In This Lesson

1. Define global governance

2. Identify the institutions that govern international
relations
3. Identify the roles and functions of the United
Nations
4. Determine the challenges of global governance in
the 21st century
•Global governance refers to the
various intersecting processes that
create this order.
•International rules that govern
interactions between states as
opposed to private companies.
•is the management of global
process in the absence of any form
of global government.
•is a descriptive term, recognizing
the issue and referring to concrete
cooperative problem solving.
•Though descriptive term taking the
shape of laws or formally constituted
institutions to manage collective affairs
of variety of factors including States,
intergovernmental organizations, NGOs,
and other civil actors.
•Thus, can be considered to be complex of
formal and informal institutions,
mechanisms, relationships, and processes
between and among states, markets,
citizens and organizations both IGO and
INGOs through which collective interests on
the global plane are articulated, rights and
obligations are established, and differences
are mediated.
•Global governance is based on the current
operational structure of the world that we live
in (Thakur &Weiss, 2015).
•It has a significant effect on all nations in the
world.
•The operation of governing the international
sovereign body is a collective effort of all
nations/states for political, sociological,
economic, and cultural stability because there
is no government for the world.
•Activities beyond domestic borders are
taking place, for securing the safety and
needs of all people in the world.
•Thus, the idea behind global governance is
that it will aid in helping to solve any
challenges within the international system.
The typical example of global governance is
the World Health Organization (WHO).
•Trade, climate change and the role of
values in global governance.
•The emerging field of global governance has
produced a number of breakthroughs,
aimed at managing global problems
through the voluntary and ad hoc
cooperation of a diverse range of
international actors.
• Humanity increasingly faces both problems and
opportunities that are global in scale.
• Transnational problems such as violence and
pandemics routinely reach across borders,
affecting us all.
• The most important challenge for humanity to
overcome is that of existential risks.
•Global Governance aims to prepare
professionals to face global challenges that
require specific legal and economic
competencies, as well as a wide range of
technical knowledge and skills to manage
cultural mediations.
•This is why global governance is multi-
faceted.
• There is no one organization that various States
are accountable to.
• No organization can militarily compel a state to
obey predetermined global rules.
• There are many sources of global governance:
states sign treaties and form organizations, and
in the process legislating public international
law.
• International Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs), though not
having formal state power, but can
lobby individual states to behave in
a certain way (for example, an
International Animal Protection NGO
can pressure governments to pass
animal cruelty laws).
• Powerful TNCs can have tremendous effects
on labor laws, environmental legislations,
trade policy, etc.
• The ideas of global democracy or the clamor for
good governance can influence the ways
international actors behave.
• UN, IMF and WB usually call them international
organizations (IOs).
• International NGOs are sometimes
considered as IOs
• What is IOs – refers to
international intergovernmental
organizations or groups that are
primarily made up of member
States.
• Many scholars believed that IOs are
the venues where the
contradicting, but sometimes
intersecting, agendas of countries
were discussed.
According to Michael N. Barnett and Martha
Finnemore the following are the powers of IOs:

1. Power of classification
2. Power to fix meanings
3. Power to diffuse norms
• they can invent and apply
categories, thus creating powerful
global standards (i.e.UNHCR-United
Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees)
•related to security or
development; legitimate
sources of information-
the meanings they
create have effects on
various policies.
•Naming or labeling the
social context establishes
the parameters, the very
boundaries, of
acceptable action (i.e.,
security and
development)
• Norms are accepted code of conduct
that may not be strict law, but
produce regularity in behavior (i.e.
WB economists come to be regarded
as experts in development and thus,
carry authority like creating norms
regarding conceptualization of
development projects.)
• Having established rules and norms, IOs
are eager to spread the benefits of their
expertise and often act as conveyor belts
for the transmission norms and models of
"good" political behavior.
• Officials in IOs often insist that part of their
mission is to spread, inculcate, and enforce
global values and norms. They are the
"missionaries“ of our time.
• Because of the immense powers of IOs,
they can be sources of great good and great
harm.
• They can promote relevant norms like
environmental protection and human
rights.

• Nobel Prize winning economist Joseph

Stiglitz famously criticized the IMF for using
a “one-size-fits-all” approach when its
economists made recommendations to
developing countries.
 SYSTEM NUMBER OF NATIONS WITH DATES
NATIONS WITH POWER
POWER
Unipolar One United States Post-1989
Bipolar Two United States and the 1945–1989
Soviet Union
Multi-Polar Several United States, United Pre–World War I
Kingdom, France,
Russia, Germany,
Italy,
Japan
United States, Post-1989
European Union,
China, India
Political scientists usually use the terms international
politics and global politics synonymously, but
technically the terms have different meanings.
1. International Politics, refers to relationships
between states.
2. Global Politics, in contrast, refers to relationships
among states and other interest groups, such as
global institutions, corporations, and political
activists.
3. Comparative Politics seeks to understand how
states work by comparing them to one another.
• compare the internal workings of a state, its political
institutions, its political culture, and the political
behavior of its citizens. (sparknotes.com
“International System,” 2018)

4. international relations studies how states relate

to one another.
• An international organization is an organization
created either by a treaty or other instrument
governed by international law and possessing its
own international legal personality.

1. International Governmental Organizations (IGOs);

2. International Nongovernmental Organizations
(INGOs or, more commonly, NGOs).
•IGOs are formed when governments make
an agreement or bond together. Only
governments or nation-states belong to
IGOs.
• INGOs are made up of individuals and are not
affiliated with governments.
IGOs and INGOs exist for a variety of reasons, such
as controlling the proliferation of conventional and
nuclear weapons, supervising trade, maintaining
military alliances, ending world hunger, and
fostering the spread of democracy and peace, etc.
 NAME TYPE DATE FOUNDED MEMBERS AS OF 2006
1.8 million members in 150
Amnesty International INGO 1961
countries
25 states, including the United
European Union (EU) IGO 1992
Kingdom, Sweden, and Estonia
International Olympic 115 individuals, who represent the
INGO 1894
Committee (IOC) IOC in their home countries
Organization of
11 states, including Venezuela,
Petroleum Exporting IGO 1960
Qatar, and Indonesia
Countries (OPEC)

Runs programs in more than 100

Salvation Army INGO 1878 countries; has 3.5 million
volunteers

191 states, including Burkina

Faso, Denmark, the Philippines,
United Nations (UN) IGO 1946
and
Jamaica
Offers loans to more than 100
World Bank IGO 1945 states, including Cameroon and
Senegal
• INGO: International Nongovernmental Organization
• BINGO: Business-Oriented Nongovernmental Organization
• RINGO: Religious-oriented Nongovernmental Organization
• ENGO: Environmental Nongovernmental Organization
• GONGO: Government-Operated Nongovernmental
Organization
• QUANGO: Quasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental
Organization
1) INGO: International Nongovernmental
Organization
• An international NGO such as Oxfam.
2) BINGO: Business-Oriented Nongovernmental
Organization
• A “big international” NGO, such as the Red
Cross. These are also called “Business-friendly”
NGOs.
3. RINGO: Religious-Oriented Nongovernmental Organization
• A religious international NGO such as Catholic Relief
Services
4. ENGO: Environmental Nongovernmental Organization
• An environmental NGO like Greenpeace.
5. GONGO: Government-Operated Nongovernmental
Organization
• A government-organized organization like the International
Union for Conservation of Nature.
6. QUANGO: Quasi-Autonomous Non-
Governmental Organization
•A QANGO performs functions often
undertaken by governments. For example,
the International Standards Organization
(ISO) and the Red Cross can be considered
quasi-autonomous non-governmental
organizations.
• The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental
organization was established on 24 October 1945 to
promote international co-operation.
• A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations,
the organization was created following the Second
World War to prevent another such conflict.
• At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there
are now 193.
• The UN Headquarters is situated in
Manhattan, New York City.
• The organization is financed by assessed
and voluntary contributions from its
member states.
• Works in affiliation with six official
Languages: Arabic, Chinese, English,
French, Russian & Spanish.
• The United Nations Charter is the founding document of
United nations;
• It is the treaty that forms and establishes the

• It was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the

conclusion of the United Nations Conference on
International Organization, and came into force on 24
October 1945.
• The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an
integral part of the Charter.
• Take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal
of threats to the peace;
• To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for
the principle of equal rights and self-determination of people .
• To achieve international co-operation in solving international
problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian
character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human
rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as
to race, sex, language, or religion
• Maintaining international peace and security
• Promoting human rights
• Fostering social and economic development
• Developing friendly international relations among
world nations
• Providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural
disaster, and armed conflict.
• Solving international problems of any nature
(economic, cultural, social)
• All Member States have sovereign equality.
• All Member States must obey the Charter.
• Countries must try to settle their differences by
peaceful means and avoid using force or threatening
to use force.
• The UN may not interfere in the domestic affairs of
any country. Countries should try to assist the United
Nations.
1. General Assembly
2. Security Council
3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
4. International Court of Justice
5. Secretariat
 1. General Assembly
• is the main deliberative, policymaking and
representative organ of the UN. All 193
Member States of the UN are represented in
the General Assembly, making it the only UN
H.E. Dennis Francis body with universal representation.
President, GA

• Each year, in September, the full UN membership

meets in the General Assembly Hall in New York for
the annual General Assembly session, and general
debate, which many heads of state attend and address.
• Decisions on important questions, such as those on
peace and security, admission of new members and
budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority of
the General Assembly.
• Decisions on other questions are by simple
majority.
• The General Assembly, each year, elects a GA
President to serve a one-year term of office. (H.E.
Dennis Francis)
2. The Security Council has primary responsibility, under
the UN Charter, for the maintenance of international
peace and security.
• It has 15 Members (5 permanent [China, France, Russian
Federation, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland and United States of America] and 10 non-
permanent members [elected by the General Assembly
for a term of two years. Five from African and Asian
States, One from Eastern European States, Two from
Latin American States, Two from Western European and
other States] ). Each Member has one vote.
• Under the Charter, all Member States are obligated to comply with
Council decisions.
• The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a
threat to the peace or act of aggression.
• It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means
and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement.
• In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions
or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore
international peace and security.
• The Security Council has a Presidency, which rotates, and changes,
every month.
MEMBERS OF UN SECURITY COUNCIL (permanent and non-permanent)
The Council is composed of 15 Members:

Five permanent members: China, France, Russian Federation, the

United Kingdom, and the United States, and ten non-permanent
members elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly (with
end of term year):
1. Algeria (2025) 6. Mozambique (2024)
2. Ecuador (2024) 7. Republic of Korea (2025)
3. Guyana (2025) 8. Sierra Leone (2025)
4. Japan (2024) 9. Slovenia (2025)
5. Malta (2024) 10.Switzerland (2024)
Veto Power
The power to say no or to stop an official action is
called the Veto power. The Security Council of the
United Nation provides the veto power to all the five
permanent members. These members are the United
States of America, France, Britain, China and Russia.
3. The Economic and Social Council is the principal body for
coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and
recommendations on economic, social and environmental
issues, as well as implementation of internationally agreed
development goals.
• It serves as the central mechanism for activities of the UN
system and its specialized agencies in the economic, social and
environmental fields, supervising subsidiary and expert
bodies.
• It has 54 Members, elected by the General Assembly for
overlapping three-year terms. It is the United Nations’ central
platform for reflection, debate, and innovative thinking
on sustainable development.
4. The International Court of Justice is the principal
judicial organ of the United Nations. Its seat is at the
Peace Palace in the Hague (Netherlands). It is the only
one of the six principal organs of the United Nations not
located in New York (United States of America). The
Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with
international law, legal disputes submitted to it by
States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions
referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and
specialized agencies.
 The Secretariat comprises the Secretary-
General and tens of thousands of international
UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of
the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the
Organization's other principal organs.
• The Secretary-General is chief administrative
officer of the Organization, appointed by the
General Assembly on the recommendation of the
Security Council for a five-year, renewable term.
Antonio Guterres
• UN staff members are recruited internationally and
locally, and work in duty stations and on
peacekeeping missions all around the world. But
serving the cause of peace in a violent world is a
dangerous occupation.
• Since the founding of the United Nations, hundreds
of brave men and women have given their lives in
its service.
•The Trusteeship Council, one of the main
organs of the UN, was established to supervise
the administration of trust territories as they
transitioned from colonies to sovereign nations.
The Council suspended its activities in 1994,
when Palau, the last of the original 11 trust
territories, gained its independence.
• Due to the powers vested in its Charter and its
unique international character, the United Nations
can take action on the issues confronting humanity
in the 21st century, such as peace and security,
climate change, sustainable development, human
rights, disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian and
health emergencies, gender equality, governance,
food production, and more.
• The UN also provides a forum for its members to express
their views in the General Assembly, the Security Council,
the Economic and Social Council, and other bodies and
committees.
• By enabling dialogue between its members, and by
hosting negotiations, the Organization has become a
mechanism for governments to find areas of agreement
and solve problems together.
• The UN's Chief Administrative Officer is the Secretary-
General. (Antonio Guterres)
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO)
• International Labor Organization (ILO)
• World Bank Group (WBG)
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• World Health Organization (WHO)
• United Nations Industrial Development Organization
(UNIDO)
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) – a specialized
agency of UN that lead international effort to defeat
hunger; reduce rural poverty; make agriculture, forestry
and fisheries more productive and sustainable;
• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) –
planning and development of international air transport
ensuring safety and orderly growth of civil aviation
throughout the world.
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) – contribute for peace and
security by promoting international collaboration through
educational, scientific, and cultural reforms to increase
universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human
rights along with fundamental freedom.
• International Labor Organization (ILO) – agency dealing
with labor problems, particularly international labor
standards, social protection, and work opportunities for
all.
• World Bank Group (WBG) –international financial institutions
that offers loan to middle-income countries willing to improve
their economy (e.g. International Development Assistance
(IDA); International Finance Corporation (IFC); Multilateral
Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA); International Centre for
Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
• International Monetary Fund (IMF) – ensure stability of
international monetary system: keeping track of the global
economies and member countries; lending countries with
Balance of Payments difficulties;
• World Health Organization (WHO) – building better,
healthier future for people all over the world; concern
on public health; combat dangerous diseases like
AIDS/HIV; researches on medicines and vaccines;
responsible for world health report and survey
• United Nations Industrial Development Organization
(UNIDO)- the specialized agency that promotes
industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive
globalization, and environmental sustainability.
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
(UNCITRAL)
• The core legal body of the United Nations system in the
field of international trade law.
• Established by the United Nations General Assembly by
its Resolution 2205 (XXI) of 17 December 1966.
• UNCITRAL's business is the modernization and
harmonization of rules on international business.
• membership comprised 60 states.
• Establishing and maintaining a close collaboration
with the UN Conference on Trade and Development.
• Promoting ways and means of ensuring a uniform
interpretation and application of international
conventions and uniform laws in the field of the law
of international trade.
• Technical assistance in Law Reform Projects.
• Conventions, model laws and rules which are acceptable
worldwide.
• Legal and legislative guides and recommendations of
great practical value.
• Updated information on case law and enactments of
uniform commercial law.
• Regional and national seminars on uniform commercial
law.
• Governed by its 195 member States.
• United Nations established in 1964 is the body
responsible for dealing with development issues,
particularly international trade.
• Forum where representatives of all countries can
freely engage in dialogue and discuss ways to
establish a better balance in the global economy.
• Its work can be summed up in three words: think,
debate, and deliver.
• It produces often-innovative analyses that form the basis
for recommendations to economic policymakers.
• The aim is to help policy makers take informed decisions
and promote the macroeconomic policies best suited to
ending global economic inequalities and to generating
people-centered sustainable development.
• The UNDAF (United Nations Development Assistance
Framework has six broad outcomes:
1. Inclusive Growth
2. Food and Nutrition Security
3. Gender Equality
4. Administrative Efficiency
5. Employment and Social Protection
6. Sustainable Energy Development
7. Universal Health Coverage
•is economic growth that is distributed fairly
across society and creates opportunities for all.
•is the economic growth that raises the
standards of living;
•it envisages economic growth that
simultaneously contributes to improving
everyone's quality of life equally.
• The United Nations Country Team is committed to
working with partners to help achieve the
Government of India's inclusive, sustainable and
equitable development priorities by introducing
innovative ways of tackling problems,
Aims for a future where every individual has
adequate nutrition involving comprehensive
efforts to ensure that every man, women and
child enjoy their Right to Adequate Food;
women are empowered; priority is given to
family farming; and food systems everywhere
are sustainable and resilient.
Empowering women unleashes the
largest, untapped potential for
sustainable development.
Ensuring efficient, responsive,
accountable and transparent
governance to improve service
delivery.
Creating jobs opportunities decent
work and social protection lay the
foundation for secure livelihoods.
Enabling universal access to modern
energy, cleaner and more efficient
energy sources, maximizes
development benefits.
Investing in universal health coverage
protects people from being pushed
into poverty because of the burden of
healthcare.
• International Peacekeeping
UN is not a world government and its functions
primarily because of the voluntary cooperation of
states.
Ex. UN Council on Human Rights can send special
rapporteurs to countries where alleged human rights
violations are occurring but this information-
gathering mechanism usually fails to achieve its
goals; P5’s veto power
•Protecting Human Rights
•International Disputes
•Removing Poverty
•Eradicating anti-social elements in
different parts of the world
 Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs)
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. Achieve universal primary education.
3. Promote gender equality and empower women.
4. Reduce child mortality.
5. Improve maternal health.
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
7. Ensure environmental sustainability.
8. Global partnership for development.
 Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs)
1. GOAL 1: No Poverty
2. GOAL 2: Zero Hunger
3. GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being
4. GOAL 4: Quality Education
5. GOAL 5: Gender Equality
6. GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
7. GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
8. GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
 Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs)....cont..
9. GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
10. GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality
11. GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
13. GOAL 13: Climate Action
14. GOAL 14: Life Below Water
15. GOAL 15: Life on Land
16. GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
17. GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal