Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Plural Policing, Security and the COVID Crisis: Comparative European Perspectives Monica Den Boer full chapter instant download
Plural Policing, Security and the COVID Crisis: Comparative European Perspectives Monica Den Boer full chapter instant download
https://ebookmass.com/product/global-crisis-theory-method-and-
the-covid-19-pandemic-nadine-klopf/
https://ebookmass.com/product/when-boat-people-were-
resettled-1975-1983-a-comparative-history-of-european-and-
israeli-responses-to-the-south-east-asian-refugee-crisis-becky-
taylor/
https://ebookmass.com/product/greek-culture-after-the-financial-
crisis-and-the-covid-19-crisis-an-economic-analysis-1st-edition-
panagiotis-e-petrakis/
https://ebookmass.com/product/fitness-to-plead-international-and-
comparative-perspectives-ronnie-mackay/
Covid-19: Biomedical Perspectives Charles S. Pavia
https://ebookmass.com/product/covid-19-biomedical-perspectives-
charles-s-pavia/
https://ebookmass.com/product/comparative-homeland-security-
global-lessons-wiley-series-on-homeland-defense-and-security-
ebook-pdf-version/
https://ebookmass.com/product/european-welfare-state-
constitutions-after-the-financial-crisis-ulrich-becker-editor/
https://ebookmass.com/product/the-european-debt-crisis-how-
portugal-navigated-the-post-2008-financial-crisis-1st-ed-edition-
joao-moreira-rato/
https://ebookmass.com/product/covid-19-epidemiology-evolution-
and-cross-disciplinary-perspectives-jiumeng-sun/
PALGRAVE’S CRITICAL POLICING STUDIES
Series Editors
Elizabeth Aston, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh
Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
Michael Rowe, Department of Social Sciences Newcastle
City Campus, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, UK
In a period where police and academics benefit from coproduction in
research and education, the need for a critical perspective on key chal-
lenges is pressing. Palgrave’s Critical Policing Studies is a series of high
quality, research-based books which examine a range of cutting-edge
challenges and developments to policing and their social and polit-
ical contexts. They seek to provide evidence-based case studies and
high quality research, combined with critique and theory, to address
fundamental challenging questions about future directions in policing.
Through a range of formats including monographs, edited collections
and short form Pivots, this series provides research at a variety of lengths
to suit both academics and practitioners. The series brings together new
topics at the forefront of policing scholarship but is also organised around
who the contemporary police are, what they do, how they go about
it, and the ever-changing external environments which bear upon their
work.
The series will cover topics such as: the purpose of policing and public
expectations, public health approaches to policing, policing of cyber-
crime, environmental policing, digital policing, social media, Artificial
Intelligence and big data, accountability of complex networks of actors
involved in policing, austerity, public scrutiny, technological and social
changes, over-policing and marginalised groups, under-policing and
corporate crime, institutional abuses, policing of climate change, ethics,
workforce, education, evidence-based policing, and the pluralisation of
policing.
Monica Den Boer · Eric Bervoets · Linda Hak
Editors
Plural Policing,
Security
and the COVID Crisis
Comparative European Perspectives
Editors
Monica Den Boer Eric Bervoets
Faculty of Military Sciences Netherlands Defence Academy
Netherlands Defence Academy Breda, The Netherlands
Breda, The Netherlands
Linda Hak
National Police of The Netherlands
Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,
reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other
physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer
software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher
nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland
AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Praise for Plural Policing, Security and the
COVID Crisis
“Monica den Boer, Eric Bervoets and Linda Hak have produced an
outstanding book on the dynamics of plural policing, security and the
COVID Crisis. By linking empirical insights about our understanding
of policing during the COVID pandemic with empirical investigations
in highly interesting comparative European case studies, the book makes
a substantial contribution to our understanding of both the theoretical
and empirical dynamics of the phenomenon. Indeed, this is an excellent
book which provides a very interesting and compelling analysis of an
important and largely under-researched topic. It is highly recommended
for anyone interested in Policing Studies, Political Science, Sociology and
Criminology, or International Security more generally.”
—Christian Kaunert, Professor of International Security, Dublin City
University, Ireland and Professor of Policing and Security & Director of the
International Centre for Policing and Security, University of South Wales,
UK
v
vi Praise for Plural Policing, Security and the COVID Crisis
“They say that in crisis management, you should be quick with the facts
but slow with the blame. That is precisely what this must-read book
does. A number of highly credible observers give a rare insight into how
Europe acted upon its worst challenge in our time. By putting light on
how a number of different states across Europe acted in these dire times,
the authors have been able to catch not only essential learning points for
the future - but also add a new understanding of what policing and harm
reduction really is. It’s not good vs evil. It’s more about how to prevent
something bad from getting worse.”
—Dr. Ivar Fahsing is a detective chief superintendent and associate
professor at the Norwegian Police University College
Contents
vii
viii Contents
xiii
xiv Contributors
Chapter 1
Fig. 1 Plural policing during COVID-19 12
Fig. 2 Comparative spheres of policing 13
xv
1
Plural Policing, Security and the COVID-19
Crisis: An Introduction to Comparative
European Perspectives
Monica Den Boer, Eric Bervoets, and Linda Hak
1 Introduction
Every book starts with an idea. Our idea stemmed from the need
to reflect on how the subject of our academic inquiry—police and
security agencies—have responded to the COVID-19 crisis. At the
start of COVID-19 pandemic, the security sector felt surprised and
1 The CoroPol Monitor was to provide Dutch law enforcement agencies brief information
(‘headlines’) on crime, (plural) policing and public order elsewhere in Europe and the world,
specifically during the stages of a lockdown. Besides, the monitor was meant to indicate what
to expect and what to prepare for in The Netherlands and to offer an action perspective
on policing the pandemic in this country. CoroPol originates from the words “Corona and
Policing”.
1 Plural Policing, Security and the COVID-19 Crisis … 3
and gravity had already been predicted for a long time, partly on the basis
of previous pandemics (Karacan et al., 2021). Secondly, the COVID-
19 dynamic can be characterised by its severe longevity: we are now in
our second year and populations worldwide have been confronted with
successive waves of new COVID-19 variants and measures that were
introduced by governments around the globe (World Health Organisa-
tion (WHO), 2021). Thirdly, the scale of the pandemic is truly global in
nature and vast in its scale, but different in terms of impact on mortality
rates and economic resilience (Allain-Dupré et al., 2021; WHO, n.d.).
Countries have been confronted with rather differentiated patterns and
rates of infection, which makes the COVID-19 pandemic not merely a
global issue but also a “glocal” issue with local as well as regional particu-
larities (Aston et al., 2020). Fourth, it has been noteworthy how similar
as well as dissimilar governments demonstrated response patterns, partic-
ularly when it concerned the speed with which they took to operational
law enforcement services in order to conduct the front-line enforcement
of anti-COVID-19 measures (Aston et al., 2020; Brown & Fleming,
2021). This has been particularly challenging in the acknowledgement
that law enforcement generally rests on a scarce capacity: at least the
demand always outstrips the supply. Hence, it turned out rather quickly
that public police services were running short of capacity to “police” the
anti-COVID-19 measures (Newiss et al., 2021; Strijker, 2020). In some
countries, governments took recourse to decentral authorities and auxil-
iary as well as private law enforcement. Within the EU, two patterns can
be observed, a modest centralisation towards the centre, in particular the
Commission, and some decentralisation towards the MS, in particular
France and Germany, “revitalising” the tandem, balancing controversial
interests of other states. In this context, mechanisms or instruments that
have the potential to “integrate” (Schomaker et al., 2021).
This brings us to the main focus in our book, namely to see how
policing and security have been affected by the pandemic. In a first
analysis on the basis of media reports, global health data and NGO
reports, we observed that while the monopoly of violence was reinforced
in first instance, it was mostly the repressive coercion of anti-COVID-19
measures in combination with scarcity of resources that “pushed” respon-
sibility of security and policing of compliance to other actors, some
4 M. Den Boer et al.
of whom were public security actors other than police (e.g. paramili-
tary, military police, municipal wardens) (AD, 2021; Wijers, 2021), and
others were private (Amnesty International, 2020a; Aston et al., 2020;
Leloup & Cools, 2021; Mawby, 2020; Terpstra & Salet, 2020). Plural
policing forms our central theoretical perspective, here defined as “the
multiplicity of institutional forms that are now involved in the delivery
of policing and security services and technologies” (Loader, 2000).
2 Leading Questions
The central argument around which the book is built is the extent to
which security and governmental actors aligned with formal scripts that
have been specifically designed for crisis management: they seemed ill-
prepared for a long-lasting and a heavily impacting pandemic and all
its consequences and safety and security aspects (van Eijken & Rijpma,
2021). Law enforcement organisations did not seem to use normative-
legal frameworks, but were drifting along with the incremental (and
often illogical) patchwork that gradually evolved from the hands of the
governments.
The main thesis in our book is that security organisations such as
police and border management organisations were not only confronted
but also created the normative gap that transpired throughout the
COVID-19 epidemic. The situation created ample space for professional
discretion, which gave rise to documented cases of disproportionate,
irresponsible, unequal, selective police conduct, leading to excessive situ-
ations in which citizens were given a fine without proper judicial redress
(Boere, 2021), arrested while behaving peacefully, maltreated while not
using violence or even aggression to the police (Amnesty International,
2020a).
Stop and search, arrest, the monopoly of violence: these coercive
powers that are entrusted to the police and other law enforcement organi-
sations are strictly based on the Rule of Law. If there was anything during
this crisis, the Rule of Law seemed to be moved to the backburner: citi-
zens were told to behave according to rules that had been improvised and
imposed by their governments with the tendency to use administrative
1 Plural Policing, Security and the COVID-19 Crisis … 5
tools over criminal law and criminal procedure law (Aden et al., 2020;
Amnesty International, 2020a, 2020b; Aston et al., 2020; Kostic &
Boskovic, 2020; Tzifakis, 2020). Meanwhile, however, law enforcement
organisations demanded sympathy because of the difficult and treach-
erous circumstances in which they had to perform their duties (Leeson,
2021). As a consequence, the whole of the COVID-19 crisis has been a
form of continuous meddling-through, resulting in a precarious balance
between law enforcement and communities, destroying decades of dedi-
cated investment in police-community relations, particularly in fragile
communities and poverty-stricken town districts (Jones, 2020).
We believe the book is a unique academic contribution to our
common and critical understanding of security governance and policing
during the COVID-19 crisis. It will no doubt be complementary to
other publications that will emerge around the same topic, but we are
convinced the attraction of the book is based on a combination of six
different dimensions.
First, there is the empirical dimension. Our joint book departs from
the so-called CoroPoL Monitor that was initiated in the early phases of
the COVID-19 crisis, gathering raw data about law enforcement, police
and border control authorities, and their differentiated response to non-
anticipated security and safety challenges (see Chapter 2 of this book).
The collection and analysis of these raw data allowed us to make a recon-
struction of the security governance during the pandemic, particularly
during the first phase of the pandemic. It was only in the course of the
Summer of 2020 that police organisations started to get in control of the
data and that they became more analytically aware of the effects of the
pandemic on public order and crime patterns. The empirical dimension
of this book makes it possible to compare and analyse raw data, at least
to the extent that they were published by open sources.
Second, there is the international dimension: the main questions we
have sought to tackle in the course of this book transgress geograph-
ical borders, jurisdictions and communities within different European
regions. The European regions that are included in our analysis face
law enforcement, policing and border management issues while tack-
ling the COVID-19 epidemic, for instance in the realm of public order
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
1.XIII. Ye gods! think also of that goddess' name
Whose might two hours on end the mob proclaim.
About three-quarters of an hour later, the racing car and the police
car loped quietly side by side into Hatfield. Henceforward, the four-
seater, in which Walters and Simpkins sat glaring at each other, took
the lead, and presently Walters waved his hand and both cars came
to a stop.
"It was just about here, as near as I can remember, that it fell off," he
said. "Of course, there's no trace of it now."
"You're quite sure as there wasn't a strap fell off with it?" suggested
the superintendent, "because, you see, there must 'a' been
something holding it on."
"Of course there wasn't a strap," said Simpkins, white with passion.
"You haven't any business to ask him leading questions like that."
"Wait a minute," said Walters slowly. "No, there was no strap. But
I've got a sort of a recollection of seeing something on the road
about a quarter of a mile farther up."
"It's a lie!" screamed Simpkins. "He's inventing it."
"Just about where we passed that man with the side-car a minute or
two ago," said his lordship. "I told you we ought to have stopped and
asked if we could help him, superintendent. Courtesy of the road,
you know, and all that."
"He couldn't have told us anything," said the superintendent. "He'd
probably only just stopped."
"I'm not so sure," said the other. "Didn't you notice what he was
doing? Oh, dear, dear, where were your eyes? Hullo! here he
comes."
He sprang out into the road and waved to the rider, who, seeing four
policemen, thought it better to pull up.
"Excuse me," said his lordship. "Thought we'd just like to stop you
and ask if you were all right, and all that sort of thing, you know.
Wanted to stop in passing, throttle jammed open, couldn't shut the
confounded thing. Little trouble, what?"
"Oh, yes, perfectly all right, thanks, except that I would be glad if you
could spare a gallon of petrol. Tank came adrift. Beastly nuisance.
Had a bit of a struggle. Happily, Providence placed a broken strap in
my way and I've fixed it. Split a bit, though, where that bolt came off.
Lucky not to have an explosion, but there's a special cherub for
motor-cyclists."
"Strap, eh?" said the superintendent. "Afraid I'll have to trouble you
to let me have a look at that."
"What?" said the other. "And just as I've got the damned thing fixed?
What the——? All right, dear, all right"—to his passenger. "Is it
something serious, officer?"
"Afraid so, sir. Sorry to trouble you."
"Hi!" yelled one of the policemen, neatly fielding Mr. Simpkins as he
was taking a dive over the back of the car. "No use doin' that. You're
for it, my lad."
"No doubt about it," said the superintendent triumphantly, snatching
at the strap which the side-car rider held out to him. "Here's his
name on it, 'J. Simpkins,' written on in ink as large as life. Very much
obliged to you, sir, I'm sure. You've helped us effect a very important
capture."
"No! Who is it?" cried the girl in the side-car. "How frightfully thrilling!
Is it a murder?"
"Look in your paper to-morrow, miss," said the superintendent, "and
you may see something. Here, Briggs, better put the handcuffs on
him."
"And how about my tank?" said the man mournfully. "It's all right for
you to be excited, Babs, but you'll have to get out and help push."
"Oh, no," said his lordship. "Here's a strap. A much nicer strap. A
really superior strap. And petrol. And a pocket-flask. Everything a
young man ought to know. And, when you're in town, mind you both
look me up. Lord Peter Wimsey, 110A Piccadilly. Delighted to see
you any time. Chin, chin!"
"Cheerio!" said the other, wiping his lips and much mollified. "Only
too charmed to be of use. Remember it in my favour, officer, next
time you catch me speeding."
"Very fortunate we spotted him," said the superintendent
complacently, as they continued their way into Hatfield. "Quite
providential, as you might say."
"I'll come across with it," said the wretched Simpkins, sitting hand-
cuffed in the Hatfield police-station. "I swear to God I know nothing
whatever about it—about the murder, I mean. There's a man I know
who has a jewellery business in Birmingham. I don't know him very
well. In fact, I only met him at Southend last Easter, and we got pally.
His name's Owen—Thomas Owen. He wrote me yesterday and said
he'd accidentally left a bag in the cloakroom at Paddington and
asked if I'd take it out—he enclosed the ticket—and bring it up next
time I came that way. I'm in transport service, you see—you've got
my card—and I'm always up and down the country. As it happened, I
was just going up in that direction with this Norton, so I fetched the
thing out at lunch-time and started off with it. I didn't notice the date
on the cloakroom ticket. I know there wasn't anything to pay on it, so
it can't have been there long. Well, it all went just as you said up to
Finchley, and there that boy told me my strap was loose and I went
to tighten it up. And then I noticed that the corner of the bag was
split, and it was damp—and—well, I saw what you saw. That sort of
turned me over, and I lost my head. The only thing I could think of
was to get rid of it, quick. I remembered there were a lot of lonely
stretches on the Great North Road, so I cut the strap nearly through
—that was when I stopped for that drink at Barnet—and then, when I
thought there wasn't anybody in sight, I just reached back and gave
it a tug, and it went—strap and all; I hadn't put it through the slots. It
fell off, just like a great weight dropping off my mind. I suppose
Walters must just have come round into sight as it fell. I had to slow
down a mile or two farther on for some sheep going into a field, and
then I heard him hooting at me—and—oh, my God!"
He groaned, and buried his head in his hands.
"I see," said the Eaton Socon superintendent. "Well, that's your
statement. Now, about this Thomas Owen——"
"Oh," cried Lord Peter Wimsey, "never mind Thomas Owen. He's not
the man you want. You can't suppose that a bloke who'd committed
a murder would want a fellow tailin' after him to Birmingham with the
head. It stands to reason that was intended to stay in Paddington
cloakroom till the ingenious perpetrator had skipped, or till it was
unrecognisable, or both. Which, by the way, is where we'll find those
family heirlooms of mine, which your engaging friend Mr. Owen lifted
out of my car. Now, Mr. Simpkins, just pull yourself together and tell
us who was standing next to you at the cloakroom when you took out
that bag. Try hard to remember, because this jolly little island is no
place for him, and he'll be taking the next boat while we stand
talking."
"I can't remember," moaned Simpkins. "I didn't notice. My head's all
in a whirl."
"Never mind. Go back. Think quietly. Make a picture of yourself
getting off your machine—leaning it up against something——"
"No, I put it on the stand."
"Good! That's the way. Now, think—you're taking the cloakroom
ticket out of your pocket and going up—trying to attract the man's
attention."
"I couldn't at first. There was an old lady trying to cloakroom a
canary, and a very bustling man in a hurry with some golf-clubs. He
was quite rude to a quiet little man with a—by Jove! yes, a hand-bag
like that one. Yes, that's it. The timid man had had it on the counter
quite a long time, and the big man pushed him aside. I don't know
what happened, quite, because mine was handed out to me just
then. The big man pushed his luggage in front of both of us and I
had to reach over it—and I suppose—yes, I must have taken the
wrong one. Good God! Do you mean to say that that timid little
insignificant-looking man was a murderer?"
"Lots of 'em like that," put in the Hatfield superintendent. "But what
was he like—come!"
"He was only about five foot five, and he wore a soft hat and a long,
dust-coloured coat. He was very ordinary, with rather weak,
prominent eyes, I think, but I'm not sure I should know him again.
Oh, wait a minute! I do remember one thing. He had an odd scar—
crescent-shaped—under his left eye."
"That settles it," said Lord Peter. "I thought as much. Did you
recognise the—the face when we took it out, superintendent? No? I
did. It was Dahlia Dallmeyer, the actress, who is supposed to have
sailed for America last week. And the short man with the crescent-
shaped scar is her husband, Philip Storey. Sordid tale and all that.
She ruined him, treated him like dirt, and was unfaithful to him, but it
looks as though he had had the last word in the argument. And now,
I imagine, the Law will have the last word with him. Get busy on the
wires, superintendent, and you might ring up the Paddington people
and tell 'em to let me have my bag, before Mr. Thomas Owen
tumbles to it that there's been a slight mistake."
"Well, anyhow," said Mr. Walters, extending a magnanimous hand to
the abashed Mr. Simpkins, "it was a top-hole race—well worth a
summons. We must have a return match one of these days."