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Using Detection Dogs to Monitor Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Protect Aquatic Resources 1st ed. Edition Ngaio L. Richards full chapter instant download
Using Detection Dogs to Monitor Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Protect Aquatic Resources 1st ed. Edition Ngaio L. Richards full chapter instant download
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Edited by Ngaio L. Richards
USING DETECTION
DOGS to MONITOR
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
HEALTH and PROTECT
AQUATIC RESOURCES
Using Detection Dogs to Monitor Aquatic
Ecosystem Health and Protect Aquatic Resources
Ngaio L. Richards
Editor
Using Detection
Dogs to Monitor
Aquatic Ecosystem
Health and Protect
Aquatic Resources
Editor
Ngaio L. Richards
Bozeman, MT, USA
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer International
Publishing AG part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
This book is dedicated to Wibaux, who departed from this world in 2013,
aged nine. She was a veteran search dog who bridged the gap between the
aquatic and terrestrial worlds and who also made a significant contribution
to conservation detection.
Friendly and personable, she was true to her nose, versatile, and willing to
do anything asked of her. A handler could not have asked for a better
canine partner.
Epigraph
Both dogs and children possess an innate ability to cut to the heart of a
matter in a straightforward way. I don’t think for a moment that anyone
would question the importance of the information presented in this book
or puzzle over the reasons one would engage in this work. But the subject
is infused with complexity, nuance, and challenges, and so I sought an
anchor that would keep us from drifting too far away from our core
motivations.
On a cold wintry evening in early December, 2017, I drove over to
Arlee Elementary School with my primary canine partner Orbee. My
colleague Amanda Berens and her two little children joined us there. I
had learned from a friend who occasionally teaches poetry at the school
that the students had previously been asked to express their thoughts
about water in writing, and so my idea was to assemble a Forword for the
book based on conversations with elementary school children about what
clean water means to them, their families, and their community. Grade 5
teacher Ronda Howlett welcomed us into her classroom to brainstorm
ideas on how to achieve this.
While we talked, Amanda’s children played with multi-colored blocks,
gazed at the fish tank, and occasionally dropped little cookies on the
floor. Orbee nosed us from under the table. Mrs. Howlett showed us the
poems the students had written about water, printed out individually
onto large pieces of blue cardboard cut in the shape of a droplet. Their
vii
viii Epigraph
words were captivating. She also pointed out clay models of realistic look-
ing carnivore scat, or ‘droppings’ that were drying on paper plates behind
the radiator. The children had made these models after visiting MPG
Ranch in Florence, Montana, where they learned about different ways of
tracking and monitoring wild animals. I told her that Orbee was trained
to find many types of scat, including that of otter, mink, and wolverine.
He uttered a perfectly-timed deep sigh after I said this.
Amanda is an extremely capable young woman, with experience in
environmental journalism and environmental monitoring. She proposed
setting a water-themed art project for the children, which could then
form the basis of a conversation. We duly pulled together a list of themes
they might touch on. The next week, on an even colder afternoon,
Amanda visited three Grade 5 classes at the school. The children pro-
duced beautiful, vivid images and appeared engaged. But getting them to
talk more about water themes, and what water meant to them proved to
be tricky. They listened attentively when Amanda spoke about her experi-
ences but were shy to share their own with her one on one.
We conferred about the art sessions and how they had gone. I pon-
dered how I personally feel about this issue and found myself incapable
of articulating anything sensible, despite feeling very strongly about it.
Then I laughed at myself for trying to elicit spontaneous responses
through contrived means and for making things far more complicated
than they needed to be. The children had already more than clearly
expressed their thoughts and feelings in the poems. So, I obtained per-
mission to share highlights from several of these, which the reader will
find interspersed between chapters.
Editor’s Preface
This book was developed to generate awareness of the emerging and still
expanding ways that dogs are being used to protect aquatic ecosystems
and organisms around the world. My own underlying objective was to
convey that there are a range of perspectives and approaches to working
with dogs, partnering them with handlers, and incorporating them into
current conservation and monitoring efforts—not only from an aquatic
context but also in general. I am very lucky to work for an established
conservation detection dog group. And in that capacity, I was and con-
tinue to be apprenticed as a dog handler—a humbling lifelong learning
experience—and mentored based on certain specific approaches and
techniques favored by this group. But in my role as editor it would be
presumptuous to promote any particular application of dogs or related
training methods and approaches. Instead, my intention when connect-
ing with people and gathering information for this book was to learn as
much as possible about a subject I feel immensely passionate about, and
help bring to light these topics and initiatives, framed with enough back-
ground information for readers to reach their own conclusions, for their
own purposes.
There is a wealth of knowledge out there, but some of it is locked away
inside people’s brains or gathering dust behind stacks of papers and a
desiccated potted plant on someone’s desk. Not everyone is fond of
ix
x Editor’s Preface
Thanks to all who contributed to this book and collaborated with me.
To all those working diligently in the background, we see and acknowl-
edge your role in moving this field forward.
xiii
xiv Commonly Used Terms
Reward
When the dog correctly finds the target, they are rewarded with a toy
(ball, tug) and a play session with their handler.
During training, the dog learns to associate the target scent with the
appearance of the toy and so, once fielded, is motivated to seek out the
target in order to receive the toy—that is, to be rewarded.
Alert
The behavior a dog is trained to perform when they have located their
target at its perceived maximum source of scent.
Also referred to as an ‘indication’, the behavior can be passive (e.g., a
sit or a ‘down’), or active (e.g., barking, pawing, or digging).
As discussed in various chapters, there are many reasons why a passive
or active alert might be favored in relation to the target sought, or to
other factors (e.g., visibility within the terrain surveyed).
Reinforcement
A behavior performed by the handler (e.g., verbal praise, delivery of a
reward) which indicates to the dog that she/he has done the right thing.
A handler may ‘reinforce’ a dog intentionally—for example, on the
target, or inadvertently—that is, to a scent or odor not sought.
Residual odor
Remnant odor from a target that is no longer present.
Maintenance training
Continued training on a target to sustain the dog’s familiarity and effec-
tiveness in locating it.
Acknowledgements
The idea for this book originated when Justin Taberham, Publications
and Environment Consultant, put out a call for a series on current, inno-
vative applications in use to monitor and protect water quality. Having
only several thousand other tasks to accomplish, I immediately got in
touch with him to see whether some of the detection dog applications I
was aware of at the time might be a good fit for what he had in mind. I
investigated further and the subject matter expanded until it extended
beyond the scope of the series. Nonetheless, through a series of conversa-
tions, Justin kindly helped me find this book a good home with Palgrave,
UK. In an incredible stroke of luck, my assigned editor was Rachael
Ballard. I’d already had the pleasure of working with Rachael on my last
book, so I knew we were in very good hands. I was also fortunate to have
the very efficient and capable Joanna O’Neill on board.
I am indebted to all my contributors who graciously shared their
expertise and endured an unfathomable number of questions and edits—
all with good humor and commendable patience. That wasn’t a given
considering some of the questions I asked.
Thanks also to the good people at the Town Hall in the village of
Stukely-Sud, Québec, for allowing me emergency 11th hour access to
their internet and facilities in the midst of a bitter cold winter snap.
Immense thanks to my co-workers and comrades in arms at Working
Dogs for Conservation: Aimee Hurt, Alice Whitelaw, Deb Woollett,
xv
xvi Acknowledgements
xix
xx Contents
I ndex 321
Notes on Contributors
xxi
xxii Notes on Contributors
illegal wildlife trade in India. Dilpreet started her journey with People for the
Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) India as Campaigns Coordinator in 2002
and worked with them till 2004, then moved on to Sanctuary Asia Magazine in
2005. She joined TRAFFIC India in 2007 and is currently Senior Manager in
Communications.
Dilpreet has dedicated her career to help protect and conserve the future of
animals in India. Her passion and love for animals is the motivation that drives
her to work every day and she hopes that her contribution will help bring posi-
tive changes in their future.
TRAFFIC is a wildlife trade monitoring network and strategic alliance of the
WWF and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). In
India, TRAFFIC operates as program division of WWF-India.
Amar Nath Choudhary is a graduate in computer science, and in 2016 com-
pleted a postgraduate Diploma in applied statistics (both qualifications obtained
from Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) in New Delhi). A
Senior Project Officer at TRAFFIC India, Amar has seven years of experience in
managing, maintaining, and analyzing databases. More specifically in this role,
he oversees and analyzes a wildlife trade database that provides information on
the latest trends in wildlife crime—to help management make informed deci-
sions. Besides this, he also handles various training programs, that is, capacity-
building trainings of various enforcement officials and sniffer dog squads for
wildlife crime prevention and protection.
Todd Engelmeyer is an avid outdoorsman with over 20 years of experience as
a wildlife biologist, serving in this capacity and as a technician/naturalist for
the US Army and local municipalities in the States of Oregon and Virginia
since 1993. In 2001, he became District Wildlife Biologist for the VDGIF. Todd
holds a BSc in biology (1994) and an MSc in environmental science (2007),
both from Christopher Newport University, Virginia. He attended Lewis and
Clark Law School, in Portland Oregon (1996). He has also served as
Commissioned Officer (1996) for Hampton Roads Regional Academy of
Criminal Justice, in Newport News, Virginia. Todd has been involved in nutria
monitoring for the purposes of eradication since 2015.
Braden Godwin received a BSc in conservation biology from Marlboro College
in Vermont, with an emphasis on conservation strategies in developing coun-
tries, which included field work researching lemurs in Madagascar. He obtained
his MSc from the University of Wyoming using non-invasive genetics to esti-
mate the population densities and distributions of river otters in the Green River
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II
III
Ajattelin…
IV
»Ei, ei.» Hän naurahti ja punastui uudelleen. Hän oli aika vireä ja
koko lailla huvittava. »Ajattelette syyksi vain sen, että miehet
tahtovat aina puhua itsestään, että heillä pitää olla kuulijoita ja
etteivät naiset suostu siihen; siinä muka kaikki. Vikana ei ole
yksistään se. Tytöt arvelevat voivansa olla niin karkeita kuin
haluavat. Siten on asia. Kerron esimerkin. Joku aika sitten olimme
äitini ja minä järjestäneet päivällis- ja tanssikutsut kuudelle hengelle.
Pöytä oli tilattu. Kutsuja oli äitini. Hän oli itse pyytänyt tyttöä; niin,
hän tiesi minun erikoisesti toivovan sinne erästä tyttöä. Tyttö lupasi
tulla Hän liikkuu paljon, hänen ympärillään on aina joukottain miehiä
—»
— Ja minusta olisi saattanut varsin hyvin käydä niin, että hän olisi
ilmoittanut päivää tai paria aikaisemmin, jos hänelle olisi sattunut
tarjoutumaan joku hauskempi tilaisuus. Hän ei ilmoittanut. Mutta
samana päivänä, juuri kun olimme lähdössä — auto oli oven
edustalla ja äitini veti vaippaa yllensä — kilisi puhelinkello. Miesääni
kysyi: 'Onko rouva se ja se tavattavissa?' 'Kyllä.' 'Minun on
ilmoitettava, ettei neiti'— kysymyksessäoleva tyttö — 'voi tulla
seuraanne päivälliselle tänä iltana. Hyvästi!' — Niin jäi seinämme
yhden tytön puutteeseen.»
(»Margaret», ajattelin)
V
Tällä tavein arvosteltu tyttö istui pöydän toisella puolella
punatukkaisen Ericin ja loordi Oddleyn välissä.
»Eipä silti, että Margaret näkisi sitä, jos sitä olisikin! Ha, ha! Kuinka
hän voisikaan, kun hän ei nouse makuulta, ennenkuin aurinko on
mennyt mailleen?»
»Ole vaiti, Eric, aasi!» ärähti tyttö jyrkästi. »Koska eiliseen saakka
olin vuoteessa ja —»
»Sinäkö vuoteessa?»
VI
IV luku
Tanssit »Berkleyssä»
II
Vielä toinen hyinen tuulahdus: tyttöjä oli ainoastaan kaksi, kun taas
nuoria miehiä oli kokonainen joukkue.
»Mikä ajatus?»