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New Normal in
Digital Enterprises
Strategies for
Sustainable
Development
Edited by
Subhra R. Mondal · Ceren Yegen ·
Subhankar Das
New Normal in Digital Enterprises
Subhra R. Mondal · Ceren Yegen ·
Subhankar Das
Editors
New Normal
in Digital Enterprises
Strategies for Sustainable Development
Editors
Subhra R. Mondal Ceren Yegen
The Honors Programme Faculty of Communication
Southern Star Institute Mersin University
of Management Mersin, Turkey
Duy Tan University
Da Nang, Vietnam
Subhankar Das
The Honors Programme
Southern Star Institute
of Management
Duy Tan University
Da Nang, Vietnam
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
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This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore
189721, Singapore
Contents
v
vi CONTENTS
Index 271
Notes on Contributors
Asst. Prof. Dr. Gülay Asit was born on June 5, 1973, in Turkey. She
graduated from Anadolu University, Turkey, with her B.A. degree in Busi-
ness in 2012. She received M.A. degree in Public Relations from Girne
American University, North Cyprus, in 2015. She then pursued her Ph.D.
studies and received her Doctorate degree in Communication and Media
from Girne American University in 2019. Since September 2019, she has
been teaching as a full-time faculty member at the Faculty of Communi-
cation of Girne American University in North Cyprus. In February 2020,
she was appointed as the Head of Digital Marketing and Social Media
Department of the Faculty of Communication. Her research interests are
New Media, Journalism, and Political Communication.
Mikail Batu got his Ph.D. degree from Ege University, Department of
Public Relations in Turkey in 2012. After getting his Ph.D. degree, he did
research on campaign management and social responsibility at Westmin-
ster Business School-London between 2014 and 2015. His main fields of
study are corporate communication, social media, and campaign manage-
ment. He has presented many papers at both international and national
conferences on these subjects and all of his papers have been published
as proceedings. Besides, he has articles published in national and interna-
tional refereed journals. He has been working as an Associated Professor
at Ege University, Faculty of Communication since 2018.
vii
viii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
xi
List of Tables
xiii
PART I
Gülay Asit
Introduction
The Sars-Cov2 virus, which emerged in Wuhan, China, spread all over
the world in a short time, and as a result of the developments, the World
Health Organization declared a pandemic. At of the end of January
2022, more than 375 million cases were confirmed and more than 5.5
million people have died. The number of vaccinations against the virus
has approached to 10 billion (JHU, 2022). The pandemic has changed
many aspects of our lives such as communication, working conditions, and
socialization. The new communication technologies have become more
important than ever at this stage. Especially internet and social networks
have gained critical importance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The
fact that life came to a standstill with the pandemic, along with long
G. Asit (B)
Cyprus International University, Cyprus, Northern Cyprus
e-mail: gasit@ciu.edu.tr
role of social media are explained. The emergence of the concept, the
types of fake news about COVID-19, and the reasons for the spread of
fake news are mentioned. Next, fact-checking of the data on COVID-
19 vaccines made by the fact-checking sites in Turkey, namely Doğruluk
Payı, Doğrula, Malumatfuruş, and Teyit, were analyzed using the content
analysis technique.
Literature Review
Infodemic
The spread of fake news about the COVID-19 pandemic and the efforts
to prevent it have revealed the concept of infodemic. The concept refers
to the excessive amount of information pollution circulated about the
pandemic in social media (Öztürk, 2021). However, according to Carlos
Navarro, head of Public Health Emergencies at UNICEF, the children’s
agency, while a lot of incorrect information is spreading through social
media, a lot is also coming from traditional mass media (Zaracostas,
2020).
The term was used for the first time by Antonio Guterres, the
Secretary-General of the United Nations. On March 28, 2020, he
tweeted “our common enemy is #COVID19, but our enemy is also an
‘infodemic’ of misinformation” (Twitter, 2020). Again, UN Secretary-
General, in his statement dated April 14, 2020, described the COVID-19
pandemic as the most challenging crisis the world has faced since the
Second World War and defined the spread of misinformation about the
disease as another epidemic. Expressing that the global “misinfo-demic”
is spreading, he has invited the world to unite against the disease (UN,
2020). Also, WHO’s Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
stated: “We’re not just fighting an epidemic; we’re fighting an info-
demic”. And he added that the spread of fake news is faster and easier
than coronavirus (Naughton, 2020).
Infodemia can be defined as a contagious disease that infects the infor-
mation culture (Solomon et al., 2020). In the case of a rapidly evolving
situation such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it is not always easy to
determine what the truth is (Eysenbach, 2020).
Personal prejudices and fears are effective in the spread of fake news
(Laskar & Reyaz, 2021). In addition, life practices originating from
culture and geography are other factors. For example, in countries such
6 G. ASIT
WHO states that in the fight against COVID-19, safe and effective
vaccines are of critical importance in changing the course of the pandemic
and ending the disease. Underlining that it is vaccination, not vaccines,
that will end the epidemic, WHO (2021) states: “We must ensure fair
and equitable access to vaccines, and ensure every country receives them
and can roll them out to protect their people, starting with the most
vulnerable”. COVID-19 vaccines should be safe for public health and
have as few side effects as possible, however, confidence in the vaccine is
jeopardized by disinformation (Marco-Franco et al., 2021). In addition,
vaccine-related misinformation poses a serious threat not only to public
health but also to national economic security (Horton, 2020).
Although vaccination against the COVID-19 virus has started in many
countries today, vaccine opponents also share their views through chan-
nels suitable for manipulating public opinion (Rzymski et al., 2021). This
situation causes prejudice against the vaccine in people who are exposed
to negative opinions about the vaccine (Talabi et al., 2021).
The negativities that develop in individuals after vaccination are the
leading cause of the spread of the anti-vaccine discourse (Demirhan &
Başçoban, 2021; Larson et al., 2018). In Turkey, vaccine opponents
posted on Twitter under the hashtag #aşıolmayacağım. When the contents
of the tweets were analyzed, it was determined that the opposition to the
vaccine was mostly based on the idea that the vaccine is harmful and/or
unlicensed (Demirhan & Başçoban, 2021). In Qatar, it has been seen
that false information and rumors such as instilling panic, making jokes,
and suggesting unrealistic treatment methods constitute the majority of
tweets about COVID-19 vaccines (Nakov et al., 2021).
Additionally, the media can guide people about vaccine reliability and
public health. In a study, it was determined that news sites included news
about vaccines in line with their publication policies (Topsakal & Ferik,
2021).
Mères,
Qu’il y ait du respect parfois dans la douceur
Du baiser mis au front de votre enfant rêveur ;
Que vos lèvres, parfois en écartant des boucles,
Aient peur de se brûler à quelques escarboucles ;
Frissonnez au milieu d’un rire ; effrayez-vous
De prendre l’avenir, ainsi, sur vos genoux :
Et dites-vous, avec une ivresse inquiète,
Lorsque vous saisissez une petite tête
Pour essayer de voir au fond des yeux gamins,
Que vous tenez peut-être un monde entre vos mains !
— Sait-on à quel moment au juste le dieu passe ?
Songez à la minute émouvante de grâce
Où, dans la vieille rue, au son d’un fandango
Que rythme un claquement de fouet, Madame Hugo
Sort du carrosse vert dont l’attelage souffle,
Et, prenant dans ses bras l’enfant qu’elle emmitoufle,
Distraite, d’une voix qui sommeille à demi,
Lui dit légèrement : « Tu vois, c’est Hernani. »
Aucun éclair n’a lui dans la ruelle noire ;
Nul n’a senti tomber cette graine de gloire ;
Et lui-même l’enfant n’est pas resté songeur.
On se bouscule, on crie, on jure ; un voyageur
Chante… Et le germe obscur descend au fond de l’âme,
« C’est Hernani, tu vois », a murmuré Madame
La générale Hugo, d’une distraite voix.
Et l’enfant regardait. « C’est Hernani, tu vois »,
Dit cette mère. Et tout, pendant cette minute,
Tout, Don Ruy, Don Carlos, le grand vers dont la flûte
Soupire, le bandit, l’amour, le collier d’or,
La bataille de mil huit cent trente, le cor,
Mademoiselle Mars, la salle qui trépide,
Tout, le lion superbe et le vieillard stupide,
Oui, tout fut, au-dessus de ce village fier,
Pendant cette minute, en puissance, dans l’air !
Cette minute-là fut grosse du chef-d’œuvre.
— Et, faisant de son fouet zigzaguer la couleuvre,
Un jeune postillon, sur un seuil, étalait
Le rouge fatidique et vif de son gilet.
VII
La mer tranquille
S’allonge au fond, plus blanche autour d’une presqu’île ;
Et l’on voit, dès qu’ils sont rebroussés d’un peu d’air,
Les glauques oliviers blanchir comme la mer.
De hauts lauriers pensifs, splendidement moroses,
Près de lauriers moins hauts qui s’ajoutent des roses
Contractent leur feuillage avec un noir dédain,
Et les dieux sont assis comme dans un jardin.
Ils sont là, familiers, harmonieux, paisibles,
Ne faisant même pas l’effort d’être invisibles.
Junon, reconnaissable au beau pli de son cou
Autant qu’au sceptre d’or que surmonte un coucou ;
Vénus, qui, semble-t-il, ainsi qu’une statue,
Fut d’un linge mouillé par un sculpteur vêtue ;
Mars, dieu de la bataille ; Apollon, dieu du jour,
Dont l’arc a l’air plus grand que celui de l’Amour ;
Jupiter, dont ce soir le sourcil se défronce,
Et qui laisse, pour prendre une mûre à la ronce,
La foudre qu’il brûla jadis par les deux bouts ;
Minerve, aux yeux plus fiers que les yeux des hiboux
Sous les deux autres yeux vides et sans paupière
Qu’elle a levés au ciel en levant sa visière ;
Diane, dont la sauge aime le brodequin
Et qui porte un étroit diadème ; Vulcain,
Qui, faisant des projets d’art et de mécanique,
Gratte son front têtu sous son bonnet conique ;
Et Mercure, qui sent jusque dans son cerveau
Battre les ailerons qu’il a sur son chapeau,
Tous les grands dieux sont là, tous, excepté Neptune,
Et Vesta, que toujours tout plaisir importune,
Et Cérès, qui s’occupe aux épis blondissants ;
Mais trois dieux plus petits remplacent les absents :
Pan, qui n’est jamais loin dans un bois d’Arcadie,
Du rêve des roseaux forme une mélodie ;
Le nectar qui circule est versé par Hébé ;
Et Cupidon se livre à des jeux de bébé
Qui sont peu rassurants pour Junon la jalouse…
De sorte que les dieux, tout de même, sont douze.
Et le grand paysage
Bleuit.
Le rire cesse.
Lui jette sa casquette, et, vif, cambrant un corps
Qu’on sent être celui d’un batteur de records,
Se recoiffe. Une raie un peu trop médiane
Sépare ses cheveux sur son front. Et Diane
Voit, de ce conducteur grossier de camion,
Émerger un moderne et souple Endymion.
Mars
Découvre avec stupeur Kirby Beard et Leuchars ;
Mais, pour bien établir qu’il n’aime que la gloire,
De la trompe de cuivre il va presser la poire.
L’étincelant buccin pousse le cri des veaux.
L’Amour se montre.