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RETHINKING UNIVERSITY-COMMUNITY
POLICY CONNECTIONS

Reframing
the Civic University
An Agenda for Impact
Edited by
Julian Dobson · Ed Ferrari
Rethinking University-Community Policy
Connections

Series Editors
Thomas Andrew Bryer
University of Central Florida
Orlando, USA

John Diamond
Edge Hill University
Ormskirk, UK

Carolyn Kagan
Manchester Metropolitan University
Manchester, UK

Jolanta Vaičiūnienė
Kaunas University of Technology
Kaunas, Lithuania
Rethinking University-Community Policy Connections will publish
works by scholars, practitioners, and ‘prac-ademics’ across a range of
countries to explore substantive policy or management issues in the bring-
ing together of higher education institutions and community-based orga-
nizations, nongovernmental organizations, governments, and businesses.
Such partnerships afford unique opportunities to transform practice,
develop innovation, incubate entrepreneurship, strengthen communities,
and transform lives. Yet such potential is often not realized due to bureau-
cratic, cultural, or legal barriers erected between higher education institu-
tions and the wider community. The global experience is common, though
the precise mechanisms that prevent university-community collaboration
or that enable successful and sustainable partnership vary within and across
countries. Books in the series will facilitate dialogue across country experi-
ences, help identify cross-cutting best practices, and to enhance the theory
of university-community relations.
 Julian Dobson • Ed Ferrari
Editors

Reframing the Civic

University
An Agenda for Impact
Editors
Julian Dobson Ed Ferrari
Centre for Regional Economic and Centre for Regional Economic and
Social Research Social Research
Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield Hallam University
Sheffield, UK Sheffield, UK

ISSN 2629-2432     ISSN 2629-2440 (electronic)

Rethinking University-Community Policy Connections
ISBN 978-3-031-17685-2    ISBN 978-3-031-17686-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17686-9

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Contents

1 Why
 the Time Is Right for a Civic Turn  1
Julian Dobson and Ed Ferrari

2 A
 Question of Leadership 25
Jonathan Slater and Farah Hussain

3 How
 Should Universities Understand Their Social Impact? 41
Sue Jarvis

4 Can
 Universities be Climate Leaders? 63
Kirstie O’Neill

5 How
 Universities Can Help to Build a Healthier Society 83
Liz Mear and Paul Johnstone

6 Civic
 Universities and Culture: A Tilted View101
Amanda Crawley Jackson and Chris Baker

7 More-Than-Civic:
 Higher Education and Civil Society in
Post-Industrial Localities121
Nicola Gratton and Martin Jones

v
vi Contents

8 Placemaking
 for the Civic University: Interface Sites as
Spaces of Tension and Translation143
Julia Udall and Anna Wakeford Holder

9 Bringing Civic Impact to Life163

Julian Dobson and Ed Ferrari

Index175
 Notes on Contributors

Chris Baker grew up in the Northwest of England where he developed

his passion for creativity and innovation. He moved to Sheffield in the late
1990s to study design where he invented novel packaging systems to elim-
inate waste on a global scale, growing his own company which he then
sold in 2008. He has supported over 100 entrepreneurs with their ideas
and organisations, primarily in the creative industries. Chris developed his
career as a Knowledge Exchange professional as Head of Knowledge
Exchange and Innovation at the University of Sheffield and now supports
the advancement of Knowledge Exchange at Sheffield Hallam University.
Julian Dobson is a researcher and writer with a broad interest in place
and society, and a particular focus on the complex systemic changes
required to achieve environmentally and socially just approaches to urban
life. A senior research fellow at the Centre for Regional Economic and
Social Research at Sheffield Hallam University, he has written widely on
the topics of social and economic regeneration, urban greenspace, town
and city centres and the role of the voluntary and community sector. He
is especially interested in how and why change happens and the role of
evidence in shaping policy and practice.
Ed Ferrari is the Director of the Centre for Regional Economic and
Social Research (CRESR) at Sheffield Hallam University. He is an acknowl-
edged expert on strategic housing, planning and transport issues with over
20 years’ experience of leading and collaborating on dozens of research
and evaluation projects for local authorities, central ­government and char-
ities. He has skills in quantitative research, particularly in the spatial analy-

vii
viii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

sis of administrative data, and has authored several books alongside dozens
of reports and academic papers. He is currently managing editor of the
leading international journal Housing Studies.
Nicola Gratton is Associate Professor of Community and Civic
Engagement at Staffordshire University. She is a qualified Youth Worker
and has extensive experience in the public and community sectors as a
youth worker, community development worker and training development
manager. She has been instrumental in the development and implementa-
tion of Connected Communities, Staffordshire University’s approach to
community and civic impact. She specialises in participatory action research
and creative research techniques and her research interests focus on using
these to address social inequality.
Anna Wakeford Holder is a researcher, designer and educator, trained
in architecture and town and regional planning. She is a director of social
enterprise architecture practice Studio Polpo, and a Senior Lecturer in
Architecture at Sheffield Hallam University. She has experience in archi-
tectural and urban design practice in the UK and the Netherlands, and in
higher education in the UK and Denmark. Her research focuses on archi-
tectural knowledge, agency and ethics in the social production of the built
environment; the politics of urban projects instigated between state and
civil society actors; and feminist practices of participatory planning
and design.
Farah Hussain is a PhD researcher at Queen Mary University of London
and a Research Fellow at the Mile End Institute. Farah’s research concen-
trates on the relationship between political parties and their members with
a particular focus on race, religion and gender. Farah has also carried out
research on public policy, higher education and local government. She was
a local councillor for Valentines Ward, London Borough of Redbridge
from 2014 to 2022 where she served as Cabinet Member for Housing and
Homelessness for over four years.
Amanda Crawley Jackson is Associate Dean for Knowledge Exchange at
London College of Communication, University of the Arts London.
Before that, she was Faculty Director of Knowledge Exchange and Impact
(Arts and Humanities) at the University of Sheffield. A scholar in the field
of French and Francophone Studies, she has published widely on place,
space and mobilities in contemporary art and photography from France,
Algeria and Morocco and has curated several exhibitions, the most recent -
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ix

Invisible Wounds - at the Graves Gallery in Sheffield (2020). She is cur-

rently completing a monograph on post-traumatic landscapes in
contemporary literature and photography.
Sue Jarvis is Co-Director of the Heseltine Institute for Public Policy,
Practice and Place at the University of Liverpool. She has a professional
background in local government practice, and public policy, and senior
leadership experience of delivering public services at council and com-
bined authority levels. At the Heseltine Institute, Sue leads engagement
across local and regional stakeholders to align academic research with
place-based policy outcomes to support sustainable cities and regions. Sue
also works with local partners on a portfolio of research focused on com-
munity assets, social infrastructure and public service to address policy
challenges in place.
Paul Johnstone is a public health practitioner and academic working
nationally and internationally. He has recently been National Director for
Regional Development for the Department of Health (England), and
National and Regional Director for Place and Regions at Public Health
England and NHS England. He has been a hospital doctor, GP and public
health director. Internationally he has worked for the World Health
Organization in Sierra Leone, in the West Indies and as a volunteer in
Afghanistan, Pakistan and Sudan.He is now Health Adviser for VSO
(Voluntary Services Overseas) and Honorary Professor of Global Health,
University of Manchester and Visiting Professor at Leeds Beckett University.
Martin Jones is the Vice-Chancellor and Chief Executive of Staffordshire
University, a Professor of Human Geography and a researcher in urban
and regional political economy. Author or editor of 14 books, Martin is
internationally recognised for economic and political geography. His
book Cities and Regions in Crisis: The Political Economy of Sub-National
Economic Development was awarded the Regional Studies Association Best
Book award 2021. Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences and The
Royal Society of Arts, Martin holds an honorary professorial position in
Oulu, Finland, was awarded the Philip Leverhulme Prize for Geography,
and is the originator and co-editor of the journal Territory, Politics,
Governance.
Liz Mear has extensive experience of leading across organisations and
systems. She was an NHS Foundation Trust Chief Executive, followed by
roles as the Chief Executive of an NHS Academic Health Science Network
x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

and Managing Director for an Academic Health partnership. In these

roles she worked with health, local government, university, and voluntary
sector partners to improve residents’ lives. Liz chairs the national Small
Business Research Initiative healthcare funding panels, an Integrated
Health/Care Place Committee, and is business advisor. She was a Non-
Executive Director for Health Education England.
Kirstie O’Neill is a lecturer in environmental geography at Cardiff
University, having previously worked at the Universities of Hull and
Lancaster, and the London School of Economics. Her ESRC-CASE
funded PhD, at the University of Hull, explored the role of alternative
food networks in facilitating rural development. Subsequent research has
drawn on longstanding interests in sustainability, focusing on green build-
ing, green entrepreneurship and the green economy, urban sustainability
governance, and universities as spaces of, and actors within, sustainability
governance.
Jonathan Slater is a Visiting Professor at King’s College London and
Queen Mary University of London. He sits on the boards of the Charter
Schools Educational Trust, Morley College, Sheffield Hallam University,
and the Institute of Government. Jonathan was Permanent Secretary of
the Department for Education until 2020, at the conclusion of a 20 year
civil service career that included Justice, Defence, the Cabinet Office and
No. 10 Downing Street. Before that Jonathan worked in local govern-
ment for over ten years, ending up as Director of Education and Deputy
Chief Executive at Islington Council.
Julia Udall is an educator, academic and practitioner, based at Sheffield
Hallam University, UK, working at the intersection of artistic spatial prac-
tice, critical architectural pedagogy and design activism. Her work seeks to
develop ways to make urban space otherwise by drawing attention to, and
supporting forms of collectivity, interdependence and mutuality, between
humans and non-humans, in the face of this precarious moment. Julia is a
director of architectural collective Studio Polpo, who contributed to the
British Pavilion ‘The Garden of Privatised Delights’ at the Venice
Architecture Biennale in 2021. She is Fellow of the Future Architecture
Platform (2021).
 List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Domains of civic activity and progress cycle 14

Fig. 2.1 The five steps of building institutional strategy and leadership
within the Civic Impact Framework 30
Fig. 3.1 Stakeholder intersecting interests 46
Fig. 5.1 Domains of civic activity and progress cycle 87
Fig. 6.1 The tilted view: A four-step process towards critical self-reflection 114
Fig. 7.1 The Connected Communities model 131
Fig. 7.2 Embedding Connected Communities 133
Fig. 7.3 Evaluating Connected Communities 134
Fig. 8.1 Refugee Rights Hub. In a contemporary university building, on
a neighbourhood campus, set within green space. This location
has the drawback of requiring two bus trips for most clients to
access. Image © the authors 150
Fig. 8.2 Live Works. A permanent urban room in a high street shop
unit. The project also hosts residencies and exhibitions in
suburban spaces such as local libraries and supermarkets. Image
© the authors 155
Fig. 8.3 CSM Rural. Bringing students from central London to North
Yorkshire poses a challenge but will also offer an immersive
complex and evolving site of experimentation. Image © the
authors158

xi
 List of Tables

Table 1.1 The seven domains of civic impact 3

Table 1.2 The civic framework in a nutshell 15

xiii
 CHAPTER 1

Why the Time Is Right for a Civic Turn

Julian Dobson and Ed Ferrari

In April 2022, two months after Russian armed forces blasted their way
into Ukraine, a professor at the Kyiv School of Economics shone a spot-
light on a dilemma facing universities globally: are they there to make
societies wealthier, or better? And if the latter, what does ‘better’ look like?
Inna Sovsun, a Ukrainian MP who was deputy education minister
between 2014 and 2016, told a Times Higher Education conference in
Stockholm that the role of universities was to make societies ‘more open,
more inclusive, and more tolerant and more caring about each other’
(Morgan, 2022). She claimed research developed at German and French
universities had helped Russia develop military capabilities: while the
research had made those institutions better off, had it made society better?
Professor Sovsun’s intervention was a visceral response to a humanitar-
ian, political and ethical crisis. But it reflected and underlined a more
widespread heart-searching in and around higher education. If universities
are a public good, who and what are they good for? Are they an expensive
irrelevance at a time of global crisis—a crisis that extends far beyond the

J. Dobson (*) • Ed Ferrari

Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University,
Sheffield, UK
e-mail: julian.dobson@shu.ac.uk; e.ferrari@shu.ac.uk

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1

Switzerland AG 2023
J. Dobson, Ed Ferrari (eds.), Reframing the Civic University,
Rethinking University-Community Policy Connections,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17686-9_1
2 J. DOBSON AND ED FERRARI

Ukraine conflict to include rising costs of living, growing wealth dispari-

ties, long-term impacts of Covid-19, food insecurity, climate change and
drastic biodiversity loss? Higher education is not only seeking to define its
contribution in an era of crisis. Increasingly it is also adopting a defensive
stance in which its own existence is deemed to require explanation and
justification to governments and publics in an era in which trust in elites,
experts and institutions has been badly eroded. Part of this stance has
involved universities searching for a convincing and engaging mission that
connects them to the communities and places they serve.
This book examines and explores an emergent narrative that promises
to fulfil such a role for many institutions: the tradition of the civic univer-
sity. Its overarching argument is that, given the right resources and com-
mitment, a civic orientation has the potential to produce deeper, broader
and more lasting benefits for communities than we have seen in recent
decades. During this time universities have increasingly come to look and
behave like private corporations, serving ‘customers’ in students and
research partners who may have only the most tangential connection to
the locality. In the UK in particular, the idea of the civic university offers a
driving logic that can frame strategies and decisions across all the domains
in which universities are active, from learning and teaching to economic,
environmental and wellbeing impacts within the communities that univer-
sities serve. This requires a searching analysis of who universities are good
for in addition to what they are good at.
This book stems from and builds on work undertaken by the editors
with the Civic Universities Network in the UK in 2020–2021, and this
book focuses on the UK experience except where otherwise stated.
Working with senior university leaders, we prototyped a framework to
assess civic impact. The Civic Impact Framework1—which we published in
its ‘beta’ form for discussion in 2021—is designed to enable universities
and their partners to understand the difference they are making and chal-
lenge themselves to do better. It identifies seven domains through which
universities may have civic impacts (Table 1.1) and stresses the importance
of understanding the geography over which universities may seek to have
such impacts. Importantly, rather than offering a unified set of metrics to
measure impact, the framework emphasises institutional reflection and
learning by adopting a ‘maturity matrix’ model for understanding

1
https://civicuniversitynetwork.co.uk/resources/civic-impact-framework/.
 1 WHY THE TIME IS RIGHT FOR A CIVIC TURN 3

Table 1.1 The seven domains of civic impact

Social impact How do we want our university to bridge and reduce social divides
and improve the quality of life of our communities, including the
most disadvantaged? How can our university help our places move
from ‘functioning’ to ‘flourishing’? What part can our students play in
this?
Environment, How could our university play a leading role in mitigating and
climate and adapting to climate change, reversing biodiversity loss, and educating
biodiversity students for sustainability? How will it influence environmental
behaviours throughout our city or region?
Health and How does our institution support the health and wellbeing of our
wellbeing localities and communities? What does a flourishing community look
like to us?
Our cultural How does our university celebrate and enrich the cultural life of our
contribution localities and communities? How do we create vibrant, creative and
playful places?
Economic impact How could our university’s work create more prosperous places and
address and reduce economic inequality? What impacts is it having
now? Can we articulate and promote a coherent vision of a flourishing
local economy in partnership with local stakeholders?
Estates, facilities How can our facilities be used for the benefit of the whole
and placemaking community? Do all members of the community feel welcome? How
do our facilities set the standard for placemaking and sustainability in
our city or region? How can our digital infrastructure benefit our
communities?
Institutional How will top-level governance and strategies at our institution reflect
strategy and our civic commitment to ensure we make the difference we want?
leadership Which partners are we working with and to what ends, and what are
their priorities? What would it look like if our civic priorities were
embedded throughout our core activities of teaching, learning and
research?

Source: Dobson, J., & Ferrari, E. (2021). A framework for civic impact: A way to assess universities’ activi-
ties and progress. Sheffield: Civic Universities Network. https://civicuniversitynetwork.co.uk/wp-­
content/uploads/2022/04/Civic-­Activity-­Framework.pdf

strategic progress and encouraging peer learning. We return to the frame-

work and how it may be applied later in this chapter.
This edited collection extends the initial work that the Civic Impact
Framework represents to offer a broader perspective, with expert con-
tributors exploring and teasing out just what it might mean to be civic in
current circumstances. While the book’s structure broadly echoes the
domains of impact identified in the framework, it uses this scaffolding to
foreground wider challenges, concerns and opportunities for higher edu-
cation in the twenty first century.
4 J. DOBSON AND ED FERRARI

Why Now? Higher Education Under Scrutiny

Universities in the UK have faced a torrent of criticism in recent years.
Some of it has played on current ‘culture wars’, often imported from pub-
lic discourse in the United States, in which liberal universities are depicted
as standard-bearers for ‘wokeness’. The Higher Education (Freedom of
Speech) Bill, which is working its way through Parliament at the time of
writing, is seen as an example of government entering this particular fray,
sometimes accompanied by veiled threats to reconsider the funding of
institutions that sign up to benchmarking schemes such as the Race
Equality Charter.2
Of greater long-term concern, however, is the argument that universi-
ties are not delivering skills and opportunities for the people who most
need them. The commodification of higher education through the intro-
duction of fees and loans, especially in England, has shifted the relation-
ship between students and their lecturers: students are seen, and often see
themselves, as customers who have bought a product designed to meet a
particular consumer need (a degree and access to a well-paid career). If
graduates do not enter the labour market at the expected level, they—and
the governments that oversee higher education policy—hold the universi-
ties responsible.
The need to attract and retain ‘customers’—especially at postgraduate
level—has created continuing tensions between income generation and
sustaining academic excellence, and has eroded the standing of humanities
degrees once viewed as hallmarks of a liberal education. Many universities
have invested in their estates and courses as a marketing exercise, wooing
students with shiny state-of-the-art buildings and satellite campuses. In
the words of the Civic University Commission (UPP Foundation, 2019):

…as universities have become magnets for global students and massive
research programmes, their connection to their place … can sometimes be
called into question: how are the people in a place benefiting from the uni-
versity success story?

The commission goes on to note that this disconnection from their

localities leaves universities ‘with fewer friends at a time of unprecedented
challenge’. Most recently, a cap on maximum fees in England and

2
See https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/equality-charters/race-equality-charter.
 1 WHY THE TIME IS RIGHT FOR A CIVIC TURN 5

proposals for ‘minimum eligibility requirements’ suggests that a university

education is no longer perceived within government as a privileged path-
way into the labour market. Having bought into the principles of market
competition, universities are now being accused of failing to deliver public
goods. The traditional university experience—delivered within large,
broad-based campus-focused institutions—is also increasingly competing
within a more fragmented, diversified and specialised set of educational
and vocational marketplaces which includes further education colleges,
modern apprenticeships, distance learning (delivered both by traditional
and new entrants), smaller private universities, and an explosion of online
content (both free and paid-for) on platforms like Coursera and Udemy.
So the universities that for decades rode a wave of public policy geared
to increasing participation in higher education are now having their status
called into question. This context has created fertile ground for a new
debate on universities’ ‘civic mission’, but also risks reducing that mission
to an exercise in self-justification.

Restoring the Vision: From Anchor Institutions

to Civic Mission

The notion of the civic university has a long history, stretching back to the
land-grant universities of the US established under the Morrill Act of
1852, and the ‘redbrick’ universities that sprouted in manufacturing cities
in the UK in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In both
cases there was an understanding that these new institutions would directly
contribute to the economic, intellectual and social development of their
localities.
While there has always been a strong economic narrative to discourses
of the civic in higher education, this has come to the fore in recent decades.
The Dearing Report (1997, p. 90), for example, viewed universities as
central to a ‘learning society’, noting that they ‘make a significant eco-
nomic contribution simply by their existence in a locality, whether or not
they adopt an explicit mission to generate local or regional economic
activity or to play a part in the cultural life of their locality or region’. This
role has often been framed in terms of a ‘third mission’ of economic devel-
opment under the label of the ‘entrepreneurial university’ (Vorley &
Nelles, 2008).
6 J. DOBSON AND ED FERRARI

The start of the twenty first century has seen a flurry of intellectual
activity around the idea of the civic university. There has been a recogni-
tion that universities have significant impacts within their localities: they
are often among the largest employers in an area, among the biggest hold-
ers of real estate, and have make a difference to local prosperity through
their spending and effects on housing markets. In the United States, the
Obama administration picked up the idea of universities as ‘anchor institu-
tions’ (Taylor & Luter, 2013), supporting the work of the Anchor
Institutions Task Force. Reflecting on the value of universities to place-­
based leadership, Robin Hambleton notes that

‘The American public university has, from the outset, aimed to fuse schol-
arly inspiration with a strong commitment to practical implementation. This
value stance has advanced the quality of American scholarship, while also
benefitting the cities where these universities are located’ (Hambleton,
2020, pp. 123–124) while also observing that ‘British universities have,
until recently, been relatively detached from their surroundings’.
(Ibid., p. 124)

This tradition has spawned much of the recent thinking in the US and
beyond around ‘community wealth building’—the promotion of shared
prosperity ‘through the reconfiguration of institutions and local econo-
mies on the basis of greater democratic ownership, participation, and con-
trol’ (Democracy Collaborative, 2020). In the UK, fresh debate on
universities’ civic role has been stimulated through the work of academic
leaders such as John Goddard at the University of Newcastle (Goddard &
Vallance, 2013), again focusing especially on how universities can support
local and regional economies. Goddard and Kempton (2016, p. 2) envis-
age mutually beneficial economic and social relationships between univer-
sities and the communities they serve:

The civic university can be characterised by its ability to integrate its teach-
ing, research and engagement with the outside world in such a way that each
enhances the other without diminishing their quality. Research has socio-­
economic impact designed in from the start and teaching has a strong com-
munity involvement with the long term objective of widening participation
in higher education and producing well rounded citizens as graduates.

Building on this work, the Civic University Commission describes a

civic university as having ‘a clear strategy, rooted in analysis, which explains
 1 WHY THE TIME IS RIGHT FOR A CIVIC TURN 7

what, why and how its activity adds up to a civic role’. While it doesn’t
impose a definition, leaving this to individual universities to devise accord-
ing to their circumstances, it does suggest there should be four key tests of
a civic university:

• A public test, covering participation, understanding of local needs

and public pride in the institution
• A place test, covering alignment with local labour markets and serv-
ing diverse local populations
• A strategic test, covering universities’ analysis of local needs, links
with local leadership and definition of its geographies of interest
• An impact test, covering both how universities achieve impacts
through relationships with other institutions, and how they measure
the effects of their work

In practice, there will be many overlaps between these elements.

Any definition or test runs the risk of excluding institutions that do not
fit a mould, or offering validation to activities that may be little more than
token gestures. The descriptions that exist are largely variations on a theme
of what ‘good’ looks like. Goddard et al. (2016), for example, identify
seven characteristics of a civic university: a sense of purpose; active engage-
ment with the wider world; a holistic approach to engagement; a strong
sense of place; investment in impact beyond the academy; transparency
and accountability; and innovative methods of communicating with pub-
lics and stakeholders. One may justifiably ask why these descriptors were
advanced and not others; and what is it about these that is specifically civic
rather than a generic quality associated with effective management and
public engagement in a place-based institution.
There is no escaping the fact that ‘civic’ is a normative concept, with an
implicit political economy baked-in to the idea as we discuss in the next
section. Arguably this opens up as many debates as it seeks to capture.
Neither should we fail to notice that most descriptions of ‘civic’ have been
constructed within the academy. Little of the literature seeks to explore
how localities and communities might define civic from their perspectives,
or whose perspectives are given prominence and why; Gratton and Jones,
in their contribution in Chap. 7, pick up this baton as university leaders.
There is thus a tension at the heart of the civic university agenda. Is
‘civic’ simply a positioning and orientation fashioned by universities to
explain or justify their role, or a set of behaviours co-designed between
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 I. Fundus of gall-bladder of Chang.
J. Fundus of gall-bladder of Eng.

In Chang the liver was 8-1/3 in. broad. The right lobe was 5 in.
wide, antero-posteriorly. The appearance of the gall-bladder
corresponded to that seen in Eng. The under surface was normal.
The lobus Spigelii presented a narrower neck than in Eng, the
anterior prolongation being greater. The quadrilateral lobe was less
developed than in Eng. Indeed it was not raised above the under
surface of the right lobe, and its limits were so imperfectly marked
that it could not well be measured.

Fig. 17. Kidneys of Eng.

 A. Left kidney.
B. Right kidney.
C. Left renal vein.
D. Left supra-renal vein.
E. Left spermatic vein.
F. Descending vena cava not distended
with clot.
G. Right renal vein.
H. Aorta distended with plaster.
I. Primitive iliac arteries.

3. The kidneys.—In Eng, the body lying on the table E. R., C. L.,
the left kidney (Fig. 17, A) was 4 in. long, 1-1/2 wide at its hilus, and of
the usual kidney shape. It lacked 1/2 in. of reaching the crest of the
ilium. The renal vein (Fig. 17, C) of the same side measured 3 in. in
length, and was decidedly oblique in position, its termination in the
cava being below the level of the lower end of the kidney.
The right kidney (Fig. 17, B) corresponded in position to the left
kidney of Chang, that is to say, it was in the shallower portion of the
abdomen, and in contact with the abdominal wall. It measured 4 in.
in length, and 2-1/4 in. in width. Its inferior border lacked 2 in. of
reaching the superior crest of the ilium. The renal vein ascended a
little upward to enter the cava a little below the level of the upper end
of the kidney.
In Chang, the body lying in such a way that the great trochanter of
the right side rested on the table, the left trochanter being raised
three inches from the same plane, an obliquity was given to the
trunk, and rendered the position of the abdominal organs somewhat
anomalous.
The left kidney (Fig. 18, A) lay with its lower half clearly within the
iliac fossa, its inferior border answering to a point an inch and a half
below the termination of the aorta. The organ lay, at its inner and
inferior portion, upon the left primitive iliac vein; it measured 3-3/4 in.
in length, and 2-7/12 in. in width at its widest part. It was larger below,
where it retained the usual appearance, but was somewhat abruptly
pointed above, and was marked by the characteristic notch on its
inner side. The renal vein (Fig. 18, C) was very obliquely situated,
indeed was almost parallel with the cava, and was 3-1/2 in. long. The
termination of the renal vein answered to a line running across the
abdomen lying fully 1 in. above the upper end of the left kidney.

Fig. 18. Kidneys of Chang.

A. Left kidney.
B. Right kidney.
C. Left renal vein.
D. Right renal vein.
E. Left spermatic vein.
F. Aorta filled with plaster.
G. Primitive iliac veins.
H. Descending cava distended with clot.
I. Left supra-renal vein.
 The right kidney (Fig. 18, B) was normally situated. It measured 4
in. in length, and 1-1/2 in. in width at its centre, and presented the
usual reniform appearance. Its inferior edge just reached an
eminence answering to the superior crest of the ilium.

4. The testicles.—The right testicle of Eng was normal. The left

testicle was not within the scrotum. Dissection from within the
abdomen showed that the organ had been retracted. It lay well
concealed within the inguinal canal, slight traction making it appear
within the abdomen.
The testicles of Chang were normal.

5. The hearts.—The heart in Eng was situated nearer the median

line than normal. The abdominal incision was very unfavorable for
studying its exact position in the mediastinum. It was removed
through an opening made in the diaphragm. The right side of the
heart was occupied by a soft grumous clot much smaller than was
found in the same locality in Chang, and which did not distend the
cavities. The left side was normal. It was without clot so far as could
be determined in the injected condition of the ventricle.
The heart of Chang presented a right auricle and ventricle
distended with a dense venous clot; this extended from the right
ventricle along the pulmonary arteries. The left side of the heart was
empty.
The ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale were firmly closed in
both hearts.

6. The vessels.—The arteries of both subjects were, so far as

examined, in an extremely atheromatous condition. Large plates of
calcareous matter were deposited in the abdominal aortas. The
injecting matter flowed insufficiently in the left lower extremity of
Chang, from a clot plugging the femoral artery.
The venous system of Chang was engorged, giving the
appearance of these vessels having been injected after death; that
of Eng was comparatively empty.

7. The lungs.—The lungs were so altered by post-mortem

changes prior to embalming, their contraction by the chloride of zinc,
and their increase of weight from the plaster, that no extended
examination was made of them. But little difference was seen
between the conditions of the lungs in the two men. No hepatization
was present in Chang.

8. The vertebral column and ribs.—There was marked lateral

curvature of the vertebral column in both bodies. This was more
conspicuous in Chang. The convexity of the curve was about half-
way down the vertebral column, and inclined in Chang to the right
side. The distance from the centre of the vertebral column to the left
abdominal wall, 2 in.; to the right abdominal wall, 5 in. The left side of
the abdominal cavity, measuring from about the level of the band to
the last rib of the right side, 7-1/2 inches.
The ribs in both Chang and Eng were 22 in number, 7 true and 4
false. On the right side of Eng the first, second, and third ribs were
normal. The fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh presented diminished
intercostal spaces, owing probably to the extreme traction made on
them by the deflection of the ensiform cartilages. The intercostal
space between the third and fourth ribs was slightly contracted; that
between the fourth and fifth ribs was very much contracted, the
muscle being bulged inward. Between the fifth and sixth, and sixth
and seventh ribs the space was less contracted. The remaining
intercostal spaces were about normal. The fifth rib near its
articulation with the vertebral column formed a well-defined ridge
within the thorax, carrying with it the sixth and seventh ribs, thus
forming a rounded elevation, distinguishing the positions of these
ribs from the thoracic wall above and below this point, where the
parietal surface presented the usual concave appearance.
On the left side of Chang a similar arrangement of ribs and
intercostal spaces was seen to the above.
The remaining organs were not examined.
 REMARKS.

With reference to the cause of death of the Siamese twins it may

be briefly said that, in consequence of the restrictions by which we
were bound, no examination of the brains was made. It cannot,
therefore, be proved that the cause of Chang’s death was a cerebral
clot, although such an opinion, from the suddenness of death,
preceded as it was by hemiplegia and an immediate engorgement of
the left lung, is tenable. Eng died, in all probability, in a state of
syncope induced by fright—a view which the over-distended bladder
and the retraction of the right testicle would appear to corroborate.
The existence of lateral curvature was not unsuspected. It was
known to those who had examined the twins before death. Indeed, it
must have been a necessity of the acquired position.
The presence of a pad of subperitoneal fat at the usual position of
the umbilicus was certainly curious. It would appear to be an
example of a localized nutritive change about the peritoneum, at the
centre of the umbilical region, anticipating the exit of the vessels of
the cord at that point. Familiar examples of this anticipation between
structures developing from different layers of the embryo are seen in
malformations of the genital organs, eye, ear, etc. In the above
example it is remarkable only from the rarity of the conditions
yielding it.
The circulation in each individual of the twins was practically
complete, since the demonstration of continuity between the portal
systems, although satisfactory, invites the conclusion that the
amount of blood which passed from one to the other side of the band
must have been, in the condition of the parts at the time of the
demonstration, very inconsiderable, and was not competent in all
probability to modify the performance of any act of the economy.
 In the fœtal and early period of extra-uterine life the vessels must
have been more capacious, and associated with a large tract of liver
tissue. It follows, all things being equal, that an attempt at division of
the band in early life would have been accompanied with more
venous hemorrhage than at any subsequent period.
In proof that the twins were the product of a single conception, the
strict correspondence between the markings of the two spleens, as
well as the number of the ribs, may be observed. The absence of
available data bearing upon the question of symmetry between
visceral organs of twins, prevents us from drawing here too positive
an inference. It is probable, however, that the twins were individuals
of a single organism, remarkable for its complete expression of
duplex bilaterality.[5]

Fig. 19. Foreshortened view of the trunks,

showing in the acquired position the
band from above and the contours of
its lateral surfaces.
 DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES.

FROM PHOTOGRAPHS.

Fig. 1. Twins in acquired position (E. R., C. L.). Taken in St.

Petersburg, 1870. Page 3.
Fig. 2. Twins in acquired position (E. R., C. L.). Taken after death
at Philadelphia. Page 8.

FROM SKETCHES.

Fig. 3.The surface, C. R., E. L., exposed by removal of skin and

superficial fascia to display the tendons of the external
oblique muscles and adjacent parts. Page 12.
A. The superficial fascia—lost over the position of Chang’s
umbilical pouch.
B, C. Supplemental layers of fibrous tissue of Eng not seen in
Chang; B is a continuation toward Eng of aponeurotic
fibres having a source from the linea alba of Chang;
C is independent of the former, and is continuous with the
deep pectoral fascia.
D. The interlacing of fibres on tendon of external oblique
muscle of Chang.
E. The linea alba of Chang, beginning at C. R.
F. Its continuation to E. L., and insertion upon the ensiform
cartilage.
 The umbilical ligament in Eng. Page 15.
The umbilical ligament.
Fig. 4.
The lobule of fat at position of normal umbilicus.
A.
B.
The umbilical ligament in Chang. Page 16.
The letters as in Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.

The abdominal organs of Eng—the small intestines

Fig. 6. removed. Page 17.
A. Left lobe of liver.
B. Right lobe of liver.
C. Gall-bladder.
D. Suspensory ligament.
E. Lobules of fat in the position of the termination of the
umbilical ligament.

Fig. 7. The abdominal organs in Chang—the small intestines

removed. Page 19.
The letters as in Fig. 6.

Fig. 8. The surface, C. R., E. L., showing the interior of band by

free division of the aponeuroses seen in Fig. 7, and their
underlying peritoneal attachments. Page 24.
A. The orifice of umbilical pouch of Eng.
B. The orifice of umbilical pouch of Chang, showing
connection with suspensory ligament of Eng.
C. The fenestrated umbilical pouch of Eng passing between
the folds of the suspensory ligament of Chang.
D. Suspensory ligament of liver of Eng.
E. Hepatic tract.
F. Hepatic pouch of Eng.
 G. The septum.

Fig. 9. The septum viewed from Chang’s side. Page 25.

A. The orifice of umbilical pouch of Chang.
B. The orifice of hepatic pouch of Chang.
C. Suspensory ligament of Chang, containing umbilical
pouch of Eng.

Fig. 10. The septum viewed from Eng’s side. Page 26.
A. The orifice of umbilical pouch of Eng.
B. The orifice of hepatic pouch of Eng.
C. Suspensory ligament of Eng, containing umbilical pouch
of Chang.

Fig. 11. The surface, C. R., E. L., with pouches removed to display
the hepatic tract. Page 27.
A. Liver of Chang.
B. Liver of Eng.
C. Portal vessel of Chang.
D, D. Minute branches of hepatic artery.
E. Subcutaneous fat of surface, E. R., C. L.

Fig. 12.The surface, C. R., E. L., with pouches, hepatic tract, and
peritoneal attachments removed to display the
diaphragms. Page 28.
A. Subcutaneous fat of surface, E. R., C. L.
B, C. Symmetrical muscular fasciculi.
D. Fasciculi of Eng, crossing median line of band.

Fig. 13.
 The peritoneal linings of the anterior walls of both
abdominal cavities. Page 29.
A, A. The summits of the bladders.
B, B. The umbilical ligaments.
C, C. The nodules of fat at the parietal scar.
D, D. The isolated lobules of fat.

Fig. 14. A section of both ensiform cartilages, C. R., E. L. Page 31.

A. Chang’s cartilage.
B. Eng’s cartilage.
C. The synchondrosis.
D. The bursa-like sac covering the same.
E. An opening into the sac.
F. Transversalis muscle of Eng.
G. Transversalis muscle of Chang.

Fig. 15. Upper surface of ensiform cartilages. Page 32.

A. The upper ligament uniting the cartilages.

Fig. 16. The livers. Page 34.

A. Right lobe of Eng.
B. Left lobe of same.
C. Right lobe of Chang.
D. Left lobe of same.
E. Hepatic tract.
F. Round ligament of Eng.
G. Round ligament of Chang.
H. Accessory suspensory ligament of Eng, with termination
of the right mammary artery.
I. Fundus of gall-bladder of Chang.
 J. Fundus of gall-bladder of Eng.

Fig. 17. Kidneys of Eng. Page 35.

A. Left kidney.
B. Right kidney.
C. Left renal vein.
D. Left supra-renal vein.
E. Left spermatic vein.
F. Descending vena cava not distended with clot.
G. Right renal vein.
H. Aorta distended with plaster.
I. Primitive iliac arteries.

Fig. 18. Kidneys of Chang. Page 37.

A. Left kidney.
B. Right kidney.
C. Left renal vein.
D. Right renal vein.
E. Left spermatic vein.
F. Aorta filled with plaster.
G. Primitive iliac veins.
H. Descending cava distended with clot.
I. Left supra-renal vein.

Fig. 19. Foreshortened view of the trunks, showing in the acquired

position the band from above, and the contours of its
lateral surfaces. Page 42.
 Footnotes

1. For this statement see an article in Lippincott’s Magazine,

March, 1874.
2. The folds of peritoneum containing remains of the hypogastric
arteries will be called throughout by the name of the umbilical
ligaments.
3. The presence of a great amount of adipose tissue throughout, in
Eng, was very noticeable as contrasted with the emaciated
appearance of the tissues in Chang.
4. Before the septum was known to exist, the band was opened
from behind in the presence of the Fellows of the College (Feb. 18th,
1874). The exact relations of the septum could not at that time be
determined. Figs. 8, 9, and 10 are taken from studies of the parts
made the day after the meeting.
5. I desire to return thanks to Dr. T. H. Andrews and Dr. J. W.
White, Jr., for important assistance rendered in preparing the notes
of the autopsy.
 Transcriber’s notes:
The errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have
been corrected, and are noted here.
Where hyphenation occurs on a line break, the decision
to retain or remove is based on occurrences elsewhere
in the text.
Errors in punctuation and quotes have been silently
restored.
Illustrations have been moved to the corresponding
paragraph.
In the list of figures herefore, the "Fig. x" link refers to
the larger version.
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The footnotes were moved to the end of the e-text.
The numbers below reference the page and line in the
original book.

reference correction original text

86.36 abruptly but was somewhat
abruptedly pointed
26.4 blood A careful dissection of
vessel the bloodvessel
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT OF
AN AUTOPSY ON THE BODIES OF CHANG AND ENG BUNKER,
COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE SIAMESE TWINS ***

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