growt h ,

a ve ra gi n g fro m fo u r to seven feet 1 11 h e ight ; a n d th o s e w hich a re low

growin g ave ra gi n g from two t o fou r feet i n h eight It 1 3 e ssen ti a l

, .

prope rly to g roup th e se sh rub s 1 n ord er to h a ve a co mp a ct fo li a ge effect

c a rryi n g fro m the higher sh rub s th ro ugh t h e lowe r sh rub s t o meet the
tu rf.

It i s ve ry import a n t howeve r i n the gro upi n g of t h e diffe ren t types

, ,

of low medi u
, m a n d t a ll growi n g sh rub s i n refin ed pl a ntin gs n ot only
,
-

to kn ow t h e n orma l height w hi c h the sh rub s att a i n b ut to kn ow w heth e r

the foli a ge textu re on on e s h rub i s ext rem ely fin e a n d th a t on a n oth e r
sh rub ext re m e ly co a rs e For i n st a n ce t h e J a p a n ese b a rbe rry i s n ot
.
,

used t o the best a dv a nt a ge i n fron t o f the co a rse r medi um growi n g ,

-

va riet ies of flowe ri n g c urrant sum a c o r vi b um um It i s muc h b ett er

, , .

adapt ed fo r use i n fron t of the spi re a white kerri a a n d p rivet sh rub s

, , ,

wi th smalle r types of foliage Th e reas on i s that the s udden t ransition

.

1 27
1 28 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
from mely coarse textu re of foli a ge to the ext remely fine
t h e ext re
textu re of foliage c reates a di sco rd i n the lan d sc a pe pi ctu re .

There a re man y of the s h rub s contai n ed i n t h e secon d group which

a re tho s e u sed to compos e bo rde r plan tation s on a la rge sc a le whe re the

det a il ed study of the plan ti ng i s n ot i t s most i mpo rt an t side b ut rather ,

whe re the gen e ral m a ss eff ect s seen at a di stan ce p rod uce the interest
i ng eff ect S h rub s which a re selected fo r bo rd e r pla n ti n g on t h e
.

fine d l a wn a rea s whi c h a re u s u a lly much mo re rest rict e d than t h e ex

,

ten sive l a wn s must st an d the test of detailed st udy at t h e s ame time

,

th a t t h ey p rove thei r v a l ue a s mass eff ect s .

The sh rub s w hich a re v a lu a ble fo r the less refine d a n d exten sive -

lawn a reas ma y con si st of some of the sh rub s for re fin ed l awn pl an t

i n gs su
, ch as the sn owb a ll s an d th e hon eysuckles ; but i n gen eral m an y
of these s h rub s a re mo re o r le ss n a tive a n d gen erally collected l oc a lly .

It i s a di ffi c ult t a sk t o d e fin e t h e mate ri a l wh ich should be used i n

bo rde r plan ti ngs on t h e l a rge r l a wn a rea s wh ere t h e co a rse r m a ss effects
wi ll meet the requi reme n t s In gen era l most of t h e s h rub s w hi c h a re
.
,

adapted to pl a n tin gs on t h e refi n ed l awn a reas a re a d a pte d to the

secon d typ e of pl a n ti n gs ; b u t n ot a ll o f t h e s h rub s i n cluded i n t h e

s e c o n d g roup an d a d a pted t o the mo re u n re fi n ed l a wn a reas a re

adapted i n a ny wa y to use on t h e limited t efi n ed l awn a reas .

LI ST OF PLANTS FO R BO R DE R P LANT I NG
A .Ma s s s s FO R R E F IN E D LAWN ARE AS Thi s group c onsist s of .

both low growi n g an d t a ll growi n g types of sh rub s mostly of a h a rd y

- -

foliage type n eat i n the h a bit of th ei r g rowt h c o mp a ct i n the text ure

, ,

of thei r foli a ge a n d c omp a ra tively fre e from t h e ra v a ge s o f i n sect s an d

,

s cale Th e eve rgreen s h rub s which c a n a p p mp ri a t ely b e i n t e rjected

.

in to bord e r pl an ti n gs a re few i n n umb e r a n d must be use d sp a rin gly .

They a re o mitted from the followi n g a ltogeth e r .

Low growi n g shru

-
b: ( a pp rox i ma tely three feet ta ll)
B erbem thu Deu tz i a lt mmom
'

n bergt
' '

Th un b e rg 3 J a p anese
’
B a rberry Le moin e s De u
’
tz i a
Cd li ca rp a urpurea H y eri cum moreri a n mn
Bea uty u
r n ld Flower
Ca ryopteri : {M Hg eri cum p a tulum hen ryi
fi
on a
B lue Spi rea yb ri d St J oh n
. 8 W ort
’

Deutz i a graci li :
Slender Deu
tz i a
1 30 THE COMPLET E GA R DEN

Gold en Bell 3

F01 1 3 1111 121 4 fortu P hiladelphw 1 01 0114 1 111 1

Fortune s Bell Common Mock Orange
’
lden

L01 1 1 cera belle sy in

° ° °

van ety
filf
11 a
Za be l s Honeysu ck le
’
c

Lo1 1 1 t era m acki

°

Lat e b loomi ng H oneysu

- c kle

J a p an ese B ush Honeysuckle

B M a ss e s Con s rsr mc M OSTLY o r NATI V E CO LL E CT E D SH R U B S

. .

Thi s gro up con si st s mostly of s h rub s which a re i n digen o u s to t h e sec

tion of the coun t ry wh e re they a re used These p lan t s a re adapted to .

p lantation s on a large or s m all sc a le where a feeli n g of fo rmali ty,

or of d efi n i t e re fin e men t of det ai l i s not requi red It i s d i fi cult to .

d iflerent i at e fully between the two group s i n thi s ch a pter A n umber

'

of s h rub s may equally we ll u n de r ex pert selection an d placing be use d

, ,

i n either group i nte rchan ge ably .

a . Low growi n g sh ru
-
b:
Az a lea la w Fi li pend u la pu rpu mz
Flame coloured Az alea
-
Steeple B u sh

H um 4 11 1 1 11 111
a rge fiowered St Jo hn s W ort
’
-
.

Az alea m eyi
Ca roli n a Az alea
Calli ca r a 11 1 “m1
Bea u ru zy g
Cem th w 4 1110 124 1 1 11 : Rkodora ca nadn u ir
New Jersey Tea Rhodora
Compton i a arplm ifoli a Rom 1 1 1 t1 d a
° °

Sweet Fern Shi n i ng lea ved Roce

-

rac m om
B ush Honeysuckle
u
m nt

b . Med i um gr owi ng shrub:-

4 11101 15110 [ruti cora Am i d m lnnoca rpo

False Ind igo Bla ck Chokeberry
Smooth Az alea
 PLANTS FOR BORDE R PLANTING 131

C: 110101 1111 11;

t t on B u
u sh La urel

Ch i b a 0111 1701121 Rhododend ron (i n vari ety)

Sweet Pep per Bush Rhod od en d ron
Rim: ca na dmm
Fragrant Su mac

( In va ri et y )
Vi burn um acm f oli um
'

H 111 11 11 ea 01 601 1 1 1 1 111

ild yd ra ngu Map le lea ved Vi b u
-
rnu
m

[ 1111 10111 5 121 1 01 10111 111 11:

Sh ad b u-
sh

011 1011 011111 11 :

W h ite Fringe
P ym ( i n va ri ety
Cra b
Sombu cw can ad cmi :
Ameri can E ld er
C 4 1 11
1 in va ri a ”
Red b erri ed E ld er

m
-

Em y i v 11 1 1 1 1: Sta hylt a trifoli a

Bur i ng z c ri cauB lad d er mlt -

vari ety)
7 1011 1 11 11 111 (ia
Vi bu rnu m
 CHA PTE R X IV
ACCENT AND SPECI ME N TRE ES AND SH RUBS

TH E R E a re two ki n d s of specimen pl an t s those which a re used as

,

si n gle specimen s with fu , ll s pace allowed for th ei r n ormal d evelopmen t ,

an d those which a re u se d a s a ccen t pl a n t s i n ma sse s o f bo rde r plan ti n g ,

because as such on a cco unt of thei r flowe ri n g a n d foliage habits they

, , ,

len d a d efi n i t e to uch of i n te rest t o the p la n t a t i q n .

The va rious pl a nt s in cl ud ed i n thi s group a re those which h a ve

a n o rm a l symmet rica l h a bit of growth o r thos e which c an ea si ly be
,

kept i n a n e at sy mmet ri c a l o utli ne In o rde r fully to un de rst an d t h e

, .

diffe re n c e b et ween sp ec i men t rees an d s h rub s a n d t re es a n d s hrub s

,

fo r bo rde r p la nti ngs i n g roup s t h e re a de r s ho u

, ld fi rst kn ow th a t man y
of o u
“
r t re es a n d s h rub s a re n ot a d a pt e d t o so c a ll e d mas s pl an tin gs
-
.

Un de r t h e c rowded c on diti o n o f mas s pl a n ti n gs th es e t rees a n d sh rub s

d o n ot p ro duc e an y o f th ei r i n t e res t i n g c h a ra ct e ri stics of flowe rs a n d
ge n e ra l o utli n e Mu c h d e a d growth b ec omes e vid e nt on a c co un t of t he
.

excl us ion o f light an d ai r n ece ss a ry fo r th ei r p ro pe r d evelop me nt It .

i s n eces s a ry to ex a mi n e b ut a few pl a n t ation s furth e r t o kn ow th a t

many t re es an d s h rub s mo st in te res ti n g w h en use d a s in divid ua l
s p ec i m en s o r a s g ro u p s of two o r th ree pl an t s m a ke a most un i n t erest
i n g grou p w h en m a sse d 1 n q ua n tity
° °

I n gen era l it ma y b e s a id th a t s pe c i men p i an t s a re u s e d as s uc h

be c a us e o f th ei r fruitin g h a bit flowe ri n g h a bit i nt e restin g outlin e o r

, , ,

gen era l foli a ge effect whi c h i s e vid en ce d a t i t s best wh en t h e mat e ri a l

,

i s pl an t e d a s i n di yj d ua l s p eci me n s .

—
So c all e d s p ec i men pl a n t s i n thi s gro u p a re often u se d as accent
pl ant s i n t h e l a rge r a n d ma ssed pl a nt ati o ns bec a use o f the q ua li ty of
,

t h e flowe rs t h e c olo u
, r o f t h e fo li age t he h a bit o f th ei r growt h or
, ,

t h e textu re a n d c olo u r o f t wigs . M a n y speci men pl ant s c an b e u se d to

g oo d a dv an t a ge sc a tt e re d h e re a n d th e re i n t h e bo rd e r pl a n t a ti o n s to

emph a size on e o r mo re of t h e se in t e restin g c ha ra ct e ri st i cs an d they ,

someti mes a re e ve n mo re eff e ctiv e ly u se d i n thi s w a y as a ccen t plan t s

th an as specimen pl a n t s on t h e l a wn .

When eve r mat e rial i s sel ect ed a s s pe cime n ma t eri a l it sho uld be ‘

1 32
1 34 THE COM PLETE GA RDEN
°

P 1 11 11 111 pi xs a rd i 8 01 11 11 : 1 1 1f 011 0
°

Pu rp le le a ved Plu
-
m Oa k c a ved Mou n t a i n As h

P ym: ( i n va ri e ty) Tax od i um 1111 111 11 11 10

Cra b B ald Cyp ress
Q u erc w ( i n v a ri ety ) T11 1 0 1 01111 1 1 1 0 1 0

Oa k Silver Li n d e n
8 01131 61011 114 j
Th ua (i n va ri ety)
W i scon s i n W ee p in g W i llow Arborvi t ae
8 0111 1 0111 11111 4 61 111 1 111 1: T1 11 ga 1 0110d1 111 1 1 ( in va ri ety
°

Hyb ri d ellow W i llow

Y Can a d i an H emloc k
3 1 10110 UI111 11 1 f 011 4 1 1 0 10111 4 111 31 1
°

Um t e la Pi ne W h ea t ley s Co rn i sh Elm
’

UI111 11 1 gla bra ca mperdown i

Ca mp erdown W ee p in g E lm

b . C011m1 11 01 011 11 p yra mi d a l

Often times sit ua tion s a ri se i n t h e solution o f l an d scape p roblems

wh ere t h e use of t rees fo r thei r py ra mi d a l o r col umn a r h a bit of n t h
become s a lmost a n ecessi ty Thi s n ece ssit y ma y a ri se b ec a use of such
.

fea tu res b ei n g a n i mpo rt an t p a rt of the l a n d sc a pe co mposition or i t ,

ma y a ri se bec a use o f the sc ree n eff ect w hic h the d e si gn e r i s des i rous
of p rod u ci n g w h e re t rees mu st d evelo p withi n a n a rrow sp a c e of from
two to fou r fe et Most of t h e t rees i n thi s group deve lop n orm ally in to
.

a py ra mid a l o r c o l u mn a r form like t h e py ra mid a l m a ples t h e popla rs , ,

a n d the re d ced a r q u it e un l i ke t h e sp re a di n g h a bit of the s ug a r maples

, ,

ho rse ch e st n ut an d beech Non e of th ese t re es len d t h e m selves to use

-
, .

i n pl a n t a tion s whe re a b ro a d i n fo rma l c h a ra cte r i s de si red i n t h e

,

pict ure ; b ut a ll len d themsel ves for use i n l a n d sc a pe pl an ti n g whe re it i s

n ec es s a ry to h a ve a b a c kgro u n d o f h e a vy foli a ge an d an immediate

ga rden pl a nti n g close to th ese t rees Th e pl a nter s hould a lways .

be a r i n mi n d th a t a b a ckgro un d of t rees of th i s typ e pl a nt ed closely ,

togeth e r w ill b e ve ry i nj urious to a flower g a rd en d eve lopmen t

, ,

p rovide d t h e sc reen pl a n ti n g i s loc at e d on t h e south erly side of the

flower g a rd en th us th row in g d en se sh a d e ove r the g a rd e n d uri n g the
,

gre at e r p a rt of t h e d ay F rom a n othe r poi n t of view however thi s

.
, ,

type o f t ree pl a n te d c losely togeth e r w ill p rove a won d e rful a sset i f

pl a n ted on t h e south e rly sid e of so me fo un t a in o r g a rden te rmin us
where it i s desi red t o p roduce a heavy sh a de .

Abie: brachyp hylla 141 1 1 S 01 1 114 1 11 1 0 01 1 4 111 14011

Ni kko Fi r Pyra mi d a l Silver a p le

A 1 0111 0101 1 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 11 4 1 11 111 111 011 11 111k

W h i t e Fi r Pyrami d al Su g a r M a p le
 ACCENT AND S PE CIM EN TRE ES AND S H RU B S I3S

P0 111 11 1 0 114 111 0

b ar y Po p lar

C4 1 p 11 1 111 bet11 111 1 ]01 11g1014

Pyra mid al Hombea m
0114 111 4 1 1 31 4 1 11 14 101 011 14 11 0 R0b11 1 14 111 1 01101 01 10
La wson 3 Cyp ress
0 Pyra mi d al B la ck
1 11 1 1 1111 1 1 11 1 0111 111 11 11 11 1 111 1 11 0
Swed i sh J u n i per

1 11 1 1 111 1 1 11 1 011 1 4 111 T0x 0d111 111 1111 111 11 11 01 ”1 001140111 111
Pyra mi d a l ed ar Pyra mi d al B ald Cyp ress
J 011 g111 14 11 4 1 1 11 011 1 T1111j 4 01 1 1111 0 14 111 101 1 13 1010
3
11 11 1 1 11 1
S ott s
’
Red Ced ar Fast i gi ate Arborvi ta e
1j 1 1 4 ”1 4 111
'
111 11 T11 11j 4 01 1 141 1 110111 p111 014
Pyra mi d a l Tu1 p Tree F Pyra mi da l Arborvi t a e
P 11 1 4 1 11 1 1 11 4 1 0111 11111 4 1 1}
Column a r Norwa y Sp ru ce rvi t a e

P 11 1 4 1 11 1 1 11 4 1 0111 11 14 111 T1 1 1 0 hylla

Pyra mi d a l ot wa y Sp ru ce es te m e mlock
P 0 111 1 01b4 yf a m1d 4 111
’
lle s Pa p ar r
UI111 111 01101 1 4 10111 a 1
z glb
‘ '

W hea tl y s Corn i sh
’
)

B . SH RU B S .

E001 1y i 111 1 11 1 0? 01 111

I fZ
4 1 1 1 11 1111 01 01 ‘ 4
Dwa rf lors h estnut -
Eu b
r pean Sp in d le Tree

41 4 11 0 ( in vari ety)
1 Exochorda gr4 11111fl“ 0
Az a lea Pearl B u sh

C4 1 4 g4 114 4 1 11 01 1 1 1 1 1 11 H4 11 1 14 1 4 1 011114
Sib e ri an Pea Sh ru b Silver Be ll
01101 001 01 11 1 4 p01 1 11 0 11 1611 1 111 1 y1 101 11 1
°

J a p an ese cc Rose of Sh aron

Ch in ese Fri n ge Tree

C111011 4 1 1111 111 011 5 111 11 0 P 1 11 11 111 1011011 11 0
W h i te F ringe Floweri n g Almond
P 1 11 1 1 111 1r110b4
Gold en -
twi gg ed Os i er Floweri ng Plu m
(301 311111 1114 111111 4 11 1 11 11 1 1 4 Ri na 1 01111 111
Pu rp le lea ved-
az el Smoke B u sh

D11 1 01114 hyb1 1 d0 111 11 4 111a rz 111ata 12011 11 1 14 1111 111114 (g rafted h i gh )
°

Va ri ega ted W ei gela Rose Aca ci a

Dm tz 10 1 1 0b1 4 8 01111111 1 111 1 4 1 10111 1 11 11 4 11 1 1 0
Sin gle W h i t e De u tz i a Gold en E ld er
E001 1 y1 11 11 1 4 10111 1 8 11 111 4 1 1 14 111 11 14 9 11 4

Co rk b a rk ed B u
-
rn i n g B u sh Alleg h any Steward :
Em ymw 0011 1 11 4 11 111 T4 111 4 1 1x 0111 1 1 01 1 4
Strawberry B u sh Casp i a n Tamari sk
 CHA PT E R XV
PL ANTS VA LUA B L E FOR USE IN RO C K GAR D ENS , I N
J A P A N ESE G A RD E N S,
AN D I N W A LL C RE V I C E S

A F U LLY develope d est ate t o d ay i s not co m plete without an i n

-

t e r sti n g rock g a rd en not b ec a u se it give s a n interest i n g phy s ical

e ,

v a riety to the lan d sc a pe b u t bec a use it provi d es a n opport unity fo r

,

the d evelop m ent of one of o u r most inte resting g rou ps o f pl a nts those ,

plant s which grow their b est and prove most i n t e re sti n g in a mini a t u re
l and sca pe of thi s roc ky ch a r a ct e r Th ese ga rd en s h a ve b ee n de
.

velo p ed to p e rfection on m a ny E n glish e st a t e s .

Th e gro u p of plants v a l u a ble fo r the d evelop ment o f rock g a rden

W ork is co m p a ra tively li tt l e known to t h e a m a t e u r an d yet th e re a re ,

used in rock g a rd e n s m a ny int e restin g types frequently u se d fo r oth er

p u rpos es It i s tr ue th a t m a ny o f the pl a n t s g rown fo r rock g a rdens
.

are very dwa rf in th eir h a bit o f growth an d muc h more sen sitive to
c h a n ge d con d itions o f soil a n d e xpo s u re an d t h a t m a ny o f the m there
,

fore re qui re expert l a bo u r fo r th eir nor m a l d ev e lop me nt .

The most interestin g gro u p of pl a n t s p e rh a p s fo r rock g a rd e n work

, , ,
“ ”
i n cl u des t h e pl an ts known a s a lpi n e pl a n t s W hich a re low g rowi n g
,
-

ve ry den se an d co mp a ct in their h a bit o f g rowt h Mo st of th ese pl a nt s

, .

have s m a ll le a ves an d t h e flowe rs a re r a t h e r brilli a nt an d ma rked in

t h e ir colo u rs The t r
. e m a lpin e
”
—
pl t s to d a y i s a ppli e d in i ts
a n

genera l use to th a t d wa rf a n d low g row in g g rou p o f pl a nt s W hich h a ve a

-

tend e ncy to co mp a ctn es s o f h a bi t a n d whi c h i n th eir m a t u re for m of

,

d evelop m e nt see m to fi t i n to t h e co n fi n e d a t mosph e re o f the aver a g e

rock g a rd en The true rock g a rd e n p l a n t s may p e rh a p s b e t h e
.

“ ”
a lpin e typ es b ut those pl a n t s whi c h l a n d sc a p e arc hitec t s use
,
“ ”
tod ay for rock ga rd e n p u rposes i n c l u d e n ot o n ly t h e a lpin e types
b ut m a n y s m a ll pl an t s e ven th o ugh they co me fro m th e l owl a n d s
'

, ,

fro m t h e wood s o r fro m t h e m o re a ri d d e se rt s e c t i o n s

, Th e re are a .

few o f t h e t a ll growi n g typ es o f pl a n t s s uch a s foxglo ves a n d so me

-

o f t h e s in gl e ro se s W hi c h
, though n o t d wa rf i n ch a r a ct e r a re a d
, ,

mi ra b ly fit t e d t o t h e sc a l e o f rock g ard en work .

1 36
138 TH E COM PL ETE GAR DEN
and the wi l d p i nk are consi dered to b e true crevice p l ants and t hey ,

sho ul d b e used only for that p u rpo se in rock g arden work These .

plants have a type of environ ment equ ally as much as persons or

ani m als and under which they thrive best The beginner who is .

developin g this type of g arden sho u ld therefore only u se the more

common types of plants which have withst ood the ab use of a m ateurs
and should m ake u se o f th e spec iali z ed p l ants on ly after a thoro ugh
knowled ge is ga ined concernin g them .

One writer h as s a id concerning the develop m ent of a rock g arden

“ ”
t h at the desi gner sho u ld have an idea and stick to i t We see so .

m a ny rock g ardens which are so c a lled and which i n reality are only -

a miscel l aneo u s pile o f ston e s Rock gardens in t h eir tru e sen se

.

a re a n i mitation of so me con d ition of nat u re both fro m their physical ,

m ake up an d fro m their pl a nting We s hou ld therefore m ake a .

do u ble effort to strive toward the develop men t of the idea .

One of the most s u cces sful ways for obt a i n ing good rock ga rden
plants is to g row them fro m seed I t is often easier to s eed plants .

i n rock g arden g ro u ps t h an it is to plant n u rsery gro wn stock -

.

LI ST or P LANTS VALUA B L E FOR USE IN ROC K GAR DENS ,

IN JA PAN E S E GAR DEN S AN D IN WAL L CR EVI CE S ,

A EVERG RE E N S
. I n every g arden deve lop ment of t h is kin d a
.
,

touch of everg reen foliage the text u re of which is pec u liar to everg reen
,

plantings is e ssen tial to lend the desire d interest to the garden Th ese
, .

e verg reens are extre m el y dwarf i n charact e r and not vi goro u s in th ei r

h abit of growt h .

[ 1111 1 11 1 1 4 b111 0
11 1 1
Sa vi n J u n i pe r

0114 1114 1 4 1 11 0b111 1 4 114 1 1 4 [ 11 1 1 1111 1 11 1 1 4 b1114 14 1114 1 11 1 170110

Dwa ? fp a an ese Cyp res s Ta ma ri s k lea ved Savi n
-

4 1 11 obt111 a 1 1 4 114 4 11 1 1 4 L111 114 1 4 11 01 1 4 111

Dwarf lden Ja p anese Cyp ress Twi n Flower
Carma 1 4 1 1 4 111 111 11 M4 1101 14 1 1
1 1 11 1 1 1

Bu n c h berry Cree p i ng M a hon i a

D 4 11 111 1 11 1 01 11 111 P 4 1 11 11 11111 4 t a 11 by1
a rla n dF
lower Can bp s Mou / n t a i n Lover

E 1 11 4 va ga 111 P 4 1 11 y1 4 1 1 111 4 11 1 1 11 11 1 0111

Corn is h eat h H Ja p an ese Sp urge
6 4 11 11111 1 14 p 1 01 11 mb1 111 P 11 1 4 1 11 1 1 11 4 1 1 g01 14 11 4
Wi ntergreen Gregory s a rf Norway
’
Spruce
1 11 1 1 1111 1 11 1 1 01 11 111 11 1 1 11
Common Juni per Moun tain Fetterbush
 ROC K AN D JA PAN E S E GAR DEN S WALL C R EVI CE S , 1 39

P1 1 1 111 11101 1 14 114 1 1 11 3 11 111

1
8 1101 114 5 4 14 1 170114
Dwa rf Moun ta in Pine Sho ma
Tax 111 bacca ta 1 1 p 4 11d1 1 11
Sp rea i ng Engli sh Yew
d
Tax 111 1 4 11 4 111 1 11 11
Dwarf Rhodod en dron Groun Yew d
Rhododmdron f1 1 1 11 g1111 11 111 Tax 111 p
1 11 1 111014 11 4 114
Ru st y lea ved Rhod od en d ron
-
Ja p a n ese Yew
B . D s c muou
TREES AND SHRU B S Trees us e d i n g ard ens of t hi s
s .

kind must be the low growing types with a com pac t habit of-

a n d the shru bs also mu st be t p es which will len d the mselves readily to

t h e character of this kind 0 g arden I t i s h a rdly possible to d efin e
.

in word s the ex act character which the shr u bbery mus t possess in order
to be val u able for this type of planting The trees a n d shrubs in .

t his up ma y be us e d wi th safety an d there a re m any other shrub s ,

-

wh i c c an b e select ed fro m other li sts an d used by ex perts .

1 111 p a l1 11 a t11 111 E m ymgu ob004 11 1 1

Jap a n ese M a p le Ru nn i ng St ra wberry B u sh

1 1 4 11 4 j a p 0n 1 4 1 H y 1 1 11 11 111 11101 1 1 14 1 111 111

Ja p a n e se A z a le a d flower
-

1 1 4 11 4 1 1 11 111 4 L01 1 11 1 1 4 1 1111101 4 4 1111 1 11

Pi n kst er lowe r Large fru i t ed Hon eysu
-
ck le

P 11 114 d1 l1 111 1 01 0114 1 1111 11011111

C0101 11 4 1 11 1
Creep i n g
4 dp 1 1 1 1 4
Co tonea ster 1f
Dwa | Moc k Ora nge
C0101 11 4 1 11 1 11 01 11 04 14 111 R1101101 4 1 4 114 111 111 11
Prostra te Cotonea ster Rhod ora
D 1 1 1 11 14 111 4 1 1111 V1b11 1 1 1 11 111 op 11 111 1 114 1 1 11 111
Slen e r e u d D tz i a Dwa rf Bush Cra n berry
C P ERE NNIA L S Th is group of plants forms on e of the most
. .

interest ing phas es of rock arden d evelo ment Most of these .

pe rennials a re either he a vy in t ei r text u re o foliage or very dwarf in ,

their h a bit of growth The wi ll ad a pt the msel ves to cultivation in the

congest ed spaces so often oun d in garden develop men ts of this ki nd .

‘
4 1 11 1111 4 b011 11 111 111 1g1 1 1 1 4 1111114 11 4 114 1 01 11
14 1 1 4 1 14
B all of Snow D
wa rf Alp i n e Roc k
‘
Aly1 1 11 111 41 1 1 1 11 11 111
‘
A1 1 11 4 1 14 111 01114 11 4
Silvery a d wo rt San wort d
1 4 11 4 1 111 1 014 11 4 1 14 111 Camp a nu la 1 4 1 4 111 4
Tuft Ca rp a t h i an a rebell
4 111 1110111 p 1 11 111 y104 11 11 4 01 1114 11 1 1 4 11101114 1 1 4
d
Cana i an W in d flower Mounta i n Bluet

1 1 011 111 3 14 1 4 11 4 41 1 11 11
‘
G1 1 4 1 1111 111 101111 1 1 101 4 111
Ameri can Colu mb i n e Snow i n s u -
mmer -

‘
Plants es peci ally well ad a pted for u
se i n ui ses of walls and
cr p a ved a reas .
1 40 THE COM PL ET E GAR DEN
C1 1 4 101 11g1114 p111 111b4 3 11101d1 1 N1 1 14 111 11 1 1 111 1
Le a dwort at mi nt
001 1 0111 11 011 111 1114 14 P 4 1 11y1 4 11 d1 4 11 1 1111114 111
Dwa rf Txcb eed Ja p an ese Sp urge
Crown Vetch
Phlox 1 11b11 14 14
Moss Pi n k
P 1 1111 11 14 01 1 11
Ma i den Pi n k Eng lis h Co wsli p
‘
014 111 11 111 111 1114 1 111 1 R4 1 1 11 111 1 1 l11 1 11 11 11 0
Scotch in k Do u b le B u ttercu p
D11 1 11 11 4 1 11 1111 14 sda 011 4 1 14 01 y11101d1 1
Wild Bleed i ng Hea rt oc k So a p wort

Sax 1f ra ga 1 01 111f0114
Shooting Sta r Saxifrage
‘
S1 1I11 111 4 1 1 1
Ai z oon li ke -
Wh i tlow Grass Mossy Stonecrop
E p11111 4111 111 1114 1 1 4 1 1111 11 111
‘
S1 d11 111 4 1b11 111
Ja pa nese B a rrenwort Wh i te Stonecrop
E 1 1111 11 111 p ulc h1 1111 111
‘
S1 d 11 111 1 1 x4 1 1g11 14 1 1
oc k -
lovin g Hedge M ust a rd Da k Green St
r on ecro p

01 1 4 11 111 111 1
1 4 11 11 111 11 111

Cra n e s Sea si d e Ca mp ion

’
Bil
111 111 1 4 111 111 1 1 01 1 101111 1 4 14 8 111 111 p1 11 111 y104 11 11 4
Sma ll lea ved nglish Ivy
-
Wil in k dP
11 1 114 111111 111 11 111 1 1 01 1 11 111 8 111 111 1 c114 f14
Roc k Rose Autumn Ca mp

Red Co ra l bells -
St a rwort
11 1 11 1 111 1 4 1 4 11 g11 1111 4
Co ra l bells Stokes Aster
’
-

Ib1 ri 1 1 1 111p1 1 011 1 111 1714 111 11 11 01 4 011 111 3 1701111 111
Evergreen Ca nd ytuft Meadow rue -

‘
1 1 11 1 1 11 14 14 Th 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 1111 111 14 11 3 1 1 11101 1“
Crest e Iri s d yme
‘
L1114 1 14 1 y111b4 14 1 1 4 T11 11 11 4 f g
r a a

Ken i lworth Ivy Saxi fra ge li ke Tu -

n i ca

L11 14 1 14 1 111 11 4 14 1 14 7 4 111 011 0 1 1 14 111 11 4 111 11 4

La rge owe red Ken ilworth Amen c an B a rrenwort
L11 111 1n p1 re1 z 1z e 7 1 1 011 11 4 111 1 4 11 4
Peren ni a l Flax H o a ry Spee we ll d
Ly1 h 11 11 011 1 4 1 14 1 pl1 11d 1 11 1 ‘
7 1 1 011 1 1 4 1 1 111 111
Ra gged Ro bi n Creep i ng Spee well d
M111 111 114 1 1 p1 111 7 1111 4 111 11101
Pa rtri dge Berry
Vi olet
‘
Plants especi ally well ad apted for u
se i n crevi ces of walls and p ed areas .
a v
 TH E COMPLETE
'

1 42 GAR DEN
best sui t ed th e decision to use evergreen s or d ecid uo us m ateri al wi ll
,

be go verned by t h e effect which is d esi red .

Topiary work as a type of planting p rod ucing form al effect s is th e

ext re me of a rt i fi ci a l m ethods Tre es and shru bs which a re select ed
.

for t h i s p u rp ose are incl u ded a l most witho ut exception i n the grou p
“ ”
known as evergreen s and b road leaved everg reens s uch as the yews
-
, ,

holly an d boxwoods Th e h aW t h om and the beech are the m arke d

, .

exceptions to this general rul e an d are plants capable of severe p runing

,

to prod uce a rti fici a l an d fantastic shapes Thes e plants must lend .

themselves readily t o frequent and to seve re pru nin gs in order to

prod uce these forms Wh ile topiary work as a m atter of desi gn is ex
.

t re mely li mited in its app lication the re wil l often arise sit u ation s i n
,

which this ext re me an d violent t reat ment to p rod uce the a rt i fici al
forms in plants is j u st i fi ed Topiary work has at ti mes been very
.

app rop riately termed verdant sc ulpt u re I t is nothing more nor less .

th an sc u lpt u re in p l ant forms so fa r as p l ants will len d the mselves to

details of s uch experi ments All of these p l ants which a re esp ecially
.

adapted to topiary work a re ext re mely slow growi n g and lon g lived .

While m any fa ntastic forms can be develope d fro m s uch plants as th e

privet and hawt horn within a comparatively short period the rare , ,

mo re perfect and perm anent forms are us u ally the res ult of using the
,

boxwood or yew Most of these trees which a re adapted to topia ry

.

work especially the pyra midal form of topiary work a re u pright grow
, ,

in g single ste mmed speci mens P lants which a re a d apte d to these

,
-
.

'

efl ect s mu st a l so be of a co m pac t text u re with foliage eve n ly develop ed

t o a point c lose to the gro u nd .

Th ere are m any d eci d uou s pl a nts which while not being a d apt ed to,

topiary work a re ad a pted to close sheari ng to p rod uce form al effects

, .

M any ex perts d o not 1 ea li z e that t here a re v a riou s species of the sa me

'

genera which len d the mselves much more eff ectively to close shearing
in d efini t e form s than other species of that genera The J apane se .

privet is mu ch more effective in the lower he d ge of two to fou r feet ,

“ "
beca u se o f its ten d en cy to m at than t h e Amoo r Rive r privet which
, , ,

has a tendency to m ake long grt h s All of the d ec i d uou s plants in

.

these g ro ups a re co mpara tive ly slow in growin g habit They have a .

tenden cy to freq uent b ra nching and a further tenden cy t o th ro w out

new growt h s fro m d orm ant b u d s whe n t h e end s of the existing b ranch es

are remove d .

Wh i le there i s a considerab le li st of p l ants which are adapte d for

1 44 TH E COM PL ET E GAR DEN
on e it her si d e or narrow with a lower border governs th e type of
, , ,

m a terial which sho ul d be select ed H ere ag ain with s uch plants as .

,

the thorns a n d el m s a large r spec i men may be us ed with a high head

, ,

an d the s m a ller spec i mens ma y be planted between a n d on either side

to prod uce the m ass of folia ge at the bott o m An ill u stration of t his i s .

shown i n plate No XXVII I on P a ge 1 90 Thi s interes ting open allee of

. .

tho rns a n d floweri ng d og wood i s planted according to t h e followin g

me as u re ments The d i stance between the mi dd le lin e of each row of
.

thorns i s twenty two feet s ix inch e s E ach row w a s ori ginally pl a nt ed

-
.

with hig h he a de d thorns at a d istance o f fo u r feet si x inches a p a rt i n the

-

row E qu ally space d at a distance approxi m ating on e foot s i x inches

.

apart s m all speci mens two feet to three feet high were pl a nted i n a
,

si ngle row at a d istance o f on e foot s i x inches on either si d e o f t h e m ain

row o f thorns These s m all thorns were for the p u rpose of prod uci ng a
.

foliage effect be ginnin g at the g ro un d an d e xt e n d ing into the hi gher

heads o f the larger thorns The wi d th between the rows of flowe ri ng .

d ogwood i s ei ght feet a n d the d i stan ce between each flowe ri n g dog

wood plant i n e a ch row i s ei ght feet The wi dt h o f the walk i n this .

pict u re i s fo u r fee t I t i s very es sential to use types which have a

.

b ranchin g h a bit to the extre me base of the m ain trunk i f a p er fect

op en allee i s d esired .

L I ST OF P LAN TS FO R H EAVY FO RM AL EFFE CTS

A B O RD ER P LA NTING This g ro u p of trees a n d shr u b s i s com pos ed
. .

o f those speci m ens which e ither lend the m selves to a nat u ral co m pact ,

efl e ct when pr u
'

ned o r w hich possess a n even close habit of g rowth

, , ,

fi tt i n g the m partic u l a rly fo r for m a l eff ect s P l a nts use d for this .

p u rpose sho uld n ot be those which have a t e nd ency to s ucker an d to

m ake a n y indiffere nt g rowths i n d ifferent d irections .

4 111 1 4 1 1 11 4 1 11 1 11 111 ” 1 4 111 114 11

1 11 111 11 1 11 1 1 y1 14 1 11 1
Pyra mi d a l Silver M a p le Rose of Sh a ron
1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 11 4 1 11 111 111 01 1 11 1111 1114 1 1 [ 11 11 1p 1 1 111 1 001 111 11 11 11 11 111 1 1 11 11 4
Co lumn a r Sug a r M a ple Iri s h J un i per
3 1 111 14 4 1b4 f 4 1 11 14 1 4 ] 11 11 1p1 1 11 1 1
1 0111 111 11 1 1 11 1 11 1 0 1 4
Pyra mi d a l Whi te B i rch Swed i sh J u n i p er

Ca i m u01 111 111 1 j u 1 1 1 1

gu p
n 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 g 11 4 114
rope an H orn bea m Red Ced a r
Catalpa bun g1 1 ] 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 011 111 14 11 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 11

Rou n d le a ve d Ca t a lp a
-
umn a r uft ed Ce d a r
C1 1 1 1d1p hy1111 111 j 4 p0n 11 11 111 [ 11 11 1p 1 1 11 1 0
10
1 111 14 11 4 g14 1 1 1 4
K a su d
ra Tree Blu e Vi rgmxa Ce d a r
 PLANT S FOR H EAVY FO RMAL EFFECTS
1
32
11 1 1 111 011 9 1 14 1 1 4 1 1 110111 P0 111 1 11 1 4 111 111 4
ott s
’
Red Ceda r mb ar y Pop la r
L01 1 11 1 1 4 14 1 4 1 11 4 u
Q 1 111
1 1 1 0b11 1 f4 1 1104 14
Ta rt a ri a n Honeysuc k le E ngli sh Ca li
P 11 1 4 1 11 1 1 11 4 1 4 111 1 4 111
11 8 1 14 110 1 01 1 111 1114 14

Pyra mi d a l ot wa y Sp ruce Um te la P i n e
P0 111 1 4 111 4 1 4 m1114 111 Thuj a 01 1 1111 11 14 111 pyra 111
lle
’
s Po p e 1 Pyra mi d a l Arbo rvi ta e
B Tomm y W OR K AND C LO S E SHE AR IN G The plant s i n these two
. .

gro u ps ( a an d b) are sele cted beca use they will a d apt the m selves with ,

c a reful attention to close sh e a rin g a n d interestin g topiary work There

, .

a re m any plants which if sheared clos e ly do n ot pro d uce a n y effect of

foli age until they have recovere d fro m the pr u nin g A ll these spec i .

mens however c an b e she a red an d still retain a m ass foliage effect

, , .

3 111 11 11 ( all so rts ) P 111 111 1 1 111b1 4

Swi ss Ston e Pi ne
0 14 1114 1 1 p 110011 4 11 1 1 1 1 P 111 11 1 41 111 11101 4 11 1 11b1 4 1 11 1171 1 4 ~

Yellow Ce a r d Dwa rf Jap anese Red Pine

C114 1114 1 1 4 1 11 obt11 1 a P 111 11 1 11101114 11 4
f a p an ese Cyp ress Swns s Mou n t a m P me

P 11 111 1 111 01114 11 4 111 11 g11111

Ja p anese Holly Dwarf Moun ta m Pine
P 11 1 4 1 111 1 11 4 Taxi 1 1 1 111 p 1114 14
Norwa y Sp ruce Ja p an ese Yew
Tax 11 1 1 11 1 p 1d 4 14 114 114
Ori enta l Sp ruce Ja p anese Yew
T1 11 ga 1 4 1 14 111 1 1 1 11
d
Cana i an emlockH
b . D1 1 11111 011 1
1 1 1 1 1 4 111p 1 1 11 1 C1 4 14 1 g11 1 1 1 1 11 g4 111 -

Europea n Cork M a p le Co c ksp u r Th orn

1 p 14 14 1101d1 1 g10b01 11 111

111 C1 4 1 4 1 gu1 011 311 4 1 11 11 4
G
lo be Norwa y a p le M May Thorn
E 1 rber11 111 11 11b1 1 g1 E vo11y1 11 11 1 4 14 1 11 1
Th u
n berg s J a p an ese
’
B b y
a r e rr Cork ba rked B urni ng B ush
-

Ca 111 11 1 b1 111 1111

gu p H to ean orn bea m
C 1 b 1 1 6 1 11 111 11 014
3l b H b
4 11 11 1 1 111 11 1 g 0 01 4
o e orn ea rn a p an ese Pri vet
1 11 111 011 1 411

utopc a n ri vet

V111 11 0p 1 1 11 4 11 111
11 1 11 111 1 11 1 11
Dwa rf Bush Cran berry
1 46 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
C . GROWIN G IN TU B s One of the most s u ccessful sou rces of
.

obtainin g refin e ment of detail i n form al work i s t h rough t h e use of

pl a nts grown i n t u bs Thes e a re particul arly adapted to terraces areas
.
,

aro un d pools an d places where plants mu st be trained fo r a sp ecific

,

d etailed effect and oftenti mes c an not be planted i n the g round at th e

,

place where the effect is d esire d .

Ab1 114 3 1 4 111111101 4

Hybri d Abeli a
A 4 11111 11 1 11 0161 114 1 11 1 “ 1nd 11 4
1 1 1 troe1 1114
53u Lily
1

e -
of th e
- -
Nile én pe M yrtle

1 114 111 4 11114 (i n vari et y) La um 110111111

Ba y Tree
A11 1 11 b4 j 4 p 01111 4 M11 1 4 1 11 1 1 11
Ja p anese La urel Abyssin i an Ban an a
B ou g 4 11 1 01111 4 (in va ri et y) N1 r111 111 (in vari et y)
Pa per Flower Olean der
x w ( man y
Bu sorts ) Pyracantha 1 01 1 1111 4 14 14 11111
Boxwoo d Evergreen Thom
C4 1 yop 11 1 11 1111 4 114
B lu e Sp i rea ta e
E 11 4 g11 111 pun gm T4 61 1 11 4 1 11101114 114 (i n vari et y)
B ronz e Oleast er Cra pe Jasmi ne
E0011y11111 1 j 4 p0n 11 1u Tra i ned frui t trees
Evergreen Evonymus (a ll sorts)
7 111 11 4 3 11 11 1 1 4 1 14 1
Ch in ese Hi bi scus Ch ast e Tree

D . Ta mas AND SHRU B S ron ALLE E S All p l ants wh i ch a re adapted

.

to a ll ee effects must b e of a type wh ic h wi l l respond to t h e ope ration s

o f severe pru ning Those pl a nts i n G roup 4 must h ave a sp ec ial
.

adapt a tion fo r a spread ing h ab i t of g rowth and yet a co mpact habit of

g rowth Th ey must b e s uch pl a nts as will retain their foliage d u ring a
.

considerable peri od i n order to prod uce and m aintain t h e pleach ed

all ee effect The decid uo us and evergreen trees and s h rubs shown i n
.

Group b of t h is list a re a ll adapted to types of open allee develop ments

on different scal es to b e i n keepin g wit h the genera l landsc a pe efl ec t
'

, .

P l1 ac111 d
A1 1 1 1 4 111p1 1 11 1
E uropea n Co rk M aple
C4 1 p11 1 111 1 4 1 01111 14 114 6 1 4 14 1 g11 1 0xy1 4 11111 4
Ameri can Hombeam May Thorn
bet11 1111 F4 1 y104 111 4
an Ho mbea m uropean Beech
 CHA PTE R XVII
PL ANTS FOR NATURA L , I N FOR MA L E FF ECTS

As CONT RA STE D with plants adapte d to heavy or co mpact form al

effects the plants of this gro u p have a more open looser h abit of ,

growth Th ey are apt to be not quite as refine d in character in so me

.

instances and they are not re quired to prod uce the neat line of foliage
,

which are pa rt of the more form al d esi gns .

I t is d iffi c ult to d efin e cle a rly and to speci fy wh a t pl a nts are to be

, ,

us ed in in form a l effects At the sa me ti me a few st a n d a rd kinds of

.
,

pl a nts t o b e u se d in t h e bord e r pl a n t a ti o n s o f l a wn s in t h e bo rd er ,

pl a nt ation s of wil d g a r d en a re as an d i n for m a l g ard e n a re a s sho uld be

li st ed fo r re a d y re fe rence It i s much e a si e r to use so me o f th e pl a nts
.

i n clud ed in the former li st e sp ec i a lly thos e wi t h t h e more vi go ro us

, ,

ope n h a bit o f growth fo r thi s typ e o f pl a nti n g t h an to use pl a nt s i n

, ,

cl ud ed i n thi s li st fo r t h e s a m e p u rpo se a s t h ose i ncl u d ed i n th e fo rm er

li st Most l a rge an d s m a ll l a wn s whi c h a re no t d e veloped on d e finit e
.
,

form a l ax ial lines sho u ld b e bord ere d W ith pl a n ts o f this ki nd

, .

Th e re a d e r i s w a rr a nt e d i n c o n c l u d in g th a t a ll pl a nt s not a d a pted fo r
us e i n the prece d in g g ro u p s o f pl a n t s fo r for ma l efl ect s a re a uto m atic
'

a lly pl a c ed i n thi s pre se n t g ro u p I t is

. s a fe to s e l ect an y pl a nt i n

d i genou s to the loc a li t y a n d a l so m a n y o f t h e i n trod uc ed ho rt ic ult u ra l

v a riet i es s u ch a s hi gh b us h c ra n b e r ry flowe ri n g c u rra n t a n d d ogwoods
,
-

,
.

Lil a c s t a rtari a n hon eys uc k l e a n d hy bri d rh od o d e n d ro n s h owever wi th

, , , ,

g re at e r re fin eme n t o f foli a ge a n d o f bloo m o n t h e oth e r hand are

, ,

ob vio usly of more v a l u e i n t h e m o re fo rm a l pl a nti n g s .

Coll e ct ed stoc k i s o f g re a t v a l u e fo r n a t ura l i n form a l effects

, To .

re prod uc e n a t u re an d h e r g ro u p effec t s s houl d b e t h e obj e ct o f nat u ra l ,

in form a l pl a ntin g A n a t u r a l pl anti ng i m pres se s t h e ob se rver as d oes

.

n at u re untouch ed by t h e h a n d of t h e desig n e r an d this is a most ,

d i ffi c ult eff ec t to obt a i n a rt i fi c i a lly .

L I ST OF P LANT S FO R NATU RA L , I N FORMAL EFFE C TS

I t i s d i ffi c ult to d e fi n e t h e eff ect s whi c h i t i s i n t en d e d t o p rod uce
thro ug h the use o f pl a nts incl u d ed i n t h i s l i st I n general , these
.

1 48
 P LANTS FOR NATU RA L IN FO RMA L E FF E CTS
, 1 49

plant s a re selected beca u se they a re so mewhat irregul ar i n o ut line ,

loose i n habit an d text u re of g rowth and a re not adapted to p rod u cing

,

the neat lines of foliage re qu ired in formal develop ment .

4 1111 14 111 11 1” 011 1011 9 1 0114 P 11 11 4

Sha d bus h
-

4 1111 14 111 11 1” 1 014 11 41 0114

7 R1104041 1 141 011 (i a va ri et y)
J un e Berry Nati ve Va ri eti es
C11 101 1 4 11 111 11 1 011 g111 11 4 RI111 1 (i a va ri et y)
Wh i te Ft i nge Su ma c
001 11 111 (i a va ri et y) R1b1 1 (i a V a ri ety)
Dogwood Floweri ng Cu
O

rran t

01 11 11 14 (i a va ri et y) R0b111 14
Deutz i a Bla c k
D11 1 01114 (i a va riety) R01 4 1 11 g01 4
Wei gela Ja pan ese Rose
F01 1 31111 14 1 111 1 1 11 4 $4 111 : baby1011 11 4
Droopi n g lden Bell W ee p i ng W illow
H1 114 1 1 114 14 110141 1 8 4 11111 11 1 11 1 1 4 11 4 41 111 11
£ uckt horn Ameri ca n Eld er
L4 b 11 1 1 1 11 111 011 19 1 1 8 1111 4 1 4 04 11 11 011 111 1
Go lden Ch a m Van Hou tte 8 B ri d a l W rea th
’

L01 1 11 1 1 4 1 4 p 4 111 11 1 Symp h01 11 4 1 p 01 1 4 1 1 11101 111

£
Ea rly ragran t Honeysuc kle Snowbe rry
Symph 01 11 4 1 p 01 014 g4 1 11
In d i an Cu rran t

P I1 1 01 4 1 0111 011 11 11 01111 1

[
] g4 1111 4

i neb a rk Fte nc h Ta mari s k

P m11 111 4 0111 111 011 1 14 V1b 11 1 11 11 111 03) q
E uropean Double floweri ng -
Cherry Hi g h b u
-
s h Cran berry
 CHA PTER XVIII
—
LOW G ROW I NG PL A NT S A LONG TH E I NN E R S I D E OF
CU RVI N G R OA DW A Y S AN D AT ENT R A NC ES

P LA NT S which are selecte d for u se in this g ro u p must have a norm ally

low g rowi n g habit In gen era l th eir m axi mum hei ght sho ul d ap
-
.
,

proxim at e not more t h a n fi ve t o six feet .

I f t h e e ve n t u a l h ei gh t o f these pl an ts i s to b e g re a ter th a n thi s they ,

sh o u l d b e o f s uch type s a s wi ll l en d th e m selves re a d ily to prun i n g an d

still re t a in t h e ir n a t u ra l o utli n e s .

On man y priv a te es t a t e s a t t h e sh a rp c u rves o f entr a nc e d riv e s and

,

o n e ith e r s i d e o f t h e m a in e n tr a n c e sa fety o f t ra ffi c d e ma nd s th a t an
,

op en view be pres e rve d i n o rd e r to a vo i d a cc i d ents I t b e co mes a n .

i mpo rt a n t qu estion i n t h e d e vel o p me nt o f suc h pl a n s t o d eci d e U po n

ma t e ri a l which s ho ul d be s el e cte d for t h i s p u rpo se If the deg ree of
.

c are w hi c h this m a t e ri a l i s to r ec e iv e i n t h e y e a rs s u b s e qu e nt t o i t s

o ri gi n a l pl a nti n g i s th a t or d in a ri ly give n by a n e xpert g a rd e ner t h e ,

d es i gn e r ma y sel e ct many t a ll e r g rowi n g sp ec i es o f shru b s whi c h un d e r

-

, ,

thi s ex p e rt c a re c a n b e ke pt within t h e d esire d li m it s o f growt h For

, .

thos e wh o wi sh to b e p e rfec tly sa fe i n th eir se l ec ti on ma t e ri a l in c lu d ed

,

i n thi s li st repre se nt s t h e ge n e r a l r a n ge o f t h e i mpo rt a n t ge n e r a an d

s p ec i es whi c h a re a v a il a ble
.

Th e re a re m a n y loc atio n s w h e re hig h pl a nting a s a p a rt o f t h e

ge ne r a l d es i gn i s mo red c s i ra ble I n s uc h in st a nces a vi st a formed by
.

u si n g a g ro u p o f lowe r s hru b s c an b e u se d I f high e r s hrub s a re d esira ble

.

a s a p a rt o f t h e d es i gn it i s so m et i m es po s s ibl e to pres erve t h e op en

vi ews by s et ti n g the t a ll s hru b s fa rther b a c k fro m t h e s i d es o f t h e d rive .

Th e fra gr a n t honeys u ckl e i s a goo d s u b stit u t e w h e re o n e mi ght other

wi s e use ty pe s s uch a s the t a rt a ri an honey su c k le Th e pink wei gela .

i s mu c h to b e pre ferr e d to t h e other coars e r g rowin g typ es o f wei ge las

,
-
.

—
LI ST OF LOW G ROWI NG P LANTS ALONG TH E I NN E R S I DE
OF CU RVI NG ROA DW AY S AND AT E NTRANCE S

Th e pl ant s in this g rou p a re sel ected bec a us e o f th eir low growi ng -

h a b it Ma ny Ot her speci mens ma y be u se d wh ich un d e r the ca re of

.
,

150
 CHA PT E R XI X
TR EES AND SH RUB S FOR D I FFB RE NT F LOW E RING
E FF E CTS

P ERHA P S the mos t i m po rt a nt use o f p l a n ts is fo r t h e effect o f the

flowe rs At l e a st nin ety p e r c ent o f tho se who d e ve lop l a n d sc a pe
. .

plantation s h a ve fore m ost i n th eir min d s t h e effe ct th a t is to be

prod uc ed by t h e flowe rs on t h e tree s a n d s h ru b s grown in t h e
plant ation wheth e r it b e on a l a rge est a t e or on a s m a ll h o me lot
, .

Th e re a re m a n y other v a l u a bl e c h a ra ct e ri sti c s h oweve r a mon g

, ,

which a re t h e fr uiti n g an d t h e foli a ge effe ct s All o f th e se h owever

.
, ,

a re en tirely secon d a ry to thi s o n e co n si d e r ation c o ncern in g t he

Th e fi rst tho ug ht i n t h e u se o f s h rub s fo r t h i s p u rpo se i s t o obt a in

flowe rs .I t i s o nly a ft e r so m e st u dy a n d so m e thoug ht on t h e s u bj ect
th a t one re a liz e s th a t s h ru bs ma y b e u se d fo r m a n y d iffe rent flowe ri ng
effect s . W e ma y use tree s a n d sh r ub s to pro d uc e flo we rs a t cert a i n
d e fini t e se a sons , or we m ay use tree s a n d s hru b s to p ro d u c e flowe rs o f
d iff e rent colo u rs a t d i ffe re n t se a son s Th e own e r o f t h e a ver a ge ho me
.

occ u pi es h i s re sid ence thro ug h o ut t h e entire ye ar Th e re is a g ro u p

.

o f peo pl e , howe ve r , own i n g b o t h l a rg e a n d s ma ll ho m e s , wh o occ u p y

two or m o re h o me s e a c h ye a r d e p en d i n g u po n t h e se a so n The y
,
.

us u a lly s pe n d t h e sp ri n g a n d fa ll mo n th s a t th e i r re si d e n ce , a n d h o t
s umm e r mon th s a t a c o un try ho me, eith e r a t t h e se a sh o re o r a mo n g t h e
mou nt a i n s Th e fi rst ho m e own e r mu st b e provi d e d wi t h t ree s an d
.

s hru b s which will prod uc e a s n e a rly a s possibl e a flow e ri n g eff ect

th ro ughout t h e g rowi ng se a so n b egi n n i n g wi t h th e sh rub s wh ich
,

prod uce flowe rs b e fore t h e l e a ves a pp e a r, su c h a s t h e gol d en b e ll a n d

t h e flowe ri n g pl ums , a n d e n d i n g wit h t h e s hr u b s s u c h a s a lth e a s a n d the

hyd ra nge a s which pro d uc e flowe rs i n t h e s um me r month s Th e .

fa mily t h a t occ u pi e s both a p e rm a n ent res i d e n c e a n d a c o u ntry

ho me , howe ver, mu st h a ve tree s a n d shr ub s s urro un d i n g the former
which pro d uce flowe rs d u rin g t h e s p ri n g a n d d uri n g t h e l a t e s um me r
an d fa ll month s ; a n d a t th ei r s umme r ho m e t h ey must have, so far as
15:
 TR EE S AND S H RU BS FOR FLOW E R ING E FF EC TS 1 53
po ssible the s ummer flowe ri n g types of trees an d shru bs For th is
,
-
.

re aso n vario u s g ro u ps have been o utline d to e m brace t rees and shru

, bs
p rod ucin g flowe rs in the e a rly spring before the leaves appear and ,

p rod uci ng flowe rs in the early spring a fter the leaves appear s uch as ,

t he spirea and t h e lilac ; prod ucing flowe rs d u ring the s ummer months ,

s uch as the weigela and the mock orange ; an d prod ucing flowers
d urin g the late s ummer and a ut umn months s uch a s the rose of Sharon ,

and the hydrangea I t is therefore i m po rtant in connection with o u r

.

v ario us plantations of trees and shr u bs to consider sp ec i fi c a lly t h e

p eriod d u rin g the bloo m in g season when the m a xi mum eff ect
, o f flowe rs

is des ired .

Th e second i m portant consideration in desi gning plantings of trees ,

and shru bs is the colo u r of th e flowers F lowerin g trees and shrubs,

, .

wit h respect to the colo u r of their flowers m ay be divided into fou r ,

d efin i t e gro u ps : those which prod u ce flowers in the sha d es of red an d

p i nk s uch as pink floweri n g dogwoo d flowe ri n g peach and the
,
-
, ,

flowe ri n g crab ; t hose which pro d uce yellow flowe rs s uch as t h e Scotch ,

b roo m yellow j as mine and the gol d en bell ; t hose which pro d uce white
, ,

flowers s uch as the white fringe h a wt horn hy d ran gea and elders ;
, , , ,

and those which prod uce bl ue flowe rs (the s m allest list of all) s uch as ,

the bl ue spirea bl ue rose of Sharon and bl ue lilacs E ach of these

, , .

gro u ps m ay be divided as shown by the t a b ulations i nto early

, ,

flowe ri n g and late s ummer floweri n g sorts The entire disc u ssion
-
.

concerning the colo u r of the flowe rs in the avera ge planting is more

theo ret ical than practical ; b ut in the other plantations where there ,

is suffi c i en t space to obtain m asses o f floweri n g effects d u rin g the

b loo mi n g period co nsiderable st u d y s ho uld be given to t h e colo u r of
,

the flowers .

Th e s m all ho me owner in general is much more interested in his

ability to proc u re trees and shr u bs which will give hi m a cont i n uo us
s u ccession o f bloo m Th is also is not always practical ; b ut there is a
.

gro u p of st andard shru bs the use o f which will provi d e as contin uo us

,

bloo m as can be obta i ned thro ugh the co mbination o f a n y g ro u p of

shru bs I t mu st be re me m bere d that so me varieties of shrubs will
.

flower at a sli ght ly l a ter period th a n other v a rieties and fo r th is ,

reason it is q uite possib le to obt ain what see ms to be a contin uo us

series of bloo m Th e most p roli fic bloo ming shru bs however see m
.
, ,

to flower d u ring t h e months of May an d June D u rin g the latter .

part of Ju ly we h ave b ut a few shru bs s uc h as the h ydran gea t he , ,

1 54 TH E COM PL ET E GAR DEN
rose o f Sh aron , an d the grou
n d se l t ree, wh ich wi ll prod uc e flower

LI ST OF TR EE S AN D S H RU B S FO R D I FF B R ENT FLOW E R I NG
E FFECTS
A .P ROD U C ING FL OW ER S m E ARLY SP RING B a rons m 1; L E AVE S
A PP E AR The trees a n d shr u bs incl u d ed in this g ro u p pro d uce wh en
.
.

in bloo m a very interestin g colo u r note in a landscape which h as be en

,

uninteresting d u rin g the wi nter months Most o f these plants pro

.
.

d uce their best effect when used in s m all m asses ; t h eir effect in large
m asse s i s incre ased only in pro po rtion to the ext ensiveness o f t h e
landscape set ting in which they a re plante d Man y intere st i n g .

'

colo u r efi ec t s can b e pro d uce d b y the pro p e r se lect ion o f pl a nts fro m
t h i s gro up .

Red M a p le

4 1 4 11 4 111 11 4 L011 11 1 1 4
£
14 g 1 4 11 1 11 1 1 111 4

E arly ra g ran t H on e ysuc kle

1 14 11 4 11 11 1
Sta n d is h
’
s Bush H o ne ys uckle
va ri e ti es )
3 1 111 0 111 4 1 1 1 104 11
S p ice B ush
P 1 u11 111 ( ih v a ri ety
)
Red b ud-
Ja p an ese F low er mg Ch erry
01 4 1 1 01111 11 1 40011 11 4 P 1 11 1m1 11 11004
J a p an ese mce
001 1 1 11 1 fl01 144
Flowe ri n g Dog woo d
D4 11 1 1 1 111 01 11 111 8 011 4 1 4 4 1 11 14
a rlan d Fl w r o e H yb i d r n ow G ar anl d

B . P a on uc mc
F LOW E R S IN E AR LY S P RI NG AFT ER TH E L E AVE S Ar
P E A R Th ro ug h a c a reful se lection o f pl a nt s t h e season o f bloo m fro m
.

floweri n g trees a n d s hr u bs c an be m a d e a l most contin uo u s Th e re .

a re m a n y trees a n d s h ru bs whi c h flower d u rin g the e a rly sprin g a fter

the le a ves appear Only those trees an d shrub s wh ic h prod uce an

.
1 5 6 TH E COMPL ETE GAR DEN
Rose: (i n va ri et y) Vi b urn um caui n oi de:
Roses Wi t he rod -

Ru bu : deli ci om : Vi burnum den ta tum

Roc ky M ou n t a i n Floweri ng Ra sp be rry

Sa mbu cw ca n a d cm i : Vi bu rn um len ta go
Ameri can E lde r Sheep B erry
Sp i raea mli ci foli a Vi bu r num a 14114:
Mea dow sweet -
Hi gh b u-
s Cra n berry
Syri n ge a pamea Vi bu rn um n ebold i
° ° '

Tree il a c Si ebold s Vi b u rn u m
’

Vi burn um ca rlcn
'

X a nth oct rax J orbif oli a

Ko rean Vi b urn um Ch in ese Floweri n g Chest n ut

D P ROD U C IN G FL OW ER S DURI NG LAT E SUMM ER AND E ARLY

.

AUT UM N There are com par a tively few trees and shr u bs which p ro
.

d uce an interesting flowe ri n g effect d uring the late s ummer months

an d d u ring t h e e a rly a ut u mn This gro up is co m posed of those plants
.

whose flowers a re eff ective i n the lan d scape .

G mu nd sel B u sh

Bu ddlei a wi tc h i a na Le: i
ed cz a r ebold i

Su mmer Lila c ne b old s

’
De s mod i um
Cleth ra aln ifo lia 11:
Sweet Pep per B u sh

Eb h oltz i a fl a unton i P oten ti lla f mti com

Elsholtz i a Sh mbb y Ci n q u efoil

H a m a m li: oi r h i d Sorba ri a a rborea gla bra ta

Wi tch Haz e Ch i n ese M ou n t a i n Ash S p i rea

H ibb cw syri a cw Spi raea bi lla rdi

B i lli a rd s S p i rea
’
Rose of Sh a ron
H d ra n ea a rbor ucm Sp i raea bu malda a nthon y water”
ild yd ran g e a Cri mson Sp i rea
H ydra n ea i u
an c lata Sp i raea ca ll s a alba o
Fo rtu n e s Wh i t e S p i re a
’
Pani cd yd ran gea
H dra n gea p a n i cula ta gra n diflora
a rge flowered-

y ran g e a H d
S tewa rti a m ta
Allegh a y St fi w
rt i a

H3 eri c um (i n va ri e ty i
Tama r x (i n va ri et y)
gJ . oh n s
’
Wort Ta ma ri sk
Vi m: a gn w ca xtu
-
:
Ch ast e T ree

E .P ROD U C ING FL OW ER S IN SHAD E S RED AND PIN K In th e

01?
.

develop ment o f interesting colo u r co m binations fo r the flowers in

'

l a n d scape pl a nting so me d efi n i t e a ssociation o f colou r sch e mes sho uld

be listed to assist one more readily in the selection of plan ts for vary
ing colo ur eff ects All plants in the followi n g g ro u p prod u ce flowers
.

in shades of red and p i n k Th e early flowe ri n g so rts are sh own in

.
-
 TR EE S AN D S H RUB S FO R FLOW E R I NG EFFECTS 1 57
Gro u p a and t h e late spring and s u mmer -
flowe ri n g orts are s hown in
s

Group b .

E a rly floweri ng -
f ort:

Az a lea n udi flora F n ma pen i ca md ga n :

'

Pi nkster Flower Co mmon Pea ch

Az a lea ow eyi P rune: mbh i rtella ( ih va ri et y)
Ca ro li n a Az a lea F
Ja pan ese loweri ng Cherry
Cervi x ca nad m i : F n ma tommtom
Red b u d-
, Jap an ese Plum
Coma: flori d a rubra
Red floweri n g Dog wood
-

K almi a a n gw tifoli a P ym: coromma

'

Sh ee p La u rel d
Wil Cra b
Ma gnoli a Jo ula n gea na
Soulan ge s M a gnoli a ’
b
F n ma beueyi P ym: ha lli a na p a rkma m
'

Western Sand Cherry Pa rkman s Cra b

’

Puma : j a pon i ca (in y) Rhodora ca na dn m:

'

va ri et
Flowe ri ng Almon d Rhodora

6 . La te xpri n g a nd m mm floweri ng
er -
sort:

Deu tz i a roua P ym i om i :
D wa rf Pi n k Deu Bechtel s Cra b
’
tz i a

Di ermlla flori d a Rose: ( i a vari et y)

'

Rose colou red Wei ge la

-
Roses
Spi raea bu ma ld a a nthony wai v er
Moun ta in La urel Cri mson Sp i re a
Spi rat e tommtos a
B a rd h ac ]:

F P R OD UC IN G Y ELL OW F L OW ER S
. U ntil the trees and shru bs p ro .

duc i n g yellow flowers are g ro u ped the reader c a n h ar d ly appreciate

how great is the wealth of this m aterial The g ro up is d ivide d , as are .

the prec eding g ro ups in the chapter, int o the early flowe ri ng t ypes -

and the late flowe ri ng types -

.

E a rly -

fl oweri ng s ort:

B en z oi n da ti va le Cyti rw m pa ri w
Sp i ce B ush Scot ch é roo m
y) E laea gmua n gw tifoli a
'

B erben : (ih va ri et
'

B arberry Ru ss i an Oli ve

Com a : ma: E laea gn w lon gi pe:

Ca rneli a n Ch erry Ja pa nese Oleas ter
Co lopn : p Forsyth i a (i a va ri et y
‘

z p m ece Flow i
e r ng Haz el Golden Bell
1 5 8 TH E COM PL ET E GA R DEN
H a ma m h : i n Ri be: a ureum
’

n i ce
Jap an ese i tch H az el F loweri ng Currant
j aun i un u n ud i fl o ru m Salix ca cc
Na ked flowered J a smi ne
-
Goat illow
Lon i cera ra gra u ti s n ma
'

g
Early ragrant Hon eysu ckle Pussy Willow
b . La te xpri ng a nd m mmer floweri ng
-

Az a lea la ud K oelrmu ri a p a n i mla ta

Flame coloured Az alea
-
Va rn i s h Tree
Labu mum vu lgar:
Gol en Ch ai n
d
P ou nti lla f m i com
Bladder Senna Sh rubby Ci nq uefoil
So hora j a pon i ca
'

Can i ne ti n cton a
Dyer s Greenwoo
’
d f
a p an ese Pa god a T ree

H3 eri cmn (i a vari “y

32J
. h
o n s
’
Wort
Rom I mgom:
' '

Kern a i a on i ca
Globe ower Fa ther Hugo s R ’
ose

G P ROD U C IN G WH IT E F L OW ER S Th is g ro up o f plants is s u b
. .

divided i n the sa me way as a re the two prece d i n g g ro u ps and con sists ,

on ly of those plant s prod ucing wh ite flowe rs in s ufli c i ent qu a ntity an d

siz e to be an eff ective ele ment i n the landscape pl a nting .

Az a lea vi s cos e Lamcera M a ri t a alb a

'

Swamp Az a le a Wh i te Ta rta ri an oneysuck le H

Ch i ommthw vi rgi n i ca Ma gnoli a J u li eta
Wh i te Fri nge Sta rry M agnoli a
Comm (in va ri ety) P ru mu ( i n va ri ety)
P lu m
Cra taegu: ( ih va ri et y) Sp i raea a r u ta
Thorn H
y b ri d
no w G arlan d
Sp i raea oa n hou tm
'

Silver B ell Van B ou tt e s B ri a l Wrea th

’
d
Vi bu rn u m (i a vari et y)
J apanese B us h Honeysuckle Vi bu rn um

La te spri ng a nd m mm er-
floweri ng f ort:

H ydra ngea (i a va ri et y)
Hyd rangea
Li q trum ( ih va ri et y)
Yellow wood -
gn vet

Cla i m: aln i foli a P h i la delp h w (i n vari et y)

Sweet Pepper Bush Moc k Ora nge
Deu tz i a ( i a vari et y) P hymca rpu : opu hf oli u
;
Deutz i a Ni nebark
 TR EE S AND S H RU B S FOR FLOW E RING EFF ECTS
Rhododen d ron (wh i te) Rosa mu ltiflo m
Rhod od en d ron Ja pan ese Cli mbing Rose
Rhodotypo: kerri oid e: Rom i nw i u i ma
Whit e Kerri a Scot ch Rose
Kabi w a f eu S a mbu c w ca na d emi :
'

d acaci a
Bla c k st Ame ri can E lder
Rom alba Sa mbu t w racemom
Wh i te flowered Rose
-
Red be rri ed E ld e r -

Rom lu ci da a lba Sp i ra m ru
’

n floh a
Whi te flowered Glossy Rose
-
B ri d Wreath
Stewa ma pen ta gyn a
'

Alleg h a n y Stewarti a

H P ROD U C IN G B LUE FLOW ER S Th e g ro u p of plants prod ucing

. .

bl ue flowers 1 s ext re mely li m ite d A few pl a nts which are shown 111
.

this list a re ext re mely interesting fo r their flowe ri n g effect and with
th e e xception o f the rose of Sharon and the lilac m any o f the m are ,

seldo m used .

Aworpha fm ti cosa H ibi rcu; syri a cw a rdcn:

F a lse In d i go B lue Rose of Sh a ron
Paulowma tom n tw a
'

Su mmer L ila c E mp ress Tree

Ca ryop teri : i ma m: Syri n ge P ren dmt
'

011 1 a n } ,
Blue S p i rea Doubl e lu
e Lila c
Vi m: mw
'

Eb holtz i a 1 1 4 11 111011 1 a gn w c -

Els holtz i a Ch a st e Tree

I . CO NTINU O US B L OOM m omTW E LV E S H RU B S The re a der s h o u ld .

be ab le to re fer to so me list s uch as the followin g which will provi d e ,

h i m with a ready reference for t h e se lection of sh ru bs giving a s uccession

of b loo m Th e plant s in this g rou p if properly arra nged will develop
.
, ,

an i nte rest i ng s ucces sion of bloo m fro m the early sprin g u ntil the late
fall
.

mm w
'

P hila delp hw coro

Co mmon Moc k Ora nge
'

Sorba rz a a rborea gla brata

Hy hi dr Ch i n ese M ou n t a i n As h S p i rea

Fon yth i a 1 11: mm Sp i raea buma ld a a nthon y water”

Droop in g lden Bell Cri mson S p i re a
H i bi scu Spi rea : oa n houtm
. '

s
Rose of S h a ron Va n H o u tte s B ri a l W rea t h d
’

Syf 31 w lga ri J hybri d a

a
i
l y ri d Li la c
'

Loni cera ta ta ri ca Vi b urn um a meri ca n um

Ta rta ri an Honeys uc kle Am eri can High buh Cran be rry
-
s
 CHA PTE R XX
PLANTS VA LUA B L E FOR TH E CH A R ACTER I STI CS OF
TH E I R F RUI T

TH E charm of m any lan d scape plantin gs d u ring fall and early

win ter months is d u e a l most entirely to the interesting eff ects prod uced
by the fr uit of v a rio us t rees shru bs and vi nes Too little attention
, , .

is given to the landscape val ue o f plants beca use of their fruiting

ch aracteristics It 1 s the general 1 mp ressi on t hat plants fo r land scape
.

val ue have co m plet ed their gre atest p u rpose when they have prod uce d
their foliage and flowe rs As a m atter of fact instances m ay be
.
,

co mmon within t h e recollection of everyone where so m e interesting

to uch of colo u r in the lan d sc a pe has been not iced and on fu rther st u dy
h a s been fo un d d ue entirely to the colo u r eff ect co m ing fro m a m ass of
han ging fru it .

To those people who occ u py their per m anent ho mes only d u ri ng the
fall and winter months and whose g reatest enjoy ment from their land
,
'

scape plantings sho u ld be prod uced by the fru iting eflect s this is a n ,

i m portant proble m I t is ad m itted t hat m any of o u r plants s u ch as t h e

.
,

horse chestn ut t ree o f h eaven honey loc u st and h ackberry prod uce
-
, , , ,

fruit which beca use of i t s littering h a bit is objection a ble These .

plants however are very few The list o f plants which pro d uce fruit
, , .

val u able beca use o f certain characteristics s uch as interest i ng form

and siz e colo u r effects and the a bility to retain the fruit d u ring t h e
, ,

later winter months incl u des m any of o u r trees shru bs and vines that
, , ,

a re v a l u a ble fo r their flowe ri n g effects also This qu estion is s uch an

.

i m portant one that each of the g ro u ps sho uld be taken u p in an i n

divi d u a l disc u ss i on The val ue of plants for t h eir fru its which attract
.

ou r m any bird frien d s presents s uch a n int e rest ing st u dy that t h is has
been taken u p as a d istinct part of this chapter .

Among plants u sefu l on the more refin ed lawn are a s where the d e ,

tailed develop ment o f landsc a pe plants is one of the most interesting

feat u res there a re a n um ber o f plants s uch a s the b u rning b ush c u
, , ,

cu mb er t ree , a nd t he ori e nt al plane rep re sent at i ve of t h e gro u p p ro

,

1 60
1 62 TH E COM PL ET E GAR DEN
Ari mi n a tri loba L ui d a mba r rtyraci flua
Paw Paw -
wee t G u m
Cata lp a sp eci om Li ri odmd ron tuli p
West ern Cata lp a Tuli p Tree
Cc ha la nthu: occi denta li :
u
tton B ush
Colutea a rbores ce m Ma gn oli acumi n ata
a
Bla dd r Senn a
e Cucumber Tree
Di oxpyro: vi rgi n i a na
Persi mmon Ori ent a l Plane
E m ymu : a trop a rp11 rm Pym: 6: 1 in va ri
i Sigh
c
B urn i ng Bush Si b eri a n Flo ve ri n g
Glt d i ui a tri a ca mho: Sta hylea p i n n a ta
Honey Locust g
umpea n B la dd er n-
ut
Gy mn ocla d w d i oi ca Sta hylea trif oli a
Ke nt u c ky Coffee Tree c ri c a uB la dd er n-
ut
Fruit Trees y)
va ri et

B . PROD U CI NG F RUI T VA LUAB LE FOR ITS Co ro n a E FF E CTS The .

colo u r efi ec t o f fru it ma y be e qu a lly a s eff ective a s the colo u r effect of

flowers So me fruit is eff ective a s a co m bin a tion of colo u r a ga inst
.

t h e b a ckg ro und o f g reen foli a ge Other fr uit is e ffective b ec a use

.

of its colo u r a t a se a son o f the ye a r when the foli a ge is gone Man y .

more pl a nt s sho u ld b e u sed fo r the colo ur efi ec t o f the fr uit than

are now seen in o u r l andsc a pe pl a ntings .

d eer r ubmm Ca rm a stolon ifera

Red M a p le Red Osi er Corne l
Ara li a i nom Common er d i eb i a n a
H erc a es Club Chi nese Cotoneaster
B erberi : (i a va ri ety ) Cotona uter d i oa ri cata
B a rb e rry Cotoneaster
Ca lli ea rpa u r u Cotonea ster hori z on tali : perpu
'

n lla
p rea

Be a u ty ru 1t Hyb n d P ros tra t e Cotonea ster

Celas trug 5 ca11 den r . Cotonea rter h upeh emi :
Amen ca n B1 tt e rsweet
_

Cotonea ster
Ch i on q n th us vi rgi n i ca Cowm an” multiflora ca loca rpa
:
W h 1te a ge Cotoneast er
Colu tea b
a r orescm: Cotoneafl er rac e miflora
B la dd er Sen n a Cotone a ster
i if ol1 a floccou
'

Com a : a lba J i bi rtca Cotonearter s al c

'

Si beri an ogwoo D d Cotoneast er

Com a : alu m i foli a Crata egu: ( i n vari ety)

Alte rn a te leave -
dD ogwoo d Th orn
Elea gm uIon pe:
'

Fl weri ng Dogwood
o Ja panese c ast er

Com a : pa n i cula ta Eoonymu : c la m:

Grey DogW OOd Co rk ba rked Burmng

-
Bu
i lt
 PLANTS FOR F RUI T CHARACTE R I STI CS 1 63

Em ymw a meri ca n w Ri m: typ h i n a

Strawberry B ush Staghorn Suma c
Em ymu : a trop urp u rm Rom bla n da
B urn in g B ush M d
ea ow Rose

Em m a : eu r opcmu Rosa mu ltiflora

E urop ean Sp i n dle Tree Ja p anese Cli mb mg Rose
H h a: rh a mn oi des Ros a m bi {now
uc kt h orn Sweet n er
Ros a rubri foli a
J a p a n ese H olly Red lea ve Rose
-
d
Ilex op era Rosa r ugom
Ameri c a n H olly
J a p a nese Rose
S a mbucu: ca n ad n m :
'

Wi n terberry Ameri can E ld er

Li { tra m (i n va ri et y) Sa mbucw ra cm om
n vet Red berri ed E lder
-

Lamcera morf owi Sa rbu ucupa ri a

'

a
Ja pa nese B ush H one sy uc kle E urope an Mounta in Ash
Lon i cera ga ta ri ca Sta hylm mfob a
'

Ta rt a n an oneysu H
c k le fi
n e ri can Bla dd er n-
ut
Symphori ca rp o: f a ce man s
Snowberry
ulifoh u Sym m!8 a ri r
'

P I1 pw op k ari t a r
i
J oca r

f
: 0: 1
i n e b arlt ln li an Cura nt '

P yraca n th a c Symplocu : pa n i cula ta

Evergreen Th orn Ja p anese Sweet Leaf
Rhod otypo: kerri oi dt : Va cci n i um (i a vari ety)
Wh i te Kerri a B lueberry
Ri m: gla bm Vi bu rn u m ( in va ri ety)
Smooth S uma c Vi bu rn u m

C . P ROD U C ING F RUIT VA LUAB LE DURIN G TH E W INT ER M o m s .

Th e grou p of trees a n d shrubs which ret a in i nteresting fr uit well int o

the winter months is co m p a ra tively li m ited A few o f these pl a nts
.

s ho u ld be in every l a ndsc a pe plantin g to give a to uch o f colo u r and li fe

d u rin g the de a d winter months .

B arbed : (ia va ri et y) Li w tmm vu lga r:

B a rberry urope an Pri vet
Celan rw sca n da l:
Ame ri can Bi tt e r sweet -

Cra taegw (i n va ri et y) P yrat a ntha cocci ma

Thorn Evergree n Th orn
Ila : op a ca Rh odotypo: kerri oidc:
Ameri can H llyo Wh i te Kerri a
Ri m: glabra
Wi nterberry Smoot h S u ma c
Li w i r a m {bola Ri m: typh i n a
j
a p an ese P ri vet Stagh orn Suma c
1 64 TH E COM PL ET E GA R DEN
Rosa bla n d a Vib urn um a meri ca n um
M ea dow Rose Ameri can i gh B u H s h Cran be rry

Rom mu lti flora Vi burn um d i la ta tum

Ja pan ese Cli mbin g Rose Ja p an es e Bus h C ra n be rry

Rom rugos a Vi burn um 0 11 111 :

J a p an es e Rose H i gh b u
-
s Cra n berry

P LANTS U S ED FO R ATT RACT ING BI R DS

I t is often advis a ble in the m a king of l a ndsc a pe plantin gs to use

, ,

t rees and s hru bs which pos sess orn a ment a l v a l ues fro m a landsc a pe
viewpo int a n d which a lso prod uce fru it th a t a t tra cts v a rio us species of
,

birds I t i s so meti m es po ssible to use these pl an ts in l a rge grou ps

.
,

while in other in st a nces it i s a dvis a ble to use s uch plants a s speci mens
a t interv a ls in the propose d pl a ntin g s This type o f pl an t mu st be
.

one which pro d uces fruit or see d po d s which c an be e a ten by t h e bird s .

I n this m a n n e r a l a rge n um ber o f bird s ma y b e ke pt on m any ho me

g roun d s thro ughout t h e d iff erent month s o f the ye a r es pe ci a lly i f ,

plants a re selecte d wh i ch a ttra ct t h e bird s in the se diff erent months .

I t is much e a sier to se lect a g rou p o f pl a n t s which will attra ct

b ird s d u ring t h e wint e r mon ths wh e n no foo d is a v a il a ble than it is
to choose pl a nts which will a ttr a ct bird s d u ring the s ummer months
when food is plentifu l .

There a re m a n y pl a nt s s uch as s um a c s mulberries bl a ckb erry

, , ,

Iilies jewe l wee d s a n d h a z el s w hich sho uld b e us ed occasional ly b e

, , , , ,

ca use their m a in v a l ue is the v a l ue of th e ir fru it for the fee d ing of birds ,

while th ey poss ess a very m in or v a l ue for orn a m ent a l l a n dsc a pe p l ant

i ng. On the oth e r h a n d there is a s u rpri s i n gly l a rge list of plants which
,

a re d e sir a bl e a n d which a re g rown co mm e rci a lly i n the n u rs e ry fo r u se

in ord in a ry l a nd sc a p e pl a n tin g which d o not pro d u c e v a l u able fruit .

I n thi s li st the re a d e r will re a d ily not e th a t d iff erent kin d s of shru bs

prod uce fruit which attr a ct s d iff e rent ki n d s of bird s The owner of a n .

est ate sho uld therefore k now t h e bird s which ge n e r a lly frequent the
loc a lity in que stion a n d sho ul d use pl a nts pro d ucin g fr u it a ttr a ct ive
to thes e species of bird li fe Th ere a re m a n y s hr ub s the fr uit o f which
.

is eithe r too h a rd or too a cid fo r birds to eat s uch as the followi n g : ,

privets sweet s hru b a n d bl a dd e r—

, , n ut .

To s ucces sfu lly attra ct bird s a pl a n t must possess ce rt a in require

me nts s uch as a bility to prod uc e a qu a ntity o f e d ible fru it to afford ,

shelt e r fro m t h e e xt re me h e at o f bri ght s un n y d a ys sh e lter fro m wind , ,

 1 66 THE COM PLETE GARDEN
Ru
bu: ( i a va ri et y) —1 , 2 , 1 2, 1 8, 1 9 . Vacci n i um (i a va ri ety) —4 , 5 , 7 , 1 1, 1 2.
Bra mbles 1 4 , 1 8 , 1 9 , 26
—
.

Sa mbucu: (i n va ri et y ) 5 7 1 0, 1 1
1 , 1 B I“eb et ry
:
1

1 61 I 71 1 8 : 1 9 1 2 2 1 24, 26
E ld
13 1

er
I 3 , 1 42 1 5 1
Vi n? (ia va ri ety) —r , s 7 , , u u , , 1 4, 1 7,

Symp h on ca rp o:
'

( i h va ri et y) —9 , 1 0, 1 2 , 1 3 . 1 3 » I 9 , 22 » 26 .

In i an Cu d
rra n t an d Snowberry Grape

b . H old i ng frui t i n to th e wi n ter mon ths

Cle w trw —
(i n va ri et y) 2
, 1 1 , 1 7, 1 8 , 26 . Myri m cm fera—l , 6, 7, 1 1 , 1 4, 1 7, 1 8 ,
Bi tt er sweet -
1 9 , 20 , 2 5 , 2 6 .

—
Cra m I t arg i m a 7 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 8 B ayberry
m —
.

Sc a r et fru1ted Th orn -
£114 (i a va ri ety) 4 , 5 , 1 0, 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4,

Crataegu : corda ta — 7 1 1 , 1 2 1 22 .

Bu
, .

Wa shi ngton Thorn c kt h o m

—
Cra ta egw t ruJ ga IIi 7, 1 1 1 2 1 8
-
.
Rh “ (m va fi a yk b 2 : 42 5 1 6: 71 "1
Coc ksp ur Thom 1 2 , 1 4, 1 7, 1 8 , 1 9, 20, 22 , 2 4, 2 5 , 26 .

Crata egu: oxycon tha —7 , 11 , 1 2, 1 8. Suma c

May Th o rn Sarba : (i n va ri et y) -
2, 5 , 9
, l o, 1 1 , 1 8,

E oon ymu : ( i h va ri e —2
, 1 8 , 1 9 , 26

B urnin g B ush an Sp i n d le Tree

.

M o u
n t a i n As h

— Symp h on ca rp o: ( i n va ri et y 9, 1 0,
'

12 13
1 121: op aca z , 7, 1 7 , 1 8 , 26 .

Ameri can Holly

.

Snowbe rry a n d In i an u rrant d

—
I lex omi ci llata z , 7, 1 7, 1 8 , 26 n a ca na dmf i :
Win terbe rry
.

Can a d i a n Hemloc k
Vi burn um (i n va ri ety) except va ri ety
J pun i er “ : ( i a v a ri et y H s 6 9 t o 1 4,
—
a meri c a n um z , 5 , 7, 1 1 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 1 9 ,
, , . . ,

1 6 , 1 7, 1 8 , 1 9, 2 3 , 2 5 , 26
2 2 , 2 5 , 26
.

Red Ce d a r
.

— Vi burn um
Lamcera (i a va ri ety) 9 , 1 o, 1 2 , 1 3
’

Honeysuc kle

H ips of the following roses are eaten by m an y spe cies of birds .

Rom bla n d a Ros a mbi 110m

°

Mea dow Rose Sweet n er

Rom ca roli na Rom ru brif oli a
Ca rolin a Rose Red lea ved Rose -

Rom lu ci d a Rom rugom and si ngle hybrids

Glossy Rose Ja p anese Rose
Ros a multiflora Rosa {aj gera
Ja panese Cli mb i ng Rose Pra 1 r1e Rose
Rom n i ti da Rom sp i nori i s i
Sh i ni ng leaved Rose -
Scot ch Rose
Rosa wi chura i a na

Memori al Rose

B i rd; a ttracted by the frui t Th e followi ng i s a t ab ul ation of

’

c . .

the interesting types o f birds which are at t ract e d by the va ri ou s

 PLANTS FOR F RU IT CH A RACT E R I ST I CS 1 67

—
kin ds of fr uit g rown on the plants in li st XX D a and b The n um bers -

appearin g after the na mes o f the plants on P ages 1 6 5 a n d 1 66 refer

to the n umbers opposite the na me s o f the d iff erent bird s in the follow
i n g list A ll of these b ird s fee d u po n one or more o f the ki n d s of
.

shown on the preced ing pages .

1 . Bla c kbi rd 10 . Gros bea k

2 . Blue bi rd
3 . Bo boli n k
4 . Ca t bi rd
5 . Ced a rbi rd
6 . Ch i c ka dee
7 . Crow
8 . Cuckoo
9 . Fi nch

E . P ROD U C ING Fnurr W mc n ATTRA CT S B ums AWAY F ROM OTH E R

FRU I T M u lberries and sh a d b u shes will protect cherri es and straw
.
-

berries E l d e rs Virgini a creeper an d black cherry will protect g rapes

.
, , .

E lders and mu lberries will protect raspberries and blackberries .

P ROD U C ING a n W mcn O FT E N MA K E S

‘

1 11 13 P LA NT UND E S I R
1 N LAND S C A P E P LA NT ING .

4 21 011 111 : h i p cw ta n um
Common o rse ch est n u -
t
1 1111 11111 11 : Ia n
Glad i ma
'

tri ac a nth o:
Tree of ea ven
Ca tal a ( ih va ri ety)
H on e y Locust
fi B Nu
t Trees ( i n va ri et y)
 CHA PT E R XXI

T REE S AN D SHR UB S B E A R I NG COLOURE D TW I G S

TH E trees and shru bs in the following list are those whose twigs a re
colo u re d s ufii ci ent ly to m ake the m of v a l ue fro m a l a n d scape stan d
point The colou r eff ect of twigs m ay be interesting fro m two po int s
.

o f vi ew : either bec a u se o f the vi vid colo u rin g s u ch a s is seen in the

,

red twi gged dogwood and in the glossy rose or of the genera l tone of
-
, ,

colou r s uch as seen in the American olive an d the golden b a rked -

willow in which the colo u r as a m ass is much more effective at a d is

,

tance th a n u pon close exa m in a tion .

Many o f the intere stin g shru bs incl u ded in this gro up are oft en
ti mes selected bec a us e of the sh a rp contrast between the colou r of the ir
twi gs a n d the white b a ckgro un d of snow or the g reen backgro und of
everg reens d u ring the winter months This is especi a lly tr ue of the
.

birches a n d the d ogwood s I n fa ct there is equ ally a s much intere st

.
,

d u ring the winter months in a pl a ntin g of this kind properly d e ,

ve 10p e d as in the d iff erence o f folia ge eff ects d u rin g the s ummer
,

months I t is a feat u re of l a n d scape planti n gs to which very little

.

attention h as been given and one wh ich de m ands c a reful st ud y in ord er

to b e s uccessfu lly worked o ut .

Ou ext ensive l awn areas in o u r parks and large p rivate estates

, ,

many speci mens of these pl a nts can be t ucked a way in large groups ,

where d u ring t h e winter months the colo u r eff ect of the twi gs will
lend an i n terestin g tone and more feeling o f li fe to the otherwi se mo
n ot o n o us eff ect o f the backg ro un d.

The d evelop ment o f m any vist a s is o ftenti mes e mph a siz ed thro ugh
the c a reful selection o f s uch pl a nts a s the birches willows an d R ussi a n
, ,

olive to give the fee ling of g re ater depth in the l a nd scape pict ure
, .

S uch speci mens pl a nt e d in the i mm ed i a te backg ro un d with a he a vy

, ,

text u re of plantin g i n the foreg ro und will gre atly a d d to the s uggested
,

feeling of d i stance .

The pl a nts incl ud ed in this g roup are those which c a rry an interest
i n g a n d vivi d colo u r o f the branches an d twi gs thro ugho ut the winter
1 68
1 70 THE COM P L ETE GA R DEN
i u t —g rey b a rk PI 1 “ —
ut li x wh it e ba rk
g
Ga
é 63
an c : or a

zf
a:
g
re y ogw e nt a l lane
Coma : J a n gu —
i nea oi ri d i sxi ma green twi gs P ap 11 111; tremuloi de; silve ry
Green st emmed Dogwood
-
b ra nches
Con : 1 f
°

1 10 011 1 er¢1 fla m
'

ra mmea —yellow Tremb lmg As pe n

gl
ar £ —
Rom bla nd a redd i s h p urp le t wi gs
Go lden twi gged 06 01 Mea dow Rose
—
-

E l mgn
a
i u( i n
ga ri e ty) s i lv ry b a rk e —
Rom Ia ci da redd i sh t wi gs
Ame n c an Ch y e Glossy Rose
Fa u: a m ri ca na —g rey b a rk Ro lw da
uBee ch
F
c ri c a

111
°

d”m “
fih
Sa li x 9 11 4 —
e llowi s h b a r]
:
7
Da rk g -
re en Golden Bell W h 1te W low
K erri e j a on i ra —g re en b ra n c h es Su lfa: vi telli n a aurea —g old en ye llow
Globe lower Gol en ba rke W illow
d -
d
Sa li x vi u — dd
lli n a bri tz m i r re i sh bronz e
H d
yb ri Yellow W illow
 CHA PT E R XXII
PLANT S VA LUA B L E B ECA US E OF THE AUTUMN
COLOUR ATI ON OF TH E L E A V ES

ON E of the most ch a r mi n g fe at u res of o u r no rthern lan d scape s , e s

p ec i a lly thro ug h the northea stern U nite d St a tes where s uch a g reat

va riety of deci d uo us trees a re in d i gen o us , is the a ut umn colo u ration of

the foliage D u ring the nor m al growing seasons , when a mple rains
.

have fa llen and the tree s a re full with s a p at the en d of the season , the
aut umn colo u rs a re much more vivid than d u ring a d ry season .

It is ext re mely i m po rtan t in desi gni ng lan d scape plantings that

tho ught sho uld be given to the fr u iting eff ects d u ring the fa ll an d
winter months a n d a lso to the a ut umn colo urs of the foliage of o u r trees
an d shr ubs A sm a ll touch of colo u r in the border shru b plantings of
.

the average l awn is us u a lly the d iffe rence between an u ninteresting

and an interesting pl a ntin g at that season of the year E very planting .

shou ld have intro d uce d into it a few pl a nts which i f not v a l u ab le for
,

their fru iting an d floweri ng ch a ra cteri st ics will prod uce a touch of
,

colo u r as accent s to relieve the monotony of the d e a d greens and

browns d u ring l a te Septe mber a n d October .

A ut umn colou ration i s the res ult o f an interesting physiological

funct ion within the pl a nt . Contr a ry to t h e avera ge opinion that
aut umn colo u r is the res ult of sh a rp freez es the presence of frost
,

serves b ut in a slight d eg ree to h a sten thi s colo u ring bec a u se t he ,

degree of cold necessary to prod uce a freez e fu rther ret a rds the flow
o f any sap . The prod uction o f the vivi d a ut umn colou rs is caused by
a devitaliz ed or incre a singly d orm a nt con d ition o f the plant Th e .

lessened flow of new s a p to the le a ves c a use d by t h e form ation of

, ,

corky tiss ue at the extre me b a se o f the le a f to cover a n d protect the

leaf scar d u ring the winter months res ults in a che mic a l reaction
°

o f the acids within the le a f its e l f The res ult s o f this che m ical re
°

act ion a re evident in the a ut umn colo u rs The factors d eter m inin g
.

th e kind and de g ree of a ut u mn colo u rat i on i s the p re senc e of d ifle rent

°

1 71
1 71 THE COM P L ETE GAR DEN
acids within the le a f These a cids a re pre sent const ant ly in th ei r
.

respect ive ty pe s of plants .

I t is a pec uli a r fact th at in so me trees a ut umn colo uration is much

more vivid than in other trees bec a u se o f the presence of cert a in aci d s
,

the che mical react ion o f which prod uces thes e vivid colo u rs The .

a ut umn colo u r a tion of foli a ge ra n ges fro m the d u ll browns th ro u g h the

yellows a n d orange to the brilli a nt red an d sc a rlet So me o f o u r .

trees an d shr ubs s uch as the red m a ple Ju d as tree so u rwood s umac , , , ,

a n d sassa fras develop their a ut umn colo u rs d u ring the e arly part
,

of the fall .I n these trees g rowth lst 0p s early in the season and
the wood m at u res more quickly There is one grou p of pl a nts .

s uch as the Virginia creeper Th un b erg s b a rberry red o a k hi gh

,
’

, ,

b ush cranberry an d a rrow woo d in which the a ut umn colo u r ation

,
-
,

is prod uce d shortly a fter the early trees h a ve shown their a ut u mn

colo u rs The A me ric a n beech gol d e n bell scarlet oak and b u rn i ng
.
, , ,

b ush an d so me others m a t u re an d ripen l a st of all an d a re incl u d ed

,

in the grou p with l at e a ut umn colo u r ation With the gre at Op po r .

tu n i t y fo r sele ct io n o f tree s a n d shru bs fro m these three w ell d e fin ed -

grou ps a s ucc e ssion i f it m ay be so ter med of a ut umn colou ration

, ,

ma y be obtaine d which will s upple ment an d a dd intere st to t h e fruit

,

i n g eff ect s prod uce d by a well selected g ro u p o f pl a nts val u able fo r t h e

-

ch a ract e ristic s o f their fru it .

On e has only to observe o u r n ative tree s a n d s hr u bs in the no rth

e a st to a ppreci ate the wond e rfu l colou r effect s w hich a re p rod uced
d u ring the a ut umn months a n d a re e vi d ence d on all of o ur hillsi de s .

So seldo m are shr ubs se lect e d fo r l a n d sc a pe g ro u pin g with a s pe c i fic .

int ention o f e mph a siz i n g th eir val ue bec a u se o f au t umn colo u ra tion ,

th at we h n d there a re few goo d ill ustrations a n d those at scattered ,

inte rvals showing the aut umn colo u rs a n d their va l ues in the settings
,

o f o u r l a wns .

LI ST OF P LANTS VA LU A B L E B E CAU S E OF TH E AUTU M N

COLOU RATI ON OF TH E L E A V E S
The pl a nts in t h e followin g three g ro up s h a ve been separated and
g ro u ped bec a u se o f the intere sting colou r eff ects o f the foli a ge Th e .

most i mport a nt fa ctor in sel ecting pl a n t s fo r t h e a ut umn colo u ration

o f th e ir foli a ge i s to s e lect m a te ri a l which will provi d e a s u ccession of

colou r fro m e a rly fa ll to l a te fa ll Th e colo u rs prod uced b y t h e foliage

.

of t h e diff erent typ e s a re indic a te d a fter e ach t y pe .

1 74 TH E COM PLET E GAR DEN
Eoonymw atropurpu m u ( red ) M 1 110111 1
1 1 7 1
1 01 11 111 ( bronz e)
Bu rn i n g B u sh Oregon ra pe

Em ymw eu rop aew red )

'
M a r mf era ( b ronz e)
'

E uro pe an Sp in d le a ybe rry

Fa u : a meri ca n a ( ri c h ye llow) 01 1 ll w
f
° °

a ai r i 1 1 1 t a ye o
e ri c a n Beec h op II -

gb rn ea n

(p u le) P i cn i c flon bund a ( b ronz e)

'

Forxyth i a
Da k Gr reen Golden Be l M
ou n ta i n Fette rb u
sh

Gi nk go bi loba ellow) Q u: a lba ( p urp le)

q tlT
c
Ma i d en h a i r ree
'

hi te Oa k
Ha ma m li : ai r i n i a n a ( yellow) Quercw cocci nea (sca rlet )
Wi tch az e H f Sca rlet oa k

b . Green Foli a ge So m e trees and shr ub s are e xceedin gly inter

.

estin g in the l a n d scape co m position beca u se of the varyin g and vivid

colou rs of their a ut umn foli a ge ran gi n g fro m brown or brownish yel
,

low thro ugh to vivi d scarlet an d b ri ght re d There is another

, .

gro up o f shru bs which are not so val u able b ec a use of th e a ut umn

colo ur of their foli a ge b ut beca u se of the fa ct that their foliage is
,

ret ained un til ext re mely l a te in the fa ll or pos sibly into t h e early ,

win ter S uch shru bs as the privets a n d m a n y others shown in this

.
,

l ist are very v a l u able in l a n d scape pl a nt ations where the owner

,

cannot beca use o f cli m a tic or soil con d itions re so rt to the u se of

, ,

everg reens a n d is still d esiro us of prod ucin g a foli a ge eff ect that will
,

serve as a backgro und or a screen until l ate into Oct ober or e a rly
Nove mber M an y o f these shru bs a re so mewh a t ten d er a nd the
.

fa ct that they d o c a rry their le a ves u nch a n ge d until late in the au t umn
often shows th a t they are not a ble to m a t u re their wood d u ring a nor
m al g rowing season Since th ey often d o not m a t u re their leaves they
.

a re a lso liable to go into the winter w ith ten d er woo d Many of the .

shru bs given in this list shoul d therefore not be plante d in expose d

places .

Sh rub:

Abeli a gra n diflora Cotoneaster h ori z onta li r

Hybri d Abeli a Prostra te Cotonea ster
Ara li a pen ta p hyla Elea gn u ; mu lti flora rotu nd if oli a
Fi ve lea ved An geli ca
-
Ro u n lea ve Gu
d -
mi d
B erberi : wi lson ae E oon ymw bun gea m usemi erxi f tm
Wilson s Ba rbe rry
’
H
a lf e vergreen S p i n le
-
d T
Cham om le: a po11 1 ca Fon ta na i a f ortu nei
° °

Ja pan ese uwec F

o rtu
’
ne s o n t an es i a F
Cow m a n ” a d pref m Foryyth i a vi ri d i u i ma
Creep ing Cotoneast er a rk g ree n Go l en Be ll
D d
 CH A PT E R XXI II
—
F A ST G ROW I NG TY P ES V ALUA B L E FOR P RODUCI NG
S CR E EN E FF ECTS
11 '
O FT EN becomes necessary to fin d so me fast growin g type of -

tree or shru b to pro d uce an i mmed iate screen This is especially .

true in th e d evelop ment of new lan d scapes where a foliage effect

is d esire d an d the more perm an en t types of shru bs in the plan ta
tion requ ire a lon ger perio d to p rod uce the d esire d effect I n s uch .

instan ces the more rapi d g rowin g types of shru bs ma y be p l ante d an d

-

re move d a fter the fi rst on e or two years a t which ti me the more

,

pe rm an e nt typ es h a ve d evelop e d fa r en o ugh so t h a t d u rin g t h e s uc

c e e d i n g ye a rs th e y w ill p ro d u c e t h e e ff ec t which t h e d esi gner ha d in

m in d wh en th ey we re fi rs t s el e c t e d Th e grea t d a n ge r in using qui c k

.

growin g typ es of t e mp o ra ry ma t e ri a l s fo r i mmed i a te eff ect s l ies in t h e

fact th a t fo r t h e s u c c e s s o f s uch p la n t a ti on s t h e own e r mu st h a ve the
“ ”
c o u r a ge o f hi s c o n vi c ti on s a n d r e mov e t h e t e m por a ry type s o f

m a te ri a l wh e n t h e t i me co me s t h a t th ey a re b e ginnin g to c rowd an d to
in j u re t h e mo re p e rm an en t typ e s .

In oth e r i n stanc es wh e re it i s n ec e s s a ry to sc reen service b u il d in gs

,

or bl a nk w a lls o f o ther b u i ld in gs such qu ick g rowin g t yp e s o f t rees

-

an d s h ru b s a s the ail a nth u s popl a rs w ill ow s an d e l d ers ma y b e pl a nt e d

, , , .

Th e a il a nth u s e sp ec i a lly i s us e d to form a m a ss o f fo li a ge a g a i n st

s ervic e b u ildi n g s a n d bl a nk w a ll s d u rin g t h e s um me m onth s b ut ,

thi s t re e i s c ut b a c k e a c h y e a r t o a h ei ght o f three or fo u r fee t an d t h e

n ew g rowt h p ro d u
'
c e s t h e effe c t d u ri n g t h e n e x t y e a r .

Th e fa st g rowi n g t yp e s o f t ree s a n d sh ru b s o ft en u se d to prod u ce

-

qu ic k effec ts a re c o rrespon d in gly sh o rt liv ed Th o se tre es an d s hru bs

.

which grow r a pid ly ma t u re a n d d e c a y n e a rly a s r a pidly Very few

, .

o f the s e typ es s h o u l d b e pl a c ed i n p e rma n e n t pl an t i n gs .

This li st con si st s o f tw o d i st i n c t g ro u p s o f fa st g rowi n g ma terial

-

t h a t gro u p o f wh i c h t h e a il a n t h u
, s p o pl a r w i ll o w a n d e l d e r a re typic a l
, , ,

b e in g the v e ry r a pi d g rowi n g typ e s o f m a t e ri a l an d th a t g roup o f which

-
,

the re m a in in g trees an d s hru b s a re typi c a l b e i n g ra pi d growin g type s -

1 76
 —
FA ST G ROW ING TY PE S FOR S C R EEN E FF ECTS 1 77

which are more or les s perm a nent i n their ch a racter of growth Th e .

types con taine d in this last gro u p establish the mselves mu ch more
quickly than trees a n d shru bs o f a si m ilar kin d which requ ire a lon ger ,

period a fter transpl an tin g be fore m akin g a normal growth .

S u ch shru bs as the weigela the ninebark an d the privet are o ften

, ,

u sed to obtain qu ick m a ss effects of foliage a ro un d the b a se o f b u ild in gs

in locations where the slower growin g type s o f sh ru bs su ch as lila cs
-

, ,

bridal wreaths an d sn owballs wou ld re qu ire a much lon ger ti me to

,

develop a si m ilar effect .

—
LI ST OF FAST G ROWI NG TY PE S VAL UA BL E FO R P RODUC
ING SC R EEN E FF ECTS
Th ese grou ps con t a in the very fa stest growin g an d most te m po rary
types of trees an d shru bs a n d the more rapi d growi n g types of trees
,
-

and sh ru bs o ft en use d in perm a nen t pl an tin gs Material m ay be .

select ed fro m these grou ps when an i mme d i a te foliage effect is d esired .

1 1 01 1 1 4 1 1 114 1 111 11 111

Silver M a ple
1 4114 11 1 1111: 14 111111 101 4
Tree of c a ven
Cata lp a J p eci om
West ern Ca t a lp a
L4 1 1x 1 1 1 1 0p 1 4
E uro pea n La rch

M01 11: 4 111 4 14 14 1 11 4

M ulberry
Shrub:

Coma : 4 111 4 1 1611 11 4 L1g11 1 11 11 111

Si be ri an Dogwood Amoor R1ver a et
001 1 1 11: 5 101011 1 1 1 4 Lo11 11 1 1 4 i n va ri et y)
'

Red Os i er mel Bu sh on eys uc kle

Deutz ia 1 1 1 11 4 14 P 1 111: of Rocha !” P hi la delp hw gra 11 ci 1

°

La rge flowered De u
-
tz i a La rge flowered
-
oc lc Orange

P I1 1 01 4 1 p11: 0p11 11f011 111

°

Rose colou -
red Wei gela i n eb a rk
8 4 111611011 1 1 4 11 4 111 1 1 11:
Ameri c an Elder
 CHAPTE R XXI V

PLANTS A D A PTE D TO VA R I OUS TY PES OF SOI L

CON D I TI ON S

A VERY i m portan t factor in determ inin g the sorts of plants adapted

to any sp e ci fic location is the soil type By soil type is m eant the
.

relative acidity or a lkalinity of the soil ele ments the relative fin en ess
,

of the so il particles an d the relative state o f d ryn ess o f the soil ma t e ri a L

,

A ll of these con d itions overlap and co m bine with one another an d pro
d u ce soil types which a re favo u rable for certain grou ps of p lants and
un favou rable for other grou ps The ex act physiological reasons why a
.

plant shou ld s u cceed so much b e tter on one soil type th a n on an other

is seldo m ex act ly understood ; b u t pract ical experience has hel ped to
sol ve m a ny proble m s and to brin g o u t m any interestin g facts .

Plan ts adapted to boggy soils are likely to be sha llow rooted like the
-

e lm an d they a re able to withstand a soil con d ition which is poorly

,

ae rated an d almost inva riably acid I n fa ct a pond fu ll of a lk a line or

.
,

li my water will genera lly be fo und practic a lly devoid of p l a nt l i fe ,

wh ile in an acid pond pl a nts thrive so that they grad u a lly disp l a ce
t h e water as i n sph a gn um bogs which were op en ponds at one ti me
,

b u t have lost that charact er through t h e exces sive g rowth of pl a nts .

I n a true bog there is practica lly no free drainage except d u rin g the
sprin g thaw or flood ti me .

Pl ants adapted to bog ga rd ens are called bog pl an ts P erhaps t h e.

most p ro m inent of these peren ni a ls a re the diff erent varieties of the

lady slipper an d the pitcher pl an t One of the most essential things
-
.

fo r the s u cces s of bog g arden plants is to h a ve a moist condition which

does not vary to any m arked d egree I t is mu ch better to have the
.

groun d s u rro undin g the roots of these plan ts over satu rated than to
-

have the degree of moistu re beco me too much d epleted ; as the water
table th roughou t the entire area of the bog g a rden sho u ld be m ain
t a i n ed at a constant level an d a t the sa m e ti me the water shou ld not be

allowed to become stagn a nt If the a rea which is being developed a s a

.

bog ga rd en d oe s n ot natu rally posses s a g rowth o f cert a in plants which

-

on e knows to be i n d i genou s to b og areas then inves ti g ation sho u l d be

1 78
1 80 THE COM P LET E GA R DEN
types of soil The everg reens in th is g ro u p sho u ld never be p la n ted
.

in a soil containin g li mestone o r in a soil which 1 8 s u pplied wi t h water

fro m a so u rce where li m estone 1 s present or be ferti li z ed with bone
°

mea l .

4 . B oggy 1 1111 4 1101 1: ( T1 1 1 : a nd Sh rubs )

4 111 1 1 1 11 1 11 111 1 11 4 011 3 111 11 4

Red M a ple Vi rgi n i an Willow
4 111 11 : 111 1 111 01 4
Bla c Al er d Ta ma ra ck
4 111 11 : 111 1 4 11 4 Ny1 1 a 1 104 1 11 4
Spec kle Al d d er Tu p e o

Alma 1 11 3 1 1 1 11 14 14 P 11 1 4 4 1b4
Smoc Alder Whi te Spruce
4 1
1 011 4 4 1 11 11 11 0114
7 Qu1 1 1 11 1 4 111 4

Red Chokeberry Wh i te Oa k
4 1 011 14 1111 14 11 01 4 1 p4 Q b1 1
11 1 1 1 11 1
1 0 01

B la ck Chokeberry Swa mp Wh i t e Oak

8 1 111 14 11 i gr4 Qu1 r1 11 1 p 4 1111 11 11

Red B i rc h Pi n Oa k
C1 11 4 14 11111 11 1 01 1 1111 1114 11: S 8 4 111 1 ( i a va ri et y)
utton B us h Wi llow
T4 x 0d 111 111 d 11 111 11 11 111
B a ld C p ress y
C11 111 1 4 4 111 1f 0114 3 Thu
j a 01 1 1111 4 1 4 111
Sweet Pe p pe r B u sh Ame ri ca n Arbo rvi ta e
1 1 4 11 111 11 : 4 1111 1 11 4 11 4 T1114 4 1111 1 11 4 11 4

Wh i te Ash Ameri can Li n den

f1 3 111 111 112 0m U1111 11 1 4 1111 1 11 4 11 4

n by St J oh n 8 W ort
.
’
Ameri can E1111
7 4 1 1 111 111 111 (i n vari et y )
Wi nterberry Blu ebe rry

B oggy 5 1111 4 11011 5 ( P eren n i a ls )

Af c1 lp14 : 1 11 111 4 M111 1 114 1 11 1
11 1 111

Red M ilkweed Pa rtri d ge Berry

111 111 01 4 11: 01 111 11 11114 1 14 11 4 14 014 1 4
Bog As t er Cmn a mon Fern
Cy 1 1p1 d 111 111 1 4 11 111114 111 01 111 11 11 114 1 1 3 4 111
ma ll Wh i te La d y s Sli p pe r
’
Royal Fem
E u a tod um 01 1 b1 11 4 1 f 01111 111 R111 x 14 011 g111 11 4
fiou g h T h o ro u g h w o rt d
M ea ow Bea ut y
04 11 11111 1 14 p 1 01 11 111 b1 11: Ryn 1 h 01 p 01 4 4 1b 4
W mt erg reen Wh i te Bea ke rush d -

8 4 1 1 4 1 1 11 14 1 p 11 1 1 4

Swa mp p i n k-
P1t ch er lan t
8 1 30
01 114 1
n
1te
Swa mp Go lden rod
 VA RIOUS TYP E S OF SOIL COND I TI ON S 181

P 1 4 1y 1 1111 4 110111
P 11 1 11 flon bu
'

K4 1111 14 4 11 1j 0114 1144

Sh eep L giif
el Moun ta i n Fetterb ush
Ka lm14 14 1170114 R11 04041 114 1 011 (ih va ri et y)
Moun ta i n La urel Rhodod en d ron
L1 411 111 g1 01 11 14 11411 1 1 111 T4x 111 1 4 1 14 41 1 11 11
La b ra dor Tea Grou n d Yew

P 4 1 11 11 111114 1 4 11by1 7 111 11 1 1 14 111 11 11 411 111

Can by s M ou
’
nta i n Lo ver La rge Wi t he rod -

X 4 4 11101 1 11 11 4 4 p11jfol14
Yellowroot

B LI GHT, SANDY S o n
.
This group contain s m any hardy types of
s .

t ree s an d shrubs which see m to flouri sh un der poor soil con ditions In .

gene ral they have a deep root syste m which en a bles the m to obta i n
moistu re a n d food m a terial d u ring periods of d ry weather .

4 . T1 1 1 1 :

C01 11 11 1 1101 144 P 111111 1 101 1 11 11

Floweri ng Dogwood Scot c Pi ne
j 11 11 1p 1 1 11 1 011 g 111 14 114 F f 11 m11 11 4 4 111 1 001 111 1114 14
Red Ced a r H yb n d E u ro pe an B i rd Ch e rry

P 111 11 1 ba n k1 14 114 P ym ba cca ta (i h va ri et y)

J a c k Pi n e Si beri a n Floweri ng Cra b
P 111 111 1 1 144 0 11 1 1 1 11 1 mbra
P i t c h ine Red Oa k
P 1114 : 1 11 01 11 1 12011111 14 1 1 11 4 4 1 4 1 14
Wh i t e P i n e Bla ck {ow n

1
1 114 11 4 11 11 ] 11 11 1p1 1 11 1 1 01 11 111 11 11 11
Pi n kst e Co mmon J un i p er

C4 1 4 g4 114 M4 11011 14 a 11 1j 01111 111

Si beri an Pea Sh ru b 0rego
o m ta é
Ca111 p1a11 i a 4 1 p11 11 170114 M 1 11 4 1 1 1 1f 1 1 4
Sweet Fern a yb e rry

C01 11 111 1114 1 P 1 11 11 11 1 1114 1 111111 4

Co meli a n Ch erry Bea ch Plum
Cy111 1 11 1 1 0 4 1 111 1 12114 111 1111 1 1 4 1 114 1 111 4
Scot c h room Common B u c kt ho rn

H4 111 4 1111 111 011 11114 114 1211 11 1 1 4 114 41 111 11

W i tc h H a z e Fra gran t Su ma c
H 114 1 1 114 01 11 0
141 1 R01 4 1 11 g01 4
uc k thom J p a a n w e R ose

H d ra 11g1 a p4 1111 11 14 14 14 8 4 1111 11 11 1 11

a rge flowen n g Hy
-
ra ngea Dwa rf Grey Willow
1 82 THE COMPLET E GA R DEN
7 4 014 1 111 (h vari ety)

8 1111 4 1 4 04 1111011 111 1

Van Hou tte s B ri
’
dal Wreath
V161 (i a
1 1 1 1 11 111 vari et y)
Vi b u
rn um

'

4 1 1111 1414 (i n va ri et y) L01111 1 1 4 4 fi n11 4

114 1114 114
Silver Vin e J p
a an e éfi o n ey m ck le

Lyc111 111 114 11111 1701111 111

M atri mony Vi ne
C1 14 1 1 1 11 1 (i n va ri et y) V1111 (i a variety)
B i tt er sweet -
Gra pe
C HE AVY TYP E S or
. Most of th e plants i n th is grou p a re not
of a dee p rooted type an d a re better adapted fo r u
-
se i n the h e avy types

of soil The se p l ants under norm al conditions shoul d be p l an te d i n

.
, ,

heavy clay soil wh ich i s n ot we ll drain ed Th is list i s co mpiled for.

re ference where the extre me of cl ayey soil conditions exi st a n d a

particu l a rly safe group of plants i s de sired from which to select .

1 4611 1 bal1 a111ea L4 11 } 1 11 1 0p 4 1 4

B a lsam Fi r E uropean Larch
brachyp hylla 14 1 11 1114
Nikk o Fi r Ta mara ck
d b11 1 01 111 11 1 11 p10 1 11
Vei t ch s Silver Fi r Ja pan ese
’

4 1 1 1 1 11 b1 11 111 P 11 1 4 1 11 1 1 11 4
Red M a ple Norwa y Sp w ca
4 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 11 4 1 11 111 P 111 111 1 11 011 11 1
Su g ar M a p le W h i te Pi ne
Ameri can Arborvi tae
F4 11 1 in va ri et y ) T1 1 1 ga 1 4 114 41 111 1 1
Canadi an Hemlock

4 1 4 114 in va ri et y)
Tree
°

ca

3 1 1 111 1 11 11 1 111 1 1 3 ; D11 1 01114 11 1111 4

Th u
n b e rg
’
s J a p an ese B arberry B ush Hon eysuckle
04 11 01 111111
9
1 4 11 111 11 1 H 4 11 1 14 1 4 1 011114
t ra wbe rry S ru b h Silver B ell
C01 11 111 (i a va ri e ty)
Dogwood
1 84 TH E COM P L ET E GA R DEN
All of t he plants i n the followin g list po ssess so me char a cte rist ic which
fit s th e m for growin g i n d ry places a n d shou ld be chosen for planting i n
those d ry spots u pon e m bank ments or on s a ndy soil where it i s so h a rd
to sec u re res u lts with ordinary herbaceo us p erennials While the plants .

incl u ded i n this list a re called d ro ught resistin g pl an ts they a re n ot

-

s u ch plan ts a s will withstand deliberate a b u s e through lack o f c u ltiva

tion or other norm a l care The atte m pt to a d apt plants of this kin d to
.

ex tre me soil con d itions shou ld n ot be m ade un til a decision h a s been

reach ed that n o cha n ges i n soil conditions a re pr a cticable or j ust i fi a b le .

L14 1 1 11 1 1 4 1 101 4
La rge B u tt on Sn a keroot
4 11 1 11 11 1 4 11 4 111 4 L1114 1 14 44 1111 4 1 11 4
Alka net D
a lma ti a n To a d fla x -

4 111 11 11 1 4 my1 011d1fl01 4 Lu i n w 11 0131 11 y1111 1

Ca u ca s i an Alk an et g e renn nal up in
4 1 4 b11 4 1 111 4 N e eta 1 1 111 1 111 1

Rock ress é mm
1
at t

4 1 1 11 4 1 14 111011 14 1 1 4 01 11 01111 1 4 11 11 111 01 4

Sa n d wort Su n rop s d
4 1 11 111 11 14 4 b1 014 1111 111 01 1101111 1 4 1 p1 1 101 4
Southernwood M issouri Even i ng Pri mrose
4 1 11 111 11 14 1 11
111 1 14 11 4 P 4 4 01 1 01 11 1 114 11
B eac h Wormwoo d t i en t a l Po p p y

C4 14 1 1111 111 14 11 1 1111 1 114 14 P 14 1y1 04011 1 4 11 40 101 4 111

Roc k P u rsla n e B a lloon lowe r
C1 1 41 1111 111 101 111 1 1 101 11 111 8 4 1014 4 211 1 1 4
Snow m Su -
mme r-
B lu e Sa lvi a

0111 11 4 11 111 1“ 4 111011 1 8 4 1014 111 4 11 1 11 11

Hybri d W a llflower Mea ow Sa ged
D14 1111m1 111 1101111 1 8 4 11101111 4 1 11 4 1114 1 1 yp4 1 1 1 11 1 ‘

M a i den P i n k d
La ven er Co tt on
Drab a 4 7 01411 1 1 8 1 411 111 (i n va ri ety)
Ai z oo n li ke Wh i tlow Grass
-
S t on e c ro p

E 1 11 1110p1 1 11 1 0 8 1 1 11 1 1 01011 111 (in va ri “ w

Globe Th i stle q selee ks

E 1 131 1 011 1 1 1 101 11 1 S14 1 11 y1 14 11 4 14

Oregon lea b an e Wooly Woun wort d
E ryn gi um 4 1111 111 y1 1 111 11 111
'

T11 11 11 4 1 4 x 1f ra g4
‘

Amet h yst Se a Holly Sax i fra ge li e Tu n i ca

-
k
E 11 l1 arbi a 1 111131 111 0141 : 7 1 1 11 4 1 1 11 111 01 p 11 11 111
ellow olf s mi lk
’
-
Gree k Ma l em
6 14 11 1 111 111 114 011 111 7 1 1 11 4 1 1 11 111 11 01 11 11 1 11 01
Sea Po p py Purp le ullem
11 1 114 11 1111 111 11 111 (i a va ri et y) 7 1 1 11 4 1 1 11 111 p 11la111c i d1 1
Frostweed Cla sp i n g lea ve M u
-
d
llei n
L1atri 1 pycn01 14 1 hy4 Yu cca ( i n v a ri
B laz ing Sta r d
A a m s Nee e
’
d
 CHAPTE R XXV
P LANT S FOR EX PO S E D L A K E F RONT AND R I VER
CO N D ITI ON S

W E H A VE oft en oticed pl an t a tion s a lon g exposed l a ke front s an d

n

riv e r fron t s wh ere n o rma l d eve lo p men t see m s to h a ve b een g reatly

'

—
ret a rd e d a n d a cons ide ra bl e lo ss fro m wi n t e r kill i n g h a s b e en ex p e

ri en c e d
. A d e fin i t e p roblem i n t h e select i on o f pl a n ts a d a pted to
th ese loc a tion s i s p resen t ed e speci a lly wh e re t h e p rev a ilin g win d s
,

du rin g the colde r p e riod s i n t h e ye a r a re fro m t h e w a te r .

The pl an t m a t e ri a l s li sted i n thi s group a re select ed from those which

h a ve b een fou nd h a rdy un de r t h e exposed l a ke fron t an d rive r fron t
con dition s n ea r th e Great L a kes an d t h e sma lle r rive rs of th e n o rth e rn
po rtion s of the middl e west M a n y pl a n ts w hich a pp a ren tly a re
.

h ardy un d e r t h e mo re even an d seve re cli ma tic con dition s of the i h

l an d a re not h a rdy un de r th ese w a t er fron t c on dition s Thi s i s la rgely
-
.

du e to t h e sudd en c h a n ge s o f t e mp era t u re d u ri n g the wo rs t o f the

win te r mon th s an d a lso to the poss ible effects o f t h e sp ra y freezin g on

,

t h e stem s . In gen e ra l plan t s which do n ot rip en thei r growt h un til

ve ry late i n t h e se a son a re n ot recommend ed fo r use un der these
c on dition s .

No pl an t s n ot even t h e more h a rdy typ es of those i n cl uded i n these

,

li st s wi ll a d a pt th em selves to n o rma l con dition s of growth a s

,

ea rly a s t h e s a me pl a n t s wo u ld a d a pt th emse lves u n d er i n l a n d c on

di ti ons o f cl i ma t e a n d a t mo sph e re . A gre a t e r p e rc ent a ge of loss will be
ex pe rien ce d an d t h e on ly p ra c tic a l meth o d fo r obt a in i n g a co mpl ete

pl a n t i n g i s by c a re ful a ddition a n d repl a c emen t du ri ng the fi rst th ree

or fo u r y e a rs It i s n ece ssa ry for muc h o f thi s ma teri a l to b ecome ac
.

c li ma t e d to the s e mo re sev e re c on dition s a n d it ma y be a dvi s able a t

,

time s to pl an t some of t h e mo re ra pid growi n g t ree s a n d sh rub s a s a

-

p a rti a l p rot e ction d uri n g t h e fi rst two o r th re e ye a rs .

It i s p refe ra ble th a t ma t e ri a l used on t h e st e ep er slopes of river

fron t s an d l a ke fron t s sho uld posse ss a d ee p root sy st e m which will
aid in p rotectin g t h e slopes aga in st e ro sion I f t h e slopes a re steep
. -

1 85
1 86 TH E COM PL ET E GA RDEN
an d wash b a d ly du rin g pe riod s of rain such types as locust s umacs , ,

wi llows an d the mat rimon y vi n e will form a deep root system quickly
, .

The p rocess of n atu ra lizi n g t ree s a n d sh rub s on th e s lopes of river

b an ks an d lake shores i s a s low on e It should n ever be a ttempted as a
.

s in gle ope ration The mate rial sh ould be yo un g a great pe rcen ta ge of

.
,
”
loss must be expec ted an d on ly th e su rvival of th e fi t test rule c an
,

apply .

LI ST OF PLANT S FOR EX POSED LA KE F RONT AND R IVE R

COND ITI ON S
The plan ts i n Group s A B an d C of thi s li st in clude the h a rdy types
, ,

of t ree s an d sh rub s A ll of these type s have been kn own to th rive

.

un de r the seve re ex po su res of l a ke sho re an d river fron t a ge th roughout

the n orthea ste rn Un it ed S t a tes Most of the se plan ts a re adapt ed for
.

use on th e slope s so oft en foun d alon g rive rs an d lakes .

4 1 1 1 3 111114 14 P 111 111 114 111 1 14 114

Siberi an Ma ple Jack Pi ne
4 111 111 111 1 11101 4 P 10 4 1 11101114 114 111 11 3 11111
B la Ald er Dwa rf Mounta i n Pi ne
8 1 111 14 4 164 P 111 111 11 13 1 4 4 111 11 14 1 4
E uropea n W h i te B irch Au stri an Pi ne

3 1 111 14 pop u li 0114 P 111 111 1 1 144

Ameri can i te B i rch Pi tch i nc
04 1 4 3 4 114 4 1 11 01 1 1 1 1 111 P 111111 101 1 11 11
Si beri a n Pea Sh ru b Pi ne
C1 4 14 1 1 01 1 1111 4 P0 111 11 4 11 4 111
Sca r et fru-
i ted Thorn alsam Po p lar

C1 4 14 1 g11 1 0xy1 4 11111 4

M ay Thorn
E 14 1 4 g11 111 4 11 g11 1 11f0114
Ru ssi a n Oh ve
'

F1 4 x 1 11 111 4 1111 1 11 4 114

W h i te Ash
] p
11 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 0 111 111 4 11 11 0 111 1 1 111 1 114 1 1 01 4 1 p 4
Common J u n i pe r Mossy Cup Oa k
j 1p 1 1 1 R0b111 14 1 1 11 44 1 4 1 14
i
11 11 1 1 11 1 0 1 3 11 4 114
Red Ceda r B la ck u
oc st

P 11 1 4 4 111 4
W hi te Sp ru ce Yellow W i llow
Norway Sp ruce
U1111111 1
4 1111 1 1 4 114
Ameri can Elm
 CHA PTE R XXVI
TRE E S AN D SHR U B S FOR S EAS I D E PLANTI NG
A P E C UL IA R si t ua tion exi st s i n t h e rel a tive h a rd i n ess of t rees an d
sh ru b s for sea side expos ures Pl an t s which a re en ti rely h a rdy on ex
.

posed ri ve r fron t a n d fresh w a t e r lo c a tion s a re a p t n ot to th ri v e a t the

se a s id e e sp e c i a lly a l o n g t h e M a i n e Coa s t a n d t h e mo re e xp o se d po i n ts
,

of New E n gl a n d Wh e re t h e c l i ma ti c c o n diti on s o f t h e Wi n t e r a re n ot
.

ext re me l y s e ve re a s o n L on g I s l an d an d t h e po i n t s fa rth er south

, ,

mo st o f the h a rdy t ree s a n d sh rub s a re W ell a d a p t ed Th e re a re loc a .

ti on s on th e ex po sed fron t a ges o f t h e G re a t L a kes Wh ere c on ditio n s a re

e qu a lly a s s ev e re a s a re c o n di t i on s o n t h e e a st co a s t o f th e n o rthe a st e rn

Un it e d S t a t e s .Th e s a lt a i r c on di tion a n d t h e s a l t spr a y d urin g t h e

Win t e r mon t h s doe s n ot b eco me a fa cto r howev e r i n l a ke fron t ex
, ,

p o s ures .

Pe rh a p s t h e mos t se v e re c on diti on s o f s ea sid e exposu re i n the coun t ry

a re a lon g t h e s h o res o f P e n ob sc ot B a y a n d t h e M a i n e Co as t In a ll.

o rn a m en t a l pl a n ti n gs i n th ese l o c a t i o n s it h a s b e e n a que s tio n of

ex p e ri m e n ti n g t o d et e rmi n e t h e t re e s an d s h ru b s t o be u se d to With
st a n d t h e ext re m e a n d s e v e re c o n di t io n s o f t h e Wi n t e r mon t h s Th e .

g ro w i n g sea so n i s s ho rt Th. e re fo re t re e s an d s h rub s W hi c h re q ui re

a l o n ge r ripen in g p e ri o d i n t h e mi d s u mme r an d e a rly fa ll mo n th s
-

a re s u bj e ct t o c on sid e ra bl e Wi n t e r k i lli n g b e c a use o f t h e i mm a t ure

-

co n diti on o f t h e W oo d W h e n fre ezi n g W e a th er b e g i n s Thi s s a me

.

fa cto r a l so d e p ri v es t h e e a rly s p ri n g flowe ri n g s h rub s o f t h e woo d

-

Whi c h p rod uc es flowe rs on b u d s fo rme d t h e y e a r be fo re Th e d e .

cid u ou s t re e s w hi c h a re h a rdy a l o n g t h e co a s t o f M a in e a re tho se whi c h

a re in digen o u s to th a t s e c ti o n s uc h a s b e e c h es re d o a ks Wi ll o ws an d
, , ,

re d m a pl e s Non e o f t h e mo re re fin ed t yp es o f eve rgre ens with t h e

.
,

ex c eptio n o f t h e re d c e d a r a n d t h e p ro s t ra t e j un i p e r h a v e p ro ve d h a rdy
,

i n th ese l o c a ti o n s Th e A me ri c a n a rb o rvi t a e 1 11 ma n y in st a n c e s i s
.

h a rdy a n d i n o th e rs h a s n o t p rov ed h a rd y Th e Whit e cyp ress i s

, .

ra rely seen A n umb e r o f sh rub s W h i c h a re i n c l ud e d i n th i s li st h a ve

.

p rov ed t h e msel ves e x t re mely h a rd y a n d a bl e t o d evelop i nto ma tu re

1 88
 TR EES AN D SH RU B S FO R S E A S I DE PLANTING 1 89

typ es which ma ke excellen t specimen s an d good mass plan tin gs .

The location con sid e red i n thi s discussion i s a lon g th e n o rth e a st shore ,

whe re the ex po su re i s the most severe In t h e in l an d section s removed .

,

from the seve re expo s ure of the s a lt wa t er an d p rot ected by buildin gs ,

an d wood l an d developmen t s a l a rge p a rt o f t h e l i st o f gen e ra lly h a rdy

,

sh rub s u s ed th ro u ghout New En gl a n d c a n b e pl an ted with sa fety .

All of th e m a t e ri a l i n thi s gro up however h a s been un de r ob servation

, ,

for a n u mbe r o f ye a rs a n d h a s p roven it se l f tho ro u ghly h a rdy .

In goin g fa rth e r so u th a lon g t h e le ss exposed New En glan d sh o res -

we fin d a gro up of t re es an d sh rub s which a re fully h a rdy but whi c h ,

do n ot dev elop a t thei r best a lon g t h e s ev ere expos ures of t h e M a in e

Co a st . A ll of t h e m a te ri a l shown i n t h e fi rst li st i s fully h a rdy a lon g
t h e New E n gl an d Co a st a n d the l ess e xpo sed sho re loc a tion s Th ere
-
.

a re ma n y oth e r s h ru b s which might p rove h a rdy Un d e r t h e a utho r s ’

.

ob se rv a tion man y types of thi s m a te ri a l h a ve b een used a t on e time or

an oth e r Sou rces of respon sible in fo rma tion h a ve been fu rth er con
.

sa lte d a n d m an y pl a n t s o f qu es tion a bl e h a rdi n e ss which might othe rwi se ,

h a ve b een in cluded i n th ese group s h a ve been for the p resen t omi tted
, .

LI ST OF T R EES AN D S H RUB S FO R S EAS I DE PLANTING

A . P LA NT S H A RDY UND E R TH E SEVERE Ex p o s un s o r TH E NO RTH
ATLA NT I C COA ST Out on ly sa fe guide i n the se le ction of plan t typ es
.

for the ext reme expo sure s a lon g t h e n o rthe a st co a st i s the ex p e ri en ce of

those who h a ve en d ea voured to a c c li mate a wide ra n ge of pla n t
m a te ri a l s Th ese pl an ts h a ve p roved thoroughly h a rdy b ut it i s
.
,

poss ible th a t oth e r pl an ts which may b e test ed out i n othe r location s

o r i n t h e fut ure will p rove eq ua lly a s ha rdy .

D1 1 1d 11 011 1 11 1 1 1

4 111 1 11 61 1 1 111
Red Ma ple
3 1 1 11 14 1 P0 11 1111 11 1 1 4 114 111 4
p
£1 f
114
a
9 1

Pa per 1 1 o mb a r y Pop lar

3 ul cl a P ru 11 11 1 1 1 1 01111 4
gfifi
1 111 14 p p
o
Ameri ca n te B i rch W ild B la ck Ch erry
P0 11 111 1 4 1b4 Q u 1
ah i
1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
’
re Pop la r Red Oa k
P0 111 b 1
4 1 4 1 11 1f 1 1 4
'

alsa m Pop la r W h i t e W illow

Sh i n i ng W illow
 1 90 TH E COMPL ETE GAR D EN

Red Sp ruce

111 14 114 (na ti ve forms)

Jack Pi ne
Ta mara ck Swi ss Mounta i n Pine
P 11 1 4 4 111 4 P 111 111 1 1 1 11101 4
W h i te S p ruce Red Pi ne
P 11 1 4 p11 113 1 111 3 14 111 4 P 111 111 1 1 4
Kocter s Blu’
e Sp ru ce Pit ch i nc

Spec kled Ald er And romed a

AI11 111 1 11 01 4 1 1 1 1 11 14 14
Smoot Ald er
Nm op4 111h 111 1 11 11 1 1 0114 14
Moun ta i n Holly
P 1 11 11 111 1114 1 1111114
Groun dsel B u
sh Bea ch Plu m
B erber11 111 11 11b1 1 g1 Ri na glabra
Th u n berg s J a p an ese B arberry Smooth Su ma c
’

0114 1114 1 d4 p 11 111 1 4 1311 11 14 1 4 Rina 1yp 11 1114

Le a th er lea f
-
St a gh om Su mac
Comp1011 14 4 1 p11 11 1j 0114
'
'

Sweet Fern Glossy Rose

R01 4 1 11 g01 4
Jap anese Rose
R01 4 14 1g1 1 4
Prai ri e Rose
8 4 11111 111 111 1 4 114 111 1 1 1 1 1
W i n terberry Ameri ca n E ld er
S h l rfi a 1 4 1 1 4 111 1 11 11
ar ad i an B u ffalo Berry

14 14 1 11 4 7 11111 1 4 11 111 1 4 1 1 11101111 1

Tarta ri an Hon eysu ck le W i th e rod
-

Ly1 111 1n ba rba r11 111 Vi b11 1 1t11 111 111 1114 1111 11
Afri can Matri mony Vi ne

B . P LA NT S H A RDY i n TH E L a ss SEVERE 8 15113 10 1: Ex ros un s s .

Un der the less seve re con ditions of se a side expo su re the re i s a g reater
ran ge of pl a n t s which ma y b e u sed i n additio n to t ho se shown un der

Group A Most o f the m a terial i n this pa rt of th e li st i s not adapted fo r

.

use i n the ext reme northe rn section of the sea coast .

 P L AT E X X IX . Ah o p en a llee 1 2 fe e t w i d e a n d 8 00 fee t lon g , d e v e lo p e d
b y t h e us e o f w h i t e bi rc h p la n t e d 3 t o 4 fe e t a p a rt i n e a c h row . Fo r a p e r
ma n e n t a lle e o f t h i s t yp e t h e bi rc h i s n o t i d e a l b e c a us e o f i t s s h o rt li ved-

c h a r a c t e ri s t i c s a n d s us c e p t i b i li t y t o b o re r
. Th o rn s , o r t h e E uro p e a n b ee c h
wo uld b f
e p re era b le .
( See p g
a e 1 47, g ro up X VI D b I )
- - -
 TR EES AN D S H RU B S FOR SEAS I DE PLANTING 1 91

1 111 g111 1 14 11 6 11 4111 14 11 14 1 4 111 1101

Si beri an Ma ple Honey Locust
P 14 14 11 111 01 1 141 1 114 111
Sh a d b u -
sh Ameri ca n Plan e
( 31 11 11 01 1 14 1 1 114 111
Net tle Tree
P0 111 4 164
lle s Pop a r
’
y
”
f
r 4 111144 111

C1 4 14 1 1 01 1 1111 4 F f 11 1m1 p um114

Sa fi frui ted Thom
-
San d Ch erry
01 4 14 1 1 01 114 14
W as i ngton Th om
6 1 4 14 1 111 1 1 11 1 g4 111 -
R0b111 14 1 1 11 114 1
p ur T h om Black
Cf ata 1 g111 0xy1 3 4 1111 p1 1114 11111 4
ay Thom La u rel lea ved W i llow
-

8 4 111 1 0111 111114 4 11 1 1 4

Gold en h a rk ed W i llow
o

1 11 11 1p1 1 1 1 1 1 a bi 1 1a (i n )
va ri ety P 14 4 1 11 1gra 4 111 11 14 1 4
Sa vi n Jun i pe r Au s t ri an Pi n e

P 111 11 1 1 101 1 11 11
Ja p anese Red Pi ne Soot Pi ne

8 111 11 b1
04 1111 114 011 1 4 1 11 R110401yp 01 111 1 1 10141 1
Scot ch ca th er W h i te Kerri a
C11 111 1 4 4 111 170114 RI1 111 cap all111a
Sweet Pep pe r B u sh Sh i n i ng Sumac
C01 11 111 4 1 110111 11 111 R0611114 l1 11 p 1d a
Silky Dogwood Rose Aca ci a
Cyti rw 1 1 0 4 1 111 1 R01 4 614 114 4
Scot ch room Meadow Rose
D11 1 4 p4 111 1 11 11 R01 4 1 4 1 011114
°

Le a th er wood -
Ca roli n a Rose
R01 4 111 11 1111101 4
Dyer s Green weed
’
J pa an ese Cl i mb i n g Rose

11 1611 1 11 1 1 3 14 1 111
11 R01 4 11 11144
Rose of Sh a ron Sh i ni n g lea ved Rose
-

Hyd1 4 11g1 4 (in vari ety) R01 4 1 p11101 11 1 11114

Hyd rangea Scot ch Rose
11 3 1 1 11 11 1 11 1 4 1111 14 1111 1 » R11 6111 0401 4 1 111
2 alm s St Joh n s W ort
’
.
’
Floweri n g Raspberry
1 11 4 011 g111 11 4 Symp h01 11 4 1 p01 01 d
In d i an Cu rran t

[ 01 1111 11 1 11 1111 111 1 V1 611 1 11 11 111 11 1114 g0

Chi nese Ma tri mony Vine Sheep Berry
 CHA PT E R XXVII

PLA NTS FOR PA RTI ALLY S H A D E D LOCATI ONS

I r O FT E N be comes n ece ss a ry t o m a ke a selec ti on of t h e lowe r

'

g ro w in g t ree s a n d s h ru b s t o b e p lan t ed i n p a rti a lly s h a d e d s it u a ti o n.s

Thi s con d ition may b e b rought a bout b y t h e loc a tion of b u ild in gs, by
th e loc a tion o f in d ivi d u a l g ro u p s of la rge t rees , an d b y t h e loc a tion

of sc a tt e red s p e c i men t ree s . W e a re n0t con si d e rin g, i n thi s compi la

tion , t h e grou p of m at eri a ls shown i n Ch a pt er XXV III , whic h i s not
only a d a pt ed t o thi s s a m e co n d ition o f p a rt i a l sh a d e b u t h a s fu rth er

va lue i n b e ing a d a pted to he a vi ly s h a d ed a rea s un d er woo d ed con

d i t i on s Th e s h ru b s i n thi s li st a re th ose whic h ma y be used to a
.

g rea t d e g ree o f s a fety o n la w n a reas w h ere a m o re o r l ess re fin e d p l a n t

i ng i s n ec essa ry, an d wh e re n a tive p lan t s a re n ot so muc h d esi red .

Th e d i fli c u lt y with m an y kin d s of t rees an d sh rub s p la n t ed i n s h a d ed

loc a ti on s i s th a t t h e lac k o f sun light p reven t s the m from a tt a in ing a
no rm a l d e velop men t . Th e foli age b ecomes thin a n d t h e b ranc h es a re
ap t to g row lon g an d s pin dly . Plan t s in d igen o us to suc h con d ition s,
however, a n d which h a ve c ome t o th rive with thi s lessened su pp ly of
li g ht , i n p a rti a lly sh a d ed c on d ition s, d evelop a n in te restin g typ e of
foli a ge ; b u t fl ower efl ec t s on s uc h p la n t s a re n e ve r q u
'

ite a s h ea vy as on
p la n ts whic h a re sup p lied with sufi c i en t light In t h e m a king of .

plan t a tion s of thi s kin d t h e only logi c a l h ope c an b e th a t of p ro

du c i n g a foli a ge eff ec t whic h s e rv e s a s a b ac kg rou n d for a lawn an d

a lso o ft en se rves a s a p a rti a l sc reen t o give p riv a c y t o so me g a rd en or

to sh u t 01? a servic e ya rd o r oth e r un d esi ra ble a re a .

Th e b u s h h on e ys uc kle, t h e a rrow wood , an d t h e p rivet fo rm a d enser

-

foli a ge th an a n y of th e othe r typ es of p lant s i n this g ro u p.

'

L I ST OF PLANTS FO R PA RTI ALLY SHADED LOCATIONS

As c on t ra st ed with t h e pla n t s list ed un d e r Ch a pte r XXVIII mos t of ,

t h e typ e s i n thi s li st a re a d a pt ed fo r use on t h e re fin ed la wn a reas wh e re

fruit an d flowe rs togeth e r wi th a hea vy text ure of foli a ge i n th e m at u re

,

P l an t , are Of
g re at valu e .In fac t som e
, o f th ese plan ts su ch as t h e

1 91
 CHA PT E R XXVI II

PLANTS FOR UN D E R G R OW T H P LANTI NG IN

W OO D E D AR E AS

TH E p la n t s whic h most succ e ssfully fi ll th e req u i remen t s for un d er

g ro w th p la n ti n g a re o ur n a ti v e w oo d lan d s p e c i e s Th e s.e r e q u i re m en t s

a re ma i n ly t h e a b i lity t o su cc ee d i n p a rti a l o r d en se sh a d e an d also t o

su rvi v e t h e s t ru gg l e f or m o i s t ure foo ,d an d r oo

, m w hi c h a lw a y s e x i st s

i n a n a tura li stic p la n ti n g w h e re th e g roun d b elow a n d t h e a i r a b ove

a re a lre a d y w e ll oc c u pied b y la rge t ree s Our n orth ern forest s con
.

t a in a p ro fusion of p la n t s whic h wi ll suc c eed a s un d erg rowth B ut .

t oo o ft e n i n t h e p a st n o t en o u g h c a re h a s b e e n t a k e n t o c h oo se o n ly
th ose p la n t s which a re d e si ra b le fro m an o rn a men t a l p o i n t o f v iew I t .

i s po s si b le h oweve r t o sele c t fro m t h e la rge a mo u

, , n t o f a v a i la b le m a te

ri a l a ll t h e p lan t s whi c h a re n e ce ssa ry t o c a rry o u t an u n d e rg rowth

p lan ti n g on an y sc a le an d a t t h e s a me ti me us e o n ly p lan t s whi c h a re

,

d es i ra b le o n a c c oun t of th ei r flowe ri n g h a b it s t h ei r fruit s t h e a utumn

, ,

colou ra ti o n o f th e i r le a v e s th e i r ev e rg re e n c h a ra ct e r o r so me e q u
, , a lly

v a lua b le c h a ra ct e ri sti c q ua li ty .

On e o f t h e b e st ex a mp le s o f a s u cc es s fu l s h rub fo r u n d e rgrowth i s t h e

well kn own ma p le le a v e d V i b urn um whi c h p rod uc e s w hit e fl owe rs i n

- -

Jun e an d b lue frui t s i n t h e a ut umn a n d wh o se le a v e s i n a ut umn h a v e a

,

st rikin g pi n k c o lo u r . Oth e r sh rub s whi c h len d th e mselve s ve ry re a d i ly

to u n d e rg rowt h p la n ti n g a re t h e s we e t p ep p e r b u s h w ith i t s p ro fu
, se

whit e flowe rs ; t h e C a ro li n a a llsp i c e o n a c c o un t o f i t s fra gran ce an d

,

au t umn c olour ; a n d t h e c h o k e b e rri e s a n d win t e rb e rry use ful for th ei r ,

s t riki n g a u tu mn fruit s Amo n g t h e c on i fe ro us e ve rg reen s t h e n a tive

.

h e mloc k a n d t h e b a lsa m fi r a re v e ry s a ti s fa c t o ry p lan t s Th e Dougla s .

s p ru c e a lso p ro mi s e s w ell a n d i s a d a p t a b le t o a lmos t a n y s o i l .

I n c h o o s i n g s ma ller p lan t s o f p e ren n i a l h e rb a c eo us c h a ra ct e r mu ch

c a re sh o u ld b e t a k e n t o a voi d we e d y s p e c i e s o r th o se with ou t so me
e s p e ci a lly w o rth whi le ch a ra c t e ri st i c
-
Th e re a re man y n a tive fo rms
.

whi c h a re v a lu a b le fo r th e i r g ree n foli a ge a lo n e s u c h a s t h e Ch ri stma s

,

fe rn w hi ch i s e ve rg ree n a lso t h e o st ri c h fe rn Cla yt on s fe rn an d t h e

’

, , , ,

‘94
 UN DE RG ROWTH PLANTING IN W OOD ED A R EAS 1 95

ma i d enh a i r fe rn . Among t h e v a lu a ble a st ers a re sev era l whic h

b loo m p rofu se ly d u rin g t h e la t e su mme r a n d a ut um n mon th s wh en
ot h e r wood lan d flowe rs a re sc a rc e Th e old fa s hion ed d e a d n ett le
.
-
,

whi c h d oes not st in g an d i t s v a ri eg a ted le a v ed v a ri ety p rov i d e

, ,

flowe rs from Ma y t o Sept e m b e r when c o lon iz e d i n mo ist s h a d e

, ,

an d t h e go ld en rod s a lso s u c h a s t h e b lu
, e st e mm ed a n d t h e v a ri ety
-

ca lled 1 p 1 1 101 4 ,en liven t h e woo d s fro m A u g u s t t o O c t o b er. Am o n g

t h e p lan t s whic h wi ll b e foun d v a lu a ble for fo rmi n g m a t s o f g ro u nd

cover a n d so me of whi c h a re e v erg re en i n c h a ra c t e r a re t h e mon ey

wo rt En gli s h i vy run n ing st ra wb e rry b ush spott ed W i n te rg re en a n d

, ,
-
, ,

t h e d wa rf 1 01 11 11 1 o r b u n c h b e rry .

As a ru le th ese p lan t s su cceed b e st wh en p lan t ed i n sma ll c olon ies

an d wh en u sed t o fa ce d own c lu mps o f sh rub s whi c h ma y i n turn b e
used a ga in st an eve rg reen b a c kg roun d Th u s p la n tin gs ma y b e
.
,

g ro u p e d s o a s t o p ro v i d e i n t e re s ti n g c o m b i n a ti o n s a lon g t h e s i d e s o f
p a th s a n d at en d s of v i st a s I f t h e n a t u ra l mu lc h la yer h a s d i sa p pe a red
.

a n effo rt s h ou ld b e ma d e t o rep rod uc e it a s soo n as possi b le a ft er

plan tin g a n d c a re sh o uld b e t a ken t o se e th a t fore st fi res do not b urn
off t h e a u t u mn lea ve s whic h n a tu re p rovi d es for a wi n t er co v er W hen .

le a ves d ri ft i n so thi c k ly a s t o th rea t en t o smoth e r t h e sma lle r p la n t s

a p ortion of th ese lea v es ma y b e re m ove d ; b u t a s a g en e ra l ru le it i s n ot
wi se t o d o t oo mu c h c le a n i n g u p u n l e ss t h e d e s i ra b le p lan t s a re i n

d an ge r of b e in g o v e rwh elme d b y t h e mulc h o r b y la rger n a ti v e p la n t s .

One of t h e most com mon fa ult s i n wood la n d la n d sc a p e d evelop men ts

“
i s th e a tt e mpt t o c lean up
”
exi stin g u n d e rg rowth ra th e r th a n to

st u d y i t s in t e rest in g possi b i liti es i n co mb in a ti on with m a n y types of

pla n t s v a lu a ble fo r foli age flowers an d fruit , , .

All the se typ e s of p la n t s a re a d a pt ed fo r use i n woodla n d wi ld

a d en a re a s a n d with ou t ex c eption th ey wi ll i n t i m e n a t u ra liz e th e m
g r ,

selv e s . I n d e v elopin g p la n ti n gs of thi s typ e it i s m uch b ett er p ra cti ce

t o la y t h e fo u n d a ti on d u ri n g t h e fi rst s e a son b y p la n ti n g sp a rse ly o v e r

t h e en ti re p la n tin g a re a . D uri n g t h e su c c e ed in g sea son ma n y p la n ts

c an b e a dd ed to s u pp le m en t t h e p la n ti n g whic h i s i n p la c e an d to t e

pla ce those whi c h h a v e d ied i n t h e p roc ess of est a b lishin g th emselv es .

Th e b e st resu lt s a re o b t a i n ed b y so la yi n g out t h e p lan tin g d evelop

men t th a t a period of at lea st th re e ye a rs i s req u i red i n whic h to p u t a ll
of t h e m a t e ri a l in t o i t s p e rm a nen t loc a ti on Th e d e v e lop men t of m a ss
.

pla n t a tion s un d er h ea vi ly sh a d ed cond ition s i s q u it e a d ifferen t p rob

lem from t h e d evelop men t o f ma ss p lan t a ti on s on op en a n d refin ed
1 96 THE COMPL ETE GAR DEN
lawn a rea s wh ere p lan tin g sho uld b e p ra ctic a lly c om p let ed d u rin g t h e
fi rst two se a son s . Ex perien ce h a s t a ught th ose wh o h a ve wa tc hed t his
type o f pla n t a tion s d e v elop th a t a gre a t pe rcen t a ge of loss m us t be
a n ti c ip a t ed , fo r t wo re a so n s : In th e fi rst p la c e, p la n t s a re p la ced u n d er

a b n orm a l con d ition s o f lac k o f su n light , a n d sec on d , t h e a v a i la b le

a rt i fic i a l wa te r su pp ly i s a p t t o b e v e ry li mited Th e p roc ess of

.

n a t u ra liz i n g p lan t s an d a c cli m a tin g th e m t o con d itio ns of th i s kin d

must n a t u ra lly be a slow p roc ess i f th e result s wh en th e work i s com

p le t ed a r e t o b e a su cce s s fro m a lan d s c a pe s t an d p o in t .

I t i s q u ite essen tia l i n n a t u ra liz in g pe ren n i a ls in a wi ld ga rd en

t h a t c on d iti on s si mila r t o th ose un d er w hic h t h e p la n t wa s p re vi ously

g ro w i n g s h o u ld b e re p ro d u c ed A n .um b e r o f w i ld g a rd en d e ve lo p
men ts h a ve at d ifferen t ti mes be come fa ilu res b ec a u se a s t rees h a ve
d ied , th u s c h an ging th e con d iti on s of sh a d e, th ese t rees h a ve n ot been
rep la c ed , an d t h e re su lt i s th a t this c h an gi ng of sh a d e con d iti ons h as
c a u se d t h e killin g ou t of m a n y typ e s of p e ren n i a ls whic h a re esp ec i a lly

su sc e p ti ble t o c h an ged c on d itio ns of thi s c h a ra c t er .

L I ST OF PLANTS FOR UN DE RG ROW TH PLANTING IN

W OODED A R EAS
Most of t h e p lan t s t i
i n thi s li st c an b e collected from th e
c on a n e d

field s an d wood s Th e la rge r p lan ts a re v a lu a ble a s b a c kgrou

. n d for

wi ld ga rd en p lan tin g an d for un d ergrowth p lan tin g i n wood ed a reas .

For in form a tion su pp le men tin g this refe r to Ch a pt er XXI X C -

.

A . 8 11 1 1161 a nd 8 1114 11 T1 1 1 1

01 4 110111111 4 1111 1 11 4 11 111

011 1111 4 4 111 170114

Sweet Pep pe r B u sh

Altema te lea ved Dogwood

-

1 1
1 011 4 4 1 611 1 1 01 4
7 1
Red Chokeberry Floweri ng Dogwood
1 1 01 1 14 1111 14 11 01 4 1 p 4 H4 111 4 1111 111 011
Bla ck Ch o keberry W i t ch H a
3 1 111 0111 4 1 1 1104 11
Sp i ce Bu sh

04 1311 4 111 11 1“ 1101 111111 1 11 11 1 1114 14

01 1 1 1
Stra wberry Sh ru b W i n terb erry
1 4 1 01111 14 114 L1 11 1 0111 01 1 4 11 1 64 1 1
Ameri can Horn bea m Cates by s And romed a
’
 THE COM PL ETE GAR DEN
P 1110x d104 1 11 4 14
W ild Sweet W illi a m Blue -
ste mmed Goldenrod
P d phyllum 01 11 4 111 111
o o S01144 3 0 1 1 1 101 4
Man d ra ke Showy ld en rod
011111 111 011 13 4 1 1 T1 111111 111 ( i n v ari ety
W a ke Rob in
8 4 11 1
11 114 1 14 1 4 114 d 1 111 11 7 1111 4 111 11101
B 00111 00: Pe ri wi n kle
3 011114 3 0 4 1 3 11 14 V1014 1 4 11 4 41 1 11 11
Sh arp lea ved Gold en rod
-
Can a d i an Vi olet

Co mmon Vi olet
 CHA PTE R XX I X

PLANTS FOR G ROUN D COV E R

GROU ND CO VER p lan t s a re d i st in ctly v a lu a b le for a use covered b y t h e

-

lite ra l in te rp ret a tion of t h e word Th e c on d ition s whic h t h ey over

.

com e ma y n ot b e un si g ht ly o r en ti re ly b a rren Th ei r gen e ra l use i s to

.

p rovid e on t h e groun d an in t e restin g c a rp et whi c h ma y b e c lose ,

g r o w in g , a s i n t h e in s t an c e o f vi n e s a n d t h e v e ry lo w p e renn i a ls o r ,

ta ller growi n g a s i n t h e in sta nc e o f yellowroo t an d floweri n g ra sp b e rry

-
, .

W e may say th a t g rou n d c o v er p la n t s a re u sed t o m a ke a mo re

-

interestin g ma t whic h i s a n a esthetic use or to fo rm a ca rpet for th e

, ,

p urpose of p re v en tin g exce ssi ve e v a pora tion M an y of these p lan ts .

a re u sefu l b eca u se of th e i r fru it i n g c h a ra c t e ri sti c s an d a lso t h ei r a b i lity,

t o ret a in th e i r fo li a ge b oth d u rin g t h e h ot d ry s umm e r mon th s a n d

, ,

d u rin g t h e win t e r mon th s In t h e selec tion of thi s m a t eri a l t h ere a re

.

ma n y d iffe ren t a n d d i stin c t uses which c a n b e d e fin i t ely grou ped un d er

va rious h ea d in g s a s s h own i n thi s ch a pt e r
, .

As a m a tt e r o f fa c t an y pla nt s w he the r hig h o r low serve a s a

, , ,

g ro un d c o v e r i n so m e s e n se o f t h e w o rd T h e .t a ll g ro w i n g p -
lan t s ,

whic h a re oft en seen p la n t e d i n c lo se m a sses an d inc lu d ed i n th e

g ro u p s o f t a ll-

g ro w i n g sh ru b s a re d,i s c us s e d u n d e r t h e h e a d i n g s o f
“
m a ss p la n tin gs an d a lso un d erg rom h p la n t a tion s
” “
Th i s d i s
.

ca ssion d oe s n ot a tt e m p t t o t re a t th ose g rou p s .

I t h a s seemed b est ra th er th an t o in clud e i n one gen era l li st a ll of

,

th e p lan t s u sed fo r g roun d co v er t o m a ke an eff o rt a t lea st to se p a ra t e

, , ,

in to a n umb e r of sub h e a d ings t h e sp ec i fi c u ses for whi c h g roun d

cove r p lan t s ma y b e selec t ed Th e p e rson fa m i li a r with p la n t a d a pt a
.

tion s kn ows th a t th e re a re d i stin c t g rou p s of p lan ts whic h a re

a d a pt ed to low mo i st c on d ition s a s th e re a re d i stin c t g ro u p s of p lan t s
, ,

a d a pt e d t o d ry a n d su n n y c on d ition s a lso Th ose of a s wh o h a ve h a d

.

consi d e ra b le ex p e ri en c e i n t h e p la n tin g o f p e renn i a ls i n d iff eren t typ es o f

'

g a rd e n s o i l, as a fl e c t e d e ith e r b y t h e typ e o f s o i l or t h e k i n d o f d ra i n a g e ,

kn ow th a t c e rt a in p lan t s wi ll th ri v e i n a very moi st soil while o th er ,

p lan t s t a k e a g r e a t d i sl ik e t o m o i st co n d iti o n s an d w i ll,th r iv e o n l y

'99
200 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
w h en il i s well d ra in ed or light an d san d y Th ere a re so me
t h e so .

p lan ts howev er like t h e moss pin k t h e sea th ri ft a n d t h e J a p a n ese

, , , ,

eve rg reen i vy whi c h see m t o th ri v e a lm ost eq u a lly we ll i n mois t

,

sit u a tions o r d ry s it u a tion s Th e p la n t s sh own i n Gro u p A a re th ose

.

wh ic h h a v e p ro v ed th e i r v a lu e a s b ein g a d a pt ed t o c on d ition s whi ch

a re con tin u a lly mo i s t a n d s ho u ld p re fe ra b ly b e g rown i n t h e o p en
,

s un li g ht an d n ot s u b j e ct ed t o an y c on si d e ra ble d eg ree o f s h a d e .

Plan t s whi c h a re a d a pted t o d ry sit u a tion s es p ec i a lly con d ition s of ,

san d y soi l o r e x t re me d ra in a g e wh e re g ra s s wi ll n ot th ri v e in c lu de a ,

sma ll g ro u p whi c h h a v e p rove d th e mse lv es v ery h a rd y Th e b a r .

b erry t h e J a p an e se sp u rge t h e mos s pi n k a n d t h e st on ec ro p s a re fully

, , ,

rep resen t a tiv e of thi s g ro u p Th e ma t o f fo li a g e form ed b y t h e p la n ts

.

i n th e i r more ma t u re d e v e lo p men t se rv es t o sh a d e t h e g rou n d b en e a th

an d t o a c e rt a in ext en t t o ret a in m u
, , c h mo i st u re i n t h e so i l whi c h

oth e rwi se wo u ld b e lost th ro ug h e v a p ora tion This g rou p inc lud es t h e .

c lo se g rowi n g type s o f p lan t s wh i c h a re sele c t ed mo st ly b ec a u s e o f th e i r

-

a b i lity t o fo rm a d e fin i t e ma t M a n y o f th em suc h a s t h e ston ec rop s

.
,

t h e t un i c a an d t h e mo ss pi n k a re ext re mely v a lu a b le b e c a u
, , se o f th ei r

flowe ri n g h a b it a lthoug h eff ective d u rin g a s h o rt p e ri o d on ly

,
Th e .

J p u h p t i d b y d h b b y v lu b l
'

a an es e sp g r e t e a r r g
,
e e r r a n t e e a r er r
, a re a a e

d i stin ctly on a c coun t of th e i r foli a g e h a b it s .

Th e p lan t sm an i s o ft en c a lled u p on t o sele ct m a t eri a l whi c h ma y b e

vin e s p e ren n i a ls o r low growi n g sh ru b s t o b e u se d fo r g roun d c o v e r
, ,
-

,
-

p u rposes un d e r la rge t rees a n d i n sit u a tion s h ea vily sh a d ed b y b u ild

,

in gs Most of th ese plan t s sho uld h a v e fo r th ei r most succ ess ful

.
,

g ro w th an e x c ell
, e n t t o p s o i l c o n t a in in g a s m a ll p e rc en t a g e o f c la y or a ,

ri c h woo d la n d loa m c on si stin g most ly o f we ll ro tt e d lea f m old an d -

fib rou s roo t s Th ese p lan t s a re v a lu a b le b ec a u se o f thei r a b ility t o

.

th rive un d er ext reme sh a d e On e o ft en sees i n la rge lawn a rea s an d

.

a t t h e e d es o f woo d s o r o n t h e sh a d y s i d e of b u i ld i n g s s po t s whi c h
g , ,

re c ei v e little o r n o su n li g ht wh e re g ra s s wi ll n ot th ri v e an d w h e re most

o f ou r o rd in a ry sh ru b s an d p e re n n i a ls g row thin leggy a n d n ot vi go r , ,

ou s
. In su c h loc a ti on s t h e on ly re a l solution li e s i n t h e selec tio n of
pla nt s whic h wi ll form a groun d co ve r a n d th us p reserve a ma t of
in teresting g reen foli a ge M a n y o f th e se pla n t s a lso like th e b un c h
.
,

b e rry t h e grou
, n d yew an d t h e p a rt ri d g e b e rry h a v e in t e re sti n g fru it
, , .

Th e wa t erlea f t h e mon eywort a n d t h e J a p an e se everg reen sp u rge a re

, ,

typ e s v a lu a ble on ly b ec a u se o f th ei r foli a g e a n d t h e ston e c rop s t he , ,

periwin kle an d t h e wa ke rob in a re v a lua b le also b ec a use of th ei r in ter

,
202 THE COM PL ET E GA RDEN
terra ces on a la rge sc a le t h e d w a rf i ri s eve rgreen c a n d yt uft t un i c a an d
, , , ,

s pee d we ll a re p la n t s w hi c h s ho u ld b e u sed I t i s q uit e p rob a ble i n

.
,

m an y in st a nc es on p a ved a re a s whic h t o b e on a fi rm foun d a tion h a ve

bu t a s m a ll la y e r o f lo a m b e tw een t h e st on e an d t h e Cin d e rs th a t th e se ,

pla n t s wi ll b e freq uen tly win te r killed a n d req u i re rep la c in g If it so

-
.

h a ppen s th a t th ese p a v e d a rea s c a n b e suc ce ss fully la id b ec au se of ,

loc a l c li m a ti c c on d iti on s up on a good d epth of san d y loa m th en

, ,

th ese p lan t s mu st seld o m b e rep la ced b ut ra ther freq uen t ly thinn ed

,

o ut .

Th e re a re ma n y in d ig en ous mo sses whic h c a n rea d ily b e t ra n s

p lan t ed i n tuft s t o fi ll t h e c re v i c es b etween t h e ston e s on p a v ed w a lks ,

th u s p re sen t i n g t h e a pp e a ra n ce o f a ge d u rin g t h e fi rst ye a rs a ft e r co n

st ru c ti on M ost of t h e mos ses re q ui re a c on sid era b le q ua n tity of

.

wa ter t o ma ke th e m th ri v e . Th ere a re a few v a ri eti es h owe v e r , ,

fo u n d i n op en sun n y lo c a tio n s th a t wi ll th riv e with litt le mo i st u

, , re .

Th erefore b efore u sin g mo s s t o fi ll t h e c re v ic e s b etw een fl a g s on p a ved

,

a re a s t h e n a t u ra l h a b it a t o f t h e mo s s t o b e u
,
s ed s h ou ld b e kn own .

In one o f t h e fo rme r g rou p s o f p lan t s fo r d ry loc a ti on s a n d for em

b a n k men t s t h e d i s c uss ion w a s d i re c t ed t owa rd t h e effect s of d ryi n g
,

ou t. Th ere a re in st a n ces w h e re t h e open expos ure an d t h e effect of

t h e su n d e v e lop a s it u a tio n re q u i rin g pla n ts th a t wi ll with st an d e x
t reme sun ex posure Th e se p la n ts c a n b e a d a pt ed to lig ht sa n d y
.
,

soi l an d th ey fo rm a s m a ll g rou p with t h e ston ec rop s t h e Ad a m s ’

, , ,

n eed le a n d t h e m a id e n pin k a s typi c a l va ri e ti e s whi c h ma y b e p lan t ed

, ,

un d e r th e most a d v erse c on d ition s o f ex p osure an d sun .

Q u it e o ft e n o n e fi n d s p lan t a ti on s o f rh o d o d e n d ro n s an d a z a lea s w hi c h
h a ve fa llen j u st sh o rt of b e in g re a lly in t e resti n g b ec a use of t h e la c k of
so me g roun d c o v er p la n tin g t o g i v e t h e a d d ed a n d d e s i re d t o u c h o f i n
-

tere st . This ma y b e for t h e p urpose o f reli ev ing t h e b a re g round

a rou n d t h e e d g e s o f t h e p la n t a tion so oft e n c o v e re d i n a s u cc e ss fu
, l
m a nn e r with J a p a n ese sp urg e p e riwi n kles fern s an d and ro med a s I t
, , , .

may b e th a t one d esi res a t o u c h of c olou r so o ft en o b t a i n ed b y t h e

in t rod uction o f t h e d iff eren t typ es o f lilies whi c h c a n b e suc c essfully
,

g r o w n i n p la n t a ti o n s o f hy b r i d rh o d o d en d ron s E s p e c.i a lly i i i p la n ti n g s

o f la rg e a n d n a tive rh o d o d en d ro n s ma n y o f th e se g rou
, n d c o v e r p la n t s
-

“
c a n b e in t rod u c e d with a g re a t d e g re e o f s u
”
c c ess t o re li e v e t h e legg y
a pp e a ra n c e o f th e s e p la n t s a n d t o ma k e a n i n t e re sti n g ma t ov e r t h e

g r o u n d w hi c h m i g ht o th e rw i se b e m or e o r le ss b a re T . h e g ro u n d
a mon g rh o d o d e n d ron s i s s u b j ect t o mo re o r le ss h e a vy sh a d e fo r two
 PLANTS FOR G ROUND COVE R 203

re a so n s . In t h e fi rst p la c e, t h e rh od od en d ron foli a ge it self p rovi d es

co n s i d e ra b le sh a d e a t t h e b a s e o f t h e p lan t , a n d t h e n a t u re o f t h e

rh o d o d en d ron p la n t re q u i re s sh a d e fo r i t s suc c essful growth Con .

se q u e n t ly , th e se g ro u n d c o v e r p la n t s s h o u
-
ld b e suc h a s a re a d a p ted t o
t h e ge n e ra l c on d itio n s o f woo d la n d s h a d e I t i s in a d v i sa b le to c ulti
.

v a t e t h e so il a ro un d t h e b a se o f rh od od en d ron s an d az a lea s Th e se .

p la n t s o u g ht t o b e s uc h th a t w h e n o n c e p lan t e d th e y w i ll r e q ui re n o

furth e r c u lti v a tion o th e r th a n t h e a dd ition o f a s ma ll a mo un t o f lea f

mo ld fro m y e a r t o y ea r, t o p ro v i d e t h e n e c e ssa ry foo d sup p ly .

Th e la st a n d o n e o f t h e in t ere stin g typ e s o f g ro u n d c o v er i s th a t

used i n t h e d ev elo p me n t o f ro se g a rd en s, t o p ro v i d e a ma t o f fo li a ge o r
flowe rs b e twe en t h e ro se b ush e s Plan t s used fo r thi s p urp o se , suc h
.

as t h e tu ft ed p a n s y, t h e co mmon v e rb en a , a n d ro se mo ss , o ught t o b e
sh a llow roo t e d
-
typ es, w ith low , sp re a d in g c h a ra c t eristic s Th e .

re a so n wh y a g ro u n d c o v e r i s d e si red i n a ro se g a rd e n i s th a t d u rin g a

portion o f t h e summe r mon th s t h e g roun d i s o ften b a re Th ere i s a n .

a rgu men t , h owe v e r, a g a i n st t h e use o f a n y g roun d c o v e r th ro ug h out t h e

ros e g a rd e n i n th a t t h e c on st a n t c u lti v a tion whic h i s t h e b est a i d t o
t h e goo d d e v e lo p me n t o f ro se s c a n n o t b e d on e M an y o f t h e s uc cess
.

fu l E n g li sh ro s e g a rd en s a re fi lle d with th e se g rou n d co v e r p lan t s

-
.

Wh e re p la n t s o f thi s ki n d a re used t h e ro ses sh ould b e well c ulti v a ted

m t h e ea rly sp ri n g an d s h o uld b e we ll c ulti v a t e d a g a in i n t h e e a rly or
la t e fa ll, a n d th ey sh o uld b e we ll fe rti li z ed a lso t o i n sure suffi c i en t food
i n t h e soi l t o p ro v i d e fo r b o th t h e g rowth o f t h e g ro u n d co v e r p lan t s-

a n d t h e ro se s .Th e s e p la n t s, a ll o f whic h a re in t e restin g fo r th e ir

flowe ri n g h a b it s, p ro v i d e a n in t e re stin g g ro u p o f c o lo u r a t a s e a so n

of t h e y e a r w h en mo s t o f t h e ro ses h a v e p a sse d t h e h e ight o f th e i r

b loo m .

L I ST OF PLANT S FOR G ROUND COVE R

A . MOI ST LO CATION S This group o f pla n t s i s a d a pt ed fo r loc a
.

tion s wh e re t h e so il c on d ition s a re a p t t o b e con tin ua lly mo i st Th e re .

a re so me p e renn i a ls w hi c h wi ll n ot th rive an d w i ll ro t w h ere t h e

g ro un d i s c o n ti n ua lly m o i s t I t i s th
. e re fore d e s i ra b le t o h a v e a g ro up
from whic h t o selec t p la n t s wh en th ese exc e ption a l c on d ition s of soi l
o r d ra in a g e a re e n c o u n t e red .

A1 11 1111 4 101111 11 101 4 [ 1311 1 11 111 1 4 11 4 1 111 1 0111 m

Yellow Mi lfoi l Gold en Tu ft
Aj uga
'

11 p14 111 1 1 1 4 1111 a lp1 11 a

Bugle Alp i ne Roc k C
204 THE COMPL ET E GAR DEN
1 1 1 111 1 1 14 111 4 1 111111 4 1 01 1 11 1 1 01 01 1 011 1 111
Sea Th ri ft Everg reen Can d ytu ft
A1 1 1 11 14 0401 4 14 1 1 11 1101 1 1111114
weet W oo d Orris Root
Ly1 1111 4 1 11 14 11 4 14 10014 1 14
Moneywort
04 111 p4 11 11 14 1 4 1 4 111 4
Ca rp a th i a n are bell

Da 11111 1 111 01 11 01 N1 1 14 3 11 1 11 0111 4

t lan d Flowe r ro un d Ivy
Phlox 1 101011 1 1 1 4
Cree p in g blox
E 1 11 4 Phlox 1 11 011 14 14 (i n va ri ety)
He a th Moss Pi n k
Em ymm P 011 11 11114 f1 11 111 01 4
Chmb i ng Evon ymu s Sh mb by Cin q u efoil

Evo11y111 11 1 1 4 411 11 11 1 4 1 11 1 11 1 8 4 01 1 4 1 14 01 31111 01111 1

Hyb ri d J a p anese Evergreen Ivy ock So a pwort

E0011y111 11 1 1 4 411 4 111 01 3 1 1111 8 11 114 1 14 110101 11 4

Sca rlet fru -
i ted J a p anese Evergreen Ivy Starwo rt
F1 1 111 1 4 14 11 1 4 T11 111 111 1 1 1 1111 111 14 11 11 3 11101 111
B lu g
e l es cu e G ra ss s owny {r
Ima
1 31 11 014 (in va ri ety) ’
1 1 1 011 11 4 1 1 11 1 111
Pla i n ta i n Lily Cree p i ng Speedwell
11 1 111 001 111 11 1 1 1 ’
1 11 11 4 111 11101
Ch ri stmas ose
11 1 1 1 1 14 1 14 3 14 01 4 7 1014 1 01 11 11 14
H erni a ry Tu fted Pan sy
7 1014 11 11 0101
Pan sy

B . D RY LO C ATION S The p la n t s i n the followi ng g ro u p a re es

.

p ec i a lly a d a pt e d fo r g rowi n g o n s lo p e s whi c h a re c o n tin uo u s ly m o r e o r

less d ry The h e a v y foli a ge o f the p la n t s oft en fo rms a g rou

. n d c over

whi c h con se rve s the mo i st u re a n d man y of th e m a re the d ee p rooted -

types whic h wi ll th rive on san d y soils wh ere a n orm a l a moun t of wa ter

i s n ot a lw a ys a v a i la b le .

4 1 1 101 1 4 1
p y 1 1 11104 - 11 1 1 1 F1 1 111 1 4 14 11 1 4
i
1 0

Bea rbe rry Blu e l e s cu e Gra ss

4 1 1 1 14 1 14 1 4 1 1 p 1101 4 04 11 11111 1 14 p ro1 11 111be111

Tu fted San dwort W i n tergreen
1 1 1 11 1 1 1 11 0141 1 H 1 114 111 01 111 11 111 1 1 01 1 11 111 (p rotect in wi n ter)
W hi te H e a t h Aster Roc k Rose
01 1 4 1 1111 111 101111 11101 11 111 L1 i ap11 1111 111
Sn ow i n su -
mmer-
San Myrtle

Ma i den Pi n k
D14 0111 11 1 111 111 4 1 1111 P 4 1 11y1 4 11 41 4 11 1 111 111 4 111
Scotch in k J a p an ese Sp u rge
206 THE COM P L ETE GAR DEN
d ry sh a d ed p la c es an d also i n the loc a ti ons wh ere th e groun d i s con
ti n u a lly moi st In sub grou p 4 a n d su
. b g rou p b a re li ste d the more
- -

i mpo rtan t typ es of fern s whic h ma y be select ed fo r p la n tin gs wh e re i t

i s d esi red to u se fe rn s .

D ry, s h ady p la ce:

1 11 1 1 111 111 1 b1 1 11 11 111 04 111 101 01 11 : 1 h1z op11y1111:

3
4
y
bon Splee nwort a lki n g Fem
A: 11 11 111 111 t1 11 h0111 4 111 1 . D1 11 1 11 14 1 111 14 11 11 111 1110
a i d en h ai r Sp leenwort H ay sce n ted Fem
.

d : 1d 111 111 01 111 11 11114 1 14 1011 14 11 4

h ri s tmas Fe m Clayton s m
’
e

P 01yp 011111 111 011 1g4 1 1 ‘

Polypod y
17 0041 14 011 111 5 4
N eat Fern

b . M011 1 , J h aa y
'
p la ce:

Ad 14 111 11 111 p1 d4 111 111 01101 11 4 1 1 1 11 111 1111

Ma i d en h a i r Fem Sen si ti ve Fem
A: 1d 111 111 4 1 1 01 111 11 014 ” 1 11 4 1 11 101111
h ri stmas Fem Ostri ch
Fe m
01 111 11 11d 4 1 111 114 14 01 111 4
.

Cmn a mon Fe m
A: 111111 111 011111 4 11 11 111 01 111 11 1 1114 1 1 ga l1:
ood Fe m Roya l Fe m
’
ld i e s
A: 11 1111 111 111 a rg111 a l1 P h1 g0p11 1 1: 111 11 4 01101111 1 4
a rg i n ed Fem B roa d Beech em
1 1 : 11 1 1 111 111 fi 11x f 01 111 1114
-
17 0011104 1 414 011 g111 11 4
a d y Fe m Vi rgi n i a Ch a i n Fe m

E EMBAN K M E NTS AND ROCK Y Sno w s Thi s grou p c on si st s mos t ly

. .

of vi n es a n d sc ra mb lin g typ e s o f s h ru b s t oge th e r with a v e ry few ,

in t erest in g h a rd y pe renn i a ls B a n k s an d roc ky s lop es do n ot gen e ra lly

.

ret a in a c on si d e ra b le a mou n t o f mo i st ure an d a c c o rd in g ly the mate rial

,

whi c h i s used sh ould po sse s s a vigo ro u s c on s tit ut i on an d low s p re a d ,

i n g h a b it of g rowth a n d the a b i lity to with st a n d lack of mo i st ure

, Th e .

e mb a n k men t s whi c h a re c o m po se d o f e xc e lle n t h e a vy typ e s o f so i l an d ,

whi ch a re con st an t ly c a red fo r ma y be c ove re d with a n y o f the low,

,

sp rea d i n g typ e s o f s h ru b s an d p e renni a ls .

4 . Sh rub:

Ard ofl a phylo: Comptoma 4 1 p11 11 1 0114 /

'

11 114 - 11 1 1 1 .

Bea rbe rry Sweet Fe m

208 T HE COMPL ETE GAR DEN
F .
—
SMA LL F LOW ER IN G AND FO LI AG E P LANT S FO R Cne vxc s s B E
—
TW EE N ST E PP IN G S TON E S AND FO R PA VE D T ERRA C E An u s Thi s .

o u p c n s i st s o f the v e ry d wa rf p e re n n i a ls a n d a nn u al s whi c h ma y be
g r o

p lan t ed i n the li mited so i l po c ket s b etween stepping ston es b etween -

,

fl a gg in g on p a ved t e rra c es a n d i n t h e n a rrow c revic es b etween roc k

,

rd en w r k M o st o f t h e i n d i g en ous m o s s e s whi c h a re a d a pt e d t o
g a o .

eith er sh a d y o r su nn y ex p o su re s c an b e rea d i ly t ran s p lan ted to a c o r

res p on d i n g con d ition th u s p ro vi d in g an a pp e a ra nc e of a ge d u rin g th e

,

fi rs t ye a r .

Roc k Cress
1 1 4 11 11 4 1111114
Alp i ne Rock Cress
A1 1 111 1 14 111 4 1 1111114
Sea Th ri ft
4 1 1 1 1 1 14 0401 4 14 i n s h ade) Phlox 1 1 61114 14
1

wee t Wood Moss Pi n k

1 1 11 t 41 110141 4 P 011 111011 111 111 1 1 1114 111
Pu rp le Ro c k Cress G ree k Va len an
3 1 1111 1 1 1 11 11 11 P 1 1111 11 14 01 1 11
En g i sh Da i sy Eng li sh Cowsli p
Ca m 101 01 111 1 11 11 0p11y11111 P yx144 111 h1 1 4 11 4 1 611 14 14
a lk i n g Fem Floweri n g Moss
C1 1 4 1 1111 111 101111 1 1101 4 1» 8 1 411 111 4 1 1 1
Snow i n su
- -
mmer Mossy Stonec mp
01 1 4 1 01 11g111 4 fp111 11164 g11 10141 1 Semp1 1 0104 1n 4 1 4 1 11 11 0141 1 1 111
Le ad wort Sp i d e rweb Hou selee k

8 111 1 11 4 1p1 1 11 11
Ma i d en Pi n k Alp i ne Ca t c h fly
E0011 y111 11 1 1 4 411 4 111 1 1 111 11 1 4 Th 111111 1 1 1 1111 111 14 1111 3 14 01 11:
Sma ll leaved J a p an ese Evergreen Ivy
-
s own y fi y m e

6 004191 1 4 pub1 1 1 1 111 T14 1 1 114 1 01 4170114

Ra ttle— sn a k e Plan ta i n Foa m flower
-

1 11 1 1 11 1 1 111 p1 1 011 1 111 T11 11 11 4 1 4 x1f1 4 g4

Evergreen Ca n dytu ft Saxifra ge li k e Tu
-
ni ca

1 1 11 1 1 11 14 14 7 1 1 011 11 4 mp1 1 11 11
Crest ed Iri s Roc k Sp eedwell
1 1 11 p 11 111 114 7 1 1 011 11 4 11 11 1 1 111111 p1 0: 11 4 14
Dwa rf Flag Sp eed well
1 1 11 111 1 11 4 7 1111 4 111 11101
Ameri ca n Dwarf Iri s Peri wi n k le
L1n 11 4 1 4 601 1 4 111 7 1014 1 44 14
Twi n Flower B i t 9 Foot Vi olet

G P ERE NNIA L S ADAPT E D TO OP E N, SU NNY Exp os u

. n ns This .

sma ll li st c on t a i n s p e re n n i a ls w hic h wi ll with st an d ext reme e xp osure

to the sun . M ost of th ese p lan t s wi ll th rive on a light san dy, so il

.
 PLANTS FOR G ROUN D COVE R 209

Sea Th rift Mossy Stonecrop

01 1 4 1 1 111 111 10111 1 11 101 11 111 8 1 1111 111 J ex an gu la re
Sn ow m su-
mmer
-
Da rk Green Stonecrop
3 1 111 1 1 01011 111 (ih vari ety)
Mai d en Pi n k q selee k

7 1 1 011 11 4 1 1 pm
Blan k et Flower Creep i ng Sp eedwell
Yu cca fl a m m m
Moss Pin k Ad am s Need le
’

H . GRO UND Cov en AMONG RHODOD E ND RON S A ND AZA LE A S .

This g rou p con t a in s p lan ts whic h a re exc e llen tly a d a pted to the s a me
kin d of so il a n d the sa me kin d of t rea t men t a s a re the types of rh od o
d en d ron s a n d az alea s with whic h th ey a re u sed Many o f th ese p lan ts
.

su c h a s the li li es hyp e ri c um s a n d so m e o th e rs p ro vi d e flowe rs d u rin g a

, , ,

ti n f t h se a son w h en the la rge s h ru b s a re n ot i n fl owe r

p o r o o e .

1 4 11 1 11 4 1 1
C b’
a tes y s An d romed a
L1I111 111 1 4 1 14 111 111 1
W ild Gi n ger W ild Yellow Lily
Ch4 m4 1 44 p11111 1 4 13 1 1114 14 1 L1I111 111 4 1 114 1111 11 111
Lea ther lea f -
Pan er Lily
00101 11 4 1 11 1 11 01 11 04 14 111 L11111 111 1 p1 1 101 11 111
Prostra te Cotonea st er Ja p anese Lily
8 5
1 1 111 1 04 14 1 »
( i a v L1I111 111 m p1 1 b11 111
Ad d er s ton gu Tu rks Ca p Li ly
’ ’
-
e

L11111 111 11 11 11 1 01111 111

Fem Si be ri an ra l Lily

04 14 11 a phylla
'

M1 1 11 111 14 011 g111 11 4

Galax Blu ebell

00043 11 1 4
p ub1 1 1 1 1 11 M111 111 114 1 1 p1 11:
Ra ttle sn a k e Plan tai n
-
Pa rt ri d ge Berry
P 4 1 hy1 4 11 d 1 4 11 1 111 111 4 11:
Swa mp p i n k -
Ja p a nese Sp urge
11 0111 1 011 14 1 4 1 1 1111 4 P 11 1 1: (ia va ri ety )
Blu et Fett erb u sh

Hy m c11 111 1 4 13 1 14 11 111 P yx1d 4 111111 1 4 ba rbu 14 14

K
1

Flowe ri ng Moss
’
a ron s Bea rd

Rh od o ra 1 4 1 14 111 111 1:
Rhod ora

L1 411 111 g1 01 1 114 114 11 11 111

La b ra d or Tea G ro u n d Yew

L1 1 0 11y1111 111 1n va n ety T1 111111 111 (i n va n ety

f
N ou n ta i n lea t h l
'
W a k e Robi n
210 T HE COM PL ET E GAR DEN
7 1111 4 111 1110 1 va ri ety)
Peri wi n kle
7 111 1 4 111 11101 4 111 4
W h i te Pe ri wi n kle Y ellow root
-

I . GROU ND COVER AMON G Ro s s s M an y p e rson s o bj ec t to th e .

b a re grou n d e x i sti ng a mon g ro se s For t h e b e st suc c e ss i n g rowin g

.

ro se s ev e ry op p ort u n ity s h ou ld be p ro vid ed for c u ltiva tin g t h e

a re a a rou n d ea c h rose b u sh Du ring a portion o f the sea son h owever
.
, ,

thi s b a ren ess of the soil c an be ov erc o me by the use of an in t eresting

c a rp e t p rov i d in g c olou r at a s e a son o f the y e a r wh en the ro se s h a ve
,

p a ssed the h eight of th ei r b loo m An y g roun d c over p lan tin g a mong

.
-

ro ses sh o u ld be wa t c h ed c a refully i n o rd er to e li mi n a t e the po ssi

b i li ty th a t the g roun d c over p la n t s a bsorb foo d whic h sh ou ld re m a in
-

fo r the ro se p la n t s or th a t th ey sh ou ld p reven t c ultiv a tion at a ti me

,

wh en the ro se s n eed c u ltiv a ti n g .

AI 1 1 11 111 111 4 1 111111 11 111 P 01 111 14 1 4 gra nd iflora

weet Al yssum Rose Moss
Di a 11t11 1u I11 dd1 101g1
'
R1 1 ed a 01101 4 14
J
a p an ese Pi n k Mi gnonet tve
7 1 1 11 1 11 4 hybrid a
Petuni a Verben a
Phlox 111 11 111 111 011111 7 1014 1 01 11 11 1 4 (i n va ri ety
Ann ua l Ph lox Tu fted Pan sy
21 2 THE COMPL ET E GAR DEN
F0114 g1 , B uds, 4 1111 3 101 1 01 111

(i h vari ety)
1 11 1 1 P0 (ih va riety)
Ma ple gp l ar

Alma (i n va ri ety) P ortula ca 011 1 4 1 1 4

Ald er Purslan e

(i n vari e y Puma:
g )
n va n ety
H a rd y Aste : W ild berry an d Plu
m
P ym: (i n va n ety
Fa lse Goa t s Beard Cra b
’

'

4 1 4 11 4 (i n van ety
Az a lea Bu tt ercu p
Ru
bu : ( i n va rie ty
Sp i ce B ush B ra mb les

8 4 111 111 11 11 1 (i h va ri ety)

Eld e rb erry
E 1i i 4 1 4 1 1 111 1 1: 8 4 11171 4 3 4 ( i n va ri et y)
' '
l i'
a ili u
g Arb ut us Stone b rea k er
-

Ch i c kweed
7 4 1 4 114 1 11 111 0fi 1 1114 11
Cora l Uells -
Dand eli on
K 4 1111 14 (ih va ri ety)
La u rel Meadow rue -

011 4 111 (ia va ri ety) 7 4 1 1 111 111 111 (i n va ri ety)

W ood Sorrel B lu eb erry

P 11 1 4 ‘(i n 7 1 1 011 11 4 (i n va ri ety)

Sp ru ce Speed well

B . N 01 8 1 1 11: (A11 111 111 11 0001 1 )

1 111 (i n vari ety)
Map le
B 1 14 1111 4 11 d4 1 11 1111 111 1: F4 1
4 1111 1 1 4 114
B la ck berry Li ly eec hn ut

Aven s
04 1 1 11 (i a vari ety 11 4 1114 1111 11: 011 111 14 1 14
Sed ge W i tc h H az e i
Chestnut Frost weed
-
 GAM E COVE R P LAN TS 1 13

P 01yg011 11 111 111 1 1 11 4 1 14

La d y s Th u mb
’

011 g111 14 11 11111 011 1 1 1 11: ( i n v ari ety )

eechd rop

M1 1b01114 (i n vari ety) R11 1111 11 4 1 1 101 1 114

Ti ck Trefoil Sh eep Sorrel
0 4 vi rg111 1a
o p H orn bea m Ch i ckweed
T1 11 g4 1 4 114 111 1 1 11:
Cana d i an Hemlod
7 11 14 (i h va ri ety
Vetc h
 CHA PT E R XXXI

PE R ENN I AL S FOR D I FFE R ENT PUR PO S E S

WHETHER t o use a n n u a ls o r p eren n i a ls wh a t pe renn i a ls t o use fo r

,

d iffe ren t flowe ri n g eff e ct s a n d h ow t o t a k e c a re of t h e p eren n i a l g a rd e n

,

a re i m po rt a n t q u e stion s t h e c orrec t an swers t o whi c h ma ke fo r t h e

,

su c c ess o r fa i lu re o f a fl owe r g a rd en A flower g a rd en i n it self i s t h e

.

i n ti m a t e c o mp a n i on eith e r of th ose wh o own i t a n d en j oy wo rki n g i n

i t or of th o se wh o a re on ly s u
, fi c i en t ly in t ere st ed t o b e th o rou g h ly
sa ti s fi ed wh en a n i n t e re sti n g flowe r eff ec t i s p ro d u c e d . Th ere i s n o p a rt
o f th e fi e ld o f la n d sc a p e d es ign fro m t h e st a n d po in t o f t h e p rofe s si o n a l
,

d esign er from whi c h so m u

, c h criti c i s m c a n a ri se a s th rou g h t h e fa i lu re

t o p ro d u c e a n i n t eres ti n g fl ower g a rd en I t i s u seles s t o d i sc u ss t h e

.

q uestion of t a st e c on c ern in g t h e in d ivi d ua l p referen ces for v a rious

,

c olo u rs o f g a rd en flowe rs ; ye t t o e ve ryon e t h e s u c c ess ful ga rd en i m

p li es a g a rd en fi lle d with flowe rs Th e p rop e r re la ti on ship b etween t h e
.

un usua l types an d un usua l eff ect s b ecomes a secon d a ry an d ye t a n

i m port an t con si d e ra tion .

Th e suc c ess of a p e ren n i a l p lan tin g d oe s n ot rest en ti re ly with

t h e p rop e r selec ti on a n d p ro p e r p la n ti n g of p e ren n i a ls . A p eren n i a l
g a rd en c a n n o t s t a n d s ti ll I t
. c a nn o t b e m a d e t o-
d a y a n d e x i s t t o

morrow without some c a re M a n y g a rd en s i n whic h t h e typ es of

.

p lan t s h a ve b e en select ed with ext ra c a re h a ve c o mp lete ly fa i led b e

ca u se wh oe ve r wa s re sp o n s i b le fo r th ei r s u b se q uen t ma in t en an c e h as

n ot un d e rst oo d t h e n a t u re a n d re q u i re men t s of t h e p lan t s w ith whic h

h e wa s d e a li n g . Th e g en e ra l rule c a n be la i d d own fo r t h e s u c c e s s of

an y p e renn i a l g a rd en th a t t h e on e wh o a ss um e s res pon si b i lity fo r i t s

s uc c e ss mu st b e a s i n ti ma t ely a c q u a in t e d with t h e p lan t s , th ei r

h a b it s a n d req u i rem en t s a s with t h e m em b ers of one s own fa mi ly
,
’
.

TRE E S AND THE I R E FF E CT on TH E FLOW ER GARD E N Th e old

,
.

sa yin g i s t rue e ith er t h e fl owe r eff ec t o f t h e g a rd en o r t h e q u

,
an tity of

flowers c u t fo r h o us e use mu s t b e g rea t ly re d u c e d i f t h e s a me g a rd en

i s t o serve t wo p urposes I t i s a lso t rue th a t t rees an d d es i ra b le so rts of

.

m
 PE R ENN IALS FOR D I FFE R ENT PU R POS ES 21 5

ga rd en flowe rs seld o m g row i n n a ture togeth er Most of t h e ga rd en .

flowe rin g p lan ts d em an d a m ple sun li ght for thei r b est d e velop ment .

For th ose wh o d e v elo p ho mes, a n d a tt e m pt t h e m a kin g of a flower

g a r d e n o n a r e a s c o v e re d w it h d en s e s h a d e o f la rg e t rees , it i s i m p o s s i ble

to p ro vi d e t h e i d e a l flowe r g a rd en whi c h one ma y h a v e wi sh ed so o ft en

to po sse ss . Trees must b e sac ri fic ed , or soil con d itions wi ll b e t oo wet

or too d ry . Sp re a d in g root s from su c h t rees wi ll st ea l p la n t food fro m

t h e ga rd en , an d s un li g ht so essen ti a l fo r t h e d e v elo p m en t of fi n e

flowers w ill b e sh ut ou t . Th e t rue g a rd en lov e r wh o re a liz es th a t

plan t s, like h um an b e in gs, th ri v e on ly i n con gen i a l a n d hea lth ful
su rro un d in gs w i ll e ith er lo v e a n d p re se rve h i s t ree s o r w i ll h a v e t h e

cou ra ge o f h i s c on vi c ti on s t o remo v e un n ec e ss a ry t ree s an d g i v e

to h i s flowe r g a rd en i d e a l c on d ition s of a i r an d su n li ght . Morn in g

su n li g ht i s ge n era lly c on s i d e red more efl ect i ve i n p rod u c i n g p lan t
’

g r t h th an a f t e rn oon s u n li g ht .

Trees on t h e n orth si d e of a ga rd en a re seld om obj ec tion a ble ;

bu t mo st t rees w ithi n t h e ga rd en o r on t h e so u th a n d wes t sid e a re v ery
un d e s i ra ble .

Person s wh o a re pla n tin g a perenn i a l ga rd en for t h e fi rst ti me,

an d wh o a re n o t fa m i li a r w ith t h e flowe ri n g type s of p e renn i a ls , s h ou ld
a dh e re, i n t h e selec tion of p la n t s, t o a few h a rd y types of pe renn i a ls,

su c h a s t h e i ri s, t h e ph lox , t h e la rk sp u r, t h e c h ry s an th e m u m , an d t h e
colu mb in e, toge th er with oth ers sh own i n thi s li st (XXXI A) — . All
of th ese , w ith a v e ra ge c a re , a re c e rt a in t o p rod u c e flowe rs . Th e mo re
unusua l types c a n b e select ed an d in trod uc ed in to th e g a rd en a s on e s ’

k nowled ge of th e m i n c rea se s .

For a pe rson wh o i s a lov er of ga rd en flowers, a n d wh o a tt e m pt s to

proc ure d e fin i t e c olou r c om b in a tion s d urin g d iff eren t p eriod s of t h e
g ro w i n g se a so n , it i s w e ll t o o u t li n e g ro u p s o f p e ren n i a ls , f r o m e a c h o f
whi c h ma t e ri a l ma y b e selec t ed t o p rod u c e t h e d e si red eff e ct . We
sh ou ld a ssoc i a t e p e re n n i a ls i n g roup s fo r se a son an d c olour i n o rd e r t o
use th e m most suc ce ssfully Thi s knowled ge co mes on ly with a
.

c e rt a i n ex pe ri en c e . Th ere a lso ma y b e p lan ts foun d out sid e of these

g ro u p s w hi c h c a n b e u s e d t o a d v a n t a ge . T h e o bj ec t i n c o m pi li n g

th es e group s h a s b een t o est a b lish a d e fin i t e refe ren c e li st from whic h

’
t h e mo re i mp ort a n t typ e s ca n rea d i ly b e fo un d a n d a ssoc i a t ed i n on e s

m in d with t h e d efin i t e purpose for whic h th ey c an b e b est used .

F req uen tly, a s a ma tt er of t a ste, on e p erson ma y d esi re a g a rd en with

y e llo w s an d b l u e s p red o m i n a tin g A
. n0th e r ma y d es i re a g a rd en with
1 16 THE COMPL ETE GAR DEN
p in k s an d
whit es I t i s essen ti a l th a t on e shou ld b e a ble to rea d ily
.

an d d e fi n i t ely selec t p lan t s fo r th ese diEe ren t p u rp o ses .

Th e wood lan d wild ga rd en b ec omes an i m portan t p rob le m beca use

t h e selec tion of m a t eri a l a d a pt ed t o p a rti a lly sh a d e d c on d ition s ex i sti ng

i n su c h ga rd en a rea s d oes n o t p re sen t t h e sa m e p ro b le m s as t h e selection

of a typ em a t e ri a l a d a pted t o a s un n y open ex posure Th e t erm

of , .

w i ld g a rd en a pp li es t o t h e u se o f p lan t s whi c h can b e n a t u

“ ”
ra li z ed ;

plan t s whic h wh en on c e plan ted an d gi v en n orm a l ca re d urin g th e

,

fi rS t yea r w i ll b ec ome thorou

, g h ly a c c li m a t e d a n d c on tin u e t o g row
v igorously an d m ultip ly a s t h e yea rs go b y In t h e selection of .

m a teri a l t h ere a re t wo types of p lan t s whic h c a n b e selec ted : t h e

ta ll growin g type s an d t h e low growin g types Th e low growi ng
- -
.
-

types a re a d a pted for use i n t h e more in ti m a te sm a ll ga rd en a rea s , ,

wh e re t h e t a ller typ e s sh ou ld b e used w ith g rea t c a re I t must be .

re m e m b e red th a t man y type s o f w i ld g a rd en pe re n n i a ls su c h a s the ,

d a y li li es t h e b erg a mot a n d t h e J a p an ese loo sest ri fe wi ll m ultip ly so

, , ,

ra pi d ly th a t th ey wi ll c rowd o u t m an y of t h e les s v igo rou s p la n ts

su c h as h e p a ti c a a n d s p ri n g b e a u ty whic h a re not a b le t o survi v e such

com pe t i t ion Con seq u
. en tly it i s n ot s a fe t o sa y th a t m a te ri a l selec ted

for w i ld ga rd en a rea s d oe s n ot re q ui re a c e rt a in a mou n t of c a re a fter

t h e fi rst p la n ti n g of t h e ga rd en I t should a lso b e b orn e v ery d e fin i t ely

.

i n min d th a t p la n t s su c h a s t h e c a rd in a l fl ower som e i ri ses t h e b la z i ng

, ,

st a r t h e li ly o f t h e v a lley t h e c owslip an d t h e v iolet req u

,
- - -
, , i re p a rtial
s h a d e a n d a mo i st c on d ition of t h e soi l whi le su c h types as t h e b ee,

b a lm swee t W i lli a m a st e rs an d mo ss pi n k th ri ve i n a m u
, , , c h more ex

posed an d lighter so il Th e suc c ess of a wild ga rd en eithe r la rge or

.
,

sm a ll d e pen d s very la rgely u

, pon th e p roper selec tion of m a teri a ls to
p rod uce t h e requi red eff ect s Th e d evelop men t of wi ld g a rd en plan t
.

i n g req u i res a series of yea rs i n whic h t o com plete it an d b ring it to

pe rfec tion I t i s a p roc ess b eyon d a ce rta in poin t of t h e surviva l of
.
, ,

th e fi tt est a n d t h e eli m in a tion fin a lly of th ose p lan ts whi c h p rove

,

t h roug h t h e fi s t few ye a rs th e i r i n a b i lity t o me et t h e so i l an d expos ure

re q u i re men t s of t h e loc a l situa tion A succ essful wild ga rd en a rea
.

n e ve r sh ows t h e a mo un t o f work th a t h a s b een e x p en d ed i n i t s d evelop

men t b ec a use ev ery d et a il loo ks fin a lly a s though n a ture h a d p ro

,

vi d ed it wi t h ou t t h e a ssi st a n ce of man .

Peren n i a ls for wi ld g a rd en plan ting a re n ot i n use a s muc h a s they

sh ou ld b e e ven i n ext en sive est a te d e velop men t b ec a use of t h e ,

la c k of knowled ge con c e rn i n g t h e a b i lity of m a n y of th e wild flowers

218 THE COMPL ETE GAR DEN
te n tion to kee p th em within b oun d s b y s ta kin g a n d c ut ti ng b a c k .

'

Oth e rwi se th ey wi ll p rod uc e a loo se ra gged efl ect n ot i n kee pin g with

,

t h e n e a t li n e s d e si re d i n a sm a ll g a rd en an d wi ll o ft en c rowd ou
, t i n ter

es ti n g typ e s o f s m a lle r p e ren n i a ls whi c h m e a n more t o t h e su c c ess of

th e g a rd en .

Most v a rieti es of t h e h a rd y ta s e r or Mic h aelm a s d a isy t h e sn eez e

,

weed t h e loo sest ri fe a n d t h e p lume p oppy a re t oo ra m p an t an d

, ,

vigorous i n the i r h a b it o f g rt h to b e succ essful i n a sm a ll g a rd en .

Th e mo st i mpo rt a n t req ui remen t i n t h e d eve lop men t of a n y flower

g a r d en i s t o p ro vi d e p e rp e t u a l b l oo m th r o u g h o u t t h e g r o w i n g s ea so n.

Th ere a re a v a rie ty o f c omb in a tion s of perenn i a ls whi c h c an b e u sed

t o ac c o m p li s h thi s p u rp ose . As i llust ra ti v e of a po ssi b le ra n ge of
plan t s it i s well t o li st so me of t h e th oroug h ly t este d v a rieti es th a t will
g ro w i n a n yg oo d g a rd en so i l a n d w hi c h w i ll p r o vi d e fl o w e rs fr o m e a rly
sp ri n g un ti l la t e fa ll . Fo r a p erson wh o u n d e rst a n d s p la n t s t o som e

ex ten t t h e li st s of p e re n n i a ls g ro u , ped a c c ord in g to c olour a n d sea son ,

wi ll m a k e a n exc ellen t sou rce o f re feren c e fro m whi c h t o selec t typ e s for

con ti n uou s b lo o m in g effe c t s .

Th ere a re some p e ren n i a ls a mon g t h e m ost i m po rtan t of whic h a re

,

t h e p eo n y o f whi c h t h e b loo m i n g p e rio d i s ve ry s h ort a n d t h e fo li a ge

,

eff e c t d u ri n g a g rea t p a rt o f t h e su mm er ma y b e c on seq u en t ly mo

n ot on ou s a n d un i n t e re sti ng . I n su c h p lan t s it i s hi g h ly d e si ra b le

t o h a v e to u c h e s of c olo u r th ro u g h o u t t h e l a t e r p a r t s o f t h e s e a so n.

To a c co m p li s h this th e re c a n b e i n t rod u c ed a mon g t h e p eon y p la n t s

, ,

su c h typ es a s t h e m on k s h oo d t h e b la z i n g st a r li li e s a n d gla d ioli t o

, , ,

p rovi d e flowers an d a dd in terest t o t h e oth e rwi se mon otonous m a ss of

g reen le a v e s .

A con sid era b le p a rt of th e suc c e ss o f a n y p eren n i a l fl ower g a rd en

i s t h e p resen c e of g roup s of p e renn i a ls w hi c h p re sen t good b loo m in g
c o m b in a tio n s .Oft en a g a rd en i s se en wh e re some p a rtic ula r colou r

n ot e a tt ra c t s s p ec i a l a tt en ti on . On c lose ex a m in a tion it i s fo un d th a t
this effect i s p rod uc ed b y a c omb in a tion of c olour b rought ab out by
th e su c c e ssfu l g roup i n g o f two o r mo re p erenn i a ls . Th e a ve rage
g a r d en l o v e r c a n n o t b e co m e f a m i li a r f r
,o m h i s li m it e d s t u d y o f p la n t s
,

with a ll o f t h e i n t ere sti n g ty p es o f p e ren n i a ls whic h p rod u ce colo u r

eff ec t s th a t h a rm on i z e w ith e a c h o th e r . A li st of th ese groupings

h as b een i nc lu d ed i n thi s c h a p t e r a n d th roug h furth e r stu
, d y m an y
ot h ers ma y b e fou n d whi c h wi ll b e e q u a lly eff ec tive .

Ann u a ls a re most often p la n ted b ec a use of th ei r a b ility to p rod uce

 PE R ENNI AL S FOR D I FF B R ENT PU R POSES 219

flowe rs for c utti n gM an y pe ren n i a ls a re p la n ted for thi s sa me

.

purp ose Th ere a re a few p eren n i a ls suc h a s t h e b la n ket flower

.
, ,

b a ll of sn ow la rksp ur an d m a rgue rit e whi c h a re b enefi t ed b y con

, , ,

s t an t c u tti n g an d t h e floweri n g sea son o f whic h i s len gth en ed th rough

,

th i s p roc e ss Th ere a re oth er peren n i a ls suc h a s t h e foxglove p eon y

.
, , ,

an d i ri s with whi c h t h e p roc ess of c u

, tti n g flowers d oes n ot en c ourage .

g r o m h o f o t h e rs d u ri n g t h e s a m e s e a so n I f s u c h p e ren n i a ls a re
.

to b e u sed fo r c u t flowe r p u
-
rpo ses it i s b est t o p la n t th e m i n a d i sti n ct

cu t flowe r g a rd en
-
Th e sa me d i sc ussion c on c ern in g a c ut flower
. -

g a rd en an
, d a fl o w e r g a rd e n a s a n i n t eres tin g d e s i gn a pp l
i e s t o the ,

p lan tin g o f perenn i a ls i n t h e sa me man ner th a t it a ppli es to t h e

p lan ting of ann ua ls (See Ch a pter XXXII Pa ge ,

Th e maj ority o f pe renn i a ls w i ll c on tin u e t o in c re a s e fro m y ea r t o

“
yea r an d will re qui re d ivid in g a n d t ran splan ti n g e v ery two or th ree
”

yea rs Th e re a re othe r pe renn i a ls whic h sh ould b e trea t ed a s b ien n i a ls

.

a n d a c c o rd i n g ly re p lac ed c o mp let e ly b y new p la n t s a t t h e en d o f e ve ry

se c on d yea r . Th ese p la n t s suc h a s t h e foxglove white pin k En gli sh

, , ,

d a i sy an d b ellflower wi ll ru n ou
”
, t a ft er a p e riod of two or th ree ye a rs .

Th ey wi ll st i ll c on tin ue t o grow b ut thei r vigour wi ll b e so muc h less

,

th a t t hei r p resen c e wi ll b e b ut an a pology fo r stron g h ea lthy speci ,

men s All of th ese p la n t s a re kn own a s p eren n i a ls ; b ut i n rea li ty

.

th ey d e velop on ly a s b i en n i a ls Oth e r p eren n i a ls suc h a s t he a ster

.
, ,

ph lox an d i ri s which g row in to la rge c lum p s sh ould b e d i v id ed a t

, , ,

lea st eve ry th ree yea rs I f th ey a re n o t so t rea t ed th ey wi ll b ec o me

.

c rowd ed an d t h e p la n t s wi ll n ot h a ve sp a c e t o d e v elo p p rop erly a n d

t h e res u lt wi ll b e spi n d ly u n h ea lthy p la n t s whi c h wi ll n ot p rod u

, ce

n o rm a l fl owe r eff e c t s B ut t h e p eon y i n goo d soi l with sp a c e o f a

.
, ,

d i a meter of a pp roxi ma t ely th ree feet i n whi c h t o g row i s b est le ft t o ,

g ro w un d i s t u rb e d fo r a sc o re o f y e a rs o r mo re ( P a g e

Ta ken on t h e wh ole n o more pic t uresq ue or gra c eful eff ec t s c an be

,

p rod uced a n yw h ere th a n b y a pp ro p ri a t e pla n tin g a lon g t h e b a n ks of

pon d s a n d st rea m s Th e mo re b old a n d pic t uresq ue a plan ti ng ma ss
.

i s t h e b e tt e r it loo ks whe n re flect ed i n a sti ll pool; whi le t h e flowi n g

,

lin es of a s t rea m a re s u pp lemen t ed b y th e g ra c eful a rc hin g b ra nc h es of ,

sh ru b s a n d v in e s Am on g t h e most succ essful a n d b ea uti ful p la n ts

.

for wa tersi des a re t h e h e rb a c eous p e ren n i a ls .

Perenni a ls for p lan tin g i n d eep wa ter a re la rgely con fin ed to t h e lot us

an d wa t er li li es Th ese p la n t s sh ould n ot b e p e rm an en tly p lan ted in
.

n d s w hi c h freez e so li d d u ri n g t h e wi n t er n or wh ere th ere i s n ot

p o ,
2 20 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
plen ty of ric h soi l on t h e b ottom a n d an a b un d an c e of c lea r water an d
,

un in te rru p ted sun li ght Th e b est loc ation s a re on t h e m a rgin s of

.

slu ggi sh st re a m s a n d of b a y s a n d i n s h elt e red n oo ks Wa t e r whic h

.

flows too swi ftly o r i s t oo cold or c on t a i n s mud i s n ot good for a q u a tic

p lan ts n or sh ould th ey b e p lan ted i n n ewly con st ruct ed c emen t t an ks
,

whi c h h a ve n ot b een th oro u g h ly w a sh e d a n d r in se d so a s t o re m o v e a ll

the c au st i c p rop e rty of t h e n ew c emen t Th e b est ferti liz e r for
.

a qu a tic p la n t s i s c ow m an u re whi c h ma y b e m ix ed with twi c e i ts

,

bu lk of st ron g loa m a n d used for p la n ti n g b ed s .

In t h e w a t e r n e a r t h e m a rgin of a p on d m a n y more sort s of a q u a ti c

an d b og p la n t s ma y b e u sed s u c h as t h e n a tive i ri ses o r fl a gs wa ter
, ,

p la n t a i ns , b ulrus h es a rr
,o w h e a d s an d m a r
,s h m a ri g o ld s Th ese .

plan t s a re more h a rd y a n d less ex actin g i n th ei r req ui remen ts In .

d eed th ey a re likely wh en c on gen i a l con d ition s oc c u r t o grow so

, , ,

lux uri a n t ly a s t o p ro v e a n noyin g i f p la n ted i n very la rge q u an ti t i es .

A rich a lluvi a l mud p rovi d es t h e p roper soil for most so rts an d once ,

est a b li sh ed wh ere th e re i s not t oo m u c h li m e i n th e wa t er or too swi ft ,

a c urren t th ey wi ll t a ke c a re of th e m selves
, .

For p la n ti ng on t h e lan d a t t h e wa t er s si d e a sti ll la rger list of p lan ts

’
,

i s a v a i la b le Th ese i nc lud e ma n y of our common h erb aceous g a rd en

.

peren n i a ls suc h as sn eez e weed J a p a n ese i ri s a n d lemon lily as well as

,
-
, , ,

n a t ive h e rb s su c h as g en ti an s c ow p a rsni p s a n d so me of ou
, , , r n a ti ve

o rc h i d s . With th ese pe renn i a ls s hould b e com b in ed i f possi b le some , ,

of t h e m oi st u re lovin g n a ti v e sh ru b s
-
For thi s p urpose n othin g i s bet
.

t e r th a n t h e swa m p h on ey su c k le b utt on b u ,s h red c h o keb e rry rh od ora

, , ,

lea th e r le a f an d wi ld rosem a ry n ot t o men tion t h e more commonly

, ,

k nown d og wood s or c o rn els .

If n o sp ec i a l p la ce i s a ssign ed t o p eren n i a ls, roo m ma y a lwa ys be

foun d for some i n t h e s h rub b ord er H ere th ere should b e reluct ance
.

t o p la ce a n y so rt s th a t req ui re c on si d e ra b le c ult ure or t h e full d evelop

men t of whi c h might b e d esi red , p a rtic ula rly i f th ey b e sort s th a t a re
p riz ed One would b e loa th to subj ec t a va lu a ble v a riet y of t h e peony,
.

—
for ex a m p le, t o a li fe lon g co m p etiti on with v i gorou s sh ru b s whi c h ,

i n a d d ition to sen d i ng ou t mo re ra pi d growi n g root s, wo uld h a ve t h e

-

a d v a n t a ge of ov erto ppi n g i t Bu t th ere a re c e rt a i n types of p e renn i a ls

.

th a t c an , i n eve ry wa y, b e a pp rop ri a tely used t o fill b a re sp aces a mong

s h ru b s th a t d o n ot yet c ov e r a ll t h e s p a c e, or a t t h e fron t ed ge of t h e

b ord er . H ere a t t h e ed ge, i f t h e sh rub s d o not d roo p too low or are

not t oo vigorou s i n th ei r h a b it of growth , ma y b e fou n d a p la ce for a
22 2 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN

Vi olet

B . P ERE NNIA L S Acc o m mc ro C O LO UR A ND SE A S ON Thi s with

'
.
,

i t s su b group s i s an i n t eresti n g g ro u
-
, p The d ivi sion of season s i n.

th ese g roup s i s me rely rela tive a n d i s ma d e for the purpose of ob t a in in g

some rela tion s hip i n the su cc essi on of b loo m th rou g h o ut the g ro w i n g
season . M an y perenn i a ls i n th ese group s la p ov er from on e g roup
in to the ot h e r b ut for c on ven i en ce of referen c e th ey a re li sted on ly
,

i n the sea son d uri n g whic h th ey a re at th ei r h eig ht of b loo m The .

su b d ivi sion s i n to colours of flowe rs a s a m a tt e r o f e a sy re feren c e w ill

, ,

p ro v e va lua b le a s a c h ec k on on e s memo ry a n d a sa v ing of ti me i n

’

b ein g a b le to rea d i ly selec t flowers fo r v a ryi ng colo ur eff ect s at d iff e r

en t sea son s .

P 1 1 1 1111 14 1: f or 1 p1111 g
—p11 rp11 14 01 1 11 11 1
, , 01 blue flower:

M1 1 11 111 14 011 3 111 11 4

B lue be ll

4 111 11 111 4 114 111 4 M p 4 1 1 1 111 111 1

0 1”
01
Ita li a n Alk anet orge t -
me -
no t

A 11 111 14 1 4 1 1 11 11 4 hybr1d4 P 011 1no1 1 111 111 repta 11:

oc Moun ta i n Columb i ne Greek Va len a n
4 11111 11 114 111 110141 4 1 4 1 1 4
Greci a n Purp le I ock Cress f Hi ma la yan Pri mrose

Crest ed lri s
3 1 1 111 4 11 11 4 111
3 6 1 141 1 1 4 110 1 4 11114
German Iri s Sp id erwort
p u m 11 4 4 1 11 1 1 4 7 1 1 01 1 11 4 1111 4 114
Eu rop ea n Dwarf Iri s Hoa ry Sp eed well
7 1111 4 111 11101
Dwa rf Blu e Fla g Peri wi n kle
L111 11 111 p1 re11 111 V1014 1 01 11 11 14
Perenn i a l Flax Tu fted Pan sy

Scen ted Vi olet

b . P erenn i al: f 01 1 p ri 11g—1 011 111 flower:

4 111 1110111 p1 11 104 11 11 4 A 1legi a 11 101 4 1 4 111111101 4
Can adi an fi nd flower i te Colu m i nc
4 111 111 0111 1 19101 1 11 11
Snowd rop W i nd flower Rock Cress
 P LAT E XXX III . As a s p e c i me n flow e ri n g p la n t fo r e a rly s p ri n g e ff e c t t h e
,

J p
a a n e se w e e p i n g ro s e fl-
o w e re d c h e rry i s ex t re m e ly i n t e re s t i n g c o v e re d , a l
w a y s b e fo re t h e le a ve s a p p e a r w i t h a n a b un d a n c e o f ro s e p i n k flo w e rs
,
-
.
( See

p g
a e 1 54 g
, ro u p X IX -
A)
2 24 THE COMP L ETE GAR DEN
p1 1 1 1 d 4 1 01 11 : P 1 1111 1114
Yellow W a ter Flag Engli sh Cowsli p
p um114 11 61 1114 T1 011111; 1 11 rarae11 ;
Euro pean arf I ri s G lo be flower -

V1014 111 11 4
1 01 1 1 11 14
Yellow Horned Vi olet

P 1 1 1 11 11 14 15 f or su
—
mm1 r p urp11 lavend er , , 01 blue 11 0101 1 1

Ba 4 11 1 1 1 4 11: 1 1 11 k aempfn i
lu e In di go J a p an ese I ri s

Campanula 1 4 1 4 1 11 4 i
1 1 11 p all d a d a lma ti ca
Ca rp a th i a n a re bell Da lma ti an Iri s
Campan ula 1111 11111 111
'

1 1 11 1 1 b1r1ca
Canterb ury Bells Si be ri an Iri s
Ca mpanu la p1 1 1 11 1f0114 L0b1 114 1
p 1 1111 11 4
Pe a c h leaved H a re b ell
-
Blu e a rdi n a l Flowe r

Campanu la yra mi da li : La 111 111 013 11 1111 1

Ch i mn ey ell flowe r B -
g m f l 8 31
er a 11 11

C1 1 114 11 1 1 4 1110111 4 11 4 Phlox p4 11 11 11 14 14

Moun ta m Bluet v i y
a r et Cre p u sc ule
va ri ety Es pe ra n ce
Da vi d Clema ti s
’
s vari ety Blu e H i ll ( roy a l p urp le)
v a ri ety Le Ma h d i
Delp hin iu m (i a va ri ety)
v a ri ety An toi n e Merci e
La rks p u r
G rda en Ph lox
E 1 11 111 0p : 1 11 1 0
P 14 1y1 011011 1 4 11110
1 01 4 01
G lobe Th i stle
B a lloon lowe r
111 31 11 3 111 1 1 4 1111 1 hy1 1111 11 111
Ame th ys t Sea olly H 8 1 4 6101 4 1
1 4 11 1 4 1 1 4
Mo urn i n g Bn de
F11 11 11 14 1 4 1 1 11 11 4 8 14 111 1 14 1 110114
Blu e Pla n t a i n Li ly
B ro a d lea ved Sea La ven d er
-

F11 1111 14 f01 1u111 1 8 101411 1 14 1 314 111 4

Fo rt u n e s Pla n ta i n Lily
’

Sto k es Aste r
’

F11 11 k 1a 14 111 1f0114 7 1 1 011 11 4 1011 170114 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 1111

Spe a r lea ve d Pla n t a i n Lily
-
Ja p a nese p eedwell
1 31 11 1 14 J 11 b01d 14 11 4 V1 1 011 11 4 1 p 11 4 1 4
Si ebo ld s Pla n t a i n Li ly
’
Sp i k e fi owe red Sp eed well
-

P eren n i a l: f or 1 11 111 111 1 1 —1011 111 flower;

A1 11 1111 4 11 011 11 111 111 13 1 3 01 1 011 14 1 01 114 1 4

B a ll o f Sn ow Plume Po p p y
A11114 1 4 a 1b4 Campanula 4 1b4
Ho llyh oc k Ca rp a t h i a n a re be ll

1 1 1 11 111 11 14 14 1 1 11101 4 Campanula 111 1 11 11 111 1 4

1 1y1 4 111111 111 4 4 111 4
So u th e mwoo d Can terb ury Bell
A1 11 111 1 ; 1
’
1 31101 1 11 1 Campanula p 1 1 1 11 1 01 4 4 1b4
f 1
Go a t s B e a rd Pe a c h le a ved H a re b ell
-

A5 111b1 j ap o n ica Campanu la y1 4 m1d 4 111 4 1b 4

Ja panese Asti lbe Ch i mn ey ll flowct -
 PE R ENN I AL S FO R D I FF E R ENT PU R POSES 2 25

C11 1 4 111 11 1 111 11 111 1 11 4 1 14 114 1

1 19 1 1 11 —
11 4 1 mpf1 1 1 whi te
31 138 3 Da i sy Ja p anese Iri s
1 1 11 1 i b1r11 a Snow Queen
H erb a ceou s Clema ti s Si be ri a n Iri s
D1 1 11 111 111 111 g1 4 1 1111fl01 11 111 4 111 11 111 P 4 1 011 14 4 1b1 1 4 1 1111 111 11 (i a va ri ety)
h i nese La rks p u r Ch in ese eon y
—
D14 1 11 11 11 1 b4 1 b4 1 11 1 1 011111 P4 1
4 01 1 01 1 11 14 1 1 —wh i te
Swee t Willi a m d en ta l Pc p p y
D11 14 111 11 11 1 f1 4 x 1111 114 4 111 4 Phlox 4 11 11 1114 1 4 (i a va ri ety
G as Pla n t Ga r g
en Ph lox
F111p1 1 11111 14 111 x 4 p1 14 14 fl01 1 p11 110 Phlox 1 ufi 1 11 111 01 4 Mi ss Li ngard
D ro pwort EarIy flowe ri n g Phlox
-

F11 1 1 11 14 1 11 b1 01 d 4 1 4 1 4 1 11113101 4 8 1114 11 1 4 1 4 11111114

La rg e flowered lan ta m Lily
-
Si d a lcea
Gy 1 0p 11 114 p4 4 11 11 14 14 Y11 1 1 4 [114 111 1 11101 4
ga b y s B rea th
’
Ad am s Needle
’

P 1 1 1 11 11 14 11 f 01 1u —
m1111 1 p 111 k 10 1 1 1111 1 011 11 01 01 1 1

1 111114 1 4 1 01 1 4 Ly1 1 m11 1 01 011 4 1 14

Hollyhoc k M ullei n Pi n k
Ly1 11 11 11 011 1 4 1 14 1 11 11 11111 1 11
D avi d
’
Sp i rea
s Ra gged Ro b i n
Campanula m di um p i nk — Ly1h 1 11 111 1 4 111 4 1 14 1 01 1 11 111 1 11 p1 rbm11
Ca n te rb u ry Be lls Pi n k Lo ose strife -

D14 1 11 11 11 1 ba rb4 111 1

Swee t Wi lli a m Be rg a mot
P 4 1 011 14 1 1111 1 11 11
W ild Bleedi n g Heart Ch i nese Peon y
D11 14 111 11 111 f 1 4 x111 P 4 4 01 1 01 11 1114 11 (i a va ri ety)
en ta l Pe ppy
°

Gas Plan t
D1 114 111 p urp ur1 a 1 01 1 4

i n k Foxg love Be a r ddPen t ste mo n

e

Phlox p 4 11 11 1114 1 4 (i a va n ety)

Ca rd i n a l Flowe r Ga rd en Phlox
Ly1 l1 11 11 1 11 4 11 1 d 011 11 4 P 11 1 01 11 14 011 g111 14 114
Maltese Cross a loe 11 He a d

P y1 1 111 1 11 111 1 01 1 11 111

Pa i n ted D a i sy

P 1 1 1 11 11 14 11 f 1 11 mm1 1 — 11010 fl
or y 1 01 4 11 g1 0101 1 1

1 1 1 11 1111 4 10111 1 11 101 4 C1 114 14 1 14 14 14 1 11 4

Yellow M ilfoil i a n t Sc a b i osa
1 1 1111 4 1 4 1 01 1 4 —yello w C01 1 0 1 11 1 4 11d 1f101 4
Hollyhoc k Ti c see
1 111111 111 11 11111 101 14 k1 1104 y1
1 001 1 001 11 14 111 1 014 14
H a rd y Margu e ri t e La n ce leaved Ti c ks eed
-

'

fl
i
C1 1114 11 1 1 4 "1 4 1 1 01 1 0114 14 D1 11 4 111 gra nc ora

Kna pweed ellow F0x i ove

 THE COM FLETE GA R DEN
6 4 1114 1 1114 4 1 11 14 14 H y 1 1 11 11 111 "101 1 11 4 11 11 1 1
B lan k e t Flower ( J old flower -

11 1 114 1 1111 4 1 (i n va ri ety) 01 1101111 1 4 111 11 1 011 1 11 1 11 11

H a rd y Su n flower -
Missouri Pri mrose
11 1 1101 1 11 i n vari ety) Ru db1 1 1 14 ( i n vaxi c ty)
011 eye ai sy
-
B Con e flower -

3 1 1111 1 01 4 111: ( i a va ri ety) T114 111 11 11 111 4 d 14 1111f 01111 111

Da y Lily Mai d en h ai r Th ali ctrum
T111 1 111 0p1 11 1 4 1 01111 14 114
Fa lse Lu p i n e

1
. P 1 1 1 11 11 14 11 f 01 4 11 111 111 11 — u
p p
1 11 , 14 01 111 11 1 , 01 11 111 1 11010

A1 01111 11 111 (i n va ri ety ) C4 1 y0p11 1 11 1111 4 114 ( treat as a p erenn i a l)

Mon k shood Blu e Sp i re a

—
A 11 1 H a rd y vati eti es
1 C1 1 4 101 11g1114 plumba gi noi da
—
Cli max Blue Lea d wo rt
—
Ed wa rd VII Blu e E 11 4101 111 111 1 01 11 1 1111 11 1 :

—
Ed Beck ett Blu e 18 1 Flowe r

Felth am s Blu 8 4 1014 4 1 11 1 1 4 3 1 4 111111101 4

’
e
Blu e Salvi a

14 1 14 1 11 11 1 —V i olet (Last to b l oo m)
Emad lea ved Se a La vend e r
-

P 1 1 1 11 11 14 11 f 01 4 11 111 11111 —1011 111 1101 01 1 1

4 111 1110111 1 4 01
1114 Ca f yopmfi 1111 4 114 1 4 11111114 ( trea t
Jap anese md flower as a p e renn i a l)
1
Blu e Sp i rea
[ 1 11 111 11 14 14 1 1111 01 4
Sou th emwood C11 1 4 111111 111 11 111 (i n vari ety)
ard y Ch rysan t h em
AM (i a va ri ety) E 11 4 101 111 111 4 g1 1 4 101d1 1
H a rd y Aster b i te Sn a ke root
3 011011 14 4 1 11 1 01111 1 11 c 11101 1 111 4 101
Aster li ke Bolton i a
-
Swa mp Mallow

P 1 1 1 11 11 14 11 f 01 autu —
mn p i n k 10 1 1 11111 011 11 0101 1 1

1 1 111 1110111 ia 0 1 11 4 — pi n k C11 1 4 111111 111 11 111 (i n va ri ety

)
1
J a p anese md flowe r a rd y Ch rysanth emum
4 1 11 1 (i a va ri ety)
E 1bi 1 c111 11101 1 111 1 1 101
’
P3 3 Fa von te
.

Swamp M a llow
St g in
w
K m? “ 11 04 1 1 4
.

11 004 1 4 11 -
114 1 r ubra
Pe rry s i n k ’ Red 01 Poker Plant
3 011011 14 14 1 11 q 8 1 1111 111 ( i n va ri ety)
Broa d sca led Bolwni a
-
Sconecrop
22 8 TH E COM PL ETE GAR DEN
8 0114 4 0 1 4 114 111 11 1 1:
Si d a lcea Gol enrod
8 111 114 1 111 4 1 4 1 1 11101 4 771 4 111 11 4 111 4 011 111 g1f01111 111
Fa lse Sp iken a rd Mea dow rue -

T1 4 111 1 1 4 11 114 (i a va ri e ty )
p
S id e rw rt o
6. L01 0 typ a

m Mou ta in Phlox
n

A: 1 1 11 4 1 hexap hylla 11
01011 1 11 4

u Cree p mg b lox
'

ood r fl
C14 y1031 14 011 g111 11 4 Phlox m bu14 14
S ru p ng B e a u ty Mo ss Pin k
C011 04 114 1 14 111 4 14 11: P 011 111 011 111 111 11
p 14 111
Lily o f th e valley
- - -
Gree k Valen an
H1 4 111 4 1 1 11011 4 P 01ygo11 4 111 111 111 11 1111101 11111
oo o
S l m n s Sea l
’
.

e p a t i ca

11 1 11 1 111 1 4 1 4 11 9 1 111 41 P 1 1111 11 14 (i a va riety)

Co ra l -
bell P rim ro se

8 4 11 11 11 4 1 14 1 4 114 1 1 111
1 1 1:
Cres ted Iri s B ood roo t

L4 m111 111 "1 4 1 11 14 111 111 84 011 4 1 14 01 y111 01d 1 :

De a d Ne ttle oc kSoa wort p
T1 111111 111 1 4 11 d 1fi 01 11 111
La rge owered Wa e Ro k bin
M 01 011: 11 4 111 1 11 1: T11 11 11 4 1 4 x1f1 4 g4
orge t
-
me -
n ot Sax ifrage l ik e Tu -
n ica

01 1 1 01111 1 4 b11 1 111 i 1 V1014 1 4 114 111 1 11 11

Even in g P ri r se mo Can a d i a n Violet
ox
Phl 11104 1 11 4 14 V1014 1 4 11 111 4
W il d Swee t W ill i a m Do g too t V iol et
-
h
D . P ERE NNIA L S F O R LON G FLOW ER ING P ER IOD Not on ly a re pe ren .

ni al s s e l ecte d b eca us e o f the c o l our s o f the flow e rs a n d ot h er cha r act e r

i st i c s su ch a s good b l oom ing com b inat io ns p e rp etu a l b l oom an d good , ,

flowers a s sh own i n the foll owi n g g rou p s b u

, t m an y t i me s c e rt ain ,

typ e s a re s el e cted because of t h e i r lon g b l oom ing p eri od S uch p lants .

a s the y e ll ow m a rg ueri te the S ha sta d a i sy t h e b l an k et flower an d

, , ,

ce rt ain ha rd y p h l oxes a re very val uable i n the g a rden beca use t h ey

,

p rod uce flowers over a l o ng b l oom in g pe riod exten d ing i n i n stan ces for ,

t h ree or four wee k s S ome o f t h e s e p lan t s req ui re c utt ing b ac k l i ke

.
,

the la rksp urs a n d nett l e l e ave d mu lleins th us ca usi n g t h e m t o p ro

-
,

d uce a secon d c rop of b loo m Th e y a re all u se ful to ins ure a b ri d ging

.

of the g a p s b et wee n the flow e ri n g p eri o d o f ot h er so rt s o r to p l an t i n

th os e p lac es wh ere on ly on e o r at most a few sort s c a n be u s ed The

, , .
 PE R ENNI A L S FOR D I FF E R ENT PU R POSES 2 29

t ic k s ee d t h e S ha sta d ai sy the b l an ket flower a n d the scab ios a all ca rry

, , ,

t h ei r b loom at interv a l s from J un e unt i l frost whi l e the vi ol et the for , ,

get me not a n d the t o a d flax sta rt i n Ma y an d la st unt il well into

- -
,
-

A ugust .

1 1 1 11 1111 4 1114 1 111 11 4 fl or1 p lm o L4 111y1 11 1 14 11f011111

Dou ble Tan sy H r y
a d Swee Pea t
1 1 1 11 111 111 11 111 11 101 14 k1 1104 y1 L1114 1 14 114 1111 4 111 4
H a rd y M a rgue ri te D almati an To ad flax -

Campan ula 111 Lychn 1; 1 01 0114 1 14

C rp a th i an 15a rebell
141 4 4

a M ullein Pin k
(311 1 31 1 4 111 111 111 11 111 111 4 11 114 11 01 Kin g M
Ed wa rd
1 1 1 11 1:
1 4 11 1 1 111 p1 r fi 01 1 11 3
orget me not -

L
-

a rge Sh as t a Da i sy
01 1 101111 1 4 f1 11 111 01 4 young1
C01 1 0 14 111 1 014 14
Yo u n g s Ev en in g Pri mro
’

Ti c see d
P4 4 01 1 11 11 1111 4 1111
D1 1p 11 111 111 111 (i h v a ri ety ) celan d Po pp y
’

Larksp u r

D14 11111 11 : 111 1101111 1 Phlox gla b1 1 1 1111 4 1 11 1 11 111 01 4

M a id e P i k
n n
E a rly G a rd en Ph 011
8 1 4 11 101 4 gra m111 1 0114
Bl an ket Flower Gra ss lea ved c a b i osa
-

6 1 11 111 1 01 1 1111 11 111 8 1 4 b101 4 1 31 104 111 4

Aven s W oodlan d Sc a b i osa
171 11 1 111 1 4 b1 1w 1d 1 : T1 4 111 1 1 4 1 1114 1
0 1 111 11 4
Red Co ra l ell s -
b Co mmon Sp i erwort

K 11 110 11 14 11 04 1 14 7 1 1 b4 1 1 11 111 (i n v a ri e lt )
R h0t Poker Pl an t
-
Ne ttl e lea ved Mu -
l em r .

7 1014 1 01 11 11 14
Tu fted Pan sy

E . P ERE NNIA L S SELD OM U S E D IN S MALL R E FI N E D FO RM A L , ,

GA RD E N S Thi s group con t a i n s a few t yp es which sh ould be con

.

si st en t ly a v oi d e d i n the d ev e l o p me n t o f a s m all form a l flowe r g a rd e n , ,

wh ere refi n e men t of d et ai l i s the mai n re q u i rement Th e s e p lan t s .

,

wh en n ot gi ve n ca refu l a tte nt i on s uch a s staki n g a n d con stan t c utt ing

,

b ack wi ll p rod uce a loo se r agge d eff e ct a n d wi ll c rowd o ut m an y of

, ,

the sm all typ e s of p ere n nial s which a re a d mi r ab l y adapted for use i n

s m all form a l flower g a rde n s .

1 1 11 1111 4 >14 1 1 1 11 4 4 1 11 1 in va ri etY)

i
fl 1
g p
1 01 1 1 110
Dou b l Tan sy H a r ly Ast er
1 1 1 011 11 11 111 10111 011 1 4 11
. 11b1 gra n d 1:
Wi lson s Mon kshood
’
Large flowe red Astilbe
4 11 11 41 4
Holly hock Plum POPPY e

3 011011 14 4 1 11 1 01111 :
G ran tR dee As te r like Boltonia
-
230 TH E COM PL ETE GAR DEN
E 11 4 101 111 111 ( in v a riety) M11 1 4 11111111 (in va n ety )
h i te S na k e roo t Plume Grass
F111p1 114 11 14 1 4 111 11 1 114 111 4 P I1 14 011 g111 14 114

Si e ri an Go a t s Bea rd
b a lse ragon Head
’

H1 11 11111 111 4 11 111 111 114 11 1 11 111 1 1111 111 P 01 gon 11 111 1 4 1 114 11111 1 1“
Ta ll Sneez eweed o tweed

11 1 114 1 11 1111 : (i a a riet y) v Ru db1 1 k14 14 1 111 14 14

H a rdy Sun flower -
Gold en Glow
11 11 11 1 11 1 111 01 1 11 1 11 10: 1111 4111 1 11 14 1
111 4 11 1114

Swa mp M o
a ll w

L am: ”1 1101 14 1 113 4

i ‘

Bl az in g St ar
Lytlmmz 1 41 1 4 1 4
1 1 101 1 11 111 8 11 1 14 11111111 111 1
1 0 1 11 1 111 111

P in k Loose -
s trife M o n ta in Fc a ther Fleece
u

F . P ERE NNIA L S TO SU PP LY P E R PE TUAL B LOOM This grou p of .

p eren nial s wi ll p rove h el p fu l i n p rovi d ing c ont i n uous b l oom t h rough

ou t t h e s e aso n Most of t h e s e p l a nt s a re t h e well known t h orough l y
.
-
,

tested kin d s which wi ll g row i n an y ave rage g a rd en s oi l an d will

com b i ne well in th e i r colour eff ect s an d ha b it s of g rowt h By a love r of .

flowers wh o h a s acq u i re d ex pe rt knowl e d ge of flowers m an y si mi l ar

, ,

grou p ings c a n be forme d .

4 111 1110111 i a 01 1 11 4

J a p an ese i n d flower Blan ket Flower

4 q 11 111 g14 1131 1 1114 3 1 111 11 01 11 1 111 1 1
Co l u mbin e Ch ri s tm as ose
(i n va ri ety) H 1 1111 1 01 4 111 1 (i n vari ety)
H a rd y Aster Da y L il y
3 011 01 1 14 4 1 11 1 01111 1 g1 1 111 4 11 11 4
As ter like Boltoni a
-
Germ an Iri s
C11 1 4 111 111 111 11 111 (i h va riety) lea1 111p
ard y Ch rysan th em u m J a panese Iri s
( 311 1 4 11 1111 11 111 1 114 1 14 da i l y P 4 1 011 14 4 1b1 fl 1
01 4 1 111 11 1 : 1
S1 ast a Da isy
1 11
Ch in ese Peony
D1 1 11111 111 111 111 114 4011 114 Phlox 4 11 11 11 4 141
ve rb loomi ng L arks p u r Gar 5 Phlo
en x

D11 1 111 1 4 1 91 1 14 11 111: Rudb1 1 k14 111 4 11 11114

Bleed ing Hea rt
7 1014 1 01 11 11 14 113 1 1 1114
Horned Violet

G . P ERE NNIA LS FOR US E AM ONG P s omz s W h en peoni es have .

com p l ete d t h e i r p eri o d o f flowe ri n g t h e r e r e m ai n s d uri ng t h e balan ce

of t h e se as o n a m a ss o f g r ee n fo l ia g e w hich c an o fte n be made mu ch

more intere s ting by t h e a dd it ion of a few t yp e s of p erennial s which

do n ot req ui re a n y con si d er ab l e s p ace for t h ei r d evelop men t an d which ,
 P L AT E XXX V Th e a v e r a g e p e rso n wh o h a s n ot b e com e i n t e re s t ed i n t h e
.

co lo ur eff e c t s p ro d uc e d b y t h e fr u it s o f ou r c omm o n t rees a n d sh rub s c a n h a rd ly

a p p r e c i a t e t h e i n t e n s e c o lou r d i s p la y o f t h e A m e r i c a n b itt e r sw ee t ( A), th e

W a sh i n g t o n t ho rn ( B ) a n d t h e W h it e fr i n g e ( C) . Fo r flo w e rs : ( D ) b i tt e r sw ee t
,

E
( ) t ho r n a n d F
( ) f r i.n
g e ( Se e p a g e 1
, 6 2 g r o up X X-
B )
 P L AT E XXX VI Th e g a rd e n d es i g n e r mu st a lwa y s b e a r i n m i n d t h a t m a n y
.

o f ou r s h r u b s wh i c h p ro d u c e ve r y un i n t e res ti n g flowe rs a re t h e o n e s wh i c h p ro
d u ce o ur mo st a tt r a c ti ve fruiti n g effe c t s Th e v a ri a ti o n i n c o lou rs o f t h e fr uit s
.

r a n g es from t h e p ure wh it e o f t h e sn ow b e rr y (A) t h rou g h t h e p ur p le a n d

,

p o rc elai n b lu e o f t h e b e a u t y fr uit (C) t o th e v i v i d red s o f wh i ch t h e Ja p a n e se

-

b ush c r a n b e rry ( B ) i s t y p i c a l Fo r flowe rs : ( D) b e a ut y fr uit ( E ) s n o w b e rry

.
, ,

( J
F a p a n e s e bu s h c r a n b e
. rr y ( Se e p a g e 1
, 6 2 g r oup XX
-
B )
23 2 THE COM PL ET E GAR DEN
7 1 1 01111 4 1blue ; an d 0 11 "1
p 11 4 1 4 , 11 4 1 1 y ll w
1 11 0 11 1 4 1 1 1 04 1 1 , e o .

Eu p 10
4 1 g 1 1 1
1 11 111 4
4 01 1 w h i t ; n d 11 1 1
1 11 , R iv erto n aB ut y y ll w an d
1 1 11 11 111b l a ck e ea , e o .

Eu p 10
4 1 g 4 10
1 11 111 4 1 1 wh i t ; a n
11 d C1 y
1 11 111
, 1 e G l ry f S v 11 Oa k
14 s y ell o w
11 111 11 111 , o o e en , .

3 1 441 14 (i n v a riety) l il a c l v d r v i l t p u
1 1 , rple ; a nd 4
, a en e , 14 1 1111 4 wh i t
o e , 11 1 111 0111 10 , e

o p in k
r .

4 j p
111 111 0111 i c w h
a i te an
on d p in k ;
a, d 4 11 1 11 b
anl ue 1 011 11 111 4 4 11 111 11 4 , .

4 11 Cl im x bl u
1 1 e ; a nd 11 1
a ,
1 Riv rto n B e u ty y ll w a nd bl ck
1 1 11 11 111 e a , e o a .

I .P ERE NNIA L S VA LU AB LE FO R CUT F L OW ER S The p eren nial c ut .

flower ga rd e n sh ould p ro vi d e a n a b u n d anc e of c ut flowers M ost of the .

p erennial s i n t his grou p will p rov i d e fl owers which c a n be c ut for h ouse

use a n d which have l ast ing q u a l i t i e s Th e re a re ma ny p erenn ial s .

which do n ot p rod uc e m asse s of flowers of suffi c i en t s u b s t anc e to be

effect iv e wh en c ut for h ou s e use .

4 1 11 1111 4 ba nk 111 11ei ge

B a ll of Snow B lan k et Flower
4 111 111 01 11 j a 01111 4 Gy s op h ila pan iculata
J a an pese m d fi owe r g
a b y s B re a t h
’

4 q z1 111 g14(long s purred hy b rid s) -

Heli a nth w (i n va ri e ty)
Col um bin e Ha rd y Su n flower -

4 1 11 1 1004 1 4 11g114 1 Cl im ax
1 -
Heuchera s angu ine a
Bl ue H a rd y As ter Co ra l bells -

4 1 ti lbe j 4 p 011 1 4 1 I ri : germa n i cgz

J a pan ese Astil be Ge rman In s
1 I n : kae mpferi
'

8 011011 14 4 1 11 1 0 1 11 1

Aster l ike Bolton ia

-
Ja p an ese Iri s
C1 111 4 11 1 1 4 11101114 11 4 K n i p ho a u
'

f
oa n a
M ou n ta i n Bj u et Red ot Po ker Plan t
C11 (i a va riety)
1 4 111 111 111 11 111 P aeoma (i a va ri e ty)
'

ai rysan themum Peo ny

C11 1 4 111 111 111 11 111 1 114 1 14 114 1 1 31 P h J am {4 virgin ia na
gh ast a D a isy a lse ra gon h e a d

Phlox a n i culata
Lily -
o f the
- -
va lley Ga r en Ph logl
C01 1 0p1 11 14 111 1 014 1 4 Primula (in va ri ety)
Lan leaved Tickseed
ce -
Pri mrose
D1 1p1 111 1 111 (i a va ri ety)
1 11 P yretfirum roseu m
La rkspur Pa mted D a is y
B 14 111 11 11 1 64 1 11 4 111 1 Ru dbeclei a (i n va ri ety)
Swee t W ill ia m Co ne flowe r -

D1 114 111 (i a va riety) St abi os a ca u cw i ca

oxg love Mourn i n g B ri de
E 11 41 01 111 111 1 01 11 1 1111 11 111 Si aben a c’y anea
'

i st Flower Stok es Aster

7 1 1 01 1 11 4 (i n v a riety)
p
S eedwell
 PE R ENNI A L S FOR D I FF E R ENT PU R POS E S 23 3

J . P ERE NNIA L S W mcn S H O UL D B E TRE A T E D A S B I E NNIA L S The re .

“
are ce rt a i n pla n t s gen e rally kn own a s pe ren n ial s which wi ll run out

i n the a ve ra ge g a rden a fte r a period of two to th ree yea rs They .

ma y still con ti n u e to grow b ut a fte r the fi rst two yea rs they a re

,

much less vi goro us The plant s i n thi s g ro up s ho uld be pla n ted

.

with the idea that at the en d of two yea rs the old pla n t s will be t e
mov ed an d new on e s p u t i n to thei r place s .

Anti rrhi n um maj ur H dyr u m co ona ri um

e ar r

Sn a pd ra gon F renc h Hon eysuc kle

B elli r en n u Lum ma am mo
'

i:
En g h D a i sy H onesty
Campanula med i um Lycl mi r alba
Can terb ury B ells Wh i te Pin k
Ca mpan ula ra mi d a li ; Lychmr corona ri a
'

g
Ch i mn ey ell flower -
Mullei n Pi n k
Di a nth u : ba rbatu Lychmr d i oi ca
'

Swee t Willi a m Red Camp i on

Di i tali : p urp u rea Vi ola corn uta
oxg lo ve Tu ft ed Pan sy
Gla uci um luteum Vi ola tri color
Yellow Horned Pop py Pan sy

K P ERE NNIA L S TO B E TRAN S P LANT E D F RE QUE NT LY The re a re

. .

certain perennial s w hich req ui re special atten tion for thei r best devel
op men t The perenn ials i n thi s g roup sho uld be taken up divided
.
, ,

an d replan ted eve ry two o r th ree yea rs a s they g row mo re vi go r

,

ou sly an d mu ltiply faster than the othe r gro up s of pe ren n ial s .

a . To be d i vi d ed every two yea r:

Anemone j a
Ja p an ese
Aq ui legi a
w i ca
i n d flowe r
Lychn i : corona ri a
Mullei n Pi n k
Mona rd a d i dyma
Colu mb i n e B erg amot
Chryra nthemu m (h ard la rge
g Pac oma (in v a ri e ty
'

flowered va ri e t i es )
H a rd y Ch rysan t hemu
-
m Peon y (on ly to mu lti p ly)
Heli a n themum croceum P hlox u n i cula ta
Roc k Rose f
G a r e n Ph lox
Heli a nthw Rudbecki a
H ard y Su
n flower
-
Con e flower-

b . To be d i vi ded every th ree yea r:

Am eri c (i a va ri ety)
Sea Th rift
If i t (a ll va ri eti es) la n ugi norw
I ris
i
V o la (i a va ri ety)
Vi olet
23 4 THE COM PL ET E GARDEN
To be d i vi d ed ea ch yea r

Anthemi r ti nctori a kelwa yi B occoma cordata

’

H ard y M argu eri te Plume Poppy

—
Af ter nooa a ngli a e (i n va ri ety) Ch ryra ntlmnum i nd i um
H ard y Ga rd en Aster Pompom Ch rysan t h emu m
Arter n ooi belgi (i n va ri ety)
-
Ch ra ntlmnum maxi mu m
Ha rd y G ard en As ter S asta Dai sy
B elli r n m n i r Helm i um ( ih vari ety)
Eng i s h Da i sy

L .P ERE NNIA L S FO R WAT ER P LANTING In the develop men t of .

in fo rmal an d fo rmal pool s the following group p rovides a ready

refe ren ce fo r in te resti n g types o f perenn ial s adapted for u se i n wate r

g arden s For growi ng i n wet soil al ong st rea m sides the clo sed gentian
.

i s one of t h e b est plan t s The ca rdin al flowe r n at urally grows along

.

st rea m s ide s o r ed g es o f po n d s a n d will th rive , i f i n a d a mp so il , eithe r

i n open su n light o r s hade , b u t p refe rs s hade .

Nelumbo (i n vari ety) Nymp h aea marti a n

Lotus H yb rid Wa te r lily -

N " lmed alba Nymp ha ea ad orata

fit e Wa ter lily -
Na ti ve Pond li ly -

N m ha m od ora ta ud phurea
Qfi
e ow Wa ter li ly
-

: va ri egatu
Acorn: j a p on i cu mgoru:
'

: r
Vari ega ted Sweet Sedge
Alb i na pla nta go If i t p mdacom
r

Grea t Wa ter plan -

Yellow Wa ter Flag
E ntoma r umbellatw P h ra gmi tu communi :
Floweri ng R u
sh Common Reed
Calla p alurm: 8 4 i tta ri a mon mi demi :
'

Wa ter Arum i an t Arrowh ea d

Sci rpw Iacw tri r
'

Caltlta p alw tn :
M arsh M ari gold Bu lms h
Sci rp u: ta bemaemon ta n w u
'

z ebn s
G rea t B u lrush

Thalia
c . La n d at wa ter ri de-

Am a ra : lwmr AM ( in va ri ety)
Goa t s ca rd H a rd y Aster
’

Arclepi a : i m a ma ta
Swamp M i lkweed Da vi d Sp i rea
’
s
236 TH E COM P L ETE GAR DEN
N . P ERE NNIA L S FO R ATTRA CTING HUMMING B u ms H ummin g .

bi rd s have lon g bill s an d hollow t on gues which pe rmit them to sea rch
fo r i n sect s a n d hon ey i n thei r favo urite flo we rs By plan tin g so me of the
.

followi n g sort s of pe ren nial s a s well a s the t ru

, mpet vi n e these bea uti ful ,

bi rd s will be en couraged to vi sit the g a rden .

Acon i tum ( m vari ety) Di a ml m: ba rba tu:

Monkshood Swee t Wi lli a m
Altha ea form
Ho lly hoc k
Aq ui legi a ( in vari ety)
Colu mb i ne cc d

i mu m (i a vari ety) Lycl mi : ( in va ri e ty

'

M
ullein Pi n k
Meli fi
na o c i n ali :
Le mon B alm
 CHAPT E R XXX II
ANNUA L S
No GA RD E N i s complete witho ut i t s q uota of ann ual s The so .

c alled pe ren n ial g a rden to be really s u, ccessful must be supplemen ted

,

e ach yea r with a q u an tity of an n ual s especially if the g a rden i s to be

,

st u died i n close detail If on ly the la rge r ma ss effect s of flowers a nd

.

foliage a re req u i red a pe renn ial planti n g p rope rly selected i s sufi ci ent
,

i n it sel f
.

Th e opin ion p revail s a mon g those who have devoted b ut little st udy
to th i s subject that a co mplete flowe r g a rden c a n be developed d uring
t h e fi rst o n e o r two yea rs a fte r pla n ti n g th ro u gh the use of p rope rly
selected types of pe ren n ial s o n ly S uch a ga rden ma y be developed
.

after the fi rst on e o r two yea rs un de r the ca re of a n expert garden e r

, .

It i s al mo st i mposs ible to develop s uch a g a rden i n the ea rly stages ,

bec a use pe ren n ial s on acco un t o f the n at ure of the pla n ts con tin ue
, ,

each yea r to i n c rease thei r mas s a n d so req ui re mo re space fo r thei r

n o rmal develop men t . The refo re when pe ren n ial s a re fi rst pl an ted
, ,

su fi c i en t space sho u ld be allowed between plan ts to permit of a no rmal

develop men t for at lea st th ree o r four yea rs at the en d of which period
,
“
the cl ump s of plan t s except the peony should be divided
, ,
”
( S ee .

“
Mainten a n ce o f Pe ren n ial s .If the fi rst plan ti n g i s not over
c rowded the re will be d uri n g the fi rs t year a n d often d urin g the second
,

year ba re s pot s i n the ga rden which sho uld be fille d with an n uals
, .

Perennial s d uri n g the fi rst yea r afte r t ra n splan tin g ra rely become es
t a b li sh ed s u fi c i e n t ly to p rod uce no rmal flow e r eff ect s an d thi s i s one
,

rea son fo r the u se o f an n u al s to dev elop a s u ccessful g a rden .

Ann ual s a re plan t s which a re g rown from seed each yea r a n d whose
root s die each wi n te r .The roots of peren n ial s con ti n ue to live i n a
dorman t con dition a n d develop n ew g rowth agai n at the top with the
comin g of the n ext sp rin g .

The fi rst p rin ciple i n the successful develop me n t of an y flower ga r

d en i s to det e rmi n e the u s e fo r which the flowe r g a rden i s developed A .

a de n de si gn ed eit h e r of a n n u al s or o f pe ren n ial s to s how a succession

g r , ,
23 3 TH E COM PL ETE GA R DEN
of n i tere sti n g bloom a n d to make a n in teresti n g g a rden pict ure ei th er ,

as ma ss e s of colo u r or spot s o f colo u r i s a diff e ren t g a rden fro m t he

,

so called c u
-
t flower g a rden from which the flowe rs as soon a s they
-
, ,

mat ure a re apt to b e c ut a n d us ed for table decoration The best

, .

su ccess i n ga rden develop men t i s ob tain ed when a clea r c ut lin e i s -

d rawn between the so called c ut flower ga rden an d the flower g a rden

- -

as a piece of la n d scape des i gn There i s n othin g more di scoura gin g

.

to the expe rt desi gn er than to see masses of flowers at t h e height of th eir

b loom a n d at a ti me when they should b e most effective i n the g a rd en
,

design deliberately c ut for table use a n d a resulti ng c ritici sm ex

,

ten ded that the ga rden i s not a success beca use it h a s n o flowers .

This discussion applies e q ually well to a g a rden filled with pe ren n ials
an d to a g a rden filled with a nn u al s A g a rden should b e i f s pace
.
,

permit s either for one p urpose or for the other an d i f a space i s des i red
, ,

whe re c ut flowers may b e obtain ed then a sepa rate g a rden should be ,

p rovided from which flowers ma y be c ut a s soon as they have mat ured .

There a re man y in terestin g q uestions con cern in g the use of an n uals .

Perhaps the most i n te restin g group of an n ual s i s that con tain in g the
plan ts which a re val ua b le for c ut flowers such a s the la rksp ur ma ri , ,

gold sn apd ragon Mexican poppy an d n ast urti um These plan ts

, , , .

to b e most successful for c ut flowers should be i n rows for p urposes of

cultivation a n d given ample space to develop fully Most of them
, .
,

as wi th the othe r an n u al s which have ea rly flowers a re sown i n t h e ,

seed b ed s i n mi d Fe b ru -
ary an d ea rly Ma rch or i n the hot frames d uri ng
the last of Ma rch an d ea rly A p ril an d later t ran splan ted Most of the .

ann ual s c an be sown i n the open g roun d d urin g the last of Ap ril an d
ea rly May b ut the floweri n g season i s apt to be much shorter beca use
,

the flowers mat ure at a late r date .

There i s a group of a nn ual s which a re ext remely desi ra b le a s groun d

cover an d ed gi n gs They a re plan ts which when sown thin i n the
.
,

Open gro u nd n eed not n ecess a rily b e thi n n ed o u

, t altho u gh a n i n
t elli gen t t hi n n i n g i s b ette r These ann uals form bea uti ful ed gin gs
.

to the flowe r borde rs a n d fi ll ma n y othe rwi se ba re spaces i n the front

of the lowe r an n u al plan tin gs .

There i s a group of a n n ual s which should p refe rably b e sown i n the

op en groun d where they a re to bloom a n d which should b e thin n ed ,

ou t t o the p rope r s paci n g between pla n t s a s the small pla nt s develop .

These ann uals a re d i fli c ult to t ransp lant s uccessfully a nd incl ud e such ,

types a s baby s b reath l upin e n ast urti um corn flower an d poppy

’
, , , , ,
 ANNUAL S 2 39

Annuals, un like pe ren n ial s, be sta rted i n man y instances at

c an

d iffe ren t period s d urin g the s ea son i n o rde r to insure a succession of ,

bloom There i s a normal period req ui red between the ti me of seed

.

i ng an d th e ti me o f bloomin g a n d i f thi s pe riod i s d e fin i t ely kn own

, ,

then at in terval s of a c t less than ten days or two weeks th ree or four
su c ce ssive sowi n gs ma y be made i n the ea rly an d late s p ri n g so that a

con tin u ous succession of bloom from these plan t s may be obtai n ed
duri n g the summer mon th s Typical of these plants a re the phlox
.
,

forget me nOt a n d baby s b reath

’
- -
, .

Most of our ann ual s c an be sown i f n ecess ary i n the open g roun d , , .

There a re a few types however which must be sta rted i n seed bed s
, , ,

ei the r i n a green ho u se or i n hot frames i n orde r to p rod u ce good bloom

,

before the frost inj ures the top s These types i n cl ude the Chi n a aste rs
.
,

cosmo s t en weeks stock pet u n ia an d b u t t erfly flowe r a ll of wh i c h t e

’
- ~
, , , ,

q ui re a longe r season for the pe riod of mat urin g after seed in g Many .

t i mes when the s eed s of the se plan t s a re sown lat e the pla nt s reach ,

t h ei r mat u re develop men t an d a re on the poi n t of p rod u cing flowers

when they a re suddenly inj ured by an ea rly frost .

I t often becomes n ec ess ary or desi rable to supplement plantin gs of

e e n ial o r woody vin es which a re n at u rally s low growin g with
p r n , ,

ann u al q uick growing vi nes to cover fen ces an d lattice work It i s

-
.

seldom that pe renn ial vi n es c a n be plan ted an d p rod u ce an adeq uate

cove rin g fo r a lattice wo rk o r fen ce d u rin g the fi rst yea r The t i me .

req u i red for the full develop ment of such woody vi n es a s the clemati s ,

b itt er sweet a nd rose i s from two to th ree yea rs In suc h in stan ces the
-
, .

cu p an d s a uce r vi n e h 0p vi n e
, ca rdi n al vi n e a n
, d the m o rn i n g g lo ry,

c an be plan ted to fi ll the ba re a rea s d u ri n g the fi rst yea r or two Man y .

of th es e ann u al vi n es have a heavy foliage val uable for sc reen effects,

—
,

and the w rite r h a s the re fo re divided thi s g ro u p i to t o sub gro ups i n

n w ,

d i c at i ng those with delicate folia ge an d those with heavy foliage .

L I ST OF ANNUAL S
A A NN UA L S E S P E C IA LLY VA LUAB LE F O R Cur FLOW ER S Th e
.
'
.

gr o u p o f ann ual s which a re val uable fo r c ut flow e rs i s m u ch gr eate r than

mi ght be an ti cipated Thi s g roup i s comp rehen sive an d those plan ts

.

whic h a re ma rked with a sta r a re the mo st i n te re sti n g t y pe s an d p ro ,

vide the greatest ab un dan ce of c ut flowers The Othe r a nn ual s i n t h e .

group a re val uable for c ut flowers b ut should n ot be select ed un l ess ,

ai n p le spa c e exi st s so t h at the more i mportan t type s al so can be grown .

2 40 TH E COM PL ET E GAR DEN
A ( ra tta n h ourton i a n um G rasses i n vari ety
08 8 Flower
J i ma n ti mum g m
'

saw ": p p’ h i l l '

g
ro a e e a
weet Alyss u m a by s B re a th
‘
Anti rrhi n um mai n: ‘
H eli a nthw a m mw
Sn a pd ra gon ( tre a ted as an ann ua l) Sin g le An n ua l Su n flower

Ard oti : gra nd i : H eli cluym m bracu a tu m

Afri can Da i sy Stra w Flowe r
B rachycom i bm d ifoli a H eli otropi um peruma rmm
'

Swan Ri ver Da i sy H eli otrop e

‘
Calmd u la ofi ci na li : Humm na mua f uma ri alfoli a
'

Pot M ari gold Mexi ca n Poppy

Ca lli n ep hw h a rm s}
Chi n a Ast e r Can d yt u ft
‘
Cmta urea a meri ca na Imp a ti em balmmi na
Ame ri c an Co rn flower G ard en B alsa m
Cen ta u rea cya mu
‘
La thym odoratu :
Old fas h i on ed Corn flowe r
-
Swee t Pea
Centa urea i mperi ali : Matthi ola i nt e nd
Swee t Su lt an Co mmon Stoc k
‘
Ch ryra nthemum corona ri um Ni eIIa d a n a rem
Su mme r Ch rysan t h emu m ve in a mi s t
- - -

Coreopri r ti nctori a i P a p aoer (i n vari ety)

‘

Ti c kseed Ann u a l Pop p y

‘
Cormo: bi p i n n a tu : Rereda odorata
Cosmos M i gnonette
Delp h i mum a]a ci : ‘
Sa lp i glorri : ri me
'
‘

Ann ua l Lar ksp u r Pai n ted Tongu e

Di a ntlm: ch i mm i s ‘
Sca bi os a a tro up uru
Chi nese Pin k Mourmng n s
e

Di a nth u : hcdd ewi gi Sch i z a nthw mwtu

°

Ja p anese Pin k Bu tt erfly ower

E mi li a fla mme a Ta gm: cred o

Flora s Pa i nt b rush
’
-
M
a ri gold , Afri ca n vari et i es

E schrcholtz i a ca lifom i ca ‘
Trop aeoh gm maj ra
Californ i a Poppy Nast urti um
E uch a ri d i um gra n d iflomm Verben a hybri d a
Large fiowe re d Euc h ari di u m Verben a
‘
Ga i lla rdi a u lclwlla pi t ta Vi ola tri color
B lanket ower Pansy ;
Com h rm a globom Zt mu a elega m
' '
‘ '

G obe Amaran th Zi nni a

tTh e va ri ety Sh i rley i t pa rti cularly to be co mmended .

B .A NN UA L S TO B E S OW N FO R G RO U ND Cov e n Often along the .

ed ges of bo rde rs i n the g a rden or i n othe rwi se ba re s pots a small

, ,

groun d cover of ann ual s to p rod uce a ca rpet o f flowe rs ma y be d e

s i red Thi s often happen s at the ed ge of sh rubbe ry whic h grows
.
2 42 TH E COM PL ETE GA R DEN
E . A NN UA L S TO B E STA RT E D I NDOO RS m ORD ER TO P ROD UC E
B LOOM B E F O RE F RO S T For the best re sults an d for ea rly summer
.

flowers th e ann ual s i n thi s g rou

, p s hould be sta rted i n hot fra mes or
green hous es a n d t ran splan t ed i n the very ea rly sp ri n g a s soo n as the
,

d an ge r of frost i s ove r i n to th ei r perman en t g a rden locations

, .

A d a tum houn oma mcm

'

Mca hi ala i nsa ne

loss Flower Common Stock
Anti rrl nn um maj u Ni coti a na (in vari ety
'

: )
Sn a pd ra gon Tob a cco Plan t
B rachycom i beri d ifoli a P etun i a hybri d a
Swan Ri ver Dai sy Petu nia

Ca lli rtep h u: hommi : Sa l i glorri r ri mmta

Chi n a As ter a i n ted To n gue

Clm ra nth u S alma rplmdm :

' ' ' '

: dw n
W a llflowe r Sca rlet Sage
Cos mo: bi pi n na tw Sch i z a n thw i n na tw
Cosmos Bu tt e rfly lower
H eli otrop i u m pemvi a rmm Verben a hybri d a
Heli otro pe
'
Verben a
Lobeh a eri n w (i n va ri ety)
Lobeli a

F .AN N UA L VIN E S While the mo re pe rman en t pe ren n ial typ es of

.

woody vi n es a re developin g d urin g the fi rst two o r th ree yea rs after

t ran splanti n g it i s often desi rable to fi ll the b a re spaces o n fen ces and
wall s with the ann ual vi n es that will p rod uce a ma ss foliage efl ec t
'

An y of the vi n e s shown i n thi s group a re val uable for that p urpose .

a. Deli ca te f oli a ge
Adlumi a ci rrhom (b i enn i a l) Cobaea sca nda l: (sow i n doors)
Alleg h an y V i n e Cu p an d S a uce r V i n e

Ca rd i orpcm um h ali caca bu m Tro aeoli a n ca na ri m re (sow i ndoors)

Ba lloon Vi n e anary B i rd Vi n e

H ea vy f oli a ge

Calonycti on acad emi a »: Ipom ea hedera cea (Ja anese varie ties )
Moon Vi ne Ja p anese Mo rn i ng lory
Doli chor Ia bla b Ipom eo p ur a rea
Hya ci n t h Beau Common fi
o rn i n g Glo ry

Ech i nocyrti : Ioba ta P haraoh “ mu lti flomr

Wi ld Cucumber Sca rlet R unner Be

H umu lu : Ia p ulu:
H op V i n e
H mmd u : lu u u u m
' '

p l i i Q li t i h d f ha
€
: a o n ca a oc cocc nea c en o
Cu t lea ved Hop
-
in e Card in a l Cli mber
 ANNUAL S 24 3

G PLANTS FOR CARP ET B E DDING C arp et bed d i ng as a p art of

. .

d esi gn i n l an d sc ape pl an ti n g h as a sp eci fic place an d i s u sed fo r a sp e

ci fic p u rpo se Thi s type of plan ting len d s it sel f to ext remely formal
.

areas th ro ughout pa rks a n d a roun d architect ural t reat ments I t i s .

not adapted i n an y way fo r u se i n conn ection with i n fo rmal types of

Americ an l an d scapes either i n pa rk develop ment s o r i n set tin gs of

homes Thi s i s a field of work whic h gives the g a rden e r an excellent
.

oppo rt u n ity to s how hi s s kill i n the t ri mmin g of

p la n t s an d the a r

ran ge men t of plan t s to p rod u ce i n teresti n g patte rn eff ect s There i s no .

other group of plan ts from which speci men s c an be selected which will
pe rform t h e s ame fun ction s i n the lan d scape pict ure a s plants selected
from this g ro u p The perennial s a re mostly p ropa g ated from c uttin gs
.
,

an d the an n u al plan t s are g rown each yea r from seed s They a re .

—
usually plan ted very closely from th ree to si x in ches apart so a s to —
sec u re an even colou r eff ect an d a co mplete blan ket of folia g e with well

d efin ed li n es of sepa ration b etween the va rieties Few of these plan ts .

a re sold u n de r thei r p rope r sci en t i fi c n ames b u t the commo n n a mes ,

here given will iden ti fy them .

The types of plan ts adapted for thi s p urpose a re usually select ed

becau se of well d e fin ed ch a racteri stic s s u
-
ch a s
( ) aLon g flo w er i n g p e ri od an d ab un dance of bloom .

( b) Co mp a ct h a b i t of g rowt h .

( c) Abi li ty to t h ri ve un d er crowd ed cond i ti on s .

d
( ) A b ili ty t o re s p o n d to fr e q u en t an d se v e re c utt i n g b ack .

( )
e I n t e re sti n g co l o u r an d t ex t u re o f fo li a ge .

a . Low growi ng pla n t:

-
f m two to s i x i n ches
ro ta ll:

Al ” um ma ri ti mum oa ri egata m Sm mnou m van ety

m a ra chnoi dea m C
' '

a ri eg a ted le a ved Sweet Alyss u

-
m ii
Sl d erwe b Hou se lee k

E chmen a atrop u r u mnm m ca lca m cm

'

Se
’

xr
rea

Pu rp le le a ved -
che verta p i n e Ho uselee k
E chm n a fu lgm Sm mnou m tcctomm (i n vari ety)
' '

Smooth stemmed Ec heveri a

- ou seleek

Echm ri a gla u
ca Tela nthera a moma
Gla uco us Ec h everi a Alte manth era
Tela nthera bettz i cki a na
Red margi ned
-
Ech everi a Narrow lea ved Alternanthera
-

Tela ntlura m ri color

Creepi ng Oxali s Roun d lea ved Alternanthera
-

P ela rgomum hortormn M ad ame Salleroi Th mu : rerpyllu m (i a vari ety)

'

Mme Salleroi Geran i um

. ot h er of Th yme
2 44 TH E COM P L ET E GAR DEN
Flown i n g pla nt:
z .

A n atum Im ri a l Dwa rf B lue

“
Iberi r umbella ta (i n va ri ety )
a rf B lue loss Flower Can d yt uft
A eratum mp eri a l Dwa rf Wh i te
I Lobeli a eri a a lba
a rf W h i t e F lo ss Flowe r Wh i te Co mp a ct Lobeli a
AI ” um ma ri ti mum Li la c Qu een Lobeli a eri mu com acta Cryst a l Pala ce
t
l ila c Sweet Alyssum B lue Co mp a c t beli a

w
Al yn ": ma ri ti mum Li ttle Ge m
h i te Swee t Alyss u m
Lobeli a eri mufla re plane
Do uble Lo beli a
B rac hycome i beri d ifoli a Lobeli a cri me: tri color
Swan Ri ve r Dai s y Spo tted Lo beli a
Cu [lea f M a P hlox d ru mmond i
Dru mmon d s Ph lox
’
i ga r lant
Ibarf: a ma ra c oromma P ortu
'

lac a gra n d iflora (i a va ri ety)

Roc et Can d yt u k
ft Rose M oss
Toren i a fla va
Yellow Toren i a
b . Ta ller growi n g pla n t:
-

f rom twelve to twen ty i n ches ta ll

Acalyp ha wi lkefi a na (i a vari ety)

'

[ ref i ne herbxtt
Co ppe r lea f -
Roun d le a ved Achyranth es
-

Centa urea ci nemri a Ired u e Ii n de m

'

Du sty M i ller Na rrow lea ved Ac hyran thes

-

Centa ur“: g mnoca r a P ela rgomum h ortorum (i n va ri ety)

'

Plu mose ea ved sty M i lle r B ronz e le a ved Gera n i u

-
m
Ch ra nthm um p a rtlm u um a ureum P h ala n : a ru
' '

n d i na cea
ld en Fea th er R i b bon Grass
Ch rys a nthemu m p a rtlmuum gla u cum P u en a tri m
'

sty Feve rfew

z
Du teV i a
S a ntoli na ch a maecypa fi rm
La ven d er Co tton
Seneci o ci m
'

an a

z Floweri ng pla nt:

.

A d a tum how i on i a rmm tro i um Qu een o f Vi ole ts

loss Flowe r B lue ga rd en H e li ot ro pe

ma v a ri ety
'

Be o rex (i n ) La nta na ca ma ra ( i n v a ri e ty )
ex Begon i a Lan ta n a
B egon i a re mpevflorn u Tri omph e d e P ela rgoma m (i h
'

va ri ety )
Lo rrai n e Geran i um
Che rry Red Bed di ng Begon i a
P etun i a hybn da
'

Be on i a re m effl m or V e rn on

ed di n g egon i a
Petu ni a

S alma rplm dm
'

Ch rysa nthemum corona ri um fla re pla za (i n va ri ety )

Do u b le Summer Ch ry san th em Sca rlet Sa ge
Cu hea li m o Tro aeol m m mi n t“
13 3 : Plan t a rf Nasturti um
.

hybri da
Ga rden Verben a
246 THE COM PL ET E GAR DEN
Cla rki a p u k hd la Matth i ola i nc a na a mmo
Clu ste red flowe retl Clarki a
-
Ten week Stoc k
-

Di cmtlm: ba rbota r P etun i a hybrid a (i n vari ety

)
Sweet Wi lli a m
Di morp hothcca a ura fma ca P hlox d rmmnond i ( i a va ri ety)
'

Oran ge Da i sy Dru mmond s Ph lox

’

Erchrcholtz i a ca liforn i ca
Californ i a Pc ppy
Ga i lla rd i a u lclwlla pi t ta
Blan ket lower
Hun negna nn i a fuma ri a efoli a Tua “ mb
l ren ctM a rigold
s
o
Mexi can Pop py
Mc ub i c le i nca na a ma hybn da
'

Common Stock Verben a

Zi n n i a ek ga m
.

Zi nni a

b . Ta ller s orts , grow n gi twen ty f

-
o r u to th i rty -
J ix i nches

Au ti hi n u
n m mai n: ) ( i n va ri e ty Delphi n i um aj aci : Do uble Stoc k flowering
-

Sn a pd ra gon An n u a l Lar sp u rk
Calli mp h u : sh i m s} Otego s Gi an t H eli otropi mn regal:
Ch rysan t h emu m flowered Ch i n a Ast er
-
Gard en H eli otro pe
Ca lltru h u h i uw i L b hi Mwh i ch: M ammoth Bea uty of Ni ce
'

p : c : a te ra nc n g
-

Late floweri ng Ch i n a Aste r

-
Bromp ton Stoc ks
orga nz a Ta etc: erecta Le mon Qu een
Plumed Ce losi a a ll Do ub le Afri can M ari gold
elega n: Ta m: erecta Oran ge Pri n ce
B roa d -
lea ved Clarki a a ll Do ub le Afri ca n M ari gold
 P L AT E XXX VIII .D uri n g t h e w i n t e r mo n t h s wh e n t h e re i s li t t le e lse i n
t h e sh ru b b o rd e r t o a t t ra c t a t t e n t i o n th e vi vi d c o lo urs o f t h e t w i g s o f ma n y
,

o f ou r sh ru b s p res e n t i n t e re s t i n g s p o t s o f c o lo ur a g a i n s t th e b a c k g ro un d o f
e ve rg re en s o r s n o w . A
( ) re d -
t w i gg e d d o g w oo d ; B
( ) g ree n-
s t e mm e d d o g w oo d ;
( C ) re d b i rc h ; ( D ) g o ld e n m i gg e d o s i e r ; ( E ) g ra y d og woo d ; ( F st ri p e d ma p le
-
.

( Se e ra g e 1 69 , g ro up XX I)
 PL AT E XX X IX W h a t i s mo re b e a ut i ful i n t h e la n d sc a p e t h a n th e i n t en se ly
.

b ri lli a n t c o lo urs o f t h e a ut umn fo li a g e o f ma n y o f o ur t ree s a n d sh rub s ? Mo re

p la n t s s h o u ld b e us e d fo r t h e v a lue o f t h e i r a ut umn fo li a g e e ff e c t. A
( ) b urn i n g
b ush ; ( B ) d a rk g re e n g o ld e n b e ll;
C
( ) m a p le-
le a v e d V i b urn um ; D
( ) s a ss a fra s ;

E
( ) m a i d e n h a i r t re e ; F
( ) s o urwo o d ( S
.e e p ga e 1 73 g, ro up X X II )
248 TH E COM PL ET E GAR DEN
often t ravel long di stan ces to see them i n bloom G a rden roses too .
, ,

have thei r societies a n d have sec ured a place i n the reg a rd an d the
kn owled ge of the p ublic which i s n ot altogether j usti fi ed by thei r
position i n the hortic ult ural wo rld Aside from thei r flowers roses have
.

n othi n g to recomme n d them fo r o rn a men tal pla n ti n g Lilies small .

,

flowe ri n g t rees rhod od en d ron s az alea s a nd othe r b road leaved eve r

, , ,
-

greens all possess bette r foliage a n d a re mo re free from b ugs mildew , ,

an d othe r di s ea s es .

Ma gni fic en t eff ect s ma y be s ec ured by usin g the p rope r sort s of lili es ,

m
p p e rly pla n ted Li l
.ie s s e e m o n the whole , to th rive bette r i n,
soi l
which i s full of the roots of other pla n ts an d th us they a re most happily,

used i n conj u n ction wi th othe r he rbaceo u s o r small woody plan ts .

They ma y be selected to p rovide bloom con tin uously from May till
S eptember a n d to suit a n y type o f soil or con dition of shade o r
open sun .

D urin g recen t yea rs n umerous n a med so rt s o f thorn apples ,

crabapples floweri ng che rries an d othe r small t rees have b een p ut

, ,

on the ma rket These t rees could wi th splen did res ult s be s ub

.
, ,

sti t uted for the roun d leaved or umb rella catalpa a n d weepi ng mul
-

b erry of the old ti me n urse ry s alesman They a re not on ly ha rdy

-
.
,

shapely ,a n d bea u ti ful i n flowe r b ut man y o f the si ngle fioweri ng

,
~

so rt s p rod u ce h an d some fruit a n d Othe rs have a good a ut umn

colour .

There a re n ow at lea st fi fty so rt s of small eve rgreen s h rub s an d vi nes ,

aside from the rhod oden d ron s which a re rea son ably ha rd y th roughout
,

the n orthe rn state s I t i s comi n g to be gen erally recogn iz ed that

.
,

aside from the antipathy to calca reous soil s which i s shown by the
rhodode n d ron s a n d othe r e ricaceae the chie f d rawback to the u, s e of

man y of o ur cha rmin g b road leaved eve rg reen s h as n ot b een so much

-

the fin d i n g o f a p roper soil a s the s ec uri n g of a p roper exposure a n d a

con dition of con ti n uous moi st ure without stagn ation As the smoki .

n ess of o u r ci tie s co n ti n u es to i n c rea se the li st of con i fe rous evergreen s

that wi ll survive thi s con dition g rows smalle r The refore fo r wi nter .

eff ect s i n ci tie s we should t urn to b road leaved evergreen s man y of -

,

which a re not on ly able to survive smoke an d d ust p rovid ed they a re ,

occas ion ally wa shed down an d a re kept always moi st at the roots ,

bu t which con tai n a mo ng them some of the finest floweri n g plan t s

whic h c an be sec ured .

C a re should be taken when p urcha si n g horticult ura l va rieties

 HO RTI CULTU RAL VA R I ET I ES 249

of plant s not to i n vest too heavily i n n ovelties which have not wi th

stood an y te st o r been pa ssed u pon by ho rtic ult ural societies or ot her
a uthorities Ma n y so called n ovelties a re me rely old va riet ie s which
.
-

have long si n ce been superseded ma sq ueradi n g un de r n ew n a mes

,

wh ile othe rs a re likely to be un t ried a n d ma y be un desi rable so rt s The .

amateur i n h i s selection of ho rtic ult ural va rieties should adhe re to

stan da rd va rieties which have bee n gen e rally recogn i z ed fo r a c on

s i d e ra b le pe riod The use of ho rticult ural varieties which a re a d ver

.

t i se d a s a good s u b stit ute for sta n da rd va rieties un less from some ,

reliable n u rse ry s ho u
, ld be avoided .

SEL ECT L I ST S OF HO RTI CU LTU RAL VA R I ETI ES

The q uestion of p ubli shin g special li st s o f the mo re stan da rd horti
cultural va rietie s ma y be open to some c ritici sm These li st s a re i n .

t e re st i n g fo r refe ren ce The writer h a s therefore compiled the follow

.

i n g li st s which may be con side red at the ti me of p u blication of th i s

,

man usc ript a s so me of the best va rieties offe red by the t rade Owi n g
,
.

to i mpo rtation a n d hyb ridiz ation n ew va rieties a re in t rod uced each

,

yea r an d a fte r bei n g thoroughly tested should be added to these

, ,

li st s i n o rder to keep the m up to date .

B lue toB la i r]; La vender

S i n 1: Si n gle
b a Major B le u a

M
ari e Legra ye Ca e rulea superb :
Vi rgi n alis Colma ri en sns
Pri n cess Alexan d ri a Double:
F ra uBe rt h a D a ma nn Presi d en t Ca rn ot
Doyon Keteleer
Mi ss Ell Willm tt
en o Pres i d en t G revy
M d m C i mi r P
a a e as e ri e r
Deep P urp le K d to Redd i sh
M d m Lem i n
a a e o e
S i n Ia
Ra bela i s
M a d ame Abel Ch a ten ay n go
Ph i le mon
toRory Ch a rles X
Si n la: Sou ven i r d e Ludwi g Sp a et h
loi re de ouli ns M Double:
Li larosa Ch a rles oly J
Othello La To u r d Au
’
ve rgn e
Ma ch rosta c hya

Emi le Lemoi ne
M M axi me Co mu
.

Belle d e Nan cy
2 50 TH E COM PL ET E GA R DEN
B . Ps oms s .

La Lorrai ne

Glori ous

B a roness Sc h roed er
Mme E mi l Lemoin e
.

Franci s Willard
Alb a tre
Alsa ce Lorra ine
ames Kelwa y
£h
nc a n tresse
Mons Jules Eli e
M ari e Lemome W alter Faxon
.

Therese
Mme J ules Dessert Ph i lli Rworre
Ka rl m feld
.

Touran lle
Lady exand er
La Fran ce
La Fee
M arth a B ulloc k Ri ch ard Ca rvel
’

Wood b ury Sh aylor L Eti n celan te (si ngle)

ea s ub i lee Mme Ga ud i ch a u
.

Sa ra h ern h a rd t
La Fon ta i ne
Sta nd a rd Bearer

C . SMA LL F LOW ER ING TR E E S .

P mmcr erri ca a lba p lea d

Do ub eWhi te -
floweri n g Pea ch
Crataegu : ca rri ed P mn w e uca form plm a
'

r
Ca rri er s Red floweri ng Thorn
’
-
Dou b e Rose d oweri ng
-
Pea ch
Cram u s cord a ta P mmu sem d a ta (many forms)
W as i ngton Thorn Ja p an ese Floweri ng Cherry
Crataegw molli : P mmun ebold i
'

Red floweri ng Th orn

-

J ap anese Pin k flowering Ch erry

-

Cra m: mon ogyna alba plea d

Dou le Whi te floweri ng H awthorn F n ma m bhi mlla pmd ula
W
-

J a a nese ee i
p gn
Gratae a r mono pun i cea
Si ng e Pi n k l awt hom i P ru
erry

n e: tri loba
Crataegw m gym form Floweri ng Plum
Pi n k flowermg H a wt h orn
-

P ym: agrora ngui nf a

Ca rmme flowe rmg Cra b
-

Cra te: u
: oxyca ntha p a uh
'
P ym ba ccata
Pa n 3 Donb le Sca rlet fiowermg -
Thorn Si be ri a n F loweri ng Cra b

F n ma J ames H Vei tch

m:
caro .

Rose pi nk Floweri ng Cherry

-
2 32 THE COM PL ETE GA R DEN
E . B ROAD LE AVE D EVERG REE N S
-
.

a . Rh od od end ron : a n d az a leas

Rh dod nd ron a rbtd i foli u m ( ri ch p i n k

Alb um elega ns (li g h t b lu sh ) f fly
Rhododend ron ferru m m
Alb u m an d iflora (li g h t b lu sh ) gi (ca rmi n e
Alexan e r D an cer (li g h t ro se) Jun e to Augus t)
Atrosa ng ui ne um (b lood red e arly) Rhod odend ron h i rs u tm n ( Pi uk Ju— ne
Ca ra ct a c us ( ri c h p urp li s h cri mson ) to Au g u st ) ( D oes n o t d i s li ke li me)
Rho dod end ron mymfoh mn ( Deep rosy
'

Ch a rles B a gley (c h e rry red , la te )

Ch arle s Di c ken s ( b ug h t sca rlet, —
p mk J u ly)
odod n d ron m nm om ( Rosy red
e a rl
g
)
C S a rg en t ( ri c h c ri mson ) t d ay i
—
. .

La dy Armstrong ( p ale rose best Rh od oden d ron az a leoid e: ( F rag ran t p i n k

m — Ma a n d J un e)
p k y
Mrs —
S Sa rgen t ( b ri g h t p i n k si mi
.
Rh od oden d ron ca mp a n u la u m (Li la c h

u
.

lar to Everesti a n u m) J )
n e

Mrs M iln er ( ri c h c ri mson )

.

Rose u m eleg an s ( d eep rosy p urple) Az a le a : (H a rd y exce p t in wi n d swe p t

Bo u le d e Nei ge ( be st d wa rf wh i te) loca ti on s)
Rh od odend ron obtw mn a moen u
Ca eru lescen s ( p a le li la c b lu
Everest i an u
e)
m (rosy li la c t h e best ) — —
( Pu lc May) (Az a lea amoen a )
m

F L Ames (p a le p i n k) Rh od a nd ron ca n a dem e ( R h od ora

'

. .

c an a d ensi s)
Gu i d o ( ri c h c ri mson )
H W Sa rgen t ( c ri mson , la te) Rhododend ron vareyi (Az a le a va seyi )
Rh od oden d ron n u d iflom m (Az a lea
. .

a me s B a t e man ( ri c h sc a rle t )
I
( ett led ru m (d ee p red , lat e ) lu t ea )
Rh od od end ron j p i um (Az alea
La d y G re , Ed gerton (li g h t ma u ve ,
a o n e

b
-

ve ry fi n e
molli s)
Old Port (ri ch cri mson ) l d odend ron ca nercem (Az a lea ca
'
.

Pu rp u re u m grand ifloru m ( be st p urp le, nescen s )

la te) Rhodod en d ron ca lend u la ceum (Az a lea
c a len d ula )
Specter .
Rh ododen d ron a rborereem (Az a lea a r
Rh od odend ron maxi mum (wh i te to p i n k bores cen s)
— une to uly—t a ll) J Rhodod end ron vi reorum (Az a le a vi scosa )
J
Rh od aden d ron ca ta wbi eme (li la c to Rhododend ron k aempferi ( Rhod od en
u
P p )
r l e d ron i n d i cum ka emp fe ri )
Rh od oden d ron catawbi em e a lbu m Rhod odend ron morten (Az a lea gan d a
'

(w hi t e ) ven si s )
Rh ododend ron ca roli n i a n um ( rose led if oli um (Az a lea led i
J
un e) Bes t d wa rf o la

Other broad Iea ved -

evergreen: rh o uld be tri ed

And romed a polifoli a B erberi : ra rgen ti a na

Wi ld Rosema ry Evergreen B arberry
Aretorta phylo: uva urn — '

Cha maed a p lme ea lyn d ata

Be a rb e rry Lea th er leaf
-

A: {d i a m a eron i eh oi de: Ch i m ph i la ma cu la ta
h n stma s Fern Pi p si mewa
Aubri eti a deltoi dea Ch i ma ph i la umbellata
Purple Roc k Cress Pi psi ssewa
 HO RTI CULTU RAL VA R I ETI ES 3 53

Cotone aster ad p rerra ( se mi -

e ve rgreen ) Led um groenla nd i cum
Creep i ng Coton easter La b ra d or Tea
Cotonea ster hofi z on ta li r se ( mi -
evergreen ) Led um p alw tre '

Pro stra te Coton ea ste r Na rrow lea ved La b ra d o r Tea

-

Cotonea ster mi cro hylla Le i oph 111m: buxifoli um

Small leaved -
tone as t er San Myrtle
D a [me bla gay a n a Le ucoth oe caterbaei
'

i te Ga rlan d Flower Ca tesb y s And romed a

’

Da h u e cne ormn Ma homa '

uifoli um (scorch es i n su
n)
t lan d Flowe r Oregon ra pe
E mpetrum atro u rpureum Mahoma repew '

e
'

Red fru-
i ted mwbe rry Cree p i n g M ahon i a
E mpetrum n i grmn Ma homa p i nn ata wa gnen
' '

B la c k frui ted Crowbe rry

-
Pinn a te leaved M a h oni a
Em un men P aehym nd ra termi n a li r
'

etr ea
i n k fru
-
i ted Crowbe rry Ja p a nese Sp urge
P i ers} flori btmd a
Mountai n Fetterbush
E vonymu : rad i u m (i n va ri ety) P olyga la eha maebu xu :
Cli mbi ng Evonymu s Box leaved M ilkwort
-

Ga lax a phylla (north exposu re only) P otenti lla tri dentata

Ga lax Evergreen Ci n q u efoil

Ga i d then a p rocu mben:

'

P yraea ntha cocci nea

Wi n tergreen Eve rgreen Th orn
Heli a nthemum cha maeci rtw P yraea ntha cocci nea p a u ci flora
Roc k Rose Low growi n g Fi ery Th orn
-

H ellebg m: m er P yxi d a nthera ba rbu

'

lata
Ch ri s tmas ose Floweri ng Moss
H z p op h ae rh a mnoide: S horti a ga laeifoli a
g
ea B u c k th o m Sho rt i a
H eri ca n: a ureum Th mu : J t f yHu
P
'
m Ia nug i nom
arg e flowered St o hn s Wort J wn y 1 hyme
’
-
.

Iberi : em p eroi rem Vacci n i u m (in va ri ety)

Everg reen Ca n d ytu ft Blu e be rry

K almi a an gu m oli a Vibu rn u m eh

“
'

ap hylla
Sh eep L a u re Evergreen urn
Vi nc e: mi nor
Caroli n a L a u re l Pen wmkle
K almi a Iatifoli a (i n va ri ety)
Mountai n Laurel
Zenobi a

F Lm s s .

Th e followi n g table contain s the best so rts fo r the average grower

an d i n d i cate s the c ult ure season of bloom colo ur of flower an d usual
, , ,
2 54 TH E COM PL ET E GA R DEN
height There a re four clea rly d efined typ es of lilies as i n d icated i n
.

the table by the lette rs A B C an d D F i rst the fun n el fo rm li ke the

, , , .

E aste r lily (A) ; then the pen dan t sp readin g or bell form ( B) Th e
, , .

s a me flower e rect i s the c u p like type C

( ) whi c
-
h flo w ers ea rlie s
,t o f all ;
an d the Tu rk s cap gro u p wi th petal s completely reve rsed ( D)
’
.

( )
o A ll the lilie s ma rked th us s ho uld th rive i n an y o rd in a ry fe rt ile
g a rden soil If the available soil i s n at urally compact o r adh esive it
.

c an be li ghten ed an d made mo re po rou s by di ggi n g so me coa rse s an d

o r lea f mold i n to i t If the soil i s li ght an d s an dy p roc ure a n d inco r

.
,

po t ate wi th it some clay loam; b ut i n a b road sen se all these li lies c an be

depen ded upon to live a n d i n c rea se un der average ga rden con ditions .

These lilies req ui re a good soil an d i f the soil i s heavy it

s ho u ld be lighten ed by the addition of some leaf mold or peat ; these
lilies do not q uite so well wi th stan d heat an d d rought either P a rti a l .

shade i s b en efici a l e specially at thei r root s which c an be p rovided by

, ,

in terplan tin g the m among Other plan t s that wi ll shade yet n ot too ,

den sely cover the g roun d .

This gro up e mb races all n ative species a n d they a re shade

an d moi s t u re lovi n g Al th ough they li ft up thei r tall flowe r spikes to
.

the b right s un they like a cool root run at all ti mes In a cool n orth
, .

corn e r or by lake or st rea m or i n a n y moi st hollow about or n ea r the

, ,

g a rd en these lilies a re a host i n themselves wherewi th to make a sum

,

mer pict ure .

Lilies ma rked i n thi s mann e r a re stem rooting Therefore -

.

th ey c an be t ran splanted i n the sp ri n g .

TABLE OF LILIES

elega w u
a l ta May 9 i n ches

elegant: a urora

elega m '
i ncom
R i ch cri mson red
spotted wi th b la ck 1 } ft .

Cri mson
 HORTI CULTURAL VA RI ETI ES
TABLE or LILIES ( Conti n u
ed )

COLOUR OF
n owa n

B ri g h t sca rlet
Pu re wh i te i n sid e,
red d i s h b rown o u t
Pu rest wh i te
erot e ma Deep oran ge

Ri ch ye llow s potte d
wi t h b la ck
Purp le

b a ri um) June July

, Vari a b le p a le yellow
t h roug h oran ge
d ee i mso n
st cr
Va ri a le i n sh a d e
ellow a n d re d
y
Bri gh t sca rlet

cel mm) Nan keen y e llo

w ,

un i q ue in colour ef
‘ ‘
f
Re p u rp 1e spo ts
Yellow, p urple, wh i te to 6 ft .

Whi te
Pure wh i te

D a r b la c ki sh p u
k r le
4 to 6 ft .

Pa le to d ee p el ow
s po tted wi t h la c k
Va ri es from o ra nge to
b ri gh t red
m oerbmn Oran ge red to cri m
son, b la c k
s potted 6 to 8 ft .

a uramm p la y
Whi te , red d,s potte

a n d ye llow b an d e d
0147 01 1403 h i t e , c r i ms o n
s p o t t e d , y e llo w
b an d ed d own cen tre
of eac h pe ta l
a uramm vi rgi
na le Aug ust Wh i t e , ye llow s pott e d
ye llo w b an d ed
aa r t
q u m m bra
mtta tum Whi te , cri mson b an d
down e ach p e t a l
2 56 TH E COM PL ETE GA R DEN
TABL E OF LILIES ( Conti n u
ed )

a uratum wi nd W h i te , uns tted , yel

low b an ed
batema nn i ae

Ri ch i
a p r cot
Red , hea vily spot ted 3 3 » 4 ft .

Ap ri cot, yell
d ark s pots
elega n: malla rd
Deep o ra nge yellow,
d arke r p rotuber

hemyi
s peci om m al
Pure wh i te

Red , h ea vi ly spotted

E asy c ulture i n garden s oi l

Li li a n: a uratu m Li li um ten uifoh um
'

Gold b a nd ed Lily
-
Co ra l Lily
Li li a n: ca ndi d um Li li a n: ti f i na m
M a d onn a Lily
Tig e r £i
Li li a n: erot ema
Alp i n e Li ly Li li a n rpeci o mm (especi ally va riety
Li li a n: h i la del h i cmn
mbmm)
Showy Li ly
Wi ld cd L y '

Li li a n re
g le

Regal i ly Wallace s Th unbergi an Lily

’

Mai rt a nd boggy loca ti on:

Li li a n ca nad em e Li li a n; roez li
Wi ld Yellow Li ly Santa Cru z Lily

Li li a n: p a rryi f
Li Ii u m pa rd ali n um
Leop a rd Li ly
’
Pa rt y s Li ly
Li li a n: p a m m Li li a n m perbmn
Si erra Nevada Lily Ameri can Tu rk s Ca p Lily
’
 CHAPT E R XXX IV
VI N E S
VIN E S con stit ute a small b ut i mportant group of plan t s po ssess in g
ce rtai n cha racte ri stics which a re very val uable for use i n lan d scape
desi gn The an n ual vi n es develop to mat urity an d must b e sta rted
.

ag ain each sea son from seed Pe rennial vi nes on ce fi rmly estab li shed
.
, ,

con tin ue to i n c rea se i n d efi n i t ely at lea st d urin g a period of yea rs

, .

Man y vin es such a s the W i ste ria an d ivies a re s een on b uildi n gs h un

, ,

d red s of yea rs old an d i n gen eral the average lon g lived vi n e wi ll o ut

, ,
-

live i t s period of usefuln ess on an y b uildin g esp ecially on wooden ,

st ru ct ures which a re subject to decay an d to periodical repai rs

, .

“
To ma ny people a vin e i s a vi n e wi thout a n y diff eren tiation as to
”

it s u sefu l n ess As a matter of fact vi n es may be divid ed in to ce rtai n

.
,

d e fin i t e group s which a re val uable for diff e ren t p u rpo se s The kn 0t .

weed hon eysuckle an d cli mbi n g roses rep resen t a group whi ch are
, ,

very desi rable for thei r floweri n g effect I t often happen s that vin es .

a re de si red n o t so mu
, ch for thei r sc reen eff ect s a s for the effect of p ro
du c i n g flowe rs withi n a li mited space a n d th u s ad d i n g s pot s of bea u
, ty
to otherwi se un att ractive an d monoton ous surfaces .

I t i s q uite n ecess a ry i n selectin g vines for use on b rick work ston e ,

an d ma son ry s u rface s that the method of g rowth of s u

, ch vi n es sho uld
be fully un derstood Those vi n es which grow upon fen ce s an d lattic e
.

work a re eithe r sc ramblers or twi n e rs or they grow by mean s of t en

d ril s a s do the Vi rgi n ia c reepe r a n d the grape Non e of these vin es a re
, .

adapted for use on b rick work an d mason ry surfaces There i s a gro up .

of vin es which grow a n d cli n g to thes e su rfaces by mea n s of little

growth s at i n terval s alon g thei r stems the tip s of which a s soon a s

, , ,

they come i n con tact with a ny surface p rod uce a sticky flui d that ,
“ ”
i mmediately cemen t s the vi n e to the wall In the ca se of the Bo s .

t on ivy the little ten d ril at the tip of which i s the adh es ive su
, b sta n ce ,

h a s a ten den cy to con t ract i n the mann er of a twi sted co rd an d th u s

p ull the stem closer to the wall Thi s i s a pec ulia r p rovi sion of n at ure
. .

Thi s li st o f vi nes i s co mp a ratively small a nd i s rep re sented gen e rall y

25 8
 VINES 2 59

by th e Boston ivy Engli sh ivy a n d the cli mbi ng evon y mus or Japa
, ,

n es e eve rgreen ivy The ivies i n gen eral a re much more ra pid
.

growers than the evonymus .

There i s one group of vi n es which possesses a very vigo rous cli mbing
habit an d develop s a heavy foliage such a s the D utch man s pipe
,
’
,

Vi rgin ia c reepe r k udz uvi n e an d the kn otweed Of thi s li st of vi n es

, , .

t h e Americ an bitter sweet a n d the D u tch man s pipe posse ss an in ter

’
-

esti ng heavy folia ge .

Vin es a re val uable n ot on ly for thei r fl owerin g effect b ut they a re

val uable for the eff ect of thei r fruit al so S ome vi n es such a s the
.
,

mat rimony vin e with i t s b rillian t oran ge fruit a n d the Ame rican
, ,

bitte r sweet wi th i t s red an d orange fruit toget her wi th the Vi rgi nia
-
, ,

c reeper with i t s inte restin g bl ue fruit a re val uable i n a lan d scape set
, ,

ti ng fa r in to the win ter mon th s .

Oftenti mes local con dition s req ui re the selection of a perman ent
vi n e with a fa st growin g habit I t may not be advi s able to use ann ual s
.
,

bu t rathe r to u se a mo re perma n en t type a n d acco rdi n gly the des i gn e r

reso rt s to s uch pla nt s a s the D utch man s pipe the kn otweed a n d the
’
, ,

kudz u vi n e which un der n ormal con ditions will make a growth

,

ra n gin g fro m t en to fo rty feet i n a sin g le s ea son The k notweed i s not

.

en ti rely ha rdy i n seve re expos u re s a n d the yo u n g pla n t s sho uld not be

plan ted i n the open groun d before the latter pa rt of May .

In gen eral vi n e s fi ll a g ap i n the fi eld of lan d scape planti n g which

,

cann ot be filled wi th sh rub s Where con dition s develop i n which only

.

a limited space i s available for foliage flowe r an d fruitin g effects

, ,

vines must be accepted as the logical sol ution of the plan ti n g p roblem .

A q uite common mi stake i n the use of vin es i s to select types which a re

too fa st growi n g or which a re not adapted to the special p urpose for
which they a re used A common mi stake al so i s that of cove rin g
.

interesti n g pieces of b rick work a n d ston e mason ry wi th vin es which

complet ely ob scure the beauty of the a rchitectural detail Vin es .

s ho u ld be used on b uildi n gs to emphasiz e the a rchitect ural detail ;

otherwi se the re i s little use i n spen din g sums of mon ey to p rod uce
add ed b ea uty i n a rchitect ure i f such detail i s i mmediately to be

m vered with vi nes We often see an elevation of a house on which

.

eat s a chi mn ey with the enti re surface of the ho use an d chi mn ey

covered with vi n es In such i n stan ces the vi n es for the p urpose of
.
,

architect ural composition sho uld be plan ted on ly on the chi mn ey or

,

on th e s u rfa ce s at eithe r s ide of the chi mn ey a n d n ot on the chi mn ey .

260 TH E COM PL ET E GAR DEN
Man y persons object to the use of certai n types of vi n es such as th e
Vi rginia creepe r an d the ivies which fo rm a bea uti ful roosting place
,

for spa rrows i mmediately oppo site sleepi ng room win dows and for su ch -
,

location s a type of vi n e simila r to the evon ymus shoul d be used which ,

does n ot p rovid e a shelte r for these pest s .

LI ST OF V INES
The vines i n cl ud ed i n the group s of thi s list a re respectively val ua b le
for thei r ability to p rod u ce flowers for thei r use on b rick an d ston e
,

ma son ry for foliage effect for fruiti n g cha racteri st ics a nd for th ei r
, , ,

fa st growin g c h a racteri st ic s Certai n vi n es may be i n cl uded i n on e

.

o r mo re gro u p s beca use of the val ue of certai n characteristics i n each

gro up I t sho uld be re membered that the di st in ction between vin es of
.

differen t types for diff eren t p urposes i s eq ua lly a s marked as th e di Eer

en ce i n s h rubs an d pe renn ials .

Acti n id ta a rgu Lamcera (i a variety)

' '

ta
Da rk lea ved Silver Vi ne
-
H on eysuckle
P ol 3 01 mm baldl cl ma mcum
'

Ari stoloch i a J i p l w
Du tch man s Pi pe
’
ot weed

Di non i a rad i a f
e u
r umpet V111 e
Clemati s i n vari ety R03 4 (i n V 3 5 3 t
Clema t s i Cli mb i ng Ro e z
La h ryw latifoli u: W i s teri a (i n vari ety)
Wi steri a
.

H ard y Sweet Pea

Use on B ri ck, Stone, a nd Masonry

Ampelo ma mz i
'

en gel
Engefmann s Ampelo
n:
’

Ampelo n : tn cw {da ta Iom Em ymu : rad i um

’ ' '

g
Lowe 8 B ost on try Cli mb i ng Evonymu s

Ampelopu: tri cw psd a ta oei uIu

' '

H edera heli x
’
'

Boston Ivy Engli sh Ivy

Schi z ophren i a hyd ra ngeoi de:
Ch mbi ng Hyd rangea

C . Cli mbi n g H abi t a nd H ea vy Foli a ge

Ari u
'

Acti ni d i a (i n vari ety) olochta ”p

°

Du t ch man s Pi pe
’
Silver V111 e
B id rad i um
?
M
r umpet Vi ne
 CHAPT E R XXXV

W I NDOW B OX E S AN D H AN G I NG BAS K ET S

S TR I CTLY speaki n g wi n dow boxes do n ot come un der the catego ry

,

of plan ti n g o r des i gn i n g the g rou nds bu , t i n a vital way they s e rve to

tie the house to the lawn a n d g a rden s a n d th us help to p rod uce the
i mmediate effect of a ha rmon ious whole Pa rtic ula rly a re they .

“
val uable i n i mpa rti n g a coz y a n d lived i n atmosphere to a new
-

house Man y ot herwi se un i n teresti n g hous es have been made very

.

att ractive th rough the use of wi n dow boxes A seve re type of archi .

tect ure deman d s a wi n dow box t reat men t developed wi th the heavier
-

ki n d s of foliage plan t s such a s E n gli sh ivy ge ran i ums an d fuch sias

, , ,

while a lig hter a rchitect ural desi gn req ui res vi n ca s sn apd ragon s an d , ,

age ratums The selection of plan t s for successful win dow boxes mus t
.

be the result of some st udy of the eff ect to be p rod uced an d the ki n d s of
material s n ecess a ry to p rod uce the eff ect .

Not all of our pla n t s c a n be used i n wi n dow b ox pla n ti n g Plan t s

-
.

fo r thi s p u rpo se mu st retai n thei r folia g e th ro u ghout the summe r the ,

period of bloo m must con ti n ue for a n umber o f weeks a n d the n orma l ,

g rowth o f the pla n t s ho uld n o t be i mpai red by c rowdi n g the root

develop men t within a small a rea .

Two ca rdi n al p rin ci ples apply to the desi gn a n d use of wi n dow

boxes Never p ut wi n dow boxe s on a b uildi n g un less the a rchitect ural
.

composition req ui res them a n d do n ot select fo r them plan ts which

,

a re o u t o f s cale with the a rchitect u ral detail W hen plann in g the

.

wi n dow boxes the eff ect of the colo ur scheme should be con side red
fro m the i n side of the va rio us roo ms i n the house as well as the effect
upon the a spect of the house itsel f .

The re a re n ume rous possibilities out side of the con ven tion al box es
plan ted with pe riwi n kle ge ra n i ums a n d dai sies Al most any of the
, , .

s howy dwa rf g rowin g a n n u

-
al s ma y be used a n d the opport un ity fo r
va rious colo ur schemes with them i s p ractically en dless .

If b ri ght colour i s n eed e d the dwa rf gian t flow e ri n g sn apd ragon

,
-

wh ich comes i n many b rillian t shades a n d grows a bo u t twelve inch es

263
 WINDOW BOX E S AN D HANGING BASKET S 26 3

high i s good Th e dwa rf z inn ia i s pe rhap s even more b rillian t i n i t s

, .

various colo urs I t i s also st iffe r i n i t s habit of growth an d con se

.
o

q uen tly bette r for a wi n dy location C aliforn ia poppies c an be ha d i n

.

all shades of yellow an d o ran ge a n d could be used with n icoti an a for a

white an d yellow b ox An other good combin ation i s bl ue lobelia pin k
.
,

verben a a n d aspa ragus fern

, .

C a re sho ul d be taken to select the flowers which wi ll bloo m si mul

t a n eo u sly Foli a ge plan ts should be used to p rovide an ab un dan ce
.

of green an d e n o u
, gh vin es a n d flowers of a d roopin g habit sho uld be i n
t rod u c ed to co u n te ract the stiff n e ss of the b ox .

When pla n ti n g pac k the root s i n fi rmly on accoun t of the wi n d

, .

For an un u sually wi n dy position it i s be st to use a deepe r b ox In .

c hoo s in g the pla n t s ex po su re i s the fi rst i mpo rtan t con s ideration

, ( S ee .

the followin g li sts ) For sunn y po sition s the mo re vi go rous growi n g

.

an d flowe ri n g pla n t s a re apt to do be st while i n shade fern s an d

,

foliage plan t s gen e rally speakin g are mo re successfu

, , l In a d usty .

location smoothe r leaved plan t s such a s my rtle an d i vy geran i ums

-

sho u ld be used .

I ns ide win dow box es sho uld get sun shin e a n d plenty of fresh a i r
b ut mu st n eve r be placed i n a d ra ft The temperat ure for the ave rage
.

house plan t i s between 5 5 at n ight to 70 i n the dayti me The plan ts

° °
.

shou ld be watered regula rly an d the foliage sp rayed two or th ree times
a week with the ex ception of those plan ts with fuz z y foliage such as
, ,

gloxin ia whe re moi st ure upon the leaves wo uld cause decay H an g
, .

i n g bas ket s sho uld be li n ed with moss i n o rde r to retai n thei r moi st u re .

The soil used i n all wi n dow boxes must be rich a s the roots a re so ,

crowded an d a mple plan t food must be available A good soil mix .

ture for thi s p urpose i s two pa rts g a rden loa m one pa rt rot ted leaf ,

mold an d on e pa rt s an d mixed with on e pa rt well rotted man ure

, ,
-
.

Thi s mixt ure c an be p roc ured from an y flo ri st As the b ox becomes .

filled wi th roots it i s n ecess a ry to fu rn i s h food to the plan t s by wo rki n g

in to the soil a small a moun t of bon e meal o r well rotted man ure every -

week or t en days .

The b ox ma y be con st ructed of va rious materials : con crete te rra ,

cott a or wood
, Th e i n side mea suremen t s fo r a wi n dow b ox shou
. ld be
si x in ches to ei ght in che s deep an d t en i n ches to twelve i n ches wide .

Th e out side mea s ure men t s should be fo urteen i n ches wide a n d one
in ch shorte r than the wi n dow o r space it i s to occupy A ve ry lon g .

box c an be made i n section s ave ragin g th ree feet to four feet i n len gt h ,
264 TH E COM PL ET E GAR DEN

to fac ilitate the han dli n g of i t Th ree q uarte r in ch hol es shoul d be

.
-

bored i n th e bottom of the b ox eve ry twelve in ch es to p rovide d rain age , .

A z in c or ga lvan iz ed i ron lin in g i n a wooden b ox i s des i rable b ut n o t

a b so l utely n ecess a ry H owever i f a lin in g i s not used it i s b est to
.
,

h ave the in si de of the box cha rred to p reven t rotti n g o f the wood .

Th is i s don e b y wa shin g the in side both bottom an d si d es wi th ke ro

, ,

acn e an d the n li ghtin g the oil an d allowin g it to b u rn u n til a thin

cha rred coatin g i s fo rme d The b ox i s t urn ed up side down to smothe r

.

the fl ames Th e most perman en t types of wi n dow boxes a re li ned with

.

c oppe r All b oxes whether o r not they a re lin ed mu st b e p rovid ed

u
.
, ,

wi t h holes for d rai n age The ab sen ce of these holes ma y ca se t h e

.

so il to become so u r fro m overwate rin g a con di t ion whi c h i s avoid ed

,

when d rai n a ge i s p rovi d ed .

A . W INDOW B ox e s Th e followin g group of plan t s a re those

.

a dapt ed fo r win d ow b oxes i n va ryi n g ex po su res o f s un li ght Th ese .

p lan t s s ho uld n ot b e place d i n wi n dow box e s which cann ot b e tho r

oughly d rain e d unless great ca re i s exerci sed i n wate rin g ; otherwise

th e soil wi ll become sour an d the pla nts wi ll b e d rowned out
“ ”
.

a. South or west exposure

how i oui a num (d warf) H edera heli x

Eng li sh Ivy
nu
Anti f rl u m (i ntermedi a t e d warf) H eli otrop i um pemoi amcm
'

or
Sna pd ragon H eli o trop e
Codi a eu m (i n vari ety) Lobeli a
Crown Ann u a l Lo beli a

Ma ura nd i a (i n va ri ety)
Ma uran d y Vi ne
Gera n i um S H Nu .tt . Ne eta glechoma
Card i na l Gera n i um ro un d Ivy

Gera n i um B ru P ela rgomum p elta tum

'

ant
Sca rlet Geran i u m Ivy lea ved Ge rani u m
‘

Gera n i um Bea ut e Poi tevi n e

Salmon Do u ble Geran i u m Dru
mmond
’
s Phlox
Swa i mona
Swa msoma

Anti f rhi n um (dwarf or i ntermedi a te)

Sna pd ragon
De oma (tu bero us mowd )
'
-

uberou s Begoni a
266 THE COM PL ETE GAR DEN
b. Upri ght h a bi t a nd good fl
owers :

B e oma (t u berou s va ri eti es)

'

uberous Begoni a Lan tana

Cu hea
i gar Plan t
Fu chs i a i n va ri ety) P et1m1 a hybrid a
g
°

La d i es E ard ro p Petu ni a

Gera n i um (i a v ari ety)

Ge ran i u m
Im m ru
a ti e lta n a '

ouch me not- -

c. Upri ght ha bi t a nd good f oli a ge

A: i d i ma In fi d el Cy m altemifoli w
e
a ll Evergreen As p i dutra mb rella Plant

Elep h an t
’
Ear s

Ci nera n a ma ri ti me Fem
'

Du sty Mille r ( i n va ri ety

)

Coleus Na rrow lea ved Achyranthes

-

Palms (i n va ri ety
)
 CH APTE R XXXVI
BUL B S

TH I S i s a type of plantin g which c a n p rovide a s man y inte restin g

flowe r effect s a s an y a nn ual pe ren n ial o r s h rub plan tin g I t i s the
, , .

type of plan ti n g that p rovides flowers at a period of the yea r from late
Ma rch un til the latte r pa rt of May when the g a rden an d lawn a re
,

othe rwi se ba re o f flowe rs . The info rmation con cern in g thi s gro up of
plan tin gs cove rin g the possible types to be used the eff ects to be o b ,

t a i n ed a n d the ca re o f the mat u

,
re pla n t s h a s n ot bee n so freely d i s
,

t rib uted to the own e rs of o ur homes a s it should have bee n Afte r the .

mon oton o u s u
, n i n te re sti n g la n d scape p re sen ted by the lawn a n d ga rden

a reas i n the vicin ity of residen ces d urin g the long win te r mon th s these ,

touches of flower effect s a re of double val ue a s a n in t rod uction to the

possibilities of the floweri n g s h rub s a n d g a rd en p la n t s So i mportan t
l
.

i s thi s su bject that a n en ti re chapter of thi s book C hapte r VI h as , ,

been devoted to the c ult ure of b ulb s .

I t i s the gen e ral i mp ression that b ulb s a re b ulb s for p ractically

one u se . I t i s n ot realiz ed that s uch a wide va riation ex i st s i n the
p urposes for which b ulb s ma y be used an d i n the differen t types of
b ulb s which a re used .

As a matter of fact wi th the p roper pla n ti n g of b u

, lb s a con tin uo us ,

su ccessio n of flowers c an be obtain ed d urin g a n ormal sea so n from

the middle pa rt of Ma rch begi n n i n g with the c roc uses a n d the ea rly
,

n a rci s si ex ten di n g th ro u
, gh the ea rly pa rt of May wi th the ea rly t ulip s
,

a n d the late n a rci ssi , a n d e n di n g with the D a rwi n t u lip s d uri n g the
la st pa rt of May to be i mmediately followed by such ga rden flowers
a s the ea rly i ri s the col u
, mbi n e the alyssum a n d the lilac
, , .

There a re b ulb s which a re logically adapted to refin ed lawn an d

garden a reas b ulb s which a re adapt ed for n at uraliz ing i n woodla n d s
,

an d wi ld g a rden s i n te re sti n g combi n ation s o f b u

, lb s a n d types of b ulb s
,

val uable fo r fo rci n g d uri n g the late wi n te r mon th s The li fe of the .

average b ulb un der n o rmal con dition s i s app roxi mately th ree yea rs
after which ti me t h e b u lb s must be replaced wi th n ew material ; the
267
26 8 THE COM FL ETE GAR DEN
on ly exception bei ng that such b ulb s a s those of the croc us an d th ree
va rieties of n a rci ssi Von S ion Victo ria an d the poet s will con tinue t o
, , ,
’
,

multiply un de r ideal con dition s for a n u mb er of yea rs p rovi d ed t he ,

t 0p s a re pe rmitted to re mai n a s u ffi c i en t time after floweri n g i n order

to ripe n the b u lb .

In the selection of b u l b s for g a rden plan ti n gs we h ave p ractically t h e

enti re fi eld from which to d raw for material adapted to the t efin ed lawn
an d g a rden pla n ti n g The degree of refinement depen d s la rgely upon
.

ou r k n owled g e of the p rope r co mbi n ation s o f b u lb s which wi ll give

in te resti n g flowe r effect s flowe rs that appea r at the sa me an d at suc
,

cessi ve date s an d flowe rs of the s a me hei g ht

, In makin g plan tin gs of .

b ulb s for lawn an d g a rden effect s careful atten tion should be given
to the ot her group s showi n g n arci ssi for d iff e ren t location s an d the ,

interesti n g t ulip combi n ation s .

On e of the most in te resti n g gro u p s of b ulb s i s the group val uable fo r

n at u raliz ation i n wood lan d a n d wild g a rden a rea s The se b ulb s must .

be of the ki n d that wi ll con ti n ue to multi ply wi thout furthe r care than

i s ordi n a rily given to su ch a rea s on the average estate All of the b ulbs .

i n thi s li st should a fte r bei n g p rope rly planted grow i n s u

, ccee di n g ,

yea rs i n to cl ump s th rough the i n c rea se of the small b ulblet s an d the ,

mat ure plan ts sho uld be al most a s vi gorous a s d uri n g the fi rst yea r or
two after the b ulb s were plan ted In othe r wo rd s they should n ot .
,

s how a ten den cy to ru n ou t Occa sion ally un less con dition s a re i d eal
.
, ,

su ch pla n t s a s the t rilli um an d some of the lilies wi ll conti n ue to

g row b u t will n ot m u ltiply Thi s i s a f.reak o f pla n t li fe which t h o s e
who have given conside rable tho ught to expe ri men tin g i n the n at ural
i z a t i on of pla n ts can n ot fully ex plai n Man y of t h e b ulb s i n t h i s
.

group such a s the yellow lily leek lily of the valley adde r s ton gue ,
- - -
,
’
,

a n d t rilli u m de si re a great a moun t of shade The ot h e r b u

, lb s such as .

lilie s n a rci ssi sq uill s a nd t ulip s req ui re mo re s un li ght

, , , .

I t i s well to kn ow the adaptation s of diff erent varieti es of the n a r

ci ssus The write r h a s accordin gly referred to this i n pa ssin g an d we
.
,

s ho u ld bea r closely i n mi n d the fact that the poet s n a rci ssus wi th i t s ’

,

va riet ies i s adapted to the heavy lower groun d while the la rg e t rump et
, ,

type s a re adapted to a rich well d rai n ed loa m The p rope r selection

,
-
.

of combi n ation s of b u lb s for floweri n g efl ec t s eithe r simultan eous flow

'

e ri ng o r a succession of bloom i s on e of the intere sting st udies i n bul b

,

plantin gs So man y ext remely in terestin g effect s c an b e obtained

.

wi th a p roper sel ection a n d plant in g and so man y u n i n t erest i n g

,
270 THE COM PL ETE GA R DEN
of the croc us a n d of the S p an i sh i ri s c an be fo rced successfully only
un de r the most favourable con dition s of heat a n d li ght S o me of the .

ea rly t ulip s a re p re emin en tly good fo r fo rci n g while some va riet ies a re
not adapted to thi s method of g rowi n g them Man y of t h e cottage .

t ulip s an d n ea rly all the D a rwin s c an be used successfully All .

hyaci n th s some mo re than othe rs a n d man y n a rci ssi a re s ati sfacto ry

, ,
.

Bu t befo re t ryi n g va riet ies n ot n a med i n the li st on e s ho uld con sult a

reliable t rade catalogu e Fo r ea rly forcin g pa rtic ular ca re should b e
.

used to select la rge pl ump b ulb s , .

L I ST OF BUL B S
A R EF IN E D LAW N AND GARD E N ARE AS Th is group con tain s on ly
. .

the stan da rd types a n d va rieties of b ulb s from which to select mate rial
for the ave rage plan ti n g The re a re h un d red s of va rieties of b ulb s
.

which ma y be used with mo re or less success ; b ut thi s li st i s in ten ded to

b e me rely a s afe guide to the beg inn e r .

Ch i on odoxa lu ci li a e Na rei rm r ba rri

Glory o f th e Snow
- - -
Sh ort Cu p o r T r umpe t D aff od i l
Crocu s ( fa ll bloomi n g ) Na rci ss us i n compa rabi li :
Crocu Med i um Trumpet Daflod il
'

Crow : (sp rin g bloomi n g) Na rci ss u s leed u

'

Crocus Wh i te Daffod il
Na rci n’w oettew
' '

Gala nth w elwen

Gi a n t Snowd ro p Poet s a rci ss u s

H ya ci n th u: ( i h va ri ety) Na rci s s u s Tru mp et major

H ya ci n th Long Trumpet Daf od il
Ma rt a ri botryoi de: Sci lla J i bi ri ca
G ra p e H ya ci n th Si beri an Sq u i ll
Na rci s s us (d o u b le) Tu li p a ( i n v a ri ety)
Na rci ss u s Tu li p

B . NATURA L IZ ING m WOOD LAND AND W I LD GARD E N S B ulbs .

val uable for n at urali z ation i n woodlan d a n d wi ld g a rden a rea s must

be of the kin d which will con tin ue to in c rea se wi thout further c a re
than i s ordin a rily given to s uch a n a rea A ll of the mate rial i n this
.

group except the gold ban ded lily ma y be expected after bei n g p rop
,
-

, ,

e rly plan ted to con ti n ue wi th th e succeedi n g yea rs to become t h icker

,

i n growt h a n d still remain n ea rly a s vi go ro us a s when fi rst plan ted .

moly Con valla n a maj ali r

’

at
Yellow Lily Le ek Lily o f th e va lley
- - -

E ra nth i : hym ali r

Wi ld H ya ci n t h Wi nter Aconi t e
27 2 TH E COM PL ETE GAR DEN
Gold finch ( chrome yellow) Lady Borecl sn wh i te)
Pri ncess H elen a ( p ure wh 1te) Joost Van on de (cherry red fla k ed
wh i te)
Ch rysolora (clear gold en yellow)
Bu sart (vermili on red )

mg
Rose Ap la ti (wh i te ed ged sal mon rose)
Gold en Li on (l ri mrq se yellow, ed ged red ) m la ti (su
lp h ur yellow flu
Wh i te Hawk p ure wh i te) l J a shed p ale

Pri mton Qu een (p ri mrose ed ged

w
can a ry

y e llo
Pri ncess ilhelmi na (d eep p i n k) 3

A tri fle (fi ve to s i x d ays) later tha n the a bove a re

Gold en Horn pri mrose yellow) LeReve (old tom flu s h ed b u

'

fl)
s
Rosa M und i l uyck man (rose p i n k) W h i te Swan ( p ure wh i te
teressant e (d ark vi o et)

b . Double: Notgraceful as sin gle H eavy rai ns q uickly b end

as .

over or b reak the st ems of the h uge blooms A t ri fle later than .

si ngles

La c van H aarlem (rosy vi olet) Le Ma ta d or (glowi ng sca rlet)

Salrano (p ale sulp h u Sch oonoord (wh i te spo rt from M u
'

r yellow) rillo)

Sweethea rt (whi te, sli gh tly ti nged p a le Boule d e Ni ure

rose ) Co uronne W3: (See p yellow)
Don Ca rlos (g wi ng
lo cri mson)
Blue Celeste vi olet mrple)
R ose d Amour a le flesh rose)
’
Yellow Rose l
Salva tor Rosa ?eep rose flu
ellow
sh ed wh i te) ,

Carna ti on ( h i te, ma rgi ned

w rose) Pi cot ee (wh i te, margi ned rose)
Solferi n o (p a le yellow) In glesoombe Pi n k m 9 i n k )
Fa i ry Qu een ( rosy li la c) Dori s (rosy lila c)
yellow )

Ch estn ut (d a rk Franz H als (red di s h heli otrope)

Cla ra B utt (rose) Pri n cess J uli an a (Ameri can bea u
ty)
Europa (li ght Ameri ca n beauty ) Dream (p a le h eli otrope)
Yolande (soft rose)
Gretch en (p a le p i n k) La Tu li pe Noi re (p u rp le bla ck)
Clara B utt (rose) Reverend Ewb an k (lavender)
Crep uscule (lila c) Europa (b ri gh t rose)
 BUL B S 27 3

E B E ST VARI ETI ES
. F011 01 11 0 Th e followi ng b ul b s a re good
.

varieti es for forcin g A few kin d s (see Group b) wi ll flower i f kept

.

i n bowls of water wi t h eno u

gh pebb les to hold th em up right .

a. Forci ng 111 3 017

.

Psych e (p i n k
Si era a d van lora (Vi vid rose)
Du ch esse d e Parma (cri mson mh yellow
v Fa rnecombe San ders ( fie scarlet)
margi n)
Ch rysolora (yellow
Mme Krelage (d ark p i n
.

For late Ap ri l or ea
g
Cot ta ge Mai d ( ) i n Cla ra B u tt sh ell p i n k )
111 i S
B a ronn e d e a Tonn aye (b ri gh t m e)
Vermi lion l
ril i a n t (
sca rlet ) Gretch en (soft p i n k )
Vondel (stri ped Loveli ness ( b ri gh t m e)
{
wh i te
red an d
;
c ost va n ,

reserp i ne (d eep rose wi t h meta lli c petals Nora Wa re (lila c)

'

H ae1 nth r (i a order o

f
Medi a m ug tuli p: %
' .

owen Gan a ldi (d ee cri mson )

Thoma s oore (oran Hei n Rooz en wh i te)
Yellow Prin ce ellow La dy Derby (rme p i n k)
Whi te Swan (w i te) Yellow H ammer (cream yellow)
Rose Grisdeli n (p i n k) Bu ff Bea u ty (p ale y ow st ri ped wi th
Pott eb a k k er (scarlet, ellow, an d whi te) st a w
Couleur Card i nal (d ar cri mson) r
Co treg1o wh me
'

Dou ble 11 111 ” Count And rassy (lavend er blue)

Boule de N En ch antress porcela i n b lu e)

mmo ; Gen era l de et (soft li g h t p i n k)

Crown o p
old (yellow
Pi n k Perfection ma u
La G rand esse (w i te)
ve rose)

Impera tor Rub rorum scarlet)

Ora njeboven a le salmon rose)
Cottage Ta li r K i ng o f t h e B ues (d ark blu e)

(z i
.

Bouton d Or h o me yellow)
’
Etn a (d ark ro se)
Carn ati on (whi te ma rgi ned carmine)
Elegans alb a (cream wh i te) La rge trumpet
ai ry Qu ay l Emperor
{ p
s: S
t
)
e
n glescom i n k (ooft rosy p i n k) Emp ress
La Can d eu r (si lvery wh i te) Gold en Spu r
Stri Be a u ty (silvery rose) H orsf1 eld 1
me d e Gra afl
'

(p ri mrose t o crea my wh i te)

Vi
gymp u
o

Si lver Sp ur
For late Febru e y or ea rly Vi ctori a
m y W P M iln er
ifi l i i
d ee ’ r ‘ )
eu ( u
. .

Prid e of r rp le rose) Willi am Gold fi ng

Willi am C0peland lavender) B
Wi lli a m Pi tt (d ar red ) k Medi um trumpet
k
Rev H Ewb a n li g h t la vend er)
. .
Si r Wa t kin
For late Marc a nd early Apri l: B arri consp i cuous
All na mes i n a bove Poeti cus orn atu s
Dm m (d ark li la c) Sea Gu ll
Europe (vi vid red Wh i te Lady
M a ssa ch usetts ( v p i n k
Wh i te een (whi te, ush pi nk)
H arry ei t ch (b rown red ) Van Si on
Pri a ma E li z a beth (d eep p i nk )
274 TH E COM PL ETE GA R DEN
Pa per Wh i te Narci ssus vari e ti es) Gala nth w
Snowd rop
Mi rcella neow Bulb:
Ch i m d oxa Glad i olw Th e B ride
Glory o f t h e- - -
sn ow Sword Flower

C on valla ri a maj ali : H yaci nth Dut ch a d Roman

n
Li ly—
o f th e - -
va lley Early si ngle van en es

Free3 1 a f lba I
°

re ra t ta a

Freesi a Afri can Corn Lily

b . Farci ng water
Crocw
Ma mmoth Yellow Crocus
Hya ci nth Roman
l
( g
a r e b ulb s)

u
Pa pe r w u
lya nthw
i te Na rci ss us
u
to t s alb s

Na rci ssus Iya nth u: Sole il d Or

Na rci ss u S
’
s Gold e r
n p
Tru mpet Nara ssu s Yellow a per Wh i te Narci ssus
Sp rekeli a fa m w i ui ma
J a oob a ea n Lily
 TH E COM PL ETE GAR DEN
P ym: m i foh a
'

a ng
Swamp Az alea Na rrow lea ved-
Crab
P ym baccata
Su mmer Lila c Si beri an Floweri ng Crab
Ca lyca nth w flori d “:
Strawberry Sh ru b
Cleth ra P ym flori b mld a
Sweet Pep per B u sh Floweri n g Cra b

Da hu e m a mm P ym specta bi li r ri verri
a rlan d Flower Ri vers Semi d oub le
’
-

Ch i nese Floweri ng Cra b

Rhod odend ron az aleoi de:
Lon i cera i ni ma
{
ra gra nt
E a rly ra gran t Hon eysuckle R1 be: a ur mn
e
lowen n s p um a:
Lon i cera 5 1111103 4 4 16m; F
R1 be: gordon w n um
La rge fru i ted Honeysu ckle

Loni cera Iorteu m Floweri ng p u rran t

Fly B u s Honeysu ckle Rom (In W t? )

Ma noli a conrpi cua Rose

i nese Wh i te M agnoli a
Rocky Moun ta i n Floweri ng Rasp berry
Floweri ng Rasp berry
'

P hi lad elphw eorona n w

Common Moc k Orange 7 1 1111 17 111 11: egrlen
Korean v1 b u rn u
m
P hi lad elp h i a ”3,
Hyb n d Mock Orange

Emp ress Tre e

d ini a tri ac a f u
h o: Rob1 1ua
° °

Rock Cress Da vi d s Clema ti s

’

Clemati : recta
H erbaceou s Clema ti s
,

Chei ranthw ehe1 n (ten der)

° °

W allflower
 FRAGRANT PLANTS 277

Di a nn a “: fraxi nella M l o mouh ta

a s a

Gas Pla nt M usk M allow

E a ea repm
ra i li n g Arb utus Bergamot
Fu uhi a (i n vari ety) Om thera (i n va ri ety)
Plan tai n Lily Eveni ng Pri mrose
H em ocalli e a ura nti aca P aeoma a lbi ora ri fmu i:
'

Frag ran t Orange Lily Ch i nese eony

H em ealli : fla oa
Le mon Lily
um repm
°

Tr1 oli

Le mon Lily h i te Clover

Valeri a n ( i n vari ety)
Va leri a n
7£014 odora ta rm perflorm
Vi olet
Yucca fila mentom
La ven der Ada m s Needle
’

B F RAC RANT L E AV E S This i s a small b ut very i nteres t i n g

. .

g ro up of pla n t s Mo st p rod
. uce an att r active odo ur fro m t h e leave s

e ithe r growin g on the pl an t or d ried an d cru ,sh ed .

2 . Tree: ub:
a nd s h r

Rh w ca nadenri r
Sp i ce B ush Fra g ran t Su ma c
Bu
m Ros a ru b1
°

Boxwood Sweet ri er
Comptoma w plen i foli a Rosa ru
'

bi gi nora hybri da
a Sweet F ern Lord Penz ance Hybri d Brier

Aathemi r
La ven d er
Artemi si a a brota mrm
South ernwood B ergamot
Am i n}: d ra una d w
Tarragon Rosemary
A: M d odorata Saloi a fi ci na li r
o
weet W oodru
fi M ammoth Sage
°

Se ngu i rorba mi nor

Ba lm of Gilea d B urnet
Di a a mn w f raxi nella Sa ntoh na cha maecyp
'

Gas Plant La vender Cotton

 CHAPTE R XXXVII I

P OI SONOUS P L ANT S
TH E i n c reas e i n the n umber o f co un t ry homes that a re bei n g b uil t
mak es i mp o rtan t a n un de rst a n din g o f the co mmo n
“ ”
on n ew l an d

poi son o us pl a n t s wh ich a re likely to oc c ur a n d which sho uld n ot be

collected fo r use i n pla n ti ng b ut sho uld ra t he r be re moved i f th e y a re
,

so s it u at ed a s to p rove d a n ge ro us to p eople o r whe re they ma y be ,

b row s ed by ani mal s A few o f t h e se p lan t s a re sold by growe rs an d i f

.

pl a n t ed they sho uld b e loc a t ed a fte r so me fo retho ught .

Of t ho se i n t h e fi rst li s t t h e re a re se ve ra l t ha t a re really desi rab le

be c a us e o f t hei r flowe rs ; b ut a ll i n the secon d l i st c an ea sily be d i s
p en s e d with . S i m il a r t o t h e p o i so n i vy o r p o i so n oak i s the woodbi n e

o r Vi rg i n ia c reepe r ; b u t t h e l a t t e r h a s fi v e le a fle t s on a ste m while the

object i on able vin e h a s th re e Th ere a re se ve ra l des i rable speci es of

.

su mac i n addition to the poi so n o us ki n d Th e spe ci e s to be avoided .

ca n be reco g n iz ed by i t s g rowi ng i n sw a mp s a n d it i s ra rely fo u , nd in

g ro un d at a ll w ell d rain ed It an d the poi so n ivy alike a re di stin

.

g u i s h e d by t h e i r w h it e f r u it s . The fi rs t p l an t i n Li st B, howeve r ,

p r i m u l a obcon i c a , the h a i ry p ri m ro se p o p ,u l a r a s a ho u s e pl an t n
, eed
n o t be di sca rd e d i f a n y pe rs o n w h o i s s u s cept i b le to co n tact poi so ns

wi ll ri n se h i s ha n d s in a lcohol an d then wash wi t h so a p an d water

a fte r h a n dli n g thi s p l a n t .

Wh e re a n i ma l s ma y b rowse t h e p lan te r s ho uld n ot place an y

,

fo rm of the k a lmi a o r l a ure l . Thi s i s t h e o n ly d esi ra ble pl an t i n Li st A

o f co n s ide rable r a n ge th a t g ra z i n g a n i ma ls a re a p t to fee d u pon In .

the west p a rtic ul a rly Wyo min g ma n y sh ee p a re kil led by eat i n g the
, ,

woody a ste r o r the death ca ma s The d a rn el p oi sons men dogs

.
, ,

h o rses an d sh eep b ut does n ot h a rm cows pigs a n d d ucks

, , , , .

Of tho se i n the fi rst gro u p t h e mush roo m i s t h e o nl y on e th at i s

,

likely to be e a t en by a h uman bei n g Th e mo re d a ng e rous species of

.

“ "
it i s the a ma mta p h a lloid e: o r d e a dl y a ma n i ta fo r it i s W i d ely
'

d is t rib ute d i n wood s a n d meadows an d for the ph a llin that it con

2 78
2 80 THE COM PL ETE GAR DEN
B . Sx m I RRITANT S
V
P ri ma te: obeon c a i
Poi son Oak
Rh w um Ri m: oermx
'

rad i
Po i son Suma c
u d (ski n i rri tan t for an i ma ls
i

only
°

8 11 4 sp rr
e )
orcup i ne G rass

C . Ca usmo HAY F E V ER the 1 00t h me ridian i n t he

. E ast of

Un ited States n in et y pe r cent of t h e c a ses of hay feve r a re ca u

. se d by

t h e common ra gweed (Ambros i a ela ti or) while i n the Rocky Mou n tain

an d P a c i fic state s the s age b ru s h (Artemi s i a ) replaces the ra gweed as

“ ”
the most common hay feve r weed Th e so called rose feve r from .
-

which man y people suffe r eac h yea r i s n ot ca used by roses at all

bu t by pollen from seve ral diffe ren t grasses The re a re a n umber of .

c ommon ly pla n ted o rn a me n tal pl an t s which pos se ss hay feve r p rod u c -

i n g cha racte ri stic s a s follows : ,

.1 Th e flowe rs must be wi n d pollin ated .

2
. The flowe rs must be ve ry n umerous .

3
. The fl o w ers a re ge n e ra lly un sce n ted a n d n ot c on spic uo u s ly
coloured .

S ome plant s like the golde nrod s ( Solid a go) when used i n la rge
, ,

q uantities i n a roo m ma y p rove i rritant b ut the pollen i s n ot win d ,

—
born e an d th us it i s n ot a t rue hay fever plan t Dan delion s have .

been kn own to ca use i rritation when child ren p ress the flowers too
closely to thei r n ost rils ; b ut the dan delion i s n ot a t rue hay feve r plant -
.

The li st of pl ant s given below h a s bee n divided into two pa rts : (a)
those pl an t s which a re active hay fever p rod uce rs a nd (b ) those which
-
,

a re mild . Non e of these plan t s sh ould be used abou t hospitals n or ,

whe re hay feve r suffe re rs a re likely to come in contact with the m

-
.

Artemi ri a fr1 i da
°

Worm Sage
Di a uth w chi nemi r
Wh i te Hea th Aster Ch in ese Pi n k
Aster nooae a n li c e-
Mi remu h w comp a rtm
Ha rd y G en Aster Plu me G rass
E11 aton um J errifoh u m
' '

p lan d G ra ss

Centa urea tya mu '

Old fashi oned Co rnflower

-
 POI SONOUS PLANT S 28 1

m ud
o mi ng G lo ry
P0
ut h em Co tt onwood

Ma rsh Eld er
14 11 1 mi :
°

1 11 11 1 S oli da o ca na d e
s k la c a ln ut Gol en rod

Spi f aea u
va n h o tte i
Ced ar Van B outt e s B rid a l Wrea t h
’

P oa 4 1111 114
Ann u
al Meadow Grass Iron vveed

L01 1 1 cera fla va
°

Red Ma ple Yellow Hon eysuckle

Acef rubrum drummond i Rh w typ hi na
Dru mmond s Ma p le Staghorn Su ma c
’
 CHAPTE R XXXI X

O RNAMENT AL P L ANT S S U B J ECT TO D I S EAS E

AN D I N S E CT P E S T S

TH E p urpose of the li st of pla nt s gi ven below i s n o t to disco ura ge a ny

p ros pective pla nte r eve n tho ugh the list i s a fo rmidable one no r to
, ,

catalogue all the orn amen t a l plan t s which ma y be afi ect ed by ins ect s
or di s e as e . I t should be re me mbe red that orn amen tal plan ts like ,

an i mals a re much les s s ubject to d ise a se a n d les s likely to be ha rmed

, ,

also when 111 good con dition Th us the ave ra ge pe rson who
°

0m tal plant s wi ll if he kee ps the m from bein g damage d by

,

mecha n ical factors s uch a s wo un d s lack o f food a n d wate r p oor soi l

, ,

ae ration a n d so 011 n or n e ed to worry ve ry much a s to whether they wi ll

, ,

su ccumb ea sily to di seas e o r in s ec t attacks .

The t rue diseases of plan t s a re eithe r phy siological such as tip bum , ,

du e to 0 ve r t ra n s p i ra t i o n o f w at e r d u
~
ri n g a hot wi n d o r pa ras itic , .

Th e para sitic diseas es e ithe r kill by the sec ret ion o f tox in s an d
wh ic h dest roy p lan t ti ss ues o r th ese toxi n s a n d en z ymes cause ea
,
u

c essi ve ti ss u e growth o r di ve rs ion o f food subst an ces of the plan t to th e

u se of the pa ra site When the plan t tis sue i s killed a ro t b light or leal
°

.
, ,

sp ot appe a rs a n d when the s eco n d eff ec t takes place the res u lt i s a ga ll ,

leaf c url rust o r smut The fi rst efi ec t which result s i n the i mmediate
'

, , .
,

death of the plan t t iss ue i s of co urse t he most ha rmful An th racn ose

, .

i s a d i se m ca used by on e d e fin i t e so rt o f fu ngu s o r pa ra site .

Wh i le t he diseases o f plan t s are n ot somet hin g n e w s in ce the h i s ,

t o ri c a l w riti n gs o f the a n cie n t s me n tion ed ru st s can ke rs a n d smu, ts , ,

the st udy o f how to combat them i s n0 t on ly a n ew b ut an

su bject A cco rdi n gly the read e r i s urged to con s ult the
.
,

let i n s o f h i s State Ex pe ri men t S tation o r o f the U S De part ment of . .

Ag ric ult ure befo re emba rki n g ve ry fa r upon a p rog ra mme of sp rayi ng or
o f ot he rwi se co mbati n g the se dis eas es

Not a ll in sect s w hich live on o r about pl an t s a re h a rm l Th u

.

s .

the hon ey b ees the , an d ma n y Othe rs a re b en efi c al i

t h ey eithe r po llen ate the flowe rs o r eat othe r harmfu l

3 83
28 4 THE COM PL ETE GA R DEN

because the y a re all t reated i n the s a me way wh en sp rayi ng i s te

so rted to ; n a mely by a poi son or a cont act in sect icide
, .

Ald er ( powd ery mi ld ew, borers, leaf roller, ca terpilla rs, ma ple scale) .

Ap p le (can ker, a p h i d s, ca terp illars, scales , and b ark lo u se) .

Arborvi ta e ( b agworm) .

Ash (tru n k rot, can ker, lea f spot, borer, ca t erp illars, and scales) .

Ast er (wilt an d b li ster beetle)

Az alea (leaf s pot and ca terp illa r)
°

B a rberry (rust, p lan t louse, and ca terp illar) .

B aybe rry (ca terp i lla r) .

Beech (leaf d iseases, an th ra cnose, mi ldew on leaves, ma ple scale, and caterp illars) .

Bi rch (anth ra cnose, hea rt rot, can ker, borer, an d ca terp illa rs) .

Bi tter sweet , (evonymus sca le)

-

Box Eld er (can ker, sca les, an d ca t erp i llars) .

Bost on Ivy (caterp illars) .

B uckeye (scales, b ark lou se, an d ca t erp i llars) .

Ca ta lp a (lea f b li g h t, powd ery mild ew, and ca terpillars) .

Cherry (b la ck knot, scales, a phi s, leaf spot, mild ew, and caterp illars)
°

Chestn ut (anth ra cnose, b a rk d h ease, weevi l, and ca terp illars) .

Ch rysanthemum (leaf spot) .

Columbine (borers) .

Da p h ne (magn oli a sca le) .

Dogwood (San Jose sc ale, oyster shell sca le, dog wood sca le, a nd b ark lou se) .

Elm (leaf dh eases, lea f beet le, can ker, sca le, lea f ga ll, an d ca terpilla rs) .

Englemann s s p ruce (red sp i der)

’
.

Engli sh Ivy (leaf blight) .

Evonymus (evonymus scale, and cottony ma ple scale) .

Fi r (saw fly, ti mber beetle, borer, and ca terp i llars)

H a ck berry (sca le an d ca terp illa rs) .

H az el (ca terp illars) .

H i ckory (leaf spot, borers, sh u ck worm, tu ssock moth ca terp i llar, b ark beetle, an d

can ker worm) .

Hollyhoc k ( an th ra cn ose and ru st) .

Horn bea m (ca terp illa rs) .

Horse c hestnu t (lea f b li g h t, rust, t u

ssoc k moth , b ag worm, sca les, an d b ark li ce)
°

- .

H yd ran gea (leaf b li gh t an d ru s t) .

Iti s (bulb spot, roo t rot, and leaf bligh t) °

Jun i per (ced a r rust, red spi der, an d ca terp illa rs) .

La rch (wan ker, saw fly, an d tussoc k moth ) .

Lila c ( powd ery mi ld ew, San Jose sc ale, b ark li ce, and caterpillars) .

Li n d en (borers, lea f b eetle, ca terpillars, sca le , and red sp i d er)

°

Locust (h eart rot, borers, leaf beetle, ma ple scale , an d ca terp i lla rs) .

M agnoli a (magnoli a sca le) .

M a ple (anth ra cnose, ti p burn, sun sca ld , borers, caterp i lla rs, sca le, and twig p runer) .

M ulberry (b a cteri a l d i sea se, cottony ma p le sca le) .

 O RNAM ENTAL PLANTS 23 ;

Narci ssus (a p h i ds and eel worms) .

mild ew, lea f beetle, an d twi g u )

°

Oa k (an th ra cn ose, ca terp illa rs, powd e ry scale, p r n er .

Osa ge Orange (sca le , b a rk lou se , a n d ca terp illa r) .

Pea ch (scales, ca terp illa rs , an d borers) .

Peon y (st em rot an d le af spo t ) .

Ph lox (leaf spot fu n gu s a n d powd e ry mild ew) .

Pi ne ( ru st , leaf s po t, lea f sc a le, b a rk lou se, s a w fly, an d weevi l) .

Popla r ( anth racnose, ru st , le af beetle , sc a le s, b ark lou se, bore rs, and ca t erp i llan .
)
Pri vet (an th ra cnose, twi g b li g h t , an d webworm) .

Qu i nce ( a n th ra cn ose, b la c k ro t , an d San Jos e sca le ) .

Red b u
-
d (ca terp illa rs) .

Rhod od end ron (laoe wi ng fly and borers)

-
.

Rose (an t h ra cnose, mi ld ew, crown ga ll, nematod es, slugs, scales, and th ri ps) .

Sh a d b u
-
sh (red sp i d er) .

Sn a pd ra gon ( an th ra cn ose, st em rot, an d wilt) .

Snowb a ll B u sh Vi b u rn u m ( a p hi d s) .

Solomon s Sea l (leaf fu ngu

’ °

s) .

Sou r Gu m (ca terp illars) .

Sp i ce B us h ( sca le and ca te rp illa rs) .

Sp ru ce (lea f spot, red s p i d e r, b u m

°

g wo r , ca t erp illa rs, a n d weevil) .

Su ma c ( can ker, sca le, an d c a terp i lla rs) .

Sweet G u m ( b agworm an d ot h er ca te rp i lla rs) .

Syc a mo re ( an th ra cn ose, powd e ry mild ew, leaf fold ers, ca terp illars, an d scales ) .

Thorn (ca terp illa rs, sca les, p lan t li ce , a p hi d s, an d leaf beetle) .

Tree of Hea ven (rose sc ale) .

Tuli p Tre e (scale and ca terp illars) .

Veron i ca (lea f d i se ases)

°

Vi b urn u m (see Snowb a ll B ush ) .

Violet (nema tod es an d lea f spot) .

Vi rgi ni a Creep er (lea f s pot, ca terp i lla rs, an d sca les) .

Waln ut (an th ra cnose, mi ld ew, can ker worms, ca terp illa rs, and scales ) .

Wi llow (ca terp i lla rs, le af beetles, borers, and bark louse) .

Wi steri a (lea f beetle) .

Wi tch H az el (ca terp illars) .

Yu a n ( caterp illa rs a n d g rubs ) .

 CHAPT E R XL

P LANT S D I FF I CUL T TO TRAN S PLANT AN D T HO S E

AD APT ED FOR T RAN S P L ANTI NG AT S P E CI F I C
S EAS O N S OF TH E Y EAR
TH E fact well app reci ated that of all our great ran ge of mate rial
is

u s ed i n la n d scape plan ti n gs the re a re a ce rtain n u mbe r of these sp ecies

an d va rieties which a re bette r adapted to bein g t ran s pla n t ed at s ome

s p ec i fic season eithe r d u , ri n g the s p rin g o r d uring the fall I t i s gen er

.

ally s a fe to a ssu me that plant s such a s the popla rs willows an d the rose
, ,

of S ha ron the wood of which i s late i n ripe n i n g s hou

, ld p refe rably be
,

t ran spla n ted i n the s p ri n g If these types a re t ra n spla nted i n the fa ll

.
,

they a re d uri n g a n ormal severe win ter subjected to a con side rable
, ,

wi nte r killin g an d must be seve rely c ut back i n the ea rly sp ring ;

-

whereas i f plant ed i n the sp ri n g they al most in va riably contin ue o

, t

g row an d r e q u i re little o r n o c utti n g back .

The group of pe ren n ials which should n ot be t ra n splanted i n t he

s p ri n g con s i st s most ly of tho s e plan t s which be gi n thei r growt h at

the fi rst sign of sp rin g an d before the groun d i s really i n fi t con di

,

t ion to
“
work ”
Thes e plant s by the ti me the groun d i s wa rm a n d
.
,

d ry en o ug h to pe rmit t ran s pla n tin g i n friable soil have develop ed ,

so mu ch growth of root s o r of both root s an d top that un less they c a n

,

be i mmediately moved without an y pe riod of delay from thei r exi stin g

location to a n ew location they should by all mean s be t ra n s plan t ed
d urin g the fall If such plant s a re t ran splan ted i n the sp rin g the us ual
.

re s u lt i s a check to growth an d exception ally weak develop men t of

flowers a n d of foliage d u rin g that sea son The fall t ran splan ti n g of
.

peren n ial s ought to be don e es pec ially with th ese ea rly sp rin g floweri ng
,
-

types d urin g S epte mbe r rathe r than d urin g the latte r pa rt of Octob er
,

a n d Novembe r when the g rou , n d i s cold a n d g rowt h i s completely

st opped Tran splan tin g ea rlier i n the fall en ables the plant s to sta rt
.

some root growth an d th u s to e stabli s h the mselves to bette r with st an d

t h e wi n ter con dition s es pecially i n the soil s con tai n i n g mo re o r less

,

clay . E specially should the peon y for any degree of succes s be t ran s
, ,

286
 TRANS PLANTIN G 287

p la nt e d i n t h e fall Th e i
. ri s i s p ec ulia r an d c an be s ucc essfu lly t ra ns

p lan t e d at an y ti m e whe n the g ro un d i s n ot froz e n The be st ti m e i s .

believed to b e i mmediately afte r floweri n g .

Plants wh ich a re n ot vi gorous i n thei r habit of root g rowth a n d which

a re very susceptible to ab n ormal con dition s of freez in g an d thawin g ,

or t o excess ive moi st u re i n the soil d u ri n g the wi n te r mon th s s ho u ld ,

not be t ran splan ted i n the a u tumn The most i mporta nt ill ust ra
.

t i ons of thi s type of plan t s a re the beech t h e flowe ri n g dog wood an d , ,

some of t h e less ha rdy type s of eve rgreen s su ch a s the a rborvitae a n d

,

the pea fruited cyp re ss Man y good plan t smen a re of the opin ion that
-
.

rhod ode n d ron s an d az alea s sho u ld be pla n ted d uri n g the sp ri n g mon th s .

As i s the case with the refined type s of eve rgreen s the re i s usually less ,

loss fro m s p rin g plan tin g of thi s mate rial than from fall pla nti n g
‘

1The q u est ion of pe riod of t ran sp la n t i n g i n con n ection with rh od od en

d rons an d with evergreen s h a s bee n di sc u s sed u n de r the chapte r on

Pl antin g a n d Tran spl an tin g (P age

While it i s desi rable i n the t ran spl an tin g of eve rgreen s an d of
rhodode n d ron s i n pa rtic u la r to move the m at a ti me when they a re
j“ u s t ready to be gi n g rowth i n o rde r to p reven t the m fro m sta n di n g i n a
,
”
cold soil it i s on the othe r han d n eces sa ry to t ran splan t such
, , ,

t ree s as the beech an d the bi rch whe n they a re ab sol u tely dorman t .

If they have shown the lea st sign s of growth th rou gh the swelling of the
bud s the operation of t ransplan tin g becomes more d i fli c ult a n d yet to
, ,

t ran s plan t su ch mate rial i n the fall an d to permit it to stan d th rough

the winte r es peci ally i n a heavy soil s ubject s it to the pos sibility of
, ,

c on side ra ble lo ss . There i s a well d efin ed g roup of pe ren n i als typical

-

of which a re the ch ry san the mu m a n d the Japan ese an e mon e which ,

c an seldo m be t ran s pl an ted with an y s u ccess d urin g the fall season .

Th e reason for thi s i s that the plant p rod uces flowe rs at su ch a late
pe riod i n the g rowi n g season that furthe r root action n ecessa ry to
establi sh the plan t i n a n ew location an d s u ccessfully ca rry it th rough
t h e winte r i s n ot e n cou rag ed .

Group C in cludes plant s divided i n to two su b g roup s a those -

,

whic h t ran splant wit h d i fli c u lt y a n d should ra rely i f eve r be t ran s

p la n ted
, b ut g row n i n thei r pe r man e n t locatio n fro m seed c utti n g s , ,

or ve ry s mall seed li n gs an d b those wh ich a fte r be i n g t ran s pla nt ed

,

rec ove r ve ry s lowly All of the plan t s m t h e fi rst grou p a re t h e ex

°

t remely s low growi n g type s su

-
ch as t h e waln ut the b utte rn ut t he
, , ,

i ronwood an d t h e sweet fe rn Those t ypical of t h e secon d groups a re

, .
28 8 THE COM FL ETE GA R DEN
the Japane se sn owball the rose of S ha ron boxwood n urse ry grown
, , ,
-

be ech t rees an d sweet gum The a uthor doe s not in ten d to con vey t he
, .

i mp re ssion that a n y of the plan t s i n eithe r of these group s e specially ,

the fi rst g rou p ca n not be t ran spl an ted with success by those who a re
,

i n a position to k n ow the plant s i nti mately an d to take tho ro u, gh p re ~

ca ution s ag ai n st an y possible in j ury th rough t ran splan ti n g For the .

pe rson who i s n ot a n expe rt pla nt sman and who doe s not thoroughly
un de rst an d all of the con dition s n ec ess a ry for the successful t ran s
plan ting of the ext re mely slow g rowin g type s of t rees an d sh rub s the
-

plan t s i n the fi rst group should be avoided an d ext re me ca re should be

,

given to the wo rk of t ran splan ti n g an y of the t ree s or sh rub s in cl ude d

i n the s ec on d g ro u p .

Most of the plan ts in cl uded i n the s ec on d group should be t ran s

plan ted fo r best success d urin g the sp rin g months Thei r habit .

o f slow g rowth an d in abi lity to adapt the mselves readily to n ew c on

d i t i on s o f soil make them ve ry liable to inj ury on accou w

n t o f d ro n in g

ou t beca u se o f exce ssi ve depth of pla n tin g or i nj ury fro m wi n te r

,

con dition s All of these type s a re apt to be ext remely un s ati sfactory
.

d urin g the fi rst t wo yea rs afte r t ran splan ti n g b ut when on ce they have
,

rec ove red fro m the s hock o f t ran spla n ti n g they will grow won de rfu lly
well .

L I ST OF PLANTS ADAPTED FO R TRANSPLANTING AT

SPEC I F I C SEASONS OF THE Y EA R
Un de r excellent ca re good result s ma y be attain ed b y t ran splant in g
,

all plants d uring the fall plantin g season o r d uri n g the sp rin g plan tin g
,

seas on . For the be st re sult s howeve r it i s advi s able to plan t so me

, ,

types d uri n g the fall planting season an d other types d uri n g the sp rin g
planting season The two group s A a n d B contain plan t s sp ec i fi
.

cally adapted fo r plan tin g ; some i n the fall a n d some i n the sp ri ng .

Group C con tain s a li st of plant s whi ch t ran splan t wi th ext re me

di fli c ult y a n d c a n be t ran splan ted with bette r su
, ccess d urin g the sp ri n g
mon th s with the exception of t h e t railin g a rb ut us li sted i n Group C a -
.

Thi s plan t i s ext re mely di fli c ult t o t ran splant with a n y succe ss at a ny

sea son . Those who have had con side rable expe rien ce with the t railin g
a rb ut us a re of the gen eral opin ion that i f it i s taken up d urin g the
mon th o f July a n d moved with a goodly a moun t of soil about i t s roots
togethe r with so me addition al soil i n which t o plan t it i n the n ew loca
t ion some su
, ccess ma y be assured S pecial ca re shoul d be take n
.
290 THE COM PLET E GARDEN
Ri ms ca na de mi :
F ragran t Sumac
R01 4 ugom
r
Ja p anese Rose Ameri can Elm
Ste 114 114 1141 4 exu om V1b1m1 111 111 24 111111
°

f
11 1

te p h anan ta Ja p anese Snowb all

T4 1114 1 1 x galli ca
°

French Ta ma ris k
C . P LANT S W mc n A11 1; TRAN S P LANT E D wm r LI l l LB S ucc e s s ‘ ‘ ‘

4 . P la nt: to be ra rely if ever tra ns pla nted Some plan t s, es pec i ally if .

c ollect ed fro m the wi ld , seldo m s u rvive the shock o f t ran s pl an tin g .

Some plant s, like the beeches, must b e enti rely dormant i f they a re t o
be moved successfully The letter (c) after a n ame i n dicat es th a t
.

c ollect ed pl an t s move with li ttle or no su ccess ; b ut n urse ry g rown -

pl an t s move with fai r success .

A nemone ]
°

11e11101 01 4 11 1 4
bl k
11

Wh i te Wood Anemone ac a ln ut
B etu la ( i a va ri e ty) ( c) j u i m 1 ab1 11a ( c)
°

n pe
B i rch Sa vi n Juni per
°

Ca rpi n w ca roli n 1 4 114

Ame ri can H orn be am Tamara ck
Comptoma w p lemfoli a ( c)
'

M r124 1 4 1 011110 11 12 (c)

Swee t Fern ay be rry

N 1 31104 1124
upelo
F4 4 1110 124 114 ( c) 0 4 0123 111 12 114
0 p Horn b ea m

Tm : ca na dea n : ( c)
'

n a ca na de mi r ( c )
'

Ca nad i an Hemlock
7 4 1 613 1 131 111 94 1 1714 11: ( ) c
Lo w B lu e be rry

6 . P la nt: wh i ch recover s lowly from the opera ti on of tra nspla nti ng .

Some fine s pecie s o f o rn a mental plan t s n ever recove r q ui ckly from

the effect s of bei ng t ran splan t ed No matter h ow ca re fully this .

work may b e ca rried out the re i s s ure to b e a c on siderab le pe ri od

followin g when the plan t i s di s appoint i n g i n appe a ran ce an d when it
req u i res ca reful main ten an ce if fut u re growt h i s t o fulfill t h e exp ec
t at i on of the plante r .

Abeli a 3 1 4 111113201 4 B end a ( i a vari ety )

H yb ri d Abeli a B i rch
Acer pa lma tu m
Ja panese M a ple
 TRANS PLANTI NG 29 1

04 1111 114
a l‘ 1 Moun tai n La urel
Car £11 11 : d L 11 12 “3 1 4 1 01114
14 11164 1
°

urope a n H orn beam wee t Gum

Cerei : 1 4 1 14 411 11 1 12
Red b u -
d Tuli p Tree
4
Floweri ng Dogwood
Cra ta egu: ( i n va ri ety) Fyn : (i h va ri ety )
Th orn Cra b

Red Oa k
12114 111 1111: c4 1 h4 m24
Common Bu c k t h om

Sy 11g4 md ga ri : (i a va m
°

h
C mmon Lila c
I le: op aea 7 111 2 1 1 1 11 111 10111e1110: 11 111 91124 111 111
Ameri can Holly Japanese Snowball
 CHA P TE R XL I

SHR UB S FOR FORC IN G IN W AT E R IN EARLY S P RI NG

B E F O RE wi n te r h a s gon e a n d the wa rm days of ea rly sp rin g cause
ou r ea rly flowe ri n g s h ru
-
bs to mature some ve ry in te restin g flowe rs
ma y be developed in doo rs on twigs of such pla n t s These flowe rs .
,

the ha rbin ge rs of sp rin g ma y be developed al most a s well in doors as

,

ou t of doo rs at a late r dat e o n the pla n t s The reason for such n o rmal
.

develop ment un der ab n ormal con dition s i s that the flowe rs comple te ,

i n min iat ure form lie withi n the exi sti n g flowe r b ud s ready to b u
, rst

forth when given sufli c i ent heat a n d moi st ure .

When fo rcin g c ut ste ms of ha rd wood ed orn a men tal plan ts i n

water i n win te r o r ea rly sp ri n g the best result s a re secured by followi n g
,

a few si mple rules W hen flowe rs a re desi red se lect b ran che s of plan ts
.
,

which p rod uce flowe rs from b ud s formed the p revious yea r Othe r .

wi se on ly leaves will res ult which of course a re someti mes desi rable
, ,

as an addition to the flowe rs of othe r so rt s S in ce all the flowers a n d

.

leaves which wi ll appe a r must come from b ud s al ready upon the twi gs
an d b ran ch es be ca re fu l to c ut on ly b ran ches con tain in g pl ump full ,

b ud s espec ially when flowe rs a re desi red I t i s possible to c ut these

, .

b ran ches at an y ti me from Feb ruary to Ap ri l Afte r cuttin g the .

b ran ches ca re must be taken to keep the m from d ryi ng out an d it i s

often well wo rth while to soak the whole twi gs fo r a few hours i n wa rm
wate r both befo re sta rtin g to force them an d occasion ally afte rward at
,

inte rval s of a week This will loosen the b ud scale s soften the whole
.
,

fi b re of the twi g an d re move d ust t h us taki n g t h e place of sp ri n g

, ,

s howe rs The twi gs should be fro m twel ve to thi rty in ches lon g an d
.

placed i n fai rly la rge receptacles wi th plenty of wate r The water .

s ho u ld be ch an ged eve ry secon d o r thi rd day a n d should have small

pieces of cha rcoal added i n o rde r t o help kee p it sweet E ach two or .

th ree days it i s advis able to make fresh c ut s at the bottom en d s of the

twi gs a n d it i s often wo rth while to wa sh the c ut en d s i n mild soap an d
wate r to p reven t sli mi n ess .

The forsythia s or golden bells a re t he ea siest a n d most succe ssful

29 2
 01111 1 1 13 11 x
7
m
P RUNI NG REQUI REMENT S
TH E q ue stion of the n ecess a ry p run in g req ui red by va rious t re es an d
sh ru b s i s a n at ural one Man y pe rsons a re un de r the imp ression that
.

eve ry t ree an d sh rub req ui re s a ce rtain a mount of p run in g each yea r .

Man y a re un der the furthe r i mp ression that all of this p run in g should
be done i n the wi n te r a n d sp ri n g while othe rs a re un der the impres
,

s ion that it shou ld be d on e d urin g the summer or fall .

The most importan t fact to be kn own i n connect ion with t h e opera

tion of p run in g i s that one s hould be thoroughly familia r wi th the
floweri n g cha ract e ri stic s of the plan ts to be p ru n ed Ou r lawn s h ru
. bs
especially which a re often subject to the most in di sc ri min ate kin d s of
,

p run in g comp ri se a group of plant s with which this chapter i s c on

,

cern ed Prun i ng i s don e for va rious p urposes a s outlin ed an d d i s

.
,

cussed i n the chapte r on Prun ing The q uestion un der di scussion i n

.

thi s chapte r i s whether or not all sh rub s s hall be p run ed at a d efini te

sea son o f the yea r an d i f n ot what a re the s pecial reasons why this
, ,

stan da rd method o f p roced u re shou ld n ot be adopted .

As refe rred to i n the foregoi n g pa rag raph b efore an y p ru

, n in g of

sh ru bs i s attempted it i s e ssen tial to recogn iz e t hei r floweri ng habits .

The ope ration of p run in g n ecess a rily in volve s the re moval not on ly of
dead wood b ut of much wood which i s alive an d growin g ; wood which
p rod uces flowers a n d sub seq uently fruit The sp rin g a n d ea rly
, , .

su mme r bloomin g t rees a n d sh rub s p rod uce flowe rs from b ud s which

-

a re fo rmed u pon the wood d urin g the p revious growin g season Th ese .

emb ryo flowe rs contai n ed within the b ud s have exi sted i n the b ud form
si n ce the wood o f the p revio u s season had begu n t o ripen an d they a re
,

p rot ect ed by the scale s or oute r coveri ng of the b ud un til such time
a s the te mpe rat u re h a s been s ufii c i ent to en cou rage thei r growth It.

i s there fo re clea r that a n y p ru n in g which i s don e u pon such plan ts

d uri n g the late win te r o r early sp rin g mon th s p rior to the ti me when
,

t he se plan t s have p rod u ced thei r flowe rs i s an operation where b y a

,

eate r o r les s q ua n tity of flowe rs i s deli be ra tely removed from the p lant
g r .

294
 I { éi fl g

P L AT E X LVI . Ma n y o f o ur c o mmo n g a rd e n p e re n n i a ls p o s se ss t h e p o s s i b i l
i t i es to p ro d uc e v e ry i n t e res t i n g c o lo u r e ffe c t s t h ro u g h t h e c o lo u r c o m b i n a t i o n

o f t h e flo we rs .
( A ) I t a li a n a l k a n e t ; ( B ) h a rd y m a rg u e r i t e .
( Se e p ga e 2 3 )
1
2 96 THE COM PLETE G A RDEN ,

The re i s a group of plant s which p ractically req ui re on ly the removal -

o f dead wood a n d su p e rflu o us g rowth T h ese t ree s an d s h.rub s a re a pt

to be mo re or less inj ured by the ope ration of p run in g The y normally .

a re co mpa ratively s low g rowi n g They have a ten dency to g row i n

.

formally a n d to mai n tain the n o rmal shape of the plan t a s they con
ti n ue to i n c rea se i n si z e The operation of p run i n g does not en courage
.

a sufi c i ent n ew growt h a n d oftenti mes so chan ges the physiological con
dition of the plant that the flowe ri n g ability i s i mpai red to a ma rked
deg ree d urin g the succeedin g on e or two yea rs .

Fmm the foregoi ng discussion s it i s e vi den t that the ope ration of

p run in g a s applied to the q uest ion s of j ust what sh rub s to p run e i n
,

sp rin g a n d what sh ru b s to p run e i n summe r a n d what sh rub s sh ould ,

n eve r o r ra rely be p ru n ed i s a n i mpo rta n t one

, It i s n ot an operation .

the deci sion for doi n g which should be placed i n the han d s o f an y b ut
those who a re skilled i n the a rt an d those who a re thoroughly familia r
with the rea son s p ro a n d c on .

P RUNING L I ST S
A . S H RU B S NE E DING COMP L E TE PRU NING
4 . Spri n g 4 1 11 1 ea r ly : 11 111 111er-

fl 010eri 11g

in va ri ety
h
Forl
°

th1 a
Sp i ce B u sh G lden g
H4 1114 1ne11 :
'

B erben : th 11 11berg1 012

° °

111 14 114
Th u n berg s a p anese B a rbe rry
J Wi tch Ha z e
’

Ce 114 14 11111 11 : ocei denta li : H 1 110 hae 1 11 4 111 110121“

utton Bush a uck th om
Cerci : 1 4 114 11n u1 : '
Hyd b
ra n ea a r ore: 1 e11:
'

Red b u
-
d Wild i lyd rangea
C11 10114 11111 4 : 012021124 K err1 4 i a 011 124
°

Wh i te Frin ge G lobe ower

C0r1 1 11: (i h va ri ety L1 11 : 1r11 111 (i n va ri ety)
°

Dogw ood n vet

Cotonea fl er (i n va ri ety) Lo11 12era (i h va ri ety)

Coton eas te r Honeys u c le k
Deu tz i a i n v a ri ety
i
P h ila del h a : (i n va ri et y)
De u tz a Mocp ra nge

Ph
°

: oea rp 11 : P 1f 11
fii
0 11 1 0 11:
n e b a rk

Di n a pal mi :
a
‘
Rh a mnu : ca tha rti ca
Le at h er -
wood Co mmon B u c k th orn

E la ea gn u
° °

: 4 11 g 11 : t1f ol1 4 Rh od otyp o: herri oi de:

R ussi a n Oli ve Whi te Kerri a
Ew n ymu i n va ri ety)
°

Rob1 11 1 4 h i : p 1:d4
°

:
B urn i n g u sh Rose Aca ci a
 P RUNI NG REQU I R E M ENTS 297

8 4 11111111 1 1 : ca na dem i :
°

8 11 1 raea 10111e11 10: 4

Ameri ca n E ld er H a rd b a c k
Spi raea 4 1 11 14 Spi raea 04 11h 011 11e1
°

Hy b ri d now Ga rla nd Van B ou t te s B ri d a l Wre a th

’

Ste h a na nd ra xu o: 4

Sp i re a
’
B illa rd s te p h a n an t a

Spi ra ea 11 1 11 170114 Syri n ga ( i n va ri ety)

Bri d Wrea th L1 la c
V13 11 1 11 11 111 (i h va ri ety)
Vi b urn um

11 . La te : 11 111 111 er 4 1111 [ 4 11 floweri n g

-

Hydr a n gea (i n va ri e ty )
H yd ran ge a
Budd lei a d 4 01 111 (Cu k
°

t b ac in S orba r1 a a rborea
° °

p re ven t d a n er o f Ch i n ese M o u n ta i n Ash Sp i rea

Sweet soen ted u -

d d lei a Sp i raea 11011 14 1 1
Do u
’
Ce4 1101h 11: l i
°

4 111 er1 e4 11 11: g as p re a

Symp h ori ca rpo: f aceman :

Snowbe rry
°

C1e1h 1 4 4 111 1f011 4

°
'

Sweet Pep p e r B ush Vi tex 1114 124

Cu t lea ved He mp tree
- -

B . S H RU B S N EE DING R E MOVA L 017

OLD W OOD ON LY
4 . Summer prun i ng
C4 1 4 g4 114 M 4 110114
Pea Sh mb agn oli a

D4 h 11e M aha1z 1 a
°

ci d uous Da p h ne Oreg on Gra pe

H ale: 1 4 P runu
°

: cera m :
Si lver Bell Floweri n g Ch erry
P yraca n th a
Varn i sh Tree Eve rg reen Thorn
Lab1w 1 11 111 vulga re Rh od od end ron
Gold en Ch a i n R h od od en d ron
L01112er4 14 14 1 124 Sta hylea
la d d er n ut —
X a nthocera:
Ch i nese Flowering Ch estn ut

W 1 11 1er pr un i ng
°

b .

D wa rf Horse c h est nut -

Rob1 1u4
° °

B la c kL oc ust

Ad am s
’
Need le
298 TH E CO MPL ETE GARDEN
C . TREE S W mcn n vn z u LITTLE on No Pn umnc
Ae: c11 111:
Horse ch estnu
-
t Emp ress Tree
R0b1 11 1 4
° °

Locust

S orb11:
Moun ta i n Ash

D . Evs nos s s n s TH AT B 11 PR U N E D m MAY 01 . J U N E

Evs noru
zs us TH AT MAY BE P R UN E D AT AN Y T111 3
 3 00 TH E COM PL ETE GA R DEN
foliag e o r i t s flow e rs d urin g the month s fro m November to the fi rst
o f A p ril .

There a re man y n orthern types of material which c a n ea sily be used i n

Florida plan tation s fo r i t s val ue d urin g the win ter mon ths There a re .

man y othe r types of n orthe rn mate rial with which expe ri ment s should
be con d ucted con cern in g thei r val ue for plantation s i n thi s cli mate .

Man y of the pla nt s so fa milia r to no rthe rn plan tin gs c an be eq ua lly

well used i n plantin gs of the fa r south Privet golden bell ma gn olia .
, , ,

an d spi rea a re a mo n g thi s gro u p which have val ue d uri n g the wi n ter
mon th s . Most of the mo re ha rdy flowe ri ng sh rub s ca n be used i n
-

plan tin gs b ut beca use thei r pe riod of floweri n g an d of fruitin g does not
,

come d urin g these win ter mon th s ( Dece mber to Ap ril ) they have b een
little used The n orthe rn touri st i s seeki n g colour of flowers while
.

occup yi n g h i s win ter ho me i n Flo rida He also seeks a i r a n d s un shin e

. .

The heavy shade p ro vided by the silk oak a n d the wate r oak so much
desi red by Flo ri d i a n s he wi s h es replaced by wa rmth of win te r sun shin e
a n d t ropical g rowth of pal ms which ca st b u t little shade The fa milia r .

growth of sh rub s ca rryin g the at mosphere of the n o rth must be re

placed by sh rub s a n d vin es with b rillia ntly coloured flowers an d foliage
like the croton Olea n der t rumpet vi n e Chi n ese hibi scus a n d chen ille
, ,
-
, ,

plant .

The great ten den cy i n Flo ri da p lan ti n gs h a s been to develop a

”
spotty efl eCt at the ex pen se of sa c ri fi c i n g i n te resti n g lan d s cape com
°

“ ”
position s The mass plan tin g of the no rth i s seldo m seen Most
. .

types of sout hern plan t s a re pe rhap s bette r adapted to speci men plan t
i n g than to ma ss eff ec t s For eff ective ma ss plan ti n g a roun d b u
. ildin gs ,

the c roton Chin ese hibi sc us a n d chen ille plan t a re a mon g the best
, , .

L I ST OF PLANTS FO R FLOR I DA
A . W IND B RE A K S I t i s often neces sa ry i n man y location s e spe
.
,

c i a lly alon g the wate r fron t s to pla n t wi n db reaks that wi ll p rese rve
,

the mo re ten de r type s of plan t s a n d which will p rese rve the lighter
soil s a g ai n s t heavy wi n d sto rms co mi n g fro m t h e di rection of the

p revailin g win d s Win db reaks i n thi s s ection of the coun t ry a re

.

not u sed fo r the s a me p urpo se th a t wi n db reak s a re gen e rally us ed i n

the n o rthern cli mates whe re win te r p rotection i s the mai n use Win d .

b reak s th roughout the Florida section a re of greate st value against

erosion of the lighte r soil s beca use of p revaili n g wi n d s a n d inj uries
to the more ten der pl an t s .
 P LANT S FOR FLO R I DA 3 0 1

B ambua a rgen tea C1 111 14 1110111 11 111 ca mphora

°

Si lve r B a mboo Ca mp h o r Tree

B a mbum : 1 r1 4 14 Grevi llea 1 0610 14 (T)
°

Stri p ed B amboo Si l Oa k k
04 11111 1: ven ueom P i thecolobi um 1111 11 ?
Cyp re ss Pi n e Man i la Ta ma ri n d
Ca: 11 4 r1 114 e 11 1 : e11f0114
° °

q
° °

11 1 z 1 4
Au st ra li a Pi n e : a te r Oa k
B Ta s s s F O R STR E E T AND S P E C I ME N P LANTING
.

4 Northern
. This group of t rees covers material wh ich c an
be used th roughout n orthe rn Flo rida southe rn G eo rgia Alaba ma an d , , ,

ove r the a rea which i s kn own a s the Coa stal Plain In gen eral this .
,

li st does not exten d in to Flo rida fa rther than one h un d red miles south
of J ack son ville Trees i n thi s group which a re ma rked th us
. a re

al so adapted for st reet t ree a n d speci men plan tin g i n the southe rn p o r
tion of Flo rida a s shown on the accompan yin g li st
Acer r11 bn 1 111 6 01 11011 14
Red Ma p le Lo b lolly B a y
Albi z z i a I lex 011 4 1 4
Mi mosa Ame ri ca n Holly
B row : 01 1e11 4 p a pyrifera L mb4 1 : 1yrae1fl11 4
°

11 1 d a
° °
'

Pa p e r M u lbe rry wee t G um

Ced ru : d eod a ra + M4 g11 011 4 gra nd iflora
°

Deod a r Magnoli a
Ced m : 11 b4 11 1 Me11 4 4 2e114 1 4 1 h umbraculi fom i :
° ° °
' '

Ced a r of Le b anon Umb re lla Tree

01 1 1 10 114
2 11: u: 14 11 1 170114
°

Ce111 : re

N e tt le Tree ure l Oa k
a

+ Cere1 : ca na dem i : Qu u 2
°

ere : 11 1 1 4

Red b u d -
Wa ter Oa k
+ Cor11 11 : fl0r1 da Q cu: p hello:
u
°

er

Flowe ri n g Dog wood Wi ll w Oa k o

u u
°

C11 11 11 1 11gh4 111 1 4

°

Q
°

i
°

e rc : v rg1 11 1 4 114
Ch i n ese Pi n e Li ve Oa k
11 1111 11 : 4 mer124 11 4 1

Ame ri ca n Elm

b . Southern This gro up o f t rees togethe r with those which ,

a re ma rked th u s i n the p revio us li st a re adapted e s pecially fo r ,

st reet pla n tin g th ro ughout the so uthe rn an d middle section of Flo rida .

Those ma rked a re the mo re co mmon ly u sed an d pe rhap s the better

types for st reet t ree plan ti n g .

Adena nthera w i na Aleuri te: 11 17011 4

Ci rcass i an an g Ca nd le n ut -

A1b1 u1 4 Ie’bbek (T)

° °

Ara uca ri a exce1: 4 (T)

Woman s Tongue Tree Norfolk sland Pi ne I
 THE COM PL ETE GA R DEN
8 4 1 111 111 14 (i n v a ri ety) (T) C ”0111 0 14 4 p01 1 11 4
°
‘

Mounta m Ebony a p an eoe at

3 0111 64 1: cei ba
'
D1 1011 1x 1 1 5 14 (T)
Silk Co tton Tree Royal Poi nci ana
I nd i a n La urel

Ca loph 1111 111 1 4 14 64

Cala a Tree
(34 1 14 113 111 01 od orat11 111 6 01 11011 14 14 11 4 111 11 11 1
Ylang Ylang -
Lo b lo lly B a y
C a ma j i md a ‘
01 1 01111 4 1 ob11 1 ta (T)
'

Yellow Cassi a Si lk C a ]:
C4 : 114 1 1114 eq ui m 1 11 11 s pec u n en s, es peci al!y 111 11
'
‘
if o li a

Australi a n Pi ne Ame ri can Holly

01 111 1 14 01101 4 14 Li boced ru : 111 1 11 1 1 1 1 1:
West Ind i an Ced a r In cen se Ce d a r
Ci n n a mon mm ca mphom 111 4 113 111 1 4 1111111 4
Ca mp hor Tree M ango
‘
Coco: p11m10: 4 Sa ba! 1 4 1111 110
Cocoaml t Palm Ca b a ge Palmetto
‘
W b
1 a 111 1 4

Fan Palm

C . VIN E S The first pa rt of this group con sists of th ose vin es which
.

a re common ly kn own a s sc ra mbli n g vi n es an d which mu st be p rovided

with a d efin i t e support on which they c a n tw i n e or to which t end rils

c a n att ach the ms elves i n o rde r to main tai n thei r u p ri ght habit of
g ro m h . Mo st of the vi n e s which a re i n teresti n g i n the n o rt h a re

of g reat val u e i n Flo rida plan ti n g There i s al so an exten sive list

.

of vin es which wil l n ot grow i n the n o rt he rn cli mat es b u t which a re ,

val uable i n Florida Those which a re ma rked t h us

. a re very i n

t erest i n g fo r Flo rida plan ti n g on acco u n t of thei r habit of p rod u cin g

flowers d urin g the wi n ter mon th s The secon d pa rt of thi s group i s
.

co mposed of vi n es which c a n b e u s ed fo r c ove ri n g b a re wall su rfaces

a n d whic h will n at u rally attach thems elves to wall s o f b rick ston e , ,

or con c rete These vi n es a re of the evergreen type of folia ge and are

.

of val u e on ly for their foli a ge effect .

La tti ce: 4 1111 1011 1 fem“:

Abra : p 1 ecator111 : 1 leptopu

1 1113 011011 :

Cra b s Eye Vi ne
’
Moun ta i n Rose
+ 4 114 m 4 1 1d 4 he nd ef mm (T)
'

A
H en d e rson s Alla man d a
’

+ 4 114 m4 11d’4 (T) 4 1 11 1 0101 11 14 1 11 4 11:

Willi ams Allamand a Dwarf Du man s

’
t Pi pe
 PLAT E X LVIII . Amo n g t h o se p la n t s w h i c h b e c o me e a s i ly e s t a b li sh e d in
th e w i ld g a rd e n , t h e re i s n o n e t h e flow e r e ff e c t o f w h i c h e xc e ls t h e J a p a n e s e
w i n d flow e r d uri n g t h e la t e s u mme r .
( Se e p g
a e 2 2 7 g
, r o up X X X I C-

)
 PLANTS FOR FLOR I DA 0
3 3

Queen
’
3 Wrea th
B 11 01 1 14 P 11111 1 01 11 1 1111 111 ey1 1a
'

hi n eoe Tru mpet Creeper M k Comb

‘
Argen ti ne on ey s
’

+ B o1cga 11101111 4 F 01 4 114 pa 11 1c11 14 1 4'

Pa per Flower Snow C reepe r

+ 3 01 13 4 111 01111 4 P y1 01 11 3 14 01 11111 1 4
Pa per Flowe r Flame Flower
(31 1 1 11: 11 14 11 3 11 14 R0: 4 14 1 013 4 1 4
Ce reus Vi ne Ch ero ee Rose
k
011 1 11 4 11 : p a 11 1c11 14 14
'
R0: 4 ”113 1 1 4 (north only)
Ja p anese Clema ti s Pra i ri e Rose
+ C11 1 041 1141 01 1 11101 11 13 0114 : Rom ( cli mb i ng h yb ri d s)
Scarlet Clerod en d ron Rose
Cobam “ 4 1141 1 1:
Cu p an d S a u ce r i n c G reen b ri e r
+ G¢ 1: 1 111 111 111 “11191 1 011 1 11:
Ca rolin a Ja snn ne
[ 4 1 1 11 111 11 111 3 1 4 1 1 4111 01 10 » 8 014 11 11 111 : 1 4 01 111 14 11 11 111
f (T)
Ca ta loni an Jasmi ne Toma tillo
L01 1 11 1 1 4 j 4 p01 1 11 4 11 4 1114 114 (north )
Ja p an ese Honeysuckle Toma ti llo
L011 11 1 1 4 : e1 11 p1 1 011 1 11: T1111 1 1b1 1 14 (i n va ri ety) (T)
Coral Honeysuckle Th u n rgi a

P 4 1 : 1fl01 4 1111 41 1 1 4 14 T1 4 1 111 10: 1 1 111 11 111 j 4 : 111 111 0141 :

Pu rp le Paw on Flower Conf cra te J asmine
_

V111: ca pm i :
Evergreen Gra pe

F11 11 : 1 1 91 11:
Cree p mg Fig
3 1 11 01 1 14 14 411 4 1 1:
5 ump t Vi
r e ne Large le a ved Creep i ng Fig
-

B1 1 p 1
11011 4 : ec 0: 4 3 1 41 1 4 111 1111 (north only)
g th Am i
oa er can Cross Vine Eng li sh Ivy
Em ymu : 1 4 411 4 11: P y1 01 11 g14
Cli mbi ng Evonynms Flame Flower

D . SH RU B S WI TH ATTRA CTI V E FRU IT Th e followin g i s a group

.

of sh ru b s which a re of val ue i n Florida pla n tation s b eca use of

t hei r fru itin g ch a racteristics especially d urin g the wi nte r mon ths
, .

u ite di f e e t f o m i mila r s h rub i n orthe rn cli mate th e

Q f r n r s s n s es ,

s h ru b s fruit much more ab un dan tly an d retain thei r fruit a greater

leng th of ti me i n t h i s mild cli mate th a n wou ld be the case farth er
north .
 0
3 4 TH E COM PL ET E GAR DEN
1 1 00111 14 E11 11 11 11 : 11 113 1 11:
Turkey Frui t f
'

S‘ ve r h orn
8 4 1 1 11 4 1 1: 11 4 1101 110114 E 1 10b011 ya 14 0011 11 4
Grou n d se l B u sh Medlar
E11 1 11 14 4 mbo:
°

01 1 114 114
Arna lto £ ose pp le

C4 1 1: : 4 4 1 11 111 1114 14 (T) E 11 1 1114 11 11 1 01 4

Na ta l Plum uri n am h e rry
6 11 4 11 4 : p 4 11 11 11 14 14
Oran ge J a smi n e Sca rlet B ush

0111 11 :
Ki d G love Orange Da h oon Holly
011 4 1 4

G ra Ame ri can Holly

C111 11 : 4
1 0011 11 4 L4 11 1 01 1 1 4 : 11 : 1 4 1 01111 14 114
Ku mq ua t Wild Orange
6 111 11 : M4 1p1 g11 14 1 01 1 1g1 ra
Orange Dwa rf B arb a d oes Cherry
011 1 041 1141 011 : 1p l10114 11111 11 : M4 11g1f1 1 4 1111111 4
Tu rk s Tu
’
rb a n Mango
C010111 4 : 11 1 4 1 11 111 1114 1 4 M
Rose Bo x B a n an a
0010111 4 : 11 1 f1 13 144 P 11 11 11 4 g1 4 114 1 11 111
Rose Box Pomegran a te
p 4 11 11 0: 4 R110110111 y1 111:
Si lve r lea ved
-
Rose Box Downy Myrtle
D11 1 4 11 14 1 1 7 4 111 4 1 111411 : 1111111 4
6 wd
1 11:

Gold en e ro p Taman n d
T1 1011 4 : 14 11 1 0114 1 4
Berg a mo t e rry

E . HE DG E S For h ed ge plan tin g there i s i n Florida a wide r ran ge

.

of mate rial adapted to su ch use than i s ordin a rily foun d i n n orthern

types of material The first group given i n cl udes t hose sh rub s which
.

make low compact hed ges togethe r with those which develop in to a
,

larger an d loo ser type of hed ge Those sh rub s which a re marked

.

a re val u a b le for hed ge plan tin g bec a use of thei r floweri n g an d fruiti n g
characteri stics The remai n der a re val uable mo stly on account of the
.

foliage eff ect The second li st of mate rial which i s for n o rthe rn
.
,

Florida could be greatly en la rged p rovided it sho uld seem advi s able
,

to use material which i s often used i n hed ges plan ted fa rthe r n orth
a n d wh ic h shed thei r leave s d u ri n g the wi nte r mo n th s The group .

in cl ud es plan t s which a re p ractically evergreen o r which have some

val ue fo r thei r fruit o r flowers P ractically all of these c an be used
.

with eq ual succes s i n mid dle an d southern Florida .

 TH E COM PL ETE GAR DEN
+3 4 1d1 111 14 4 1 11 111 111 4 1 4 (T) L4 10: 011 14 1111 1 111 1: (T)
Wh i te Moun tai n E bony H enna .

011 4 11 4 : 4 11 11 11 14 14 (T) L1 11 94 11 1 1 1
e: J a smi ne
Orang 1
1 11 11 111 Prnvet

(21110114 4 111 4 : 011 3 111 11 4 + N1 1 111 111 011 4 11111 1 (si ngle
'

Whi te Fri nge Whi te Oleand er

C010111 4 111 1 f1 15 1d 4 4 1111 1 11 4 11 11 :
Rose Box Florid a Oli ve
Co1o1 11 4 : 11 1 p a 11 11o: a
Silver lea ved Rose Box
-

3 11 4 11 : 113 1 11:
112
31 1 1 om

44 1 1613 1 1 1: + R0: 4 (oumultiflora stoc k)

Chi nese H i b i scus G ard en Rom
3 31111 4 113 1 4 74 61 1 11 4 1 11101114 114 1 01 011 4 1 1 4
Ja p anese Hyd Rose Bay
[ 1101 4 1 011 1 (T)
Whi te Ixora
T1 11 4
a fi
Ri c Pa pe
4
m t
1 1 11 111

T11 11 1 1b1 1 3 14 1 1 1 1 14 4 111 4

Whi ne Th un berg i a
1 4 1 01111 14 114 7 1 31 1 11 11 111 c ora fi fi m y
L4 11 1 01 1 1 41 11 :
1 1 f ei
V1b11 1 1111 111 W
1111 11 :
t a p an eee 1 111 11 11 11 1

La ures ti nus

+ A : : 011 14 p 11 111 14 14
Pink Assoni a
+ 4 1 4 1“ 11111 1 1 4 1 11 01 4 p
: 11 11111 11: (T)
In d i an Az alea Rom loured Ixora

3 4 11 11 11 14
1 ’ u 1 4 1
g
f 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4
ii
1 1

Pi n k flowe n Mou
-
'
n ta i n E b ony

C4 1111 1114 14 1101 1 11 4 N1 1 111 111 011 4 1 11 11 1 Sa vort

Ja pon i ca Pi n k Oleand er
+ C 1 : 1 1 11 111 1 11 4 11: 3 11 11 11 1 4 gr and a m
Red Coral a smi n e Pomegra na te
C114 1 11 01 111 11 : 4 11011 11 4 R110¢101 11y1 11u101111 111 01 11: (T)
J a p an ese mce Downy Myrtle
0010111 4 1 11 1 4 1 11 111 1114 14 Ro: 4 (on mu ltiflora mock)
Rose Box Ga rd en Rom
7 4 1114 1 111
Chi n ese H i b i scus Tama m k

Pa p i n a c
+ 4 114 1114 11114 111 1 170114 +3 4 11 11 111 14 (T)
Yellow Allaman d a Yellow Mountai n Ebony
 PLANTS FOR FLORI DA 3 7
0

+ 04 0 4 ! 1 14 £1 1 1 11“ 114 04 +M11 111 114 11 1 1 4 14

Barb oeo owe r Fen ce B anan a h ru b
(21 1 11 11 111 “ 1 4 111 14 1 11 111 (T ) P 4 1 11111 111 11114 1 1 11 111
Yellow Ca trum Yellow Emaj agua
P 0114 d 14 1 11 111 111 1 111 1111 111
Ma i can Sh rub Da i sy
+ R01 4 (on mu ltiflora st ock )
Ga rden Roses
+ 8 11 1 1 010b111 111 1 14 1 11 1 4 1116111 1]0114
Yellow floweri ng Elder
-

T1 1 01114 1 14 1 11
Yellow Elder

Ch i nese H i bi s cus

Ind i an Az alea Scarlet h ora

4 11 111 1 1 11114
°

Ba rado;
114
Flower Fen ce

Bott b bn uh Red Floweri n g Henn a

Tu
’
rk s Ca p
N1 1 111 111 011 4 11111 1 De a
Do u b le Cri mson Olean d er
[1 4 1111 114 1 1 1 1 14 (T)
Scat let B u
sh

1 . P a rpl1 4 1 111 blue flower:

+ All4 1114 11d 4 purpurm +04 1 44 14 1 4 111 h w 111 1 11011 11 (T)
Pu rp le Alla man d a Blue Justi ci a
B 11 1 4 1114 1 1
62: d
1
Golden rop

Indi a n Az alea Ch i nese H i b i s cu s

8 4 1111 111 14 ry11 r1 a H 111 4 113 1 4 091 1101111 :

Pu rp le oun ta i n ny y d ran gea
L4 1 1 1 1 11 01 111 14 111411 4
ra pe Myrtle

+Pl11 1115 4 3 0 1 4 111 1 1 11 1

Blu e Le a dwo rt

G . m c ovn Pum a This li st cont a ins a group of vin es

Gno vr -
.

wh ich a re in teresting for groun d co ver i n pa rtially sh a d ed situ ati ons .

Most of th ese vi nes are evergreen in th ei r h a bit of foli age and are of
3 03 TH E COMPL ET E GAR DEN
value for coverin g b an k s a n d oth er a rea s wh ere i t i s d e si red to h a e v
a n oth er c o v eri n g th an g ra ss .

F1 1 111 ( i a moi st sh a d e ) L011 11 1 1 4 1 1 111 p1 1 011 1 11 1

Ferns Co ral Hon eysu c kl

01 11 1 111 14 111 1 1 111p 1 1 011 1 111 Z1 br1114 pe1 1d 11 14

Caroli n a asmi n e J W an d e ri n g Jew
3 1 111 1 4 111 1111 l o 1 14 1114 1 1 1 114
Eng li s h Ivy a n i lla G rass

L011 11 1 1 4 j 4 p011 11 4 114 1114 2 1 14 11 11 11 170114

J ap anese Honeysuc kle 1 4a sca ren e G rass

H S H RU B S FOR SHAD Y CO NDITION S The followi n g i s a group of

. .

sh rub s m o st o f whi c h a re e v ergree n i n th ei r foli a g e c h a ra c t eri sti cs a n d ,

a ll of whi c h a re a d a pt ed fo r p lan t a tion s i n p a rti a l s h a d e eith er un d er ,

la rge t rees o r on the n orth si d e of b u i ld in gs wh ere full s un light i s

not a v a i la b le .

Az 4 11 4 1111111 4 L13 111 11 11 111 4 111 11 1 1 111 1

In d i an Az a le a Amoo r Ri ver Pri vet
L1 11 1 11 11 111 111 p 4 11 111 1 04 1 11 g4 14

J a po mca a ri ega ted Ne p a ul Pri vet

01 1 11 4 1 1111 111 [1 4 g1 4 111
Sca rlet B ush Sweet li ve O
J h4 1 1 01 4 1 p 4
Sca rlet u sh fi

I . HER BA C E O U S P LANTS Thi s gro up in clud es p lan t s m an y of

.

whic h a re semi woo d y i n c h a ra c t e r a n d whi c h fun d a m en t a lly a re

-

kn own a s h erb a ceo us stoc k Th ere i s still a grea t op p ort un ity to

.

in t rod uc e a n umb e r o f the n orth ern typ es of h erb a ceo us stoc k in to the
g a rd e n p la n t a ti o n s of F lo ri d a Thi s li.st i s c o mp i led a s a p a r ti a l lis t
of th o se whi c h t o d a t e h a ve b ee n fo u n d t o b e of re a l i n t e rest a n d v a lu e .

M an y oth e r p la n t s ma y be a d d ed t o thi s li st i n sa fety b ut b ec a use of ,

the la c k of rec o rd of ex p e ri men ts con d uc t ed with th ei r grt h i n this

c lima t e th ey h a ve n ot b een i n c lu d ed .

The cli m a te of mi d d le a n d south e rn Flori d a h a s b een a ptly d escribed

by one h ortic ult uris t a s th a t of a g rea t out o f d oo r greenh ouse The
- -
.

c li m a t e i s su c h th a t m a n y of t h e flowe ri n g a n n u a ls so fa m i li a r t o t h e

rd n s o f t h e n or th p ro v e fa i lures wh en g rown i n the Flo ri d a a r d e n

g a e g .

Suc h p lan t s a s the an n ua l la rk sp ur sn a p d ra gon Chin a ast er sweet

, , ,

W illi a m a n d b ab y s b rea t h p rod uc i n g suc h an a b un d a nc e of c ut flowers

,
’
,

wh en grown i n the n ort h a re g rown wit h little s u

, c ces s i n Flo ri d a .
3 xc TH E COMPL ETE GA R DEN
Tmp4 1 014 14 11141111
Ameri can Lo tus Nasturti um
N11 114 1
p a tt er -
d ock
N 111 1111 4 1 4 7 1111 4
a ter -
Iily
‘
P hlox 111 4 111 111011111
D ru mmond s Phlox
’

'

K4 1 1 1 114 ’4 11 1 1 4 Y111 1 4 1114 4 11 111 01 4

Fo u n ta Ad am s Need le
’
i n Pla n t

Zi n ni a

J . P L AN T S F O R Se a sn o n e P L ANT IN G Pec uli a r as it .m a y see m ,

a long t h e sh o res of the la rger la k es a n d a long the se ash ore p a rtic u la rly
, ,

the group of pla nt s whic h c an be used i s rest ricted to th ose p la nt s which

a re p a rti c ula rly a d a pte d to lig ht s an d y soi ls an d a lso to wi th st an d the
,

h ea vy storms most ly i n the n a ture of win d storm s to which such

, ,

plan ts a re oft en subj ected .

C4 1 4 4 1 1114 1 04 11 1 1170114 1 11 11 0p4 1 4

Au s tra li an Pi n e Ameri can Holly
001 1 01064 4 11 12 1 1111 1 4 1 64 1 114 41 111 11
1 1 4
[ 4 11
Shore G ra pe Red Ce d ar
L 1114 111 64 1 1 1311 4 1 171
weet G u m
F11 4 1 4 4 1 1 4
W i ld Rub be r Palms ( i h vari ety)
P 11111 1 0106111 111 114 11 1
Mad re Man i la Tamari nd
P 14 1111 1 14 (in va ri ety)
Frangi p ani Trees

b . Shrub1

Pa p mac
1114 p4 11 111 1 1 1111 4 M 1 11 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
f
B ar a d oes Flower Fen ce a y be rry

N1 1 111 111 011 4 111 11 1

Bo tt le b rush
-
Olean der
C4 1 11 1 4 1
4 1 4 111 1 14 14 P 11101 >01 1 1 111 10611 4
Na tal Plum g
To i n Sh rub
3 13 11 1 4 1 1 01 11 1 1111 1 11 11
-

Ch i nese H i b i scu s

1 11 01 4 (i h va ri ety)
h ora
 PL AT E X LI X . In t h e s e le c t i o n o f p e re n n i a ls fo r t h e g a rd e n n o t o n ly s h o uld
t h e p o ss i b i li t i es o f i n t e res t i n g c o lo u r c o m b i n a t i o n s i n t h e flo we r eff e c t s b e o h

se r ve d , b ut a lso t h e p o s s i b i li t i e s fo r i n t e re s t i n g t e x t ure o f fo li a g e . A
( ) la r k
sp ur ; ( B ) le mo n li ly (c o mmo n ly ca lle d d a y li ly ) .
( Se e p g
a e 23 1 )
 CHA PTE R XL IV
PL ANTS FOR MI NN E SOTA
TH E li st s gi v en i n thi s c h a pter c ov er t h e more c ommon u ses for whic h

pla nts a re selec t ed Perenn i a l li sts a re n ot gi v en b ec a use perenn i a l

.

p lan ti n gs succ eed a c cord ing t o t h e ski ll of t h e grower i n a d a pting

th em t o h i s loca tion a n d gi vi n g th em n ecessa ry wi n ter p rotec tion .

Con st an t c a re m ust b e exe rc i sed to rep la ce wi n t er losses Th e .

d i sc u ssi on i n t h e m a in p a rt of t h e fo re go i n g t ex t un d e r t h e d iff eren t

li st s a n d g rou p s of p lan ts a pplies eq ua lly well to most of t h e n orth ern

p a rt of t h e Un ited St a tes, i n clud in g Minnesot a a n d a dj oining
terri to ry .

Th roughout this regi on sp ri ng p la n tin g i s p refera ble to a ut umn , i f it

i s d one ea rly en ou g h , e x c e pt o f c o urs e f or p eo n i es a n d i ri ses I
.n es

i ll d u t um n w e a th e r au t u m n p la n t e d st oc k i s q u it e lik ely t o
p ec a y ry a -

p rov e a tot a l loss Ord in a ry sh rub s an d t rees c a n be mov ed i n t he

.

au t umn un d er good c on d itions a n d this i s a lso t rue of loc a lly g rown

c on i fers mo v ed i n Sept e m b e r ; b u t oth e r p lan t s, an d es p ec i a lly t h e

perenn i a ls, sh ould b e m o v ed on ly i n t h e sp rin g Owin g to t h e .

se v e ri ty of t h e c li ma t e , es p ec i a lly i n d ry wi n t ers , someti mes wi th ou t

sn ow m ore th an si x i n c h es d eep , th e re i s litt le t en d en c y t o en cou ra ge

ex p e ri m en tin g wi th h a lf h a rd y st oc k an d m ost of t h e li st s gi v en a re
-

s h ort .

These li sts a pp ly to a n a rea wi thin a two h un d red mi le ra d i us of t h e

- -

Twi n Cities i n ev ery d i rec tion In e a ste rn Wiscon sin t h e Grea t

.

L a kes would tem per t h e c li m a te while n orth ern Minn esot a would be
,

sti ll more se v e re th an a t t h e Twin Cities , e p ec i a lly on s an d y pi n e

s
soi ls .
West e rn Min n esot a i s q uite si m ila r b ut a little more subj ect to
,

d rou ht d hi h w i n d s Ce n t ra l I ow a c a n g row a slig ht ly la rger

g a n g .

li st of pla n t s b ec a u se of a w a rm er c li m a te a n d p erh a p s a litt le more

ra in fa ll .

In m a ki n g a selec tion of p lan t s from a ny of t h e oth e r li st s i n thi s book

for u se i n thi s re g i o n , fi rs t c ons ult Li s t X L IV G
-
t o e li m i n a t e a ll typ es

w hi c h h a v e p r o v e d n o t h a rd y
. T h e oth e r li s t s m a y b e c o n s u l t e d free ly
 PLANTS FOR MINNE SOTA 3 13

wi th thi s exc epti on . All p lan ts of q ues tion a b le h a rd in ess should be

c arefully p rot ect ed .

LI ST OF PLANTS FOR M INN ESOTA

A . HE DG E S Owi n g to t h e sev ere exposure t o whic h a h ed ge ma y
°
.

“
be subj ec t ed on ly sm a ll g roup s c an b e rec omm en d e d a s en ti rely i ron
”
cla d . No b roa d lea v ed ev ergree n s c an b e li st ed a n d on ly t h e most
-

h a rd y sorts of c oni fers a mon g the m b eing t h e B la c k H i lls v a ri ety of t h e

,
'

whit e sp ruc e gi v en h ere a s p i cea ca na den s i r

, E a rly sp ri ng fiowen ng .
-

sh ru b s like t h e gold en b ell a n d d e u tz i a a re not h a rd y an d n on e of t h e

b eec h es sh ou ld b e u sed for wi n d b rea ks o r oth er typ es of h e d ges Most .

of t h e oth er p lan t s s h own i n Ch a pt er X II ca n b e p la n t e d s a fe ly .

B a rri er:

Crate: u : cocci nea P it t a exceb a

Sca r et fru i ted Th orn
-
Norwa y Sp ruce
Hi pa hat rha mn oi de: Rh a fl mw cath a rti ca
a uc k t h orn Co mmon B u c k t h o rn

j u n i p em vi r g i n i a na Ri be: a lpi n um
Red Ced ar Alp in e Cu rran t

Lamct ra ta ta ri ca Ri b}: o ca nthoi de:

'

Ta rtari an Hon eysu c kle W ild se be rry

P i cea ca na demi r '

Rom rugom
Bla c k H ills Sp ru ce J
a p an ese Rose

Ac" ta ta ri cum
Ta rta n a n Ma p le
P i t t a ca na dem i :
Bla c k H i lls Sp ruce

Fi rm:
'

n
i r
g a q a n n at a
Au
s t ri a n Pwe

B . GRO U ND COVER No ev erg reen g roun d c ov e r p lan t s seem to

.
-

p ro v e h a rd y i n t h e regi on cov ered by this list , a n d so t h e p lan ts given

a re c o n fi ned t o d ec i d uou s sh ru b s a n d vi ne s Peren n i a ls c an b e used .

i n p rop ortion to t h e wi n t er p rot ec tion p rovi d ed for th em .

Artemi s i a ren cea Ri be: a urm m

'

Si be ri a n W o rmwood Flowe ri n g Cu rran t

Comptoma w plm ifoli a

'

Ri be: o ca nthoi de:

Sweet Fern W i ld sebe rry
3 14 THE COMPL ET E GAR DEN
Rom k w a na
ar a
'

Arka n sas Rose

Rubw odora m: Spi rea : tommtom
Floweri ng Rasp berry Hard b ack
Sym hofica rfio: vu
lgari :
f
nd nan currant -

Mmb pem um t a n dn m
d
Ameri can Bi tter sweet -
Common Moonseed

C P LANTS VA LU AB LE ron AUT UMN CO LO URATIO N

. or L E AV E S .

Only p lan ts whic h sh ow good a ut umn colour, eith er a t a n ea rly or

medi um season , p rove va lua b le i n this region sin ce la te colou r is

vari a b ly d est royed b y h a rd freez es .

Nettle Tree

Rim: typl u
'

na
Stag horn Suma c

B erberi : th u ubergi Vacci n i um co bomm

Th u n b erg s J a p an ese B arberry Hi g h b u lu
’
-
sh eb e rry

Fraxi n u : a meri cana Vi burnu m aceri oli um

W h it e Ash Ma ple leav Vi burn
-

D H E AVY , FORMAL E FFE CTS

. E ith er d ue t o t h e p revalen ce of i ce
.

storm s whic h b rea k th em d own or t o th ei r in h eren t la c k of h a rd in ess,

most of th e plants whi ch a re elsewh ere a v ai la b le for h ea vy, form al efi ects
'

are not ava ila b le i n t hi s regi on Thi s group i s a ccord in gly a sm a ll one
. .

J un i pcm vi rgi n i a na P i cea excelm f a mi dd i s

Red Ced ar . Pyra mi d a l ot wa y Sp ru ce

um m u m
’

J i j i l Po idd i
fi
p : alba
li
q o rg n a na g a n d yr a :
Blue Vi rgi n i a Ced ar
’
le s Pop rr
Pc t1 m
a i b iify P pl
i
'
n a o ar
3 1 6 TH E COMPL ETE GA R DEN
grow nig c o nifer I t p rod uces a soft foli a ge whi ch req ui res th a t it
. be
plan ted i n group s for mut u a l p rot ection a ga in st st rong win d s .

Abi e: eon eoIor

W h i te Fi r
j u n i pem (i n v ari ety )
Ced ar
P i cea alba
W h i te Sp ru ce

P i cea ca n ademi :
Bla ck H i lls Sp ru ce

P i cea exeelm P seud otrug a d o uglas i

Norwa y Sp ruce Do u glas Fi r

P i cea pu n gm gla nc e Th uja occid entali : (in vari ety)

Koster s Blu e Sp ru Ameri ca n Arborvi ta e
’
ce

n a ca na demi r
Ca n a di a n H emlock

G Nor H A RDY IN MINN E S OTA Th e followi ng grou p cont a ins

. .

plan ts whi c h a re not h a rd y wh en u sed i n t h e Minn esot a sec tion Th ese .

plan ts a re genera lly i n on e of th ree group s : t h e ea rly sp ring flow -

eri n g typ es , t h e b ro a d le a ved a n d t en d er e verg reen s, a n d th ose whi c h

-

rip en th ei r wood la t e i n t h e fa ll As a res ult of ye a rs o f experi en ce i n

.

land sc a p e p lan tin g, th e se typ es h a ve n ot p roved h a rd y, a lth o u g h m an y

of th em a re ext rem ely h a rd y w h en u se d th rou gh ou t t h e n orthwestern

an d c en t ra l p o rtion s of th e Un ited St a t es .

l eer p a lmatmn Com a : flori da

Ja p an e se Ma ple Floweri n g Dogwood
Akebi a i na ta Com a : h oa rd
Fi ve c aved Ak e b i a Ja p anese Dog wood
Az alea (i a va ri ety Com a : ma :
Az a le a Ca rneli a n Cberry
Deu tz i a ( i n va ri ety)
Spi ce B u sh De u tz i a
Bu xu : (i n vari ety) Exochord a ( i n vari ety
Boxwood Pea rl Bu sh

Calli ea rp a (i h va ri ety Fa u : J yloa ti ca

Mulbe rry uropea n Beec h
Cata l a (i a va ri ety) Forsyth i a ( i n va ri ety
In i an Bean Gold en Be ll
Gerri : ca nad ef m:
'

Halen a tetra tera

'

Red b u -
d Silve r Be l Tree
Cha ma eeyp a n : ( i n va ri et y) H i bi seu : (i n va ri ty
'

Ja p anese Cyp ress Rose of Sh a m :

Cleth ra aln ifoli a IIex (excep t verti ci lla ta )
Sweet Pep per B u sh Holly
 PLANT S FOR M INN E SOTA 3 17

m u m v y Ma va ri ety)
'

J as i n ( i a a ri et ) noh a (i n
J asm i n e agn oli a

K almi a ( in vari ety) Mahoma (ia variety)

'

La u rel Oregon Gra pe

K erri a ( i h va ri ety) M ri c (i a va ri ety)
a

Globe flowe r-
a y be rry

Li urum (most
u va ri eti es) P mnu: (mo s t v
a ri eti e s)
ri vet Floweri n g Almon d s an d Cherri es
Lon i cera j
a p on iha lli a n a
ca Rhododend ron (i n variety)
Ja panese Honeysu ckle Rhod od en d ron
Taxu
 CH APTE R XLV

PLANTS FOR SOUTH ATLAN TI C STA TES

TH E territory fo r whi c h thi s li st h a s b ee n p rep a red com p rises t h at

lyi ng b etween t h e At lan tic Oc e an on t h e ea st an d t h e A pp a la c hi an foot
hills or Pi ed mon t on t h e west , an d extend in g from Washing ton, D C , . .

to Sa v ann a h , At lan t a , an d south e rn Ala b a m a . Th i s territory in clud es

t h e eas t ern h a lf of Vi rg ini a a n d of North Ca roli n a , n e a rly a ll of Sou th
Ca rolin a an d of Geo rgi a a n d a ll of Ala b a m a lyin g sout h an d ea st of
B i rmingh a m (See Pla t e No .

Owing to t h e i n flu en ce of t h e m o un t a i ns on t h e west an d n orth ,

and of t h e At lan tic Oc ean with i t s Gu lf St rea m on t h e ea st , th is

territory i s esp eci ally fa voura b le for t h e g rowin g of plan ts whic h would
not s uc c eed a t t h e sa m e la tit u d e fa rth e r in la n d . This territ ory h as a
.

high ann u a l a verage h umi d ity a n d a ra in fa ll of 5 0 t o 60 in ch es each

—
yea r It h a s a low n a rrow ran ge i n t em p era t ure a b out 3 0 d eg rees
.

an d a long growin g sea son , ext en d i n g fro m on e h un d red an d ei g hty d a ys

i n t h e n orth t o two h un d red d a ys i n t h e so u th All of th ese fa ctors con

.

t ri b ute to t h e succ essful grt h of m an y som ewh a t tend er p la n ts and

i n som e c a ses a lso forc e t h e growth of n o rth ern p lan ts t o a g rea t siz e .

Th e most th a t c a n b e d on e u n d er p resen t c on d ition s wi th a li st of this

kind a nd un ti l suc h ti me a s furt h er inform a tion i s c om piled , i s t o t a b u

la te som e of t h e more i m port a n t typ es of p la n t s whic h h a ve b een u sed

th rough out this south ern t erritory I t must b e rem emb ered th at wi th
.

th e m u c h longer g rowi n g sea so n a n d t h e high er a verag e of ra in fa ll

p lan ts wi ll grow m uc h more vigorously an d m uch la rger th an th e

sa me p la nt s wi ll grow th rou g h o ut t h e n o rth ern z o n es
. Pl an ts w hi ch
ma y b e a d a pted t o a c e rt a in use in t h e z ones fa rth er north may be en
ti rely i n a pp rop ri a t e for a si m i la r u se i n thi s sou th ern t errit ory For.

thi s rea son inti m a t e knowled ge sh ould b e obt a in ed concern ing t he

g ro w in g c h a ra ct e ri s ti c s o f an y typ es th a t a r e t o b e in t rod uc e d in t o t h e

sou th ern c ond itions .

M an y of th e p lan ts a d a pted for use i n t h e north e rn z ones wi ll rea d ily

p rod uce an a b norm al grom h i n th ese sou th ern z ones as represen ted by
3 18
 PLANTS FOR SOUTH ATLANTI C STATE S 3 19

t h e so tu h At lan ti c st a t es On t h e other h an d v e ry few of t h e p lants

.
,

which a re in d igenou s t o thi s so u th At lan ti c a re a wi ll p rov e h a rd y when

used i n t h e t erritory north of Wa shi ngt on For in st a nce H a ll s .
,
’

cli mb in g h on ey s uc kle i s on e of t h e p la n t s c o m mon t o b oth t h e n o rth e rn

z on e an d t h e so u thern z one b ut i n t h e south ern t errito ry thi s plan t

,

p rod uc es a m uc h more i n te restin g d ev elop ment of foli a ge a n d of flowers

whi le i n th e n orth e rn z on es t h e sa m e p lan t s u fl ers seve rely fro m wi nt er
'

killing of t h e sm a ll an d more ten d e r p ortion s of i t s g rowth Th ere a re .

a few of ou r d esi ra b le n o rt h e rn typ es su c h a s li la c s w hi c h a dj u

, st ,

th emselves wi th ext reme d i fi c ulty to t h e c h a n ged c li ma tic cond itions .

Out h e oth er h an d th e hyd rangea i s grown wi th rem a rk a b le su

, c cess

i n t h e south .

L I ST OF PLANTS FOR SOUTH ATLANT I C STAT E S

A .GRO U ND CO VER This g roup of plan t s fo r groun d co v er i s more
.

rest ri ct ed th an t h e g ro u p inc lud ing pla n t s a v a i la b le for use fa rth er

no rth This i s d ue to t h e fa c t th a t m an y h erb a c eo us p erenn i a ls d o not
.

suc ceed i n t h e lon g h ot su mmers of t h e south

, .

a . M0t p lace:

As a mm a ri foli u m H ow toma J er ylli foli a

'

Mottled Sn a keroot Cree p i n g B u et f

Axa f um ai r i n i eum Lyri mac h i a n u mmu la ri a
Vi rgi n i a n a k eroot Mon eywort
Dalib a rd a rep ew '
P hlox m ba la i a
B a rren Stra wbe rry Moss Pi n k
E m ymu : ra d i c a m
'

Cli mb i n g Evonymu s Nevi us ’

Stonecrop
H edera he li x Vi nce mi nor
En gli sh Ivy Pe ri wi n kle
Vi ola eom u ta
Swamp Pi n k Tu fted Pan sy

Dry p lace:
Am Coromlla ea ppa doci ca
'

Med i terrane an Crown Vetch

Am elopsi : tri cu sp i d ata vei teh i
ston Ivy Scorp i on Senn a
Coromlla va n a
' '

Cerati ola eri eoi de:

So u th ern H ea th er Eu rope a n Crown Vetc h

Clemati s ? an i eu la ta Dut hemea i nd i ct:

ema ti s Yellow Strawberry
.

J p
a an ese Cl
3 20 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
Saxifra ga oi rgi n i ei ui :
Crested Iri s Early b loomi ng Suifrage
-

Loa i eem browm Shoma gala ei foli a

' '

B rown s H oneysu
’
ckle Sh ortxa
Lon i cera heehf om Vi nce maj or
'

Pu rp le floweri ng H oneysu
-
ck le Tra ili ng Vi nca
Lon i cera ja pon i ca ha lli a na Yu cca fi la mefl om
Ja p an ese Honeysuckle Ad a m s Need le
’

Ope rati c vu lga ri r

B a rberry Fi g Ad am s
’
Need le
B H ave ns The followi n g group s in clud e most ly p la nts whi ch a re
. .

d i sti n ct ive i n thi s regi on or a re n ot a v a i la b le fo r use fa rth e r n orth .

Th i s i s esp eci a lly t rue of t h e everg ree n li st .

a . H old i ng lea ve: th roughout wi nter

Ch i nese Abeli a
Abeli a flori bu nd a
Men can Abeli a Ja p anese Holly
‘r a n d q i ‘ t a I lex apnea
H yb ri d Abel a i Ameri c an H olly
u m i m
'

tri flora J p a i e o rgi a

H i ma la yan Abeli a Red Ced ar
Acaci a a m a ta Li boced rw deeu rm u
Ka nga roo Th orn In cen se Ced ar
Li gw tmm q mu
'

r
ren e

H ardy Eve rg reen Az a lea Amoor Ri ver a et

B erberi : ha heoi de:
Ch i le an Barbe rry
B axw ( i n va ri ety)
‘
Li w tm m j a pon i eum
Boxwood verg reen Pri vet

Bu xw rm pervi rem
‘
Li tumu ci d u
n lu m
Tree Box hi n mg leaved Pri vet
-

B aum: m mti eosa Li urtrmn upd eme

Dwa rf 11 ep a ul a et
Ca melli a ja p on i ca Li un mm q u i hom
'

J p
a on i ca a te b loomi ng Pri vet
-

Cedrw deoda ra Li un ra m ri m e
Deod a r h i n ese Pri vet
Cha ma eypa n o Om a nth w ifoh um
' '

J p
a a n ese C y p ress Fragran t i ve
Ci nna momu m ca mphora Om a nth u :
[ra gra m

Ca mp h or Tree Sweet Oli ve

Cotoneas ter rotund i foli a Ia P i tta: ru m tobi ra
Box leaved Co toneast er
-
To i ra Sh ru b
Ga rden i a j as mi noi de: P ra m” ca roli n i a na
Ca pe J
asmme Ca roli n a Lau rel Cherry
P run e: la a roeen m u
Engli sh Lau rel
3 2 2 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN

Quf ew p hello:

{Vi11 w O k
0 a

W i nged Elm

D . EVERG REE N S Mo sr Us s n Th e cli m ate of t h e south Atlanti c

.

st a te s ( V i rgi n i a No rth Ca roli n a

, Sou th Caroli n a Georgi a an d Ala
, , ,

b a m a ) p ro vi d e s an oppo rt u n ity t o u se t h e b roa d le a ved e ve rgreen s i n -

g rea t p ro f us i o n a s w e ll a s c e rt a i n so rt s o f c o n i fe rs whi c h a re n 0t d es i r

a b le fa rth e r n o rth All t h e b roa d le a ved eve rgree n s men tioned e lse
.
-

wh e re i n thi s b oo k a re u se fu l i n this region as well as t h e c on i fe rou , s

pla n ts n a med b elow All of these p lan ts h owe ver wi th t h e exce ption
.
, ,

of t h e j u n ipe rs req u i re a t lea st p a rt i a l sh a d e ( See Ch a pte r XXXIII )

, .

Th e h rs sp ru
, c es h e mloc ks Ame ric a n a rb orvi t a e a n d Dougla s fi r
, , ,

s ho u ld n ever b e u sed i n this reg ion at eleva tions be low feet a b ov e

sea leve l .

Mt . Atlas Ced ar
ad a nti ca gla uca
Mt Atlas
. Si lver Cedar
Cedrw deoda ra C p tomeri a
'

a pon i ea (ia variety)

Deod a r a p an cas éd e ar

Ced rw Ii ha m
'

Ced ar of Le b anon
Ce h a lotax w d ru acea j un i per w vi r g i n i a na gla nce
a rge fru i ted ew
-
Blu e Vi rg i n i a Ced a r

In cense Ced ar
Cha maeeypa f i : en eoi de: F i na : exeel m
'

Co mp a ct W h i te Ced a r Bho t an Pi ne
Taxu bacca ta ( i n vari ety
'

Engli s h Yew
Ch a maeeypa ri : i n fera Taxu : m pi da ta ( i a va ri ety)
Pea frmted yp ress
-
J p
a an e se Yew
Th u ja
Ori en t al Arborvi t ae
E .FO RMA L E FF E C TS Th e p lants i n thi s grou p a re most ly t rees
.

“
of a c o mp a c t up rig ht h a b it of g rowth a nd a re use ful a s excla m at ion
, ,
”
poi n t s a n d for m a rki ng axes i n form a l g a rd en s .

Ca ta lp a bu Ce h alotax w h a rri n gtoni an a fa mgi a a

'

n gei
Rou n d lea ved Ca t alp a
-
lu mn a r Stem frui ted Yew -

Ced m: deod a ra Cerci d i ph yllum ja p on i cum

Deod a r Ka d su ra Tree
 PLANTS FOR SOUTH ATLANTI C STATE S 3 3
2

Cha ma eey a ri s lw ron i a na u

J i m ai r i ni c u Ia u
e
Lawson 3 Cyp ress
n

Bl ii
e
e Vi rgi r a Ged a ii
a
i
ea

Cha maecy a rts thyai d e: m

' '

J i cha k i
i
i
é
a n n a : o rg a na s
W h i te ed ar
’
S ott s Red Ce d ar
C p tomeri a ja pon i c a lobbi La u f oeera m : ca roli n i a na

b b s Cyp ress W ild Orange

’

Cun n i ngh a mi a la nceola ta Li boeed ru: deeurrm

Ch i n ese Cu nn i ng h a mi a In cen se Ced ar
Li u tru m ( i n vari et y)
r
mvet
H i bi scus ryri am Qu u bu ? d u ulat
égli
rc : ro r e nc a
Rose of Sh aron n sh Oa k
Ilex i n vari ety)
H llyd
u
J pn i e m Taxod i u m d i rti ehum
Ch i n ese J u n i per Ba ld Cyp ress
j un i p em Tex a s (i n vari ety)
Silver ti p ped Chi nese
-
Jumpe r Yew
j un i p e m ja ori entali : pyra mi dali :
Th u
Greek J u n i pe r Pyra mi d a l Ori en ta l Arborvi ta e

F .B O RD ER P LANTIN G As most p la n t s, w h en used i n t h e so uth

.

Atla n ti c st a tes, d ouble th ei r n o rth ern h eight , t h e p rob lem i s to fin d

low g rowe rs
-
Th e followi ng g roup s h a ve th us b een con fi n ed to low
.

grow i n g p la n t s ( b elow h y e feet ) an d m e d i um g ro w in g p lan t

-
s

five t o t en feet ) .

Amorpha m usrenri :
'

Herberts heteropoda
Tennessee Fa lse In d igo Frag ra n t Barberry

Frag ran t Mou n ta i n Az alea Si eb old B a rberry

’
s

Az alea ga nd a mm:
'

Herberts wilson ae
Ghen t Az alea W ilson s B a rberry
’

Calli ea rp a a meri ca na
Ja pan ese Az alea Bea u ty Fru it
Calli ca rpa r u
p rea

Be a u ty ru tt

Az alea ponti ca Ca ryopteri : i nea na

Pon trc Az alea Blu e Sp i rea

Cea noth w h bri d i a

Hyb ri d ew Je rsey Tea
Comptoma as plmifoli a
'

Swamp Az alea Sweet Fern

Coromlla emef w
'

B erberi : ar i rta ta
Scorp i on Senn a
Corylopf i : pa u eiflor a
Ja pan ese Floweri ng
3 4
2 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
D4 hu
1
Da hu
m
?
e enk wa

e mez ereu
Da p hne
J m
Jas
i
m
tt

Merati a
e
rn
n
e
i'
n vM )

fn p ra cox
au ca si a n Da p hn e Ch i n ese Sweet Sh rub
Deu tz i a gra ei li :
Slend er Deu tz i a Sta gger B u sh

P ri me : tri loba
Dwarf Elsholtz i a

Rom mgom
J a p anese Rose
Rom a i n e: ofi ei nah :
'

Rosemary
H m a uremn
flowered St . John s W ort
’

Sa lma gre
'

d b:
W hi te exi can Salvi a
H pem m xlamen t“ : 8 ? Wm: bu ma lda a u
’

thor;y W et
i
douuta i n St Joh n s W ort
’
. Cri mson Sp i rea
Ste ha mmd f a m m
te p h anan ra

um m
'

Hy roli
gh ubby g
en e
W ort
’
r t . o hn s

Za mbi a speci ous

Za mbi a

Low grom ng ub:

'

6.
-
evergreen shr

“
Herbert:

B erberi : mrgefl i m
Evergreen Barberry
Am ber
'

po in
i f ul
a

J a p an zse a re

La u
rel

Ha rdy Eve rgreen Az alea

Az alea {a d i eu
Ind i an Az alea

Ca melli a j a mi ea
Hard y Indi an Az alea J
a poni ca

B erbefl lr bu oli a
Box leav -
Barberry fl
B erberi r da m i n i Cotoneaster da mmed
Dam n s Ba rberry
’ o
 THE COMPL ETE GARDEN

Dyer s e ’
n weed

Salt Tree
H dra n gea a rborereem a r d éflom
arge flowered W i ld
b
Y fia
Hydra ngea quercifoli a
Oak lea ved Hyd rangea
-
Snow W rea th
Itea oi rgi n fra P en na : tri loba
Vi rgi n i a n W illow

Le: edez a bi eolor Spi raea oa nhou ttei

rub by B u sh Clover Van H ou tte s Bri d a l W rea th
’

Le: edez a J i eboldi Styrax a meri ca na

tebold s Desmod i u m Ameri ca n Storax
’

Styrax ja p on i ca
Bush H oneysu Ja p anese Storax
’
Sta nd i sh s ckle

u
'

obe n a
'

d lea ved Staorax

-

Med i um growi ng evergreen

-
shrub:
Abeli a fl ori b und a Mahoma fo tunei
'

Mexi ca n Abeli a Chi nese Mahon i a

Abeli a gra nd iflora Mahom i '

a i ea
a

Hy bri d Abeli a Ja p anese ahoni a

B erberi r ha heoi d e: M homa pi n na ta
a
'

Ch ilean B a rberry Sou th western M

B erben : m bem la tifoli a Mi eheli a fucata
' '

Holly lea ved B a rberry

-
Banan a Sh ru b
B aum: I m pervi ren: he a droom“ M commu ni r

H an d worth s Tree Box

’
Wrue My rtle

H i mala yan Rose Box Ja p anese Nand i na

Elaea gmu ngen:
Silver rn

Elaea gmu pun ea : va ri egata Fn ma Ia uroeera mx rehi pham i :

Van ega ted ilver Thorn H a rd y Eng li sh La u
rel
Ga rden i a j as mi mi de:
Ca pe Jasmi ne
Ga rden i a j as mi noi de: fortuni a n a Rhododend ron a rbutifoli um
Fortu n e s Ca pe Ja smi n e Dwarf Rh od od en d ron
’

Ga rden i a j w mi noi de: wi tchi

Vei tch s Ca pe J asmi ne Hy brid Rhod od en dron
’

La ura: nobi li ; Rhododend ron onti cum

B a y Tree Dwarf Rb od en dt on
Li w tru m eon aceum Ski mmi a fa pon i ca
'

ou n d leaved Pri vet

-

Ja p anese Ski mmi a

Ma hon i a uifoli um Vi burnum n a pa lm”!
Oregon ra pe Pi nk Snowb all
Vi burnum ti me:
La urestmu
.

s
 PLANTS FOR SOUTH ATLANTI C STATE S 3 7
2

G . Fa u rr VA L U AB LE roa Ir s CO LOU R E rr s cr s Th e followi n g

.

p lan t s b ea r fru it whic h m a kes them useful for ornamen t a l p la n ting .

Th e g roup c om p ri ses m ai n ly th ose speci es whi c h a re b ett er a d a pted to

so uth ern con d itions .

Arbutu s ua ed o
Stra wberry Tree
Di a spyro: vi rgi ni ana
Sca llo p lea ved Ardi si a
-
Persi mmon
Am ber ja pon i ca Di orpyro: h a hi
Ja panese La urel Persi mmon
Ca lli ca rp a a meri ca na E laea gmu mu lti flora
Be a u ty F ruit Gu mi
Cela mw (i h vari ety)
B i tt er sweet
-

Em m a: bu n gea m u
Bu
’
n ge s Sp i n d le T

Cori a ri a ja pon i ca He: (i n vari ety)

Jap anese Con an a Holly
Lon i cera i n vari ety)
Bu i
s h l oneysu ckle

Cotoneas ter (i n vari ety) Ma noli a ra nd iflora

Rose Box i
h agnol a f
Coton ea fl er ra nc heti
f M gnoli a h polent a
Fran ch et 8 Rose Box a h i nese u rp le Magnoli a

Coton ea ster fri gi da Ma noli a m etala ’

Rose Box mbrella rec

Cowm a n” hori z ontali :
Prost ra te Co toneaste r Ja p anese Nand i n a
Cotonea rter mi cro hylla P yra ca ntha eoen nea Mand i
’

Sma ll lea ved

-
ton easter Evergreen Thorn
Cotonea ster J i ma m Rom (i n va ri ety)
'

H i mala ya n Rose Box Na ti ve Rose

Cra ta egw colli na
Ro u n d fru i ted Thorn
-
Engli sh Yew

H . SP E C I ME N TRE E S AND SHRU B S Th e followi n g group s com p ri se

.

on ly plan ts which a re most successful wh en used sin gly or i n sm all

gro up s .

Arali a 3 i nasa
Mi mos a Hercues Clu b
Aletm te: ord i
'

Ch i n a ood o il Tree -

Apha mmth e as pef a

Ch i nese H a ck berry
 THE COMPL ET E GAR DEN

Ma a oli a den udata

ulan Mag noli a
Ca talp a bu n gei
Ro u n d lea ved Ca ta lp a
-

Ch i n ese Ced rela

a rboret um

Di aspora: vi rgi n i a na
Persi mmon Jerusalem Thorn
Fa a meri ca n a P au
lowni a toenea tom
eri can Beec h Emp res s Tree
Fraxi n w a meri ea a a m a ri na te:
Silver lea ved W h i te As h
-
Ch ri st mas Berry
P hoti ma J erm la ta
'
'
na
Evergreen Ph oti n i a
Gi n kgo bi loba
Mai d en h ai r Tree
Gledi tn a ja pon i ca
'

Ja p anese Honey Lo cust

Ch i nese H oney Locust

P mnu mfera pi
'

: cere na rd i
Honey Locust Purp le Plu
m

Si lver Bell

Ja panese Rai si n Tree

J u l m '
c i ne m a
fiuttern ut
a

[ l w i bold i na

f
a a J e a
a p an ese W a ln u t

L i da mba r uryaeiflu
a Quereu: n i g a
r
weet Gu m W a te r Oak
33 0 TH E COMPL ETE GAR DEN
Aa chen (i n va riety) H esperi : ma trona li :
Alkan et Swee t Roc k et
H m hera ma gn i fi ed
Poppy flowered Anemone
-
Co ra l bells
-

Anth em} ti nd on a helwayt I nea mi llea deleoa yi

' '

H ard y Margueri te Ha rd y G loxi n ea

Anti f rh i n um maj w If i t (i a vari ety)
Sn a pd ra gon Iri s
Aq i legi a (i n va ri ety K n i p ho uoa n a
'

é o lu mbi n e Red ot Pok er Pla n t

Ar m ane i n vari ety) Li th orpem u m ca nexem
ri ckly Pop p y In d i a n Pa i n t
Artemi si a (i n vari ety) Lobeli a i n va ri “y’
W ormwood Lo c , i
Lyel mi r eoromm a
'

Mullei n Pi n k
Ba ti n a
'

(i n vari ety Omothe m (i n va ri ety)

a lse In d i go Even i n g Pri mrose
Da hli a (i n va ri ety)
Ga rd en Da hli a Y
Delphi n i u m (i n vari ety) P a eoma mflru ti eom
'

Lark sp u r Tree Peony

Eeh i a op: i n va ri ety P aeoma teuuifoli a
'

Globe i stle Fenn el leaved Peon y

-

E g i u m a m eth yui n um P hlox i n vari ety)

eth yst Sea H olly Gard en Phlox
E u a tori u m (i n va ri ety) P latycodon ra nd ifloru m
«f h i te Sn a k eroot B a lloon lower
P olemon i um caeru leum
Ameri can Ja cob s La d d er
’

ra n k s, (i n va ri ety) P olemomu m repta n:

'

Plan ta i n Lily G ree k Valen an

Ca i lla rd i a (i n va ri ety P ri nnd a (i a va ri ety)
Blan ket Flower Pri mrose
Gla d i olu s (i n va ri ety) P yreth rum eore i neu m
Sword Flower Pa i n ted Dmsy
cy J o h ila ( i n va ri ety
él ha k Plan t Sage
Helemu m (i n vari ety Tha li ctrum (i n va n ety
' '

Sneez eweed Mea d ow rue -

Heli a nthemum (i n vari ety) Veron i ca (i n va riet y)

Rock Rose Speed well
Vi ola ( i a vari ety)
r Vi olet

P ERE NNIA L S N aru aa u z mc m W m G amma T h

J . r oa ) e .

plan ts i n thi s gro up a re common so rt s whi ch a fter t ri a l h a ve p roven

a d a pt a b le an d u se ful for n a t ura liz i n g i n thi s t e rritory This group
.

could b e c on si d e ra b ly en la rged ; b u t t h e sp ec i e s n a m ed wi ll fill m o st

of t h e req ui rem en t s of ord in a ry p lan tin g sch em e s .

 PLANTS FOR SOUTH ATLANTI C STATE S 33 1

Aeta ea (i h vari ety) Fm va riety)

m (i n
i ild Strawberry
c

B a n e be rry “
Adi a ntum p eda tum
Mai d en h a i r Fern
'

Gala nthw n i oa lt:

Co mmon Sh owd rop

Amorpha (i a va ri ety
False In d i go Yellow fri nged Orch i s
-

Ara bi : (i n va ri ety) Li a n} pymofl a ehya

Roc k Cress Blaz i ng Star
Armed a ( i h vari ety) Li li a n (i n vari ety)
Sea Th ri ft Lily
B ela mca nd a ch i new i r Mermm a mrgi ni ca
' '

Bla c k be rry Lily B lu e be ll

Centra nthu: rub" Mm rda (i n vari ety)

Red Valeri an Berga mot
Na rci ssus ( i n va ri ety)
Daffodi l and Narci ssu s

Sax ifra ga (i h va ri ety)

rry Stontr b rea ke r
Den ta n a d 1 p hylla Sed u m (i h va ri ety)
'

Two leaved Toot hwort

-
St onecrop
E ryth ron i um a meri c a n um
Add er s tongu
’
e

K . P LANTS W mc n Ans COMM ON LY AND F RE E LY U ss o IN m e

SO UTH B UT AR E Nor H A RD Y FA RTHER Noa m Thi s g roup comp ri ses
.

t rees an d sh ru b s whi c h a re v a lua b le an d ma y b e used i n t h e south with

sa fety b u
, t w hi c h a re n0t h a rd y i n t h e n orth
.

Meli a a ud a raeh umbraeuli fom i :

,

Mi mosa Umb rella Tree

u
Q ew
er ae uta
Kore a n Oa k
Ced m a tla nti c a Quere w la u ri foli a
Mt Atlas
. Ce d ar La ure l Oa k

Ced rm deod a ra Querc w n i g ra

Deod a r W a te r Oa k
Ced rw li ba m u
'

Q erew p he llo:
Ced a r of Le ba n on W i llo w Oa k
Li boced m deeuf f m So hora j a pon i c a
In cense Ce d a r f
a p a n ese Pagod a Tree

Ma noli a gra nd iflora Stercu li a pla ta n ifoli a

i
h agn oh a J
a pa n ese Va rn i sh Tree
 THE COMFL ETE

Arbu tus uned o

St rawbe rry Tree
Li um a epd erue
ertf
Sca llop lea ved Ard i si a
-
fiepa ul a et
J umbo ja pon i ca Li m qui houi
Ja pan e se La urel a te- b loo ming Pri vet
B erberi r ha heoi de: L
Ch ilean Ba rbe rry
Cassi a corymbom Mi cheli n fucata
Argen ti ne Sen n a B anan a Sh ru b
Chilops i r li nea ri :
Floweri ng W i llow Ja panese Nand i n a

Ga rden i a i da or P enna : ca roli n i a na

Ca pe a mi ne Caro li na La u rel Ch erry

j a m i num p ri muli n um P mmu la u roeerm :

Jasmi ne Engli sh La u rel

Thea ri new i r
Tea Pla n t

La uresti n u
s

L . VIN E S FOR TH E SO UTH . Th ere i s ive gro up of vi nes

an e t en sx
whi ch ca n b e u sed th ro u g h o u t t h e f a r so u th M an y .of t h e v in es so

common t o t h e n orth a re ext rem ely v a lu a b le b ec a u se of th ei r a d d ed

g rowt h d u ri n g t h e lon g er g ro w in g s ea son an d th e i r lux ur i an t fo li a ge

Ad i n i d i a eh i nem i :
Chi nese Si lver Vi ne Clema ti s
Anti gonon leptopu :
Moun ta i n Rose
B erchemi a f aceman
Su pp l e J a-
c k
B erchemi a sca nd a ls
Su pp J l e a c-
k Texa s Clema tls
B i non i a ca p reolata
ross Flower

B i non i a eh i a emi :
h i n ese Tru mpet Creeper
B i non i a h bri d e
y b r id r u m pet Creeper
Bi non i a rad i u m
i
' ‘

u
mpet
r Vi n e
Celarmu a n 11 14 111 : Celsemi um rem ervi rm fl flew
g n
fe
i
Ch i n ese B tter sweet - Dou b le Yell w Jam i z
 CHA PT E R XLVI

PLANTS FOR USE ON TH E O REGON AND W ASH ING

TON COA STA L PL A I N

TH E pla n tin g d i st ri c t s i n t h e n orthwest a re very sh a rp ly d efi ned .

Th ey in clud e ( 1 ) t h e West Slope ; th a t i s, b etween t h e coa st a n d t h e

moun t a i n s, or west of t h e Ca sca d e R an ge, a n d ( 2 ) e a st ern a n d c en t ra l
Oregon an d ea stern W as hin gton ; th a t i s, a ll of t h e d i st ri ct so meti mes
spo ken of a s t h e I n lan d E mpi re wh e re con d iti ons s h ow ve ry m a rked

c h an ge s . Th e followin g li st s of plan t s a pp ly on ly t o this be ing

a ll of t h e t e rrit ory west of t h e Ca sc a d e R an ge e x c lu sive of t h e m o un t a in

s lo pe s an d kn own a s t h e Oregon a n d W a sh i n gt on Co a st a l Pla in .No

effort h a s b een m a d e t o compi le li st s fo r ( 2 ) kn own a s t h e I n lan d Em

pi re Th ere t h e ra in fa ll i s very m uc h lighte r, more snow fa lls i n th e

.

win t er, an d m u c h h o tt er d a y s p rev a i l i n t h e s u mme r, a lth oug h t h e

n i ght s a re a lwa y s c oo l .

Th e re i s a lso a noth e r sep a ra te d i st rict spo ken of a s south ern Oregon .

Th e ele va tion h e re i s from on e th ousan d t o eig hteen h u n d red feet , wi th

con d iti on s m u c h d ri er th an th rou g h t h e W i lla m ett e V a lle y an d a ll

th rough weste rn W a shi n gton Th e fa ctor i n south ern Oregon whic h
.

a pp e a rs t o c on t rol p la n t g rom h i s wa t e r, an d i f on e h a s p len ty of th a t

c ou pled with a rea son a b le a moun t of good soil, norm a l growth c an b e

d eveloped .

Even i n western W a shi ngton an d Oregon t h e d a ys a re fa i rly wa rm

an d t h e n i g ht s i n most c a ses a re c oo l . Thi s con d ition m a kes itself
felt ve ry m u c h i n t h e g rom h of ann u a l vi n es, b ec a u se th e y d o n ot like

t h e cool n i g ht s .

Thi s en ti re west ern count ry a ppe a rs t o b e t h e n a t ura l h ome for

c on i fero us everg reen s an d for most of t h e b ro a d le a ved e ve r reens
g
-
.

Th ey d o won d erfully well a ll th roug h t h e n orthwest , west of t h e

moun t ai ns Portlan d h a s b eco me k nown a s t h e Rose City I t h a s
. .

fou n d o n e p a rti c ula r thi n g, h oweve r, th a t i s n ot p ro vi n g a su cc es s . Th e

c a m e lli a h a s b e en la rge ly p la n t e d an d i s g e n e ra lly p rovi n m l
g o re or ess

d i sa ppoin tin g Th e moun t ai n la u rel s h ould p rob a b ly b e pla ced i n t he

.

3 34
 O R EGON AN D WASH INGTON COA STAL PLAIN 33 5
sa me c lass I t does n ot a ppea r t o d o well a n d yet rhod od en d rons
.

plan ted un d er exa ct ly t h e s a m e con d iti on s th ri ve .

Thi s section of t h e coun t ry i s sti ll on t h e un c h a rted li st so fa r as

com p let e in form a ti on c ov e ri n g t h e li s t s of p lan t s th a t a re a d a pt ed to

th is territory i s con ce rn ed In a dd ition t o th ose p lan t s whic h a re

.

t a b ula ted i n t h e followin g list s th e re i s a wi d e ran ge of p lan t s whic h

can b e selec t ed fro m t h e ma i n t ext of thi s book p ra cti c a lly a ll of whi c h ,

pla n ts a re a d a pted for use i n thi s territory .

L I ST OF PLANTS FOR USE ON TH E OR EGON AND WASH

INGTON COA STAL PLAIN

A HE DG E S Th i s group i s d ivi d ed i n to d ec i d uous an d evergreen

. .

plan t s I t i s noteworthy b y rea son of t h e fa ct th a t th e re a re more

.

b roa d lea ved p la n t s th an d eci d uou

-
s on e s Th i s i s n ot t h e c a se i n other
.

porti ons of t h e coun try except possi b ly in t h e fa r so uth

, .

BM 1 m m ; Li u
n mm i bota
n be rg s J a p anese Ba rb erry
Th u
’
ja p an ese Pri vet
Li umu n ova lifoli um
s
a li forni a Pri vet

Crataegu: oxyca mha L

May Thorn
Rosa m on

) a p a nece ose

J umbo ja pon i ca P i eea lm

exee
Ja panese La urel Norwa y Sp ruce
P mmu la u roeem m
En gli s h La u rel

P ruiu u Iwi ta n i ea
Portu g ese L a urel
P yrat a mh a cocci nea
Ja p anese Holly Everg reen Thorn
Mahoni a U[ex eu rop m

Gorse
Vi burnum ti me:
rest i n u
La u s

B . Pum s
GROU ND Cove n Pra ct i c a lly a ll of th ese groun d
roa .

oover
ylan ts are ever
green i n c h ara ct er; both th ose a d a ted to t h e o en
p p
33 6 TH E COMPL ETE GAR DEN
s un th ose gi ven for use i n th e sh a d e No a tt em pt h as been m ad e
an d .

to n a m e t h e h erb a ceou s p erenni a ls su it a b le for thi s p u rpose .

a . Open 31 m
uoa um
'
-
P arlay
Jap anese Sp a rse

b . Sh a de

P achymad ra termi nali r

Ja p anese Sp arse
Vi nce mi nor

C P LANTS ron B O RD E R P LANTING Th e sh rub s an d trees gi ven

. .

i n t h e grou p for refi ned lawn m a sses a re c onfined la rgely t o t h ose sorts
whi c h a re n ot genera lly a v a i la b le th roug h o u t t h e c a s t fo r b o rd e r p lan t
i n g b y re a son of th ei r soi l an d m oi sture req ui remen t s Th e n a tive .

collect ed p la n t s a re ve ry si m ila r t o t h e s a m e so rt of m a teri a l fou nd

th rough out t h e n orth ern c en t ra l st a tes .

d eer pa l matum
Ja p anese Ma ple
Az alea h i nodi gi ri Cotoneaster
Cri mson Eve rgreen Az a lea Hi malayan Rose Box
Deu
'

tz i a gra ci h :
In di an Az a lea Slen d e r De u tz i a

Enhi a nth w pen d a tu:

B arberry En ki a n t h u
’
Darwi n s s
'

B erben : i li cifoli a
Holly leaved B a rberry
-
Pi n k H ea th er
Cd luna 0111 a n : Forryth i a 1 11: m a fortu
'

nei
Scot ch c a th e r Fortu
’
ne s ld en Bell
Coma : ma: Lon i cera m acki
Ca rneli an Ch erry La te bloomi ng Honeysu
-
ckle
33 8 THE COMPL ET E GA R DEN
Lon i cera morrowi
J p
a an ese B us h H oneys uc kle

Ma homa m m F i na: u robw

'

11
D wa rf Oregon G ra pe W h i te Pi ne
S a mbu ew ea u a de rm :
'

P hilad elp h w ordon i a n w

oc k Oran ge Ameri can Elder
’
Go rd on 3
n a ea ua demi :
Can a di an H em!ock

F . P LANTS VA LUAB LE r on A UT UMN Conourumon o r L ea v e s .

Th e p lan t s i n thi s grou p a re selec ted fo r th ei r use t o furn i sh co lour i n

t h e la n d sc a p e i n a ut umn an d sp eci a l a tt en tion i s c a lled t o t h e vi n e
m a p le a nd Oregon d ogwood whic h a re n ot a v a i la b le i n oth er sec tio n s
of t h e c ou n t ry .

d eer ei rei na t um
Vi ne Ma p le Oregon Dogwood
d eer gi n a a la Ew n ymu : a la tw

Si beri an Ma p le Co rk b arlred B u
-
rn i ng B u
sh

d eer rubrum Li gu rtrum ama ren te

Red Ma ple Amoor R1ve r a et
B etu la alba Q ue m u c occi nea
Eu ro pea n W h i te Bi rch Scarlet Oa k
Ri m: glabra
B la ck Bi rc h Smoot h Su ma c
B erberi : th unber 1 Ste ha na nd ra xuom
°

J p
a a n ese B ar t ry tep h an an t a

B erberi : wi ll ow Tili a vulga ri t

W ilson s B arberry Co mmon Li n d en
’

G . V 1 N 1: s ~
Thi s group of vin es i s very si mila r t o t h e gro up
.

p revi ously given a nd sh ows t h e la rge numb e r of sp ec i es whi c h

a v a i la b le i n thi s t erritory .

Am elopm en gel ma mz i E vonymu :

mann Ampelo p si s Ch mb i ng Evon ymu
’
n gle s s

Ampelopri : tri cusp i d ata H edera heli x

Bos ton Ivy Engli sh Ivy
1 n on i a ra d i um J 3 ud i flomm
°

8 4 1 1 11 1 111 111 n
ump et Vi n e
r Nak ed fiowere d Jasmi ne
-

CeIaJ trw orbi eula tw j ar m i n u m p ri m uli n um

J a p a nese Bi tt er sweet-
New Chi nese Jasmi ne
Clemati s mou ta n a Lon i cera ja poni ca ha lli an a
W h i te Clema ti s Ja panese Honeysuck le
Clema ti s 111011111 114 ru bra Lon i cera lymea u m belgi ca
Red Clema ti s Du t ch g o eysu c kle

Clemons p a n i cu la ta P ol gomu n baldrehu a n i eum

J p
a an ese Cl e m a t i s otweed
 O R EGON AND WASH INGTON COASTAL PLAIN 3 39
W i s teri a mu
lti
°

1ega
Kud z uVi ne J apa nese tsteri a

Chi nese W i steri a

H . Evs nons s n s Mosr U s er) Among t h e p lan ts grouped h e re

.

will b e foun d m an y coni ferous an d b roa d le a ved eve rgreens whic h it i s

-

n ot s a fe t o use a s fa r n o rth as thi s i n an y oth e r po rti on of t h e Un it ed

St a t es Am on g th ese, i n p a rti c ula r, a re t h e c ed a r of Le b a non , L awson s

’
.

c yp ress, y ellow cyp res s, hy b ri d a b eli a , an d Po rt u ge se a n d E n gli s h

la u rels .

P i n w monti cola
Moun ta i n W h i te Pin e
P i n ter n i gra a w ma ca
'

Au st ri a n Pi n e

P i mu p onderam
Red Fi r Bu ll Pi n e

Mt . Atlas Ced ar Mon te rey Pi n e

Cedm deodora P i mu ri f aba :
De od ar W h i te Pi ne
P i mu Ioeu ri :

Cedar of Le b anon Scot Pi ne

P s eu domcga dou
'

l
g n
a
Dou gla s Fi r
Cha m ecyp em} (all speci es)
J p
a a n e se C yp
ma m u Tm : 611 c
'

P i cea en gel
Eng elmann Sp ru Engli s h Yew
’
s ce

Tm : ba cca ta fa ti gi
Si t k a Sp ruce I ri s h Yew
P 1 11 1uatten u
°

a te:
Knot c one Pi ne
-

P 1 11 1u com m Tm heter hylla

°

gf
a

Oregon Pin e est ern emloc k

B erberi : bu
°

x1 oli a
Box lea v
-
B a rberry
B erbef i :
Mad w a Holly leaved B a rberry
-

Am ba ja poni ca B erben : m p h [la

'

Ja panese La urel Small lea ved arberry

-
340 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
Cotoneaster ra nchm
'

01 1114 1111111:
f
Fran ch et a Rose Box Fragra n t
P hoti ma glabra
'

Prostra te Co tone aster J a p anese Ph oti ni a

toneast er 1h

P rumu14 11 1 00 1 4 4 11 1
En gli s h La urel

P rumu 1111 124 11 124

J H olly
a p anese Portu g u ese L au rel

L1 strumj ap on i eum Rh ododen d ron ca m bi m e hybfi da a

°

vergreen Pri vet Hy bri d Rhododendron

 B I B LIOG RAP HY

Ta n followi n g i s a co mp ilati on of th e more i mpo rt ant books on p ract cia l

vari ous subj ect s rela t i n g to lan d sca pe planti n gs an d of i nterest to th e g a r
d en er an d t o th e owner o f p ri va te e st a tes An eflo rt h as been ma d e to i n
'

clu d e a referen ce li st o f some o f th e more i mpo rta n t a rti cle s wh i ch h a ve

a p pe a red fro m ti me t o ti me i n d ifl eren t ma g a z i n es , a s d i sc u ssi on s on th ese s u
'

b
j ec t s
. A n a tt em p t h as b ee n m a d e i n com p ili n g t h i s li st o f re f e ren c es n o t t o

cover t h e en t i re fie ld o f li t era t u re wri tt en on th ese su bj e cts , b u t to i n clu de

only a su fli ci e n t n u mber o f boo k s o f re al v alu e from wh i ch i n fo rma ti o n ca n be

re a d ily o b t a i n ed .

Th e a uth or d oes n ot wi sh to i mp ly th at th ere a re n ot ma n y oth er i n t erest

i ng p ub li c a ti o n s pe rt ai n i ng to th i s subj ec t ma tt er It i s impe ra ti ve , h oweve r,
.

t h a t th i s li st sh ou ld n or become o verb u rd en ed , an d yet , i f re feren ces h a ve

been omi tt ed wh i ch sh o u ld h a ve been i n clu d ed , a n y s u gg es ti o n s o r co rrec ti on s

wi ll be welcome .

BOOKS

Man ual o f th e Flora of th e North ern States an d Cana d a , by N L

. .

B ri tton .

Fi eld , Fo rest an d G a rd en Bot an y , b y As a G ra y .

Ofli ci al Cat alog of Plan t Names, by Ame ri c an Joi nt Commi ttee on

Horti c u ltural Nomen cla t u re .

D afi od ils, b y Josep h Ja co b
'

Th e B u lb Boo k , b y Joh n W eath ers .

Bu lb Cu lt ure , b y He n d erson .

Bu lb Ga rd en , by Gra c e Ta bor .

Th e Book o f B u lb s, by S Arnot t . .

Bu lb s an d Tube ro u s Root ed Plan t s , b y C L Allen

-
. . .

D a d i ls, Na rci ssu s, an d How to Grow Th em, b y M Ki rb y . .

Tu li p s, by Joseph J a cob .

E vergreen s an d Rh od od en d ron s
Evergreen s an d How to G row Th em, b y C L Ha rri son . . .

Th e Rh od od en d ron a n d Ameri c an Pla n t s, b y E S R an d , Jr . . .

H an d y Book of Orn amen t al Con i fers an d Rh odod en d rons,

F raser .

H ed ges a n d Evergreen s, b y J A W ard e r . . .

Rh od od en d rons an d Az aleas, by W m W atson . .

3 43
3 44 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN

The Book o f Perenni als, by H H Saylor . . .

Th e Book of Ann u a ls, b y H H Saylor

. . .

Color Sch emes i n th e Flowe r G ard en, by Gertrude Jekyll .

Th e Flower Ga rden , b y Id a Benn ett .

Th e Ameri c an Flower G a rd en, by Neltje B lan ch a n .

Th e Engli sh Flower Gard en , by W Ro b i nson . .

Flower Ga rd ening, by H S Ad ams

. . .

Fami li a r Flowers of Fi eld an d Garden, by F S Matthews . .

Color i n My G arden, b y Lou b e B Wilde r . .

I ri ses, by W R Dykes
. . .

Th e Book of th e Peon y, by Mrs Ed wa rd Ha rd ing . .

Ou r Gard en Flowers, b y H arri et L Kee ler . .

Th e Garden , Mon th by Mon th , by Ma bel Sed gwi ck .

Flower Garden s A Selected Li s t of Books, Th e New York

h -

Li b ra ry (J a n ua ry,
Th e Ga rd en B lu e Book, b y L B Holla n d . . .

Popu la r G a rden Flowers, b y Wa lter Page Wri ght .

G arden Flowers of Sp ri n g, Su mme r, Autumn , an d Winter, by Ellen E .

Sh aw, ed i ted b y Leon ard B arro n .

F orestry
Forest Men su ra t i on , b y H S G raves
. . .

Foresters Man u a l, b y E T Seton

’
. . .

Princi ples o f Ame ri c an Fore st ry, b y S B Green . . .

Practi cal Forestry, by Joh n Gi fford .

Practi c a l Forest ry, b y An d rew S Fuller . .

Pri nci ples o f Hand li ng Woodlan d s, by H S Graves . . .

A List of Books on Trees an d Forest ry, Boston Pub li c Li b rary,

Th e Pra cti c al Book of Ga rd en Arch i t ect ure, by Phoe be W Hu

mph rey . .

Th e Book of Ga rd en Fu mi t ure , by Ch a rles Th onger .

G arden Orn aments, by Ge rtru d e Jekyll .

Itali an Ga rden s, by I nigo Tri ggs .

Th e H erb Ga rd en , b y F rances A B a rd well . .

Th e Book o f th e Scent ed G a rd en, by F W . Burb ridge .

Th e Art of Lan d sc a pe G a rd eni ng i n Jap an , by Josi ah Conder .

Land sca pe Ga rd en i ng i n Ja p a n , b y Josi ah Con de r .

Th e Flowers an d Gardens of Ja p an , b y Florence DuCan e .

Ja an Fl w A m t A li d t W t N d b Mary
xn
es o rran e en p e es rn
i
e r g p o e e e s, y
ver
346 TH E c o11 m GA R DEN

Fu ngu s Diseases of Plan ts , by B M Du gg a r . . .

I nj uri ous I nsects of th e Fa rm an d Gard en, by Mrs Ma ry Treat

. .

Sp ra yi n g of Pla nt s, by E G Lod eman . . .

I nsect s a nd I nsect i ci d es, by C M W eed . . .

Plan t Prop ag a ti on , b y Alfred C Hottes . .

Plan t Cu lt ure, b y Geo rge W Oli ve r . .

Nu rsery Book, by L H B a iley . . .

Plan t B reed i ng, by L H B a i ley . . .

Pla n t Ph ysi ology, Wi th Speci al R efe rence to Prod uction ,

M Dugga r
. .

Pla n t Prop aga ti on , by M G K ai n s . . .

Art of Prop aga ti on , by J Jen ki n s . .

Pru n i ng Man u a l, b y L H B a i ley . . .

Pri nci p les an d Pra ct i ce of Prun i ng, by M . G Kai ne. .

Alp in e Flowers an d Roc k G ard en s, b y Wa lter P Wri gh t . .

Alp i n e Flowers for Ga rd en s, Roc k, Wall, Ma rsh Plants an d Mountai n

Sh ru bs, b y W Ro b i n son . .

Ma ki ng a Rock Ga rd en , by H L Ad ams . . .

Th e Sma ll Rock Ga rd en , b y F H Jenki ns . .

My Rock Gard en , by R J Farrer . . .

Roses , b y H R
. D a rli.n gto n .

Roses , T h ei r H i s t ory , D e velop m en t, an d C ult i v a t i on , b y J H . .

Pemb erton .
’

Th e Rose, by H B Ellwanger . . .

Parson s, Outh e Rose, b y S B Pa rson s . . .

Th e Practi c al Book o f Ou t d oo r R o se G rowi ng, by Geo C Th omas, Jr . . .

A Book a bout Roses, by S Reynold s Hole . .

Roses an d Rose Ga rd en s, b y W P Wri gh t . . .

Everbloomi ng Roses for th e Ou td oo r Gard en of th e Ama teu r, by G T . .

Drenn an .

Street Trees
Fi eld Boolr for St reet Tree Ma p p in g, b y Willi am
Trees i n Lawn, Street , and Park, by B E Femow . . .
 B I B LIOGRAPHY 3 47

New Englan d Trees i n W i nter, b y B lakeslee an d Ja rvis .

Han d book of Trees o f th e North e rn St a tes an d Can a d a , by Romeym

B Hou
.
gh .

Vi nes
Cli mb i ng Pla n ts, b y W W atson . .

Book o f Cli mbi ng Plan t s, by S Arnott . .

Vi n es a nd How to G row Th em, by W i lli am Mccollum .

A Con ci se H an d boo k o f Climbe rs, Twi ners, and Wall Sh rubs, by H P . .

Fi tz gera ld .

Vines of North eastern Ameri ca, b y C S Newh all . . .

Wall an d Water Ga rd ens , b y Gertrude Jekyll .

W a ter G ard en s
Th e Book of W ater G a rd eni ng, b y Pet er B i sset .

Rock an d W a ter G a rd ens by Ch a rles Th onger

, .

Maki n g a W ater Ga rd en by Wi lli am Tri cker

, .

W a te r Lili es and Aqua t i cs b y Pet er Hen d erson

, .

W a t er Li li es an d How to Grow Th em, b y Conra d an d Hu

s .

Hed ges, Sh elters, W i n d b reaks, an d Stone Fca ces , by E P Powell

. . .

ARTI CLES

mmo (ORNAM ENTAL

ra t r t ows mnc m es, sn a uns , vms s, AND rs a s m m s)
TITLE OF ARTI CLB MAGAZI NE REFERENC E DATE

Wi n ter Pruni ng a nd Ameri c a n Homes an d

Sp ra yi ng Ga rd en s
St reet Trees, Th ei r A D Taylor
. . Cornell Exper Sta ti on .

Care and Preserva

t1on
Pruni ng : A Fi tting K ai ns Gard en Magaz i ne Dee , 1 9 1 6
W i n ter Acti vi ty
Prun ing Sh rub s a nd B arnes Suburb an Li fe Ap r , 1 9 1 1
.

Roses
Prun ing Ta b le Sub urb an Li fe

Sugges ti ons foSh ru

r b Suburb a n Li fe

Tri mmi ng i n W i n
ter
34s 11 11: COMPL ET E GA R DEN
m uor ARTICL E 11 0
-
mo: m om s un m et mm
W ay t o Tri m Solat arofl Suburb an Life Ap r , 1 909
°

Ri ht a
g
.

ree

Missouri Bota ni cal

Gard en B u
lleti n
Vol VI No 9
.
, . Nov , 1 9 1 8 .

TR ANSPLANTING ma ns“
, s m wns vms s
, , AND P n um m s
How to Su c ceed wi th Gard en Magaz i ne Oct .
, 1 91 8
F all Plan ti ng
Fall Plan ti n g for Pend leton Gard en Magaz i n e Oct .
, 1 91 8
Sp ring Flowers
Experi en ces i n Mi d G arden Mag az i ne July , 1 91 8
su mmer Tran sp lant
i ng
Plan ti n g an d Sh a p i ng Whitten Gard en Magaz i ne Apr , 1 9 1 5
.

You n g Trees

Pla n ti n g Trees by Sci enti fic Ameri ca n Nov , 1 9 1 6

.

Machi n e
Pl tin g th e Perennial Weed House B ea uti ful Aug 1 91 6
a
.
,

rd er

Fall Heeli ng i n for-

Tuth i ll Gard en Magaz i ne Oct .
, 1 91 6
Sp ri ng Plan ti ng
T r a n s p la n t i n g B i g Ga rd en Magaz i ne Feb .
, 1 91 7
Trees
Transp lanti n g Ou t of Meller Gard en Mag az i ne
Se ason
Sep tember Tran splan t House Beauti ful
ms
P e r e n n i a ls fo r Fall Cou n trysid e Maga Dee , 1 91 4
Plan ti ng z i ne

How to Plan t Trees j o h n son Su bu rb an Li fe Man , 1 908

and Sh ru bs
Maki ng a Success of Suburb an Li fe Sep t , 1 91 4
Tree Plan ti ng
Tran sp lan ti ng Large McLaugh li n Cou n trysi d e Maga Nov , 1 9 1 5
.

Trees z i ne

Plan ti n g an d Seed i ng Lan d sca pe Arch i Ap r , 1 9 1 9

.

Seasons ture
t ec
Gard en Mag az i ne Man , 1 9 20

MAINTE NANC E or PLANTI NG AND La wn s

Green Grass i n D ry Rockwell Cou

n try Li fe Aug, 9
1 .1 6
W e ath er
35 ° THE COMPL ETE GA RDEN

—
AR TI CLE S MI SCE LLANEOU S

TIT L E OF ARTI CLE A UTHOR MAG AZI N E R E F ERE NCE

Th e Be st H a rd y Con i G a rd e n Ma ga z i ne
fers
E vergree n s for t h e H ouse a nd G a rd e n Se p t .
, 1914
Ho me Grou nd s

Evergre en s for t h e Ho use a nd G a rd e n Se p t .

, 191 5
H o me La n d sc a p e
Th e Uses, Ch oi c e , a nd Mrs . St ra ng H ouse a nd G a rd en
Pla n t i ng o f Ever
gre ens

Na ti ve Pla nt s Sui ta b le Mi ssouri B ot a ni c al

fo r th e G a rd e n s of Ga rd e n B u llet i n Vol VIII
.

Mi ssouri a nd Ad
j o i ni ng Sta t es
Ma ki ng an Old Fa sh
-
Mrs Stra ng
. Ho use an d G a rd en J U IY1 I 9 1 7
i o n ed G a rd en
Th e Peren n i a l o r Old House a nd G a rd e n Oc t .
, 1 91 4
Fa sh i oned G a rde n
Pla nni ng Fe a tu res fo r H a mb li n Ga rd en Ma g a z i ne Feb .
, 1 91 5
Ga rd en Spe c i a l Ef
fec t s
Th e Ga rd en of W i ld Mrs . St ra ng House a nd Ga rde n Sep t .
, 1 91 8
Flowers
Ga rde n s o f Sweet Burk e House a nd G a rd en Ma n , 1 91 5
Od our
H a rd y Pe renni als for Ri ch i e Ga rd en Ma ga z i n e Fe b .
, 1 91 5
La n d sc a p e Use
One H u n d red Na ti ve Ga rd e n Ma g a z i n e Ma y , 1 91 5
Pere n ni als fo r t h e
W i ld G a rd en
Roses a nd How to Rockwell Ho use a nd G a rd en Ap ri l, 1 91 3
Grow Th em
Ha ve W e Lo s t Some B a rron Co un t ry Li fe Jun e , 1 91 4
th i ng i n Ro ses ?
H a rd y Sh rub s Th a t G i b son G a rd e ne r s Ch ron Oc t
’
.
, 1 91 9
Ca n B e Forc ed i ele o f Ame ri c a
Fi nd i ng t h e Sh rub t o Ri ch i e Ga rd en Mag a z i ne Ap r , 1 9 1 5
.

Fi t t h e Pla ce
Du a l Pu rpo se Sh ru bs Fa rri ngton Co un t ry Li fe Ma n , 1 9 20
a n d Tre es

Sh ru bs wi t h B ri gh tly Mi ller Count ry Li fe Dec , 1 91 5

Colou red Twi gs

 RI BLIOG RAPHY
TITLE 0? ARTICLE AUTHOR MAGAZI NE RE F ERE NCE

Trees a nd Sh rubs W i lso n Ga rd en Maga z i ne

W ort h Pla nt i ng fo r
Th ei r Consp i c uously

Orna me nt a l Fru i ts
Ornament a l Floweri ng Ga rd ene r s Ch ron
’

Trees i c le o f Ameri c a

Th e Pe ri l of Our Sh ad e Porter Count ry Li fe

Tree s
Some Tree s a nd Sh ru bs Ga rd en Ma ga z i ne
fo r Try i ng Si tes
 G LOSS A RY
T11 11 a u t h o r h as a tt e mp t ed i n th i s gloss a ry t o comp ile a set o f t erms or
word s commonly u sed i n la n d sc a pe li t era t u re pe rt a i n i n g t o ge n e ra l p lan ti ng

d es i gn Lan d sc a pe arch i t ectu re i s on e o f t h e yo u n ger p ro fess i on s It h a s n o

—
. .

d i st i nct voc a b u la ry so ecogn i z e b y th e di c t i o ary o f to d a y

r d n .

Su ch word s as e st a b li sh , n a t u ra li z e , o p en a llee , p le a c h e d a llee , p ud d le, an d

legg y as a pp li ed t o t h e la ng u a ge o f t h i s p ro fessi o n re q u i re a d e fin i ti on oth er
th an th ose common ly gi ve n t o s u c h word s Th e d e fin i ti on s h ere gi ven are
.

t h ose wh i ch are generally a cc e p ted b y p ra ct i ci n g la n d sc a p e arch i tect s .

No at temp t h a s been ma d e t o d efi ne a la rge grou p o f ot h er w o rd s w h i ch are

used i n th e general field o f lan d sc a pe con struct i on work as d iffere nti ated from
p l a n t i n g d esi gn an d i t s exec uti on .

Accen t P la n t
A p lan t use d t o g i ve p ro m i ne n c e t o i t s loc a t i o n e i t h e r b e c a use of

p e c ul i arly i n te re st i n g h a b i t o f g ro w t h , c h a ra c t e ri sti cs o f fr u i t o r of

flowers or foli age .

v . To make a cc ustomed t o a c li ma e t o
t whi ch a p lan t i s n ot n a ti ve
.

A soil c on t ai n i n g an e c ess o f x un comb i n ed a ci d s . Any a ci d soil i s

j ti on a b le (even wh en on ly very sli gh tly
ob ec a ci d ) to most p lan t s,

exce p t eri c aceo us p la n ts Ch an ge s b lu

.e li t mus p a p e r to red .

Ah u n st an d a rd i z e d p rod uct from t h e un burn ed c o re s o f li me ki ln s,

mi xed wi t h oth er bett er mate ri a l b ut ra rely h a vi ng a b ett er v alue th an

fine p ulveri z ed li mestone .

Is th e compo u n d fo rme d b y t h e a ct i on o f c a rbon d i oxi d e, from th e

a i r, on h yd ra ted li me It s formu la i s (Ca C O) , or th e sa me a s p u

. re li me

t
s one .

A so i l cont a i n i n g un comb i n ed a lk a li li me magn esi a

an e cessx of , , ,

sod i um c a rb on a t e etc A good soil sh ou

, . ld be very sli gh tly alk ali n e .

Ch anges red li t mus p ape r t o blue .

355
35 6 THE COMPL ETE GA R DEN
Allee, op en
A wa y framed on ei th er si d e b y symmet ri c a l rows of closely planted
t rees o r t a ll sh rub s (oi a h e i gh t not less th a n twi c e th e wi d th bet ween
°

rows) , an d so mai n t ai n ed t h a t e i th e r si d e p rese n ts a conti n uous verti c al

wall of close growi ng foli a ge
-
.

A way framed i h er sid e b y symmetri c a l rows of closely p lan te d

on e t

t rees or sh ru b s, so mai n t a i ne d th a t th e b ran ch es of th e con ti n uous

walls of close g rowi n g foli age a rch an d i n t erwe a ve across th e top of

-

th e wa y, a t a h ei gh t of n ot less th a n sev en o r ei g h t fee t .

Plan t s wh i ch d evelop from seed s e ac h ye a r, ma t u re , p rod uce

ri pe n ed see d , a n d d i e d uri n g t h e s a me g rowi n g se ason .

Alp i n e P la n ts
Plan t s ad a p ted li vi ng i n expo sed si t ua ti on s b u
to t re q u i ri ng a con st an t
see p a ge o f cool wa t e r th ro u g h t h e s oil s urro un d i n g th e i r r oots . Alpi n e
p lan t s are n o t d rou g h t re s i st-
i n g .

A p lan t d i se ase ca u
sed by a p arasi ti c fungus of on e d e fi n i te class

( mela nco n i ae ) .

Th ose p la n t s on t h e bord erli n e be tween sh rubs an d trees .

I n tran splan ti n g wo rk i t i s th e mas s o f e a rth c ont ai n i n g th e roots of a

p lan t , an d i t i s t ran s p la n t ed wi t h t h e p lan t t o i t s n ew loc a t i on .

Th e p roc ess of cove ri ng a b all of e a rth , con t ai n i n g th e roots of a p lan t ,

wi th b urla p o r ot h e r b a ggi n g so t h a t t h e p lan t ma y b e s a fely t ra n spo rt ed

a con sid e ra b le d i st an ce wi t h ou t losi n g th e e a rth fro m a bou t i ts roots .

Herb a ceo u s p lan t s sele ct e d fo r th e p urp o se o f p rod uc i n g a soli d ground

cove r o f flowe rs o r foli age a s a p a rt o f a d e fi n i t e d esi gn i n a refi ned

rd e n o r la wn d e v elop men t
g a .

A bell sh a ped
-

glas s use d t o v
co e r s mall p lan ts g row n i
gi n th e O pen , as

a p ro t e c t i o n fro m wi n d an d rai n an d fre q uen t tempe rature ch anges .

33 3 THE COMPLETE GAR DEN

Ea rth y materi a l (oc cu rri n g i n n a tu re) , wh ose ch i e f p ro p ert y i s p lasti ci ty

°

wh en wet .Th e si z e o f p a rti cle s v a ri e s from 1 5 000 to 1 2 5 000 o f an

- -

in ch i n d i ameter B a k es and crac k s freely wh en d ri ed out

. .

A loa m soi l contain ing a p red o mi n an ce of clay .

A cluster o f roots or b ulb s or tube rs c a p a ble of bei ng d ivided i nt o

se p a ra t e p lan ts or o f p rod uci n g on e large mass of p lan ts resemb li ng a

si n gle p lan t .

Plants wh i ch h a ve been t aken from th ei r n a ti ve h a b i tat an d sh i p ped

d i rect from t h e colle ct i n g groun d t o th e new loc a ti o n Th ese req u i re .

more care an d are subj ect to gre ater loss th an n u rsery g rown stock -
.

Ah un h ea ted , ut d oo r covered p lan t h ouse generally covered wi th

o , ,

gla z ed s ash ; b ut so m e t i mes r

p p
e ar e d a
p p e r o r c loth i s used N o ma .

nu re i s u sed i n th e soil a t bott o m of a cold fra me Cold fra mes a re most

.

fre q u ently u se d as a tra n si t i on sp a ce i n th e h ard en i n g ofl p rocess

'

-
.

A soi l mad e by mi xi n g lo am wi th d ec ayi ng organi c compo un d s and some

ti mes i norgani c fe rt i li z e rs a llowi ng n i t ri fica t i on an d oxi d ati on to
,

p roc eed ; b ut p rev e n ti n g p la n t g ro wt h un t i l a v e ry ri ch soi l i s p rod uced .

A t e rm d i n p lan ti ng t o a si tu
a p p li e a tion h a ving i mp ure ai r or
restri cted feedi ng are a for roots, or both .

A p lan t w h i c h b e a r s i t s se e d s i n a c o n e W. i th t h e ex ce p ti o n o f t h e

g i n k go , t h e la rc h es , an d t h e b a ld c y p re ss p ra c t i c a lly a ll co n i fe rs are

e verg reen n ee d le b e a ri n g p la n ts, as t h e p i n e , s p ru

-
ce, an d fir ( S e.e
Everg reen ) .

Cover Crop
A h e rb a ceou s crop sown t o cove r t h e gro u n d t emp o ra ri ly an d th u s

p ro t ec t i t fro m a t mos p h e ri c an d wa t e r a cti on ; ge n e ra lly p lowed un d er

for i ts ferti li z i n g v alu e .

 GLOSSA RY 3 59

Th ose p lants wh ose stems u

r n along e ither on or under th e gro nud
an d root at i n te rv als .

C revi ce P la n ts
Th ose p lan ts wi th t en a ci ou s root s y st e ms a d a p ted fo r use i n t h e

n arrow a n d con gested soi l a re as b etwee n flagst ones i n a walk or between

st on es i n a d ry wall .

Th e con vey ance of po lle n from one flower to ano th er .

Crown , of bulb s or oth er h erb a ceou s p lan ts

Th e p ersisten t p o rti on of t h e s t em w h i ch b e ars t h e b ud s wh i ch form

th e n ext stem .

Deta ch ed le af b u d s or po rt i on s o f b ran ch es wh i ch a re c a p a b le un d er

favou ra ble c i rc umst an ces of formi ng new plan ts wh en pla ced i n a moi st,
warm soil .

Plan ts th at d ro p th eir leaves e ach fa ll an d p rod uce a co mp lete n ew

set o f le aves each sp ri ng .

To remove a porti on of th e top of a p lan t , le a vi n g onl y sh ort portions

o f t h e mai n b ra n ch es .

A d esi g n o f h erb aceou s p la n ts used fo r th e p urp o se of p ro d uci ng a

d e fi n i te effect from th ei r flowers a n d n ot t h ei r foli age, an d a llowed to

co n ti n u e th ei r n orma l growt h wi th o ut bei n g cut b a ck .

A p o itn ei mp leme n t o f wood or met al u

d sed to make h oles i n th e
gro un d , e sp e ci ally fo r p lan t s , seed s, o r b ulb s .

Th e p rop ag a t i on of p la n t s b y se p a ra t i n g th e root s ; more especi ally

th e d i vi d i ng o f b ulbous and t u b erou s p la n ts in t o several plants .

A resti n g cond i ti on of p lan ts wh en growt h i s not a c tive and the flow of

s a p i s stop pe d .
3 60 TH E COMPL ET E GAR DEN

Common ly t h e res u lt o f th e su b st i tu ti on o f b ri g h tly colo u red

p e t a ls fo r st a m e n s or p i st i ls A.
p e rfec t d o u b le flo w e r h as n o st a m en s

or p i sti ls, h en c e i s steri le an d t h e pla n t mu st b e p ro p a g a t ed b y cu ttings .

Th e c arryi n g away o f excess wa te r from th e soi l i n whi c h p lant s are

p lac e d T h i s d r a i n ag pe ro mo t es a d ee p roo t s y st e m , w h i c h a i d s t h e

p lan t 1 n s ur v i vi n g p e ri od s o f d ro ug h t ; i t a lso p re v e n t s a so il f ro m
m
beco i g wan t er —
so aked an d
”
d rown i ng th e root system, es peci ally
of n ewly tran sp lan ted st oc k .

A wall constructed o f i n d i vi d ual ston es wi t h lo a m fi lli n g th e c re vi ces

between t h em Su c h a wa ll ma y b e u
. se d ei t h e r as a ret a i n i n g wa ll

up port a n emb an kmen t

to s o f e a rth or ag ai n st an e a rt h sla pe to p re

vent unnecessa ry erosi on .

E ri ca ceou
s

A fami ly of plan t s wh i ch req ui re for th ei r mal growth

n or an a ci d soi l

( a soil free from li me or magn esi u m) .

Th e a c t o f t ran splan t i ng an y plan t to a n ew loc a ti on a n d c a u si n g roor

g rowth w h i ch m a k e s t h e p lan t as c a p a b le i n i t s n ew loc a ti on as i n i t s

old loc a ti on , of co n ti n u i n g n orma l growth .

Plan ts wi th pe rsi st ent lea ves . Th ese p lan ts d rop b u t a small po rti on
of th e old le a ve s ea ch ye a r, a n d ma y b e c o n i fe rs, b ro a d le a ved e ver
-

gree n s , o r o pp osi te le a-
v e d e v erg re ens .

H a vi ng a ma i n st e m xtend i ng up th rough
e th e ta p of t h e p la n t .

Plan t food ei th er d i rec tly av ai la ble or wh i ch upon ni t ri fic a ti on wi ll

, ,

be a v a i la b le fo r use b y t h e p lant Ma n y fe rt i li z ers (such as sh ee p

.

man ure a n d d ri ed b loo d ) con t a i n p lant food i n an i mmed i a tely solub le

fo rm for p la n t re q u i remen t s o r i n a fo rm (s u
.

c h a s bon e me al an d li me

rock ) wh i ch d oes n ot be co me a v a i la b le u n t i l a fter a pe ri od o f ch emi c al

i
re a c t on .
3 6 2 THE COMPL ETE GAR DEN

E asi ly umb led me llow allowi n g free a nd uno b structed

cr , root d evelo p
A term tised 1 n d esc ri bi ng a cond i ti on of soi l
,

men t . .

A soli d ly froz en b a ll of earth cont ai n ing a maj or p art of t h e root sys

t em o f a p lan t ( usu a lly a t ree) wh i ch 1 8 bei n g t ran s p lan t ed
°

B all of .

e arth mu st be froz e n su fi ci en t ly soli d so th a t 1 t will n ot sp li t d u

.
°

ri ng
norma l tran sp lan ti ng op era ti on s .

A flowerless p lant not cont ai n ing ch loro p h yll an d gen e ra ll y p a ra si t i c

upon anoth er li vi n g p lant .

Furrow

A sh allow trench made by or as by a p low .

Ah a b nor mal swelli ng or excrescen oe c a used b y gall fli es .

Is a mixture of sla ked li me o r c a lc i

, um h y d ra t e li m e, an d c arb on a e o f t
t ogeth er wi t h sulp h i tes an d s u lp h i d es o f li me Th ese las t are i nj uri o u
. s

to you n g p la nt li fe u n ti l th ey h a ve b ee n ex pose d to th e a i r fo r some

t i me G as li me u
. su ally con t a i n s 40 p er cen t of c a lci u m oxi d e and .

someti mes a small p ercent age of n i trogen .

n . An i nci si on veral i n ci si ons wh i ch sever th e c amb i um laye r of a

o r se

wood y p lan t t o th e wood y ti ssu e an d for th e wh ole ci rc umfere nce o f th e

st e mIt ma y be a ci rc u
. la r c ut , a s p i ral c ut , or ma y con si st o f se v
era l cuts more or less wi d ely se p arated , b ut wh ose h ori z on t a l p roj ecti on
wou ld form a c losed c i rcle v To ki ll a tree by gi rd li ng i t
. . .

Sma ll p lan ts o r vi n es, usually g rowi ng n ot more t h a n a foo t h i gh , wh i ch

wi ll sp rea d ou t a n d con ce a l t h e surfa ce o f th e g roun d from vi ew .

Cli p p i n g an d d i ggi ng o u t roo t s, st ump s, et c . Turn i n g o er v and

b rea ki ng u p th e s od wi t h a grub h oe o r ma ttoc k .

Pla ci ng wi res o r st a ys on t rees o r po rt i on s of t rees to p re vent th em

ei
b gn b lown o v er o r b ro k e n b y t h e wi n d ; more e s p ec i a lly t h e p la ci ng
 GLOSSARY 6
3 3
of th ree o r more g u y s o n t ree s rec e n t ly t ran s p lan t e d t o h old t h em
fi rmly i n pla c e un t i l a n ad eq ua te root system h a s b een est a bli sh ed4
an d t o p re ven t swa yi n g o f th e t rees an d loo sen i ng of root s ystem .

H a mmock L a n d
Lan d , most ly i n t h e sou t h e rn p a rt of Flori d a, covered wi th lu xuri ant
g ro w t h o f t rees ( h a rd wo o d s , o r c a b b a g p
e a lms a n d p a lmettos ) T h e .

soi l i s ri ch i n fe rt i li z er v alu e .

To so c a refo r p lants p revi ou sly g rown i n a green h o use th a t t h ey will

be a b le t o wi th st an d no rma l ou t d oo r ex pos ure s It i s c ustomary t o .

move su ch p lan t s from t h e g reen h ou se to cold fra me s .

Th e p a rtia l li fti ng o f p lan t s o ut of t h e soi l b y frost a ct i on Th i s i s .

a p t t o oc cu r wh en g ro u n d p revi ou sly d ee p ly froz en a n d t h awed ou t

o n top i s ag a i n froz en . Th e la yer of froz e n soi l be n ea th , wh i c h h as
not yet th a wed o u t , forms an u n yi eld i n g b a rri e r a n d th e ex p a n si on

o f t h e so i l i n freez i n g i s t h e n wh o lly u p w ar d Th e st re s
.ses t h us c a used

are e n o rmou s a n d p la n t s a re li fted someti mes a lmost wh olly ou t of

th e g rou nd .

A row composed of li vi ng plan ts usually i n a st ra i gh t li ne an d p la n te d

c lose ly t o e a ch oth e r ( See Pla t e XV Pa ge ,

A h ed ge o r fen ce o f b ush es o r sh ru b s ei t h e r i n t h e fo rm of a d efin i te

h ed ge o r o f an i rregu lar bo rd e r p lan ti n g, o f v a ryi n g wi d t h an d often
-

ti mes v a ryi ng types of plan ts .

Pla ci ng p lant s wi th roo s cot vered soi l

d own wi th t h e h eel
wi t h p re s sed
or t oe t o p re se rv e t h em i n a d o rman t c on di ti o n fo r sh o rt p e ri od s u nti l

t h ey c an be p e rma n e n t ly plan te d Usually a d eep furrow i s d ug, th e

.

root s p la c ed c lose tog et h e r i n t h e fu rrow, wi th st ems i n a slan t i n g p osi

t i on , a n d roo t s t h en co vere d wi t h soi l Th e soi l use d i n t hi s cove ri ng i s

.

t a k en from th e fu rrow of t h e next row (See Pla te V I , Pa ge

A plant wi t h no pe rsi t t stem a bove ground

s e n .

Sai d of ce rt ai n v a ri eti es of p lan t s d eveloped bec a use of some d esi ra ble

c h aract eristi c . Th ey a re not necessa ri ly h y b ri d s b u t usually a re arti
,
 6
3 4 TH E COMPL ETE GAR DEN
fi ci ally h y b ri d i z ed , t h en p ro p a g a t ed b y g ra fts, b u d s, cu tti ngs, e tc , .

to p rese rv e i n t h e n ew p lan t t h e d esi ra b le ch ara cte ri sti c s of t h e p aren t,

wh i ch mi gh t be lost i f g rown from seed .

H os t Pla n t
A li vi n g plan t atta cked by a p arasi ti c fungus or sup porti ng a p ara iti c
s

p lan t .

A bed of ea rth e nclosed i n a glass cove red frame and h ea ted b y means
-

o f fe rmen t i ng man ure p la ced well b elow th e surfa c e o f t h e so i l i n th e

h ot bed .

Vegeta ble mould or p artly d ec a yed o rg a n i c ma tte r i n th e soil .

A cross between two s peci es of th e sa me gen us o r t wo vari eti es of t h e

s a me s p ec i es .

A sec ti on of th e Perpet ual grou

H y b ri d p c ro ssed b ac k up o n

t h e t e a sc e nted Ch i n a rose
-
Th e y h a ve a li gh te r g reen a n d less
.

wri n k led foli a ge th a n t h e p ure H y b ri d Perp et ual Th e y are gen era lly .

less h a rd y b ut more con ti n u ous i n b loo m t h an H y b ri d Perpe t ua ls,

somet i mes b loo mi n g from J u ne u n ti l frost .

H yb ri d P erp etual

Or H y b ri d Remont an t roses h a ve a st i ff up ri gh t growth , d u ll wri nkled

foli a ge , a n d la rge fla t flowe rs gen erally of d a rk colou rs Th e y emb race .

ner a lly t h e c h a ra ct e ri st i cs o f t h e Prove n c e , D a mas k , F ren ch , and

ge

Ch i n ese g rou p s T h.e y m o s t ly h a v e on ly o n e seaso n o f b loo m , i n J une,

bu t somet i mes gi ve sc a tt ered b loom la te r on i n t h e se ason .

Cross ferti li z a t i on between p lan ts d ifi eren t vari eties

°

of or speci es a nd

somet i mes o f d i ffe ren t ge n e ra .

H yd ra ted L i me
Th e mpoun d formed b y th e a ct i on of wa ter or st e am o n fre sh
co

bu rn e d li me It s good p h ysi c al con di ti on ma k es even di st ri b u

. ti on pos
si b le a n d t h u
, s p e rmi t s maxi mu m effect i veness t o be o b t ai n ed .

I n d i genous

Na ti ve an d ori gi n a l t o th e co untry i n wh i ch th e p lan t i s growi n g .

 THE COMPL ET E GAR DEN

Th e soi led st raw or lea ves wh i ch h a ve been u sed for bed d i n g i n st a b les ,
bu t wh i ch d oes not con t a i n an y con si d era b le q uan ti t y of man u re exce p t
th a t wh i ch i t h as a b sorb ed i n t h e fo rm of flu ids Freq uently used fo r.

mulch i n g p urpose s .

E art h y matt er c on t a i n in g cla y , si lt, s an d , and org ani c ma tter i n su ch

p p
ro o rti o n s as t o m ak e a s o i l a d a p t ed t o s upp o rti n g v eg e t a b le grow th .

Lo a m v ari es from a ve ry s an d y loa m t o a very c la ye y loam Us u ally .

ca lled t o p soi l ( Sec

. t o p so i l

Lo amy so il wh ich t
c on a i n s a p red o mi n an ce of s and .

Burn ed li mest on e n ot e e n lv y slak e d so as t o bec ome fi nely di vi ded .

A t erm d esc ri b i n g li me o r li mestone

a t
con ai n i ng b oth magn esi u
m
c arb on a e t an d c alci um c arb on a te .

An men t , usually oc c urri n g a s magnesi u

ele m t
c arb o n a e , wh i ch i s a

c ompound u seful i n correc ti n g soi l a c i d i ty .

An y ma t eri al, ei th e r org an i c or i n org an i c , c ont ai n i ng a su p e ra b u n d an ce

o f p lan t food or ma teri al wh i ch u p o n d e co m p o s i ti o n o r n i t ri fi c a t i o n

become s a v ai la ble p lan t food .

An e a rt umbly d eposi t con si sti n g ch i cfly of cla y an d c alci um c ar

h y, cr

b on a te much used a s a sub sti t u

“ ”
t e fo r lan d li me G reen s an d ma rl .

ma y b e aci d b ut good ch alk marl i s v a lua ble for n e u

, t ra li z i ng a ci d s .

A d i se ased con d i ti on u
c a sed b y th e d owny mi ld ew fun gus .

Bla ck swamp ea rth whi ch v ari es wi dely i n a v ai la ble p lant food ,

ve ry si mi la r t o p e a t exce p t th a t wa te r i s n 0t con st an tly p re sen t d u ri ng

th e p roce ss of d ec a y ; h en ce t h e n i tri fyin g b a ct eri a a re p resen t a n d th e

ma t e ri al i s be t te r sui ted fo r i mmedi a t e use a s p la n t food I t i s i n an .

i nt ermed i at e st a ge be twee n le af mou ld an d pea t

°

.
 PLAT E LX . Th e re i s a lw a y s an un i t y o n e ve ry la rg e e s t a t e fo r
o p p o rt

the n at ura li z i n g f b ulb s Po e t s n a rc i ss us is q u

’
o . i t e h a p p y i n a w i ld g a rd e n
or fi e ld i
e n v ro n me n t .
(S ee p g
a e 2 70 g ro u
, p XXX V -
I B )
 PLAT E LX I . Th rO U g h o ut the So ut h e rn St a t e s t h e i
c re e p n g fig i s o n e o f th e
mo st d e s i ra b le vi nes fo r g row t h o n ma so n ry w a lls I t d eve lo p s i n t e re s t i n g
.

fo li a g e o f a h n o t ex t ure a n d i s a v i g o ro us g ro w e r a n d c o mp a re s fa v o u ra b ly

w i t h t h e Lo w e s Bo st o n i vy , so suc c e s s fu lly us e d i n t h e No rt h e rn St a t e s
’
.

( S e e p g 3 3 g
a e 0 , ro up X L I I l C-
b )-
 THE COMPL ETE GAR DEN

Plants g rowi ng on or d erivi n g no uri sh men t from ot h er p lan ts ; e .

g .
,

mi stletoe .

Th i s op e ra ti on consi sts o f p a ri n g 03 th e sod con t ai n i n g fou l or objec

°

ti on a b le growt h to a d e p t h of a bo u t two i n ch es an d a ft er allowi n g i t

to d ry b u rn i n g i t an d s p re a d i n g t h e ash over t h e grou nd .

Dec ayed o rg an i c ma tter of veget a ble ori gi n n a t urally d eposi ted und er
sti ll water , h e n c e fo un d i n t h e fo rm o f b o gs A s i.t h as b e e n d e p o s i t ed
un d er w a t e r an d i s usua lly foun d st i ll un d er wat er, n i t ri fyi n g b a ct eri a
are not p resen t an d p e a t i s u n a v a i la b le as p la n t food u n t il mi xed wi t h

soi l i n wh i ch n i t ri fyi n g b a ct eri a a re p resen t Pe a t v a ri es i n colou

. r

from a p ale b rown o r yellowi sh b rown t o almost b la ck an d i n t ext u re

v ari es from a fi b rous sub st ance, con ta i n i n g p a rti cles e as i ly recogn i z ed

as p lan t rema i ns, to a comp a ct mas s o f fi ne p a rt i c les wh i c h wh en s till

wet resemble cla y exce p t i n colou r .

Plan ts growin g year a ft er year Prope rly i n clu des trees and sh ru
fi

. bs ;
bu t i n p ra ct i ce t h e t e rm i s li mi ted t o t h ose plan ts wh i ch h a ve n o p er
si st e n t st em a b ove g ro u nd , bu t d o n evert h eles s grow ye a r a ft e r ye ar,
merely d yi n g b a c k t o a c rown b ud e a ch fa ll an d se n d i n g out n ew st ems
e a ch s p ri n g . Peren ni al h erb i s t h e p rop e r term to exp ress th i s me an i n g .

A region lyi n g a t th e b ase of a mounta in ran ge .

A wa y framed on ei th er si d e b y s ymmet ri c al rows of closely p lanted

trees o r sh rub s so ma i nt a i n ed th a t th e b ranch es of t h e con ti n uous wa lls
,

o f close growi n g foli age arc h an d i n t erwe a ve a c ross t h e t o o f t h e

p
-

wa y a t a h ei gh t o f not less th an seven or ei gh t feet .

Th e plant i n g o f t rees and sh rub s i n a poc ket of fert ile soil formed by
d i ggi n g a large h ole i n a mo re or less u n ferti le soil an d refilli n g wi th

fertile soi l; freq u e n tly a d op t ed t o s a ve ex pe n se o f p re p a ri n g beds an d

a lso to s a ve unn ecess ary was h i n g o f an a re a o f loo se soi l on slo pes .

v .To re move th e c rown of a tree, u su ally a t a poi n t below th e lowest

b ran ch es , for th e p u rp o se o f p romot i n g a d en se h ea d o f foli a ge o r fo r re

j uve n a ti n g t h e t ree .
 GLOSSARY 6
3 9

Th i s p rocess normally i n clu d es p lowi ng, s p a d i ng, o r gru b bi ng, p u lveri z

i n g t h e so il, a p p lyi n g man u re an d mi xi n g wi t h soi l, an d gett i n g t h e b ed s
—
i n to fi rst c las s c on d i ti o n t o rece i ve t h e p lan t s In c la y soils i t a lso i n
.

c lu d es removi n g c la y t o p ro p e r d e p th , an d re p la ci n g wi th fert i le to p soi l .

To ca use to mult i p ly e i th er b y rep ro duct i on fro m seed or from

c utti ngs .

Th e d i pp i ng of th e root s o f p lan t s i n to a mi xt u re o f cla ye y soi l and

wa te r h a vi n g th e c on si st e n c y o f mola sse s, i n ord e r t o get close

con t a c t b et ween root h a i rs an d t h e soi l Th i s p ro t ect s t h e root h ai rs
.

from i nj u ry i n t ra n s p o rt a t i on , re t a rd s d ryi n g o ut o f t h e roots, a n d p ro

mot es th e a c q ui ri n g of a s p eed y con t a ct b etwee n roo ts an d th e soi l

i n t o wh i ch th e root s a re p la ced .

Un sla ked li me . I n p lan ti n g , any li me n ot wh olly sla k ed is c alle d

q ui ckli me See . c alci um oxi d e .

Refi n ed La wns , G ard ens , etc .

Sai d o f a st u d i ed lan d sca p e arran ge men t wh i ch sh ows nea t nes s a nd

c are fu l mai n t en an c e a s con t ra ste d t o a n a t u ra li s t i c a rran ge men t wh i c h

p e rm i t s e a c h p l an t t o g row i n un re s t ra i n ed c o m p e t i t i on wi t h t h e s ur

ro u n d i n g p lan ts .

To s yste ma t i c ally p run e old plant s ei th er t rees or sh rub s b ut more

, ,

es p e ci a lly sh ru b s so th a t a t th e en d o f two o r th ree y e ars th e p lan t

,

con si s t s a lmost e n t i re ly o f n ew wood grown wi th i n t h a t p e ri od Th i s .

ma y also me an to gi ve n ew li fe t o old p la n t s b y c ult i v a ti n g an d fert i

li z i n g th e soi l an d b y s y st ema t i c p run i n g of t h e
p lan t i t self .

Th e a rt i fi ci al a p p li c a t i on o f cold t empe ra t ures or oth e r c on d i t i on s

wh ere b y t h e re st i ng pe ri od i s p rolon ged .

A ten d en c y v
t o re e rt t o p a re n t a l o r a n c e s ra ltc h ara ct eri s tics .

A t erm used i n s pe a k i n g o f a n y p la n t wh ose root system c annot

d evelop furt h e r b e c a use c on fi n e d t o a li mi te d area Th us wh e n th e .
,
 THE COMFLETE GAR DEN
roo t system of a potted p la n t h as filled th e pot th e p la nt i s root bound -
,

o r wh en th e roo t sy st e m o f st oc k p lan t ed i n poc k ets h as fi lled th e

p o c k et an d t h e su rro u n d i n g so i l i s so c o m p a c t t h a t t h e roo ts c anno t

p e n et ra t e i t ,t h e p la n t b e co m es roo t
-
b o un d .

To p ru n e or c ut t h e roots o f a p lan t i n o rd e r t o c h ec k exce ssi ve growth

o f t h e wood y t o p s ; o ft e n d on e to sec u re a c omp a ct roo t syst e m cons i st

i n g of a mass o f fi ne roots con fi ned to a li mi ted a rea i n ord er to p e rmi t

o f th e p lan t bei n g t ra n s p la n t ed wi t h a g rea t e r d eg ree o f ce rt a i n t y t h a t

t h e p lan t wi ll con ti n u e t o li ve ( See Pla t e VI , Pa ge So me

ti mes d one merely to permi t of t h e pla n t bei ng more e asi ly fed a nd
d ec re a se t h e p ro b a b ili ty of t h e p la n t food bei n g lost i n t h e gre a te r
a re a o f soil, o r t a k en u b
p y p la n ts fo r wh i ch i t i s n ot i n t en d e d .

Th e su b terranean runn er o r p a rt i ally su b terranea n ru n n e r wh i ch i s a

p art o f t h e root s y ste m ( no t a p a rt o f t h e s t em) wh i c h roo t s a t i n ter

vals and sen d s up st ems si mi la r to a st olon I t i s a p art of th e true

.

root s ystem, wh ile a st olon i s p art of th e stem .

Org an i c man u re i n wh i c h oxi d a ti on i s so n e arly comp le ted t h a t n o

a pp rec i a b le a mou n t o f h e a t i s gi ven ofl an d mu ch o f t h e ma t eri al i s

°

a v ai la b le as p lan t food .

A slend er stolon .
( Se e Root Stoc k ) .

A d i se ased con d i t i on c a use d b y u fung us

a r st .

A p la ce of refuge i n wh i ch b i rd s o r an i mals ma y con t i n ue th ei r normal

h a b i ts wi th out fe a r o f be i n g mole sted .

A d i se ased cond i ti on of th e b ark of a wood y pla nt c a used ei th er b y th e

a ct i on of frost i n b urst i n g t h e c ells o r b y exc essi ve d ryi n g d ue t o sun or

wi n d a ct i on .

An y b ud o r sh oot o r ot h er p o rt i o n o f t h e st e m of a p la nt c a p a b le of

ti on c ut ofl a n d
°

p p g
ro a a p p
re a re d fo r gra ft i n g .
37 2 THE COMPL ETE GAR DEN

To p lan t a lte rn ately at e q u a l d i st a n c e s i n a row on ei th e r si d e o f a

mi d dle li n e (as i n th e p lan ti n g o f h ed ges) o r t o a rran ge over any area

at e q ua l d i st a n ces wi t h out an y re fe ren c e to any d efi n i te li n e .

Sai d o f a tree t h e t o p of wh i ch i s d ead or n earl y so , due to i nj ury b y

a cci d en t or di se ase .

One of th e t h ree d i vi si on s of all p lan t s, wh i ch con si st of roots, stem, an d

leaves Th e stem i s t h e as cen d i ng axi s of th e p la nt
. .

A b ran ch from th e stem, as d i st i ng u i sh ed from th e root system A .

st olon roots , or i s d i s pose d to root , a t i n te rv als, t h us formi n g a n ew p la n t .

To st ore b etween la ye rs o f e a rth , le a ves, or Ot h er ma te ri al, or

seed s

to bu ry t h em so a s t o k ee p t h em fresh an d moi st, b u t n ot so wa rm

as t o germi n a te .

Ma n ure wh i ch con t ai n s a p ort i on of t h e st ra w wh i c h was u se d fo r

b ed d i n g .Ch i c fly a p p li e d t o t h e man ure from st a b les i n wh i ch stra w

wa s u se d a s b e d d i n g , a s d i st i n g ui sh ed from st a bles i n wh i ch sand ,
s awd u st , sh a vi ngs, e t c , a re u
. se d as be d d i n g .

Th a t soi l lyi n g d i rectly b en ea th th e t op so i l; c h emi c a lly si mi lar b ut

p h y s i c a lly d i ff eren t
. W i t h o ut s pe c i al t re a t me n t i t wi ll n o t s ust a i n vege

t a t i on , b u t on a e ra t i on wi ll su st a i n some h ard y p lan ts most o f wh i ch

are vi gorou s wee d s .

Ad ven ti ti ou s sh oo t s a p p e a ri n g on t h e roots or stems o f p lan ts W h en .

th ey come on g ra ft ed p lan ts, a ri si ng below t h e gra ft, th ey a re of th e

s a me v a ri et y a s t h e root , n ot th e v a ri et y o f t h e t op .

A ca use of a b normal loss amon g n ewly t ra n s p lan t ed stoc llyk , esp eci a

t h e sh a llow root ed t y p e o f t ree s , su

-
ch as b ee c h , ma ple , elm, an d bi rch .

Th e smaller fee d i n g roo t s a re d e p ri ved of p rop e rly a e ra ted soil bec a use
o f exce ssi ve d e p th o f fill over th e roots o r bec a u se o f comp a ct clay soil
 GLOSSARY 3 73

b ei n g filled a ro und th e b ase o f th e trees d uri n g th e transp lan t i ng

opera t i on .

Su
n seald
-

An i nj ury to th e ca mb i u m la ye r of a p lant c a used b y th e h e a t o f t h e

un ys ; also b urn i ng o f th e le a ves of cert a i n p lan t s
’
s s ra a .

Growth i n sh a d e d a re as th at h as b een t
re ar e d d beca use of a la c k of

sun li gh t .

Th e o pe ra t i on o f ma k i n g fi rm an d soli d all e a rt h filled a ro un d roo t s

o f n ewly t ran s p la n te d st oc k . It h elp s to eli m n a te i unnece ss a ry a i r

sp a ces.

A lon g cen t ra l root r nn i n gu d ee p i n to t h e soil .

Th e con di t i on o f th e edg e of le a ves of p lan t s c a use d b y t oo luxuri an t

g rowt h fo llowed b y e xcessi ve h eat and d rou g h t .

Th e c utti ng an d t ri f sh ru
mmi ngb s a n d t rees, es p eci a lly evergree n s,
o

i n to od d or orn a me n t a l sh a p e s , t h u s p rod u ci n g a n effe ct en ti rely d i f

fe ron t from th a t p rod u ced b y th e n a t ura l growi n g h a b i t s o f t h e p lan t .

( B i rd s, v a ses , urn s , e t c ) .

A th i n la ye r o f man u re s p re a d over t h e s u rface of t h e g ro un d , n o a t.

t e mp t be i n g ma d e t o wo rk i t i n t o t h e soi l .

Th e p ru n i n g o f th e t o p o f a p lan t , es p ec i a lly th e remov al of th e lea d e r,

to c a use th e p lan t t o s p re a d over a wi d e r a re a an d att ai n less h ei gh t .

“ ”
Sometimes c alle d top pi n g .

A term a ppli ed t o t h a t p a rt o f t h e ea rt h s s rface

’
u wh i ch i s t i lled an d
con si st s o f a soi l ran gi ng from a sa n d y loa m to a cla ye y lo a m cont ai n ,

i n g th e ch i ef elemen t s n ecess a ry to , supp o rt v eg et a t i on i n a con d i ti on

re a d i ly mad e a v a i la b le a s p la n t foo d , an d c on t ai n i n g s ufi ci en t moi st

ure t o sup port p lan t li fe Usua lly con si sti ng of th e top la yer of
.

vi rgi n soi l ( four i nc h es to ei gh teen in ch es d eep ) .

3 74 THE COMPL ETE GAR DEN
I s th e res ult o f th e ac fro st , ai r, c u
ti on of h ea t lti v at i o n , su
, rfa ce or ra i n

wa te r, so i l b a ct e ri a , et c It i s o f fi n e r p a rt i cles t h an t h e su
. bsoil,
d a rk e r i n c olour, a n d loo se r i n t ext u re , a n d i s ri c h i n org a n i c ma tter .

A good top soi l, th oroughly d ri ed , sh ould con t ai n 3 0 to 40 per cent .

voi d s, wh e n well sh a k e n d own i n a box ; t h a t i s 3 0 to 40 p er c en t o f .

i t s own volu me o f wa t er sh ould fill i t to sa t ura ti on b ut not i n c re ase

t h e volu me o f t h e so il I t sh ould c on t ai n fro m 40 t o 60 per cent
. .

o f th i s amou n t o f wa t e r t o p ro p e rly su pp o rt p l an t li fe .

A p roce d ure c o n si st ng i f ju
p rid i ci ou
n ci p a ls p ru
l y ni ng t o a d a pt
o

p lan t s t o li mi t e d a re as o r t o fo rm p art i c ular s h a p ,

es a lso t o en coura ge

th e forma ti on o f flowe rs a n d fru it .

03 of water v a pour th rough of th e l

°

Th e gi vi ng th e leaf pores p a nt .

To re move a p la n t fro m on e loc a ti on an d p lan t i t i n a noth er loc a ti on .

A wood y pere nni al , h a vi n g a si n gle mai n trun k .

Tree P i t
A p c
o ket or p i t x v a te d
e ca mi t th e i ntrod uct i on of sufi ci ent
to p e r

fe rti le so i l t o s up po rt a t ree ; a c ommon p ra c t i ce i n p lan ti ng st reet

trees i n ci t y street s Th e surfa ce o f th e soil i n th e p i t sh ould be suf
.

fi ci en tly lower t h an t h e surrou n d i n g a rea so th a t mu c h o f th e rai n

falli n g on t h e s u rro u n d i ng a re a wi ll flow t o t h e p i t , a n d th e b ott om

of th e p i t mu st be well d rai n ed t o remove excess wa ter .

v . To d e grou
sp a n d so d e e p ly t h at t h e d i gg i n g o f d i tch es i s n ec

ess a ry ; h en c e t o s p a d e gro u n d t o t wo o r more t i mes t h e d e p th o f a

sp a d e .I n la n d sc a p e wo rk t ren ch i n g i s usu a lly d on e fo r t h e p u rpose

o f s a vi ng good t o p so i l t h a t h a s b ee n b u ri e d u n d er use les s su b soi l and

a lso for t h e p u rp o se o f mi x i ng man u re an d fe rti li z e rs i n t o soi l t o a

d e p th o f o n e or more fee t , es pe c i ally i n th e vi ci n i ty o f large trees and

g ar d e n are as .

Th e up pe r t tum of e arth
s ra wh ich i s filled wi th t
roo s of g rass ; sod .
 GLOSSA RY 3 75

In ap lan t , a man n e r o f gro wt h wh ere t h e t o p p

s ri n gs fro m a si n gle

ste m a n d sp re a d s o u tw a rd toward t h e t o p as t h e sh e commo n ly

t ak en b y t h e Ame ri c an elm wh e n growi n g i n th e o pen or h e d ges see .

p
a
Pla t e V .

A vi ew or p rospect ; commonly th rough l

o r a ong a n a venue of trees .

A g ard e n ma d e b y p lan ti n g small p lan ts i n th e vices between th e

cre

ston es in a d ry wall wh i ch i s ac ti n g to suppo rt a n e a rth e mb an kme n t .

A soil i n wh ich tempera ture c o n diti ons are such th at normal root
g row t h i s a c ti v e , a n d t h e root fi b res att a ch th emselves to t h e mi n ute
p ar ti c les o f so i l .

A g ard en h a vi n g a p red omin an ce of water lovi ng plan ts, wi th

-

p ools t o

sust a i n th em .

W a ter
-
soa k ed Soi l
A wh ere exc ess moi st u
soi l re c o n d i t i o n s c a use t h e a i r voi d s to be come
clo gge d wi t h w a t e r an d ai r to b e e n ti rely exc lu d e d , th us c ausi n g a

con d i ti on t ermed “
d rown i n g
-
o ut ”
o f root s yst ems .

A g ard e n o nwh i ch li ttle wo rk h a s been d on e to d i st urb n a t u ral con

d i ti on s, or a ga rd en d eli b era tely ma d e t o i mi t a t e n a tural con di ti on s ,

t h e p lan ti n g con si sti n g c h i e fly o f n a ti ve p lan ts, p lan t ed t o get

n at u ral efi ect s
°

n. A p arasi ti c d i se ase generally ca used b y t h e an th ra cn ose fun gus .

A p lan t i n g c o mp o se d o f p lan t s p la ce d i n s uc h loc a t i on as t o sh i eld c e r

t a i n areas from u n d esi ra b le wi n d s, u su ally t h e cold n orth west win d s of

wi n ter .

Ah i n j ury c a u upon t b a rk or leaves

'

sed b y t h e dryi ng eflect of wi nd sof

of a plan t .
 THE COMPL ETE GAR DEN

Th e d ea th of p lan ts i n w i n t e r d ue gen era lly t o s udd en ch a n ges of t ern

p e rat ure o r to t h e grou n d be comi n g froz en t oo d ee p ly .

A di seased leaf cond i ti on d ue to th e b reaking d own or oxi d i z i n g of th e

°

l ti u u m
°

p an t le a l ss e c a sed b y a fe r e n t .

Ah a rea ch ara c teri z e d b y a p lan ti ng se ason of si mi la r d ura ti on and

d ates for begi n ni n g a nd e n d i n g .
 I ND EX

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