VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY
BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA-590 014

Project Report on

POST HOLE DIGGER

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Award of
Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

Mechanical Engineering
By

SHUDHANSHU 1EW21ME437
KUMAR
SHRISHANTH 1EW21ME436
POOJARY
VIJAY N 1EW21ME439
PRAJWAL P 1EW21ME426

Under Supervision of

Mr. Chennakeshava R
Assistant. Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

East West Institute of Technology
2022-2023
 EAST WEST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated to VTU and approved by AICTE, New Delhi
No. 63, Off Magadi Road, Vishwaneedam Post
Bangalore–560091

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify the PROJECT WORK (18MEP68) entitled “POST HOLE DIGGER”,
carried out by SHUDHANSHU KUMAR, USN 1EW21ME437, SHRISHANTH
POOJARY, USN 1EW21ME436, VIJAY N, USN 1EW21ME439, PRAJWAL P , USN
1EW21ME426, Bonafede students of East West Institute of Technology in partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2022-23. Carried out under the guidance
of Mr. CHENNAKESHAVA R during MAY 2023 . It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report
deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the said Degree.

Mr. Chennakeshava Dr. Maruti B H Dr. Chennakeshavulu

R
Guide Head of the Department Principle

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1.

2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank our beloved, Principal of East West Institute of Technology ,
Mr. CHENNAKESHAVULU, for their kind patronage.

We express our sincere gratitude to the HOD, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Dr. MARUTI B H for giving this opportunity to take up this Project Work.

We heartly convey our deepest thanks to my internal guide Mr. Chennakeshava R, Assistant
professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, EWIT, for his guidance provided during
the entire duration of this Project Work.

We would like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staffs of EWIT for their support in
completion of this Project Work.

Our acknowledgment would be incomplete if we do not thank our parents for their
encouragement and support throughout our educational life. Finally, we extend our gratitude
to all my friends and to all those who have helped me in the completion of the Project Work.

SHUDHANSHU KUMAR - 1EW21ME437

SHRISHANTH POOJARY - 1EW21ME436

VIJAY N – 1EW21ME439

PRAJWAL P – 1EW21ME426
 DECLARATION

We, hereby declare that the project work entitled “POST HOLE DIGGER” is a record of
original project work undertaken by us in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during the academic year 2022-23. We have completed this project work
under the supervision of Mr. Chennakeshava R, Department of Mechanical Engineering, East
West Institute of Technology, Bangalore-91

We also declare that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, the work reported herein does
not form part of any other thesis or dissertation based on which a degree or award was conferred
on an earlier occasion by any student.

NAME UNIVERSITY SEAT SIGNATURE

NUMBER
SHUDHANSHU KUMAR 1EW21ME437
SHRISHANTH POOJARY 1EW21ME436
VIJAY N 1EW21ME439
PRAJWAL P 1EW21ME426

Place: EWIT, Bangalore

Date:
 ABSTRACT

Nowadays, our world is facing lots of issues regarding fuel crisis and environmental pollution.
Conventional fuels will soon be depleted due to rapid extraction on a regular basis. In such a
scenario, compressed air as an alternative fuel finds lots of relevance on a cumulative basis.
The main objective of this project is to improve the in dependency of a system from the nature.
The pneumatic system has been in the field of research since some time now. Compressed air
is stored in a storage tank at high pressure and is utilized for power generation. This power is
indeed used to run a bicycle. The linear motion of piston is converted to rotary motion with the
help of a crank and gear arrangement. Thus, this bicycle becomes eco-friendly and demands
less exertion compared to conventional pedaling. It also becomes an economical mode of
transport. Factors likeness weight, easy maintenance and faster refueling become the other
advantages.
Keywords: Environmentally Friendly, Bicycle, Power Generation system, Crank shaft.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO
NO
Acknowledgement
Abstract
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-2
CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH AND OBSERVATIONS 3-15
2.1 Design problem & insights/opportunities 3-4
2.2 Usability Study
4-11
2.3 Usability Study Conclusions
11-12
2.4 Expert Analysis
12-15
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN CONCEPTS 16-23
3.1 Concepts to be Implemented in All Designs 16-22
3.2 DESIGN 22-23
CHAPTER 4 CURRENT MAJOR MODELS AND DESIGNS 24-27
4.1 Standard Post Hole Digger 24
4.2 Complex Post Hole Digger 25
4.3 Split Handle Post Hole Digger 25
4.4 Erie Hole Digger (Boston Digger) 26
4.5 Fiskars All-Metal Post Hole Digger 27
CHAPTER 5 PUGH CHART 29-28
CHAPTER 6 OVER VIEW OF COMPONENTS 30-31
CHAPTER 7 APPLICATIONS 32-33
CHAPTER 8 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 34-36
CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION 37
 POST HOLE DIGGER

CHAPER-1
INTRODUCTION

In order to further understand the overall design situation at hand, the team conducted a detailed
research process involving usability studies, expert analysis, and market research. The usability studies
conducted in the last report were expanded to involve a greater range of users to more thoroughly
explore any areas for improvement. The team carefully chose the subjects - a male and a female - to
test the simple and complex post hole diggers in a controlled environment on both hard and soft soil.
It was found via the usability studies that both subjects preferred the complex design, which was
contrary to our initial understanding that the simple post hole digger was more effective in digging
holes. Despite the lack of mehcanical advantage, the subjects liked the complex design due to its ability
to penetrate the ground and remove soil. In addition, subjects also mentioned key areas for
improvement such as the hassle of bending over while digging and the possibility of customizing the
post hole digger to suit various bodily demands. These findings were key in our development of
conceptual designs. Once the usability studies have been collected and the findings documented, the
team traveled to Home Depot, and specifically consulted with two experts who were highly
experienced with the business of post hole digging. A key recommendation from the experts
highlighted the issue of weight - while usually considered to be detrimental to the user experience and
contributing to fatigue, weight was also critical in providing a strong penetrating force in the soil. It
was advised that while weight reduction is crucial, it must not be overdone which will detract from
the overall performance of the post hole digger. Similar to the recommendations of the subjects in our
usability studies, the experts also stressed the importance of customizing the post hole digger to suit
various bodily demands - more specifically, the prospect of implementing adjustable handles to suit
users of various heights. Alongside conducting usability studies, the team conducted market research
identifying current state-of-the art designs that are in the market, as well as reviewing past patents.
The main products found were the simple post hole digger and complex post hole digger designs that
were our main focus in Report 1, as well as 3 new designs. All of these designs were examined and
the pros and cons of each were identified.

After reviewing the findings from the usability studies, expert analysis, and market research, the team
met together to brainstorm potential ideas in creating conceptual designs. Ideas ranging from the
surreal such as "trained gophers" to the more practical "adjustable handles" were proposed. After 100

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 POST HOLE DIGGER

ideas were proposed, the team then moved on to find the best and most realistic ideas that could be applied to
our concepts.

Team members then collectively came up with 5 conceptual designs:

1. Telescoping handles design
2. Electric powered auger
3. Single handle ratcheting design
4. Ratcheting foot peg design
5. Single piece post hole digger

Upon developing the conceptual designs, the team understood that most of the research had been
developed for the consumer side, and research had been difficult in consulting with experts on the
manufacturing and assembly side. This understanding allowed the team to create the single piece post
hole digger concept that focused on the needs of the manufacturers, as all stakeholders must be
addressed when designing a quality product.

Our Pugh chart analysis of these designs versus the existing simple post hole digger showed that all 5
designs provided improvements, with the top two concepts being the ratcheting digging heads and
single piece post hole diggers. These two designs address different stakeholder needs, where the single
piece design improves the durability and manufacturability while the ratcheting digging heads
emphasize usability and digging effectiveness. We request that the client review these two proposed
recommendations and discuss with the design team on further pursuits with the design process.

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 POST HOLE DIGGER

CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH AND OBSERVATIONS

2.1 Design problem & insights/opportunities

The fundamental purpose of any post hole digger is to dig a deep, narrow. Most often, this is
done in order to set a deck post, erect a fence, or fix some sort of structural column in the
ground. While the speed and ease with which a gas-powered auger can dig post holes may be
appealing to some, the simplicity, cost efficiency and relative safety of a mechanical post hole
digger is more than sufficient for most users and applications. Post hole diggers have come in
many shapes, sizes, and have included numerous functionalities to improve the physical
experience of using such a tool, but the room for improvement is still exists. Some of the areas
of improvement, along with their corresponding design goals and a few potential remedies that
have been identified throughout the design process for a mechanical post hole digger include.

▪ Weight -- Optimize weight to reduce physical demand and still maintain

robustness
▪ Steel handles for robustness
▪ Aluminium handles to reduce weight and maintain strength
▪ One-handled design to reduce weight
▪ Use of fiberglass in handles to reduce weight

▪ Ground Penetration -- Increase the ability to penetrate the soil

▪ Serrated digging head jaws
▪ Use of foot for penetration rather than upper body strength
▪ Ratcheting digging head mechanism which locks jaws open for
penetration

▪ Dirt Removal -- Increase removal capacity and still maintain ease of use
▪ Ratcheting digging head closing mechanism which locks jaws shut
▪ Serrated digging head jaws increase removal capacity by increasing
penetration

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 POST HOLE DIGGER

▪ Increase volume of digging heads

▪ User Convenience -- Make the process as comfortable and easy as
possible

▪ Detachable carrying strap/Mechanism to keep handles closed when

transporting
▪ Spacer to prevent user from smashing hands together
▪ Hole depth measurement device
▪ Telescoping handles to adjust to user height
▪ One-handled design

▪ Manufacturability/Transportation -- Decrease manufacturing/transportation time

and cost, optimize space usage
▪ Product shipped to retailer in two halves, assembled in store when
requested by customer
▪ 3 part design - two halves, one pivot bolt/nut
▪ Telescoping handles to increase portability
▪ Quick disconnect between digging heads
These five areas of focus will help determine what the optimal post hole digger will look like,
how it will work, and how much it will cost to produce and maintain throughout its life. The
decisions made based off these design criteria will be crucial in deciding where the team's
innovation is headed. This information, along with the results from user studies, expert
analysis, and Pugh chart creation will ultimately define the new post hole digger in its entirety.

2.2 Usability Study

In order to get a better understanding of how the user interacts with our product, we conducted
two usability studies. To broaden our knowledge on the use of the tool, we chose to examine
two subjects -- one male and one female, both colleges aged. Each user study was conducted
in the exact same manner. The user dug a total of 4 holes; 2 with the simple post hole digger
and 2 with the complex post hole digger. Of the 2 holes dug with each tool, one was in hard,
grassy soil, the other in soft topsoil. The user first dug for 5 minutes in hard, grassy soil using
the simple post hole digger. He or she was then given a few minutes to rest, and moved on to

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 POST HOLE DIGGER

digging another hole for 5 minutes with the complex post hole digger. This hole was
strategically dug in an area nearby the previous one to maintain a common consistency of the
soil. After another brief rest, he or she moved to the soft topsoil. The user dug with the simple
tool until 5 minutes was up or a depth of 36” was reached, resting only after this milestone.
Lastly, the subject dug in the soft topsoil with the complex digger for 5 minutes or until the 36”
depth was reached. Again, the hole was dug near the first one made in the soft topsoil to ensure
common soil consistency. Throughout all of the experiments the group members noted the
user’s actions, comments, and depth of the hole throughout the process. After finishing the
physical testing, the group asked the user to comment on the experience, while also asking
specific questions to help prompt them for a particular type of response. A detailed rundown
of each study can be found in the following paragraphs.

Test 1: Simple post hole digger in hard, grassy soil

Fig.2.1.1;Deep hole after 5 min of digging

Observations made by group:

From the beginning of this test, it was immediately apparent that the soil was going to be quite
difficult to dig. After encountering several rocks and a few roots, the user was only able to dig
to a depth of 3" after the 5-minute time limit was reached. Throughout the entire experiment
the subject struggled with actually removing the dirt from the hole. As the dirt continued to fall
out of the shovel before removal, the user became visibly frustrated.

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 POST HOLE DIGGER

Fig.2.1.2;Dirt falling from digger

User comments:

Most of the comments made by the user during the test were fully expected, and helped
solidify many initial thoughts and concerns we had with the simple post hole digger. Some
of the issues she had with the tool included: banging her knuckles together, difficulty
aiming and hitting the hole, fatigue from the weight of the digger, and the fact that the dirt
failed to remain in the shovels during removal. She also mentioned that the misalignment
of the handles annoyed her, and suggested the use of gloves with the tool.

Test 2: Complex post hole digger in hard, grassy soil

Observations made by group:
This test immediately showed the lack of mechanical advantage as the user struggled to even
close the digging heads after penetrating the soil. The subject did do something fairly
unexpected and quite interesting to make up for her lack of strength.

Fig.2.1.3;User standing aside digger during use

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 POST HOLE DIGGER

Rather than pulling the handles apart with both arms from a centered location, she stood to the
side of the tool, pushing with one hand and pulling with the other. This phenomenon is depicted

in Figure 2.1.3. On top of this, she also experimented on when to pull the handles apart. Rather
than pulling the handles apart immediately and getting the tips of the digging heads stuck on
the hard soil at the bottom of the hole, she pulled the whole tool up a bit before closing the
digging heads. This allowed her to extract the loose soil in the hole without catching the shovel
on the bottom. Another interesting technique employed by the subject occurred when entering
the soil. When thrusting the tool downward into the ground, the she held the tool near the
middle of its handles rather than the top where its grips are located. Once in the hole, she then

moved her hands to the grips to pull the handles apart and extract the dirt. Figure 2.1.4 shows
the user utilizing this tactic. Perhaps her experimentation paid off since the digging rate seemed
higher for the complex post hole digger. During this test, the user reached 4" after just 3
minutes, ending up at 6" when time expired. She more or less doubled her digging rate with
this tool.

Fig.2.1.4;User holding middle of handles

User comments:
Again, most of the comments made by the user during the test were fully expected. Because
she is fairly short, she struggled with the long handles, as demonstrated by Figure 2.1.4. She
mentioned that the tool seemed heavier than the simple digger, and she became fatigued much
more quickly. Besides these two complaints, her comments were generally positive. She
appreciated
EWIT, ME,the knuckle
2022- 23 protecting mechanism, liked the sharper tips on the digging head, 7
 POST HOLE DIGGER

noting that it enabled her to pierce the ground more easily, and had less trouble aiming the tool
in the hole. One bit of humor that arose from one of her comments came when she refused to
kill a worm that appeared in the hole. She refused to continue until one of the members removed
it.
General user comments prior to tests 3 and 4:
Before proceeding to the 3rd and 4th tests, we chose to ask the subject for a few general

comments based off the performance of the two diggers in the hard, grassy soil. The user noted
that if the simple shovel was aligned more accurately and had sharper tips, she’d rather use it
because of its light weight. Her reasoning behind this was that she'd personally prefer to use a
lighter tool and sacrifice the higher number of reps vs. using a heavier tool requiring fewer
strokes. When asked if she had to dig a 6” hole in hard, grassy soil right now, she said she’d
choose the complex digger, mostly because her digging rate was twice that of the simple digger.

Test 3: Simple post hole digger in soft topsoil

Observations made by group:

Fig.2.1.5;Hole entry caved in

This particular test went much better than expected. Because the soil was quite loose at all
depths, the subject was able to dig to a depth of 36" in just 4 minutes, well exceeding her
performance in the hard, grassy soil. Despite this overall success, the test did show some
negative results. Once a depth of about 16" was reached, the user began having issues aiming.
After this point, she repeatedly hit the top edge of the hole, caving it in, stroke after stroke.
EWIT, ME, 2022- 23 8
 POST HOLE DIGGER

Figure 2.1.5 shows how the entry to the hole became damaged as the user repeatedly struck it.
Also, when the hole became roughly 24" deep, the handles of the digger began hitting the sides

of the hole. This phenomenon is depicted in Figure 2.1.6. Throughout the entire experiment the
subject struggled with actually removing the dirt from the hole. As the dirt continued to fall out
of the shovel before removal, the user became visibly frustrated.

Fig.2.1.6; Handles hitting edge of hole

User comments:

As evidenced by her repeated failure to hit the hole, the subject admitted that she had

trouble aiming as the hole became deeper. As a result of slowly caving the top of the hole
in, she became timid with her penetrating thrust. She felt that if she slowed her self down
a bit, she'd become more accurate. Once she did this, she did become much more accurate
with her strokes. Besides these negative aspects, she repeatedly commented on how much
simpler it was to dig in the soft soil. She was quite proud of her performance.

Test 4: Complex post hole digger in soft topsoil

Observations made by group:

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 POST HOLE DIGGER

Fig.2.1.7; User standing aside digger during use

Much like was the case with the simple digger, the complex digger performed much faster in
the soft soil than it did in the hard, grassy soil. Because of its ability to scoop more dirt in one
pass, the subject's digging rate was even faster than that of the simple digger in soft soil. After
1 minute, she had already reached a depth of 18". At this point, the user reverted to an old
technique as discovered in test 1. She began standing aside the tool again, pushing with one

hand and pulling with the other. Because the hole was much deeper, she added a slight twist
in this technique by turning the hand with which she pushed, upside down. She can be seen
doing this in Figure 2.1.7. As the hole became deeper, it became obvious that the increased
length of the complex digger compared to that of the simple digger was becoming a problem.
She eventually dug by initially grabbing the handles on the grips to get the dirt half way up the
hole, but because she was too short to get the entire tool out she tried moving her grip down to
the middle of the handles to extract the dirt. This technique often failed, causing a good portion

of it to fall out of the shovel. One result worth noting was that, at a depth of 36", the handles
of the complex digger came close to, but did not touch the edge of the hole (see Figure 2.1.8).
This was interesting to us, because when purchasing the tool this phenomenon was one of its
main points of advantage that it claimed over other designs.

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 POST HOLE DIGGER

Fig.2.1.8;Handle clearing edge of hole

User comments:
While the subject was, again, quite proud of her rapid performance, she did admit that the
increased scoop capacity of the complex post hole digger made her tired very quickly. She
noted that it seemed very heavy and made her back somewhat sore during use. The subject also
recognized that her short stature made it very difficult to dig as the hole deepened. She also
complained that bending over to finish the whole made her legs and back sore.

2.3 Usability Study Conclusions

The bulleted list below highlights the major findings resulting from the two user studies
performed by the group. More detail on the differences between the designs and how they were
received by the user can be found with a closer look at the Usability Study section of the report.
These basic conclusions, along with the expert analysis results will help drive the group
towards a final decision on a design concept.

▪ User related conclusions

▪ User strength affects the ability to aim the tool
▪ User height affects one's ability to use the complex digger
▪ Bending over is annoying
▪ Average male user digs about twice as fast as his female counterpart

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 POST HOLE DIGGER

▪ Simple design conclusions

▪ Misalignment of the simple tool is fairly annoying
▪ The simple tool is much easier to use, especially when pulling the
handles apart

▪ Complex design conclusions

▪ The sharp teeth of the complex digger's shovels are nice for penetration
▪ The complex tool's ability to seal the dirt in is a strong advantage
▪ The increased scoop capacity of the complex digger makes the user
tired quickly
▪ The complex tool's claim for digging deeper holes seems relevant and
justified

▪ General conclusions
▪ Soil quality plays a huge role in digging rate
▪ Looks play a role when purchasing a post hole digger in a store
▪ Most of the work is done in the first few minutes, then the soil
becomes very hard.

2.4 Expert Analysis

In order to gain further insight into the usability of our product and possible areas of
improvement, we talked to two experts who have used post hole diggers for a significant period
of time. Both of these experts gave similar recommendations as to how the product could be
improved. We met the two experts during a trip to Home Depot in East Liberty, on Sunday,
September 28th, 2008. Both experts provided useful insight on how the product is used and
can be improved.
We asked each expert to describe their process of using the tool, and somewhat unsurprisingly,
got answers that were quite similar to what we came across in our own experience of using the

EWIT, ME, 2022- 23 12


products. However, both were able to provide excellent feedback on desired changes or
redesigns to a post hole digger. Below, the main improvements that they recommended are
presented.
Improvement Reasons
▪ Need pointed or serrated
edges to better penetrate
ground
Improved ▪ Require better head
digging heads
design such that heads
can close without losing
dirt
▪ Would allow for use
with users of different
Telescoping heights and sizes
Handles
▪ Can be used at any point
in the digging process
EWIT, ME, 2022- 23
POST HOLE DIGGER
Notes
▪ Both experts expressed
frustration with the
design of the current
heads, important as the
heads are vital to an
efficient post hole
digger
▪ Both users reiterated
these desires, and both
became particularly
frustrated by the
inability of the simple
digger to extract dirt
from holes
▪ Both experts and users
expressed frustration
with using the diggers.
Unless the user is taller
than 6ft, both tools can
be difficult to use,
especially at the
beginning
▪ Could also be of
assistance as hole
becomes deeper to
prevent bending over
13
 POST HOLE DIGGER

▪ Desired on both
diggers, although
▪ Prevents user from currently only present

Knuckle Bar cracking knuckles when on complex digger

closing handles ▪ Could be packaged as a
stand alone addition to
existing diggers

▪ Many problems
associated with the
mechanism used to close
the digging head on both
current designs ▪ As it stands, hard for
▪ In addition to being user to open and close
difficult and unnatural, heads while deep in a
requires significant force hole
Compact
to be applied ▪ Current lifting motion
Digging Head
Closing ▪ A ratcheting or single required to remove dirt
Mechanism pole design would be is very unnatural and
more complex but leads to a lot of dirt
improve upon many spilling back into the
common complaints, hole
including difficulty
associated with closing
heads while in deep
holes

Both experts also presented us with a variety of observations from their use with post hole diggers over
the years. Both recommended against using augers unless absolutely necessary, due not just to their
high cost and environmental damage, but to the difficulty in using them and the possibility of injury
when using powered augers. Also, due to the difficulty in penetrating hard soil, both experts would
often wait until after it had rained to dig holes. However, this method would usually only help in the

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 POST HOLE DIGGER

initial foot of digging. Regardless of whether or not this was done, both found that handles were likely
to break or give the user splinters. Soft soil can also present challenges when digging holes, as the user
has to be careful to prevent the hole from collapsing. Finally, both recommend the use of a tamping bar
to deal with rock, especially given the abundance of flagstone in and around the Pittsburgh area.

We talked with a third expert, Paul Clinkard, of Toronto, Canada. Although a carpenter by trade, Mr.
Clinkard spends a considerable amount of time working with contractors and landscaping companies.
As a result, he has accumulated a great amount of experience with post hole diggers, both through his
own use and his interactions with professional landscapers. Mr. Clinkard provided us with a great deal
of feedback that was in general in agreement with that from our user studies and other expert analysis.
However, Mr. Clinkard was able to give us information about not just the occasional user, but the
professional landscaper or contractor who would dig hundreds of holes a year.

Like our users, Mr. Clinkard found dirt removal to be a considerable issue with any type of post hole
digger, and preferred a simple design that held dirt in its digging heads. He also noted the issue of
durability as being a prime reason why simple diggers tend to be much more popular with landscapers
than their more complex counterparts. He had personally used several simple diggers that featured
lightweight aluminum handles in the place of their standard wood counterparts, and noticed a
considerable reduction in fatigue and an increase in speed. These handles were not standard, but add
Ons designed and installed by the user. Similarly, Mr. Clinkard noted that speed and efficiency is an
important issue to contractors, and found that almost all would be willing to purchase a more expensive
digger if it gave noticeable results in terms of digging rate. Like the other experts, Mr. Clinkard noted
a strong aversion to using a gas-powered auger, listing them as a last resort. They can be extremely
dangerous in an urban environment when one has to deal with buried wires, and also tend to do a fair
amount of damage to the surrounding area, an effect that is highly undesirable in landscaping. Mr.
Clinkard's feedback has proved to be extremely valuable in helping us to identify a new market segment
that was previously not fully understood by us.

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 POST HOLE DIGGER

CHAPTER 3
DESIGN CONCEPTS
Through our extensive research and user studies, we identified several problem areas
with the post hole diggers and potential opportunity for improvement in these areas. This
led to the development of a large number of possible solutions that were developed
through several brainstorming sessions. A list of the ideas generated from brainstorming.
The large list of new ideas was eventually narrowed into five concept designs based on
the previously identified areas of improvement. These five concepts, along with a list of
generic improvements to be included in all designs, are presented below.

3.1 Concepts to be Implemented in All Designs

Based on our user research and market studies, there are several improvements that we plan
to implement into all of our design concepts, since the ideas are simple and can be applied
across a broad range of tool designs.

▪ Sharp Digging Heads

▪ Our studies show that the pointed digging heads of the complex digger
are much more effective at penetrating the ground than the rounded
digging heads of the simple digger. The sharp digging head can easily
be implemented into new designs, since all that is required is changing
the shape of the digging head blank to have a pointed tip.
▪ Knuckle Protector/Handle Spacer
▪ The handle spacer is another concept that is already implemented in
the complex digger. It prevents the handles from closing to far and
prevents the user from smashing his or her knuckles together. This
spacer is very easy to implement on all designs, since it is simply a
small bracket that can be attached to one handle.
▪ Measurement Markings on Tool Handle
▪ Post holes are often required to be dug to a certain depth, and separate
measuring tools must be used to gauge the depth of the hole. By

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 POST HOLE DIGGER

▪ painting or applying a sticker with a graduated scale on the tool handle,

the user can easily judge the depth of the hole without needing a
secondary measuring device.
▪ Removable Carrying Strap
▪ Post hole diggers are heavy objects, and due to their large shape, are
difficult to carry over long distances. Also, when carrying the tool,
▪ both handles must be gripped some fashion as to keep the handles
together, otherwise the tool opens up and becomes very awkward to
carry. A removable carrying strap would solve
▪ these problems. It would bind both handles together, and also allow the
user to sling the tool over his or her shoulder, making the carrying
process easier. Since it is removable, it would not interfere with the
process of digging holes.

Concept 1: Telescoping Handles

Illustration of Concept 1, showing the application of telescoping handles

This concept deals with a problem encountered by many users when using a post hole digger:
the tool is simply too large to use. For any user shorter than 6 feet tall, the tool is very

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awkward to use as the handles are located at or above their head. This results in the user
grabbing and using the tool in many non-ideal locations, reducing its effectiveness (due to a
lower mechanical advantage) and also increasing the probability of injury through misuse.
This is of particular concern in the case of the complex design; here, the user was forced to
grab the fiberglass section of the handles, increasing the possibility of dangerous fiberglass
splinters. With the addition of telescoping handles, the user would always be able to place
their hands on the handles. Further, a better digging head design could be used to help with
dirt removal and penetration.

The issue of handle length became an issue again when the hole became deep, as the user was
forced to bend over to remove the digger from the hole. This issue can be solved through the
use of telescoping handles. This simple addition would allow a wide range of height

adjustment for the handles, making use of the digger much easier for smaller users. There are
a number of possibilities for incorporating a telescoping mechanism; the most simple one is
shown in the accompanying illustration. Here, the handles can be rotated to unlock the
telescoping action, and then rotated in the opposite direction when the desired height is
reached. However, other mechanisms are by all means being considered. One possible
drawback of this concept is the reduction in strength that it creates, although this should not
be an issue if the proper materials are used.

Concept 2: Ratcheting Digging Heads

Illustration of Concept 2, showing the application of a ratcheting digging mechanism

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One common complaint with both post hole diggers was the difficulty in removing dirt
from the hole once penetration had been made. This was not simply due to the poor
clamping ability of the digging heads on some models, but also problems encountered in
hole size when the hole got deeper and the difficulty in closing the digging heads
themselves. Further problems were noted in the movement required when removing dirt
from the hole; in most cases, the user is required to lift the weight when their hands are
far apart, rather than being able to lift directly up with the dirt in the shovel; often, a
significant amount of dirt was lost here.

A simple method of solving these problems is to design a post hole digger with a ratcheting
digging head. This concept is able to solve these issues by moving the closing mechanism to
the handle. The user is able to squeeze a lever that closes the digging heads and locks them in
place. This portion of the mechanism can be designed in order to give the user a greater
mechanical advantage to reduce fatigue. When the digger is out of the hole, the user can

simply press a release button to deposit the dirt in its desired location. This concept also allows
for a single shaft digger whose parts are always contained inside of the digging heads; this
prevents the width of the hole from becoming a problem when closing the digging heads as the
hole gets deeper. Also, the removal of the dirt from the hole is in a much more natural, less
stressful motion that allows the user to increase their efficiency. However, this mechanism will
increase the complexity of the digger, which can effect its overall durability if not implemented
properly, in addition to its price.

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Concept 3: Ratcheting Foot Peg

Illustration of Concept 3, showing the application of an adjustable foot peg

One important finding in our usability study revealed that after digging several inches into
hard soil, it became increasingly difficult to penetrate into the hard soil, even with the sharp
digging heads of the complex post hole digger. To address this issue, the design team
developed a concept of having an adjustable foot peg or pegs built into the post hole digger
handles. With these foot pegs, the user could use the weight of his or her body to force the
digging heads into the ground, much like digging with a spade shovel. The foot pegs need to
be adjustable in their position, otherwise the hole digging depth would be limited.

The idea of an adjustable foot peg can be seen in several patents, but these designs use a
clamping system with a nut that must be tightened, or a design that requires inserting a pin
into holes in the handle to secure the foot peg (much like the method used to adjust the
amount of weight on a weight lifting machine). These sorts of designs are cumbersome and
take an excessive amount of time to adjust . Our design simplifies the foot peg idea into an
easily adjustable system. A ratchet-style rack is attached to the handle of the post hole digger.
The foot peg has a hole which allows it to fit over the handle and the rack, as well as a tooth
that engages the rack. The hole that encompasses the handle and rack is large enough that
tilting the foot peg upwards disengages the tooth from the rack and allows for quick

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adjustment up or down. Rotating the foot peg back re-engages the tooth, then the user can
apply a force with his or her foot

The manufacturing of this design would not be a complicated process, as the rack and foot

peg components could be easily added on to existing standard designs. Of course, with the
additional components, the cost of manufacturing and assembly time would be increased. The
transportation of the product would not be affected, because the this concept has practically
the same foot print as the standard design. With the additional parts, the user would see an
increase in cost, but this cost would be considered reasonable given the rather useful feature
added to the product.

Concept 4: Single piece design

Illustration of Concept 4, showing the single piece of stamped sheet metal design

While the previous concepts have focused on the primary stakeholder needs (the customer),
this design focuses on the needs of the manufacturer and transporter. The concept is that of a
single piece design: combine the digging head and handle into one part, made from one
material. Join two of these parts together with a bolt and a nut, and the result is a post hole

digger made from 4 parts. As seen in Figure , the digger half is made from a single piece of

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stamped sheet metal. With the design open on one side the sheet metal being bent in such a
way as to taper out towards the open side, the halves could be stacked one inside the other.

With this concept, the post hole digger is not assembled by the manufacturer, but rather by
the retailer. Having the retailer perform the assembly takes advantage of the stacking ability
of the design. Being able to stack the parts reduces the footprint of the product in shipping;
multiple diggers can take up the space that would be traditionally taken up by one standard
digger.

The single piece design should significantly reduce manufacturing costs. All the
manufacturer needs is the infrastructure required to stamp sheet metal. The capital cost would
be higher since large presses would be needed to blank and bend the tool (which is
approximately 5 feet in length), but the material costs would be low and the production rates
very high. The tool would require protective painting as well, but this is also a simple process
for the manufacturer to implement.

There could be some potential issues with this concept since it does not address customer
needs. The open-sided design creates a non-ideal surface for gripping the tool, which may
cause excess discomfort to the user. Also, aside from having sharper digging heads, this
design offers nothing more to the user than the simple post hole digger currently does.

3.2 DESIGN

Design: A post hole hand auger typically consists of a long, cylindrical shaft with a handle at
the top and a cutting or digging blade at the bottom. The blade is usually spiral-shaped and has
sharp edges to effectively dig into the soil.

Operation: To use a post hole hand auger, you would hold onto the handle and insert the blade
into the ground at the desired location. By rotating the handle in a clockwise motion, the auger
digs into the soil, gradually creating a hole. You would continue rotating and pushing down on
the auger until you reach the desired depth.

Size and Depth: Post hole hand augers come in various sizes, typically ranging from 4 inches
to 8 inches in diameter. The choice of size depends on the specific requirements of your

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project. The depth to which you can dig with a hand auger depends on the length of the shaft
and your physical strength. However, hand augers are generally suitable for holes up to 3 or 4
feet deep.

Concept design

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CHAPTER-4
CURRENT MAJOR MODELS AND DESIGNS

4.1 Standard Post Hole Digger

The most common design for the post hole digger consists of a pair of simple wooden handles
bolted onto two identical stamped steel shovel blades. These blades are connected via a single
bolt with a sleeve that protects the bolt from soil and other foreign objects encountered during
use. This design is identical to the simple post hole digger purchased and analysed in Report 1,
where the handles are pulled apart in a side-to-side motion while digging. This is a relatively
sturdy design that utilizes the mechanical advantage of the pivot point to amplify the force
applied by the user on the handles. For a more detailed analysis please consult Report 1.

Pros: Durable, high gripping force

Cons: Heavy, rounded shovel blades do not penetrate soil effectively, awkward to carry, no
protection for knuckles

4.2 Complex Post Hole Digger

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The complex post hole digger is a slight upgrade from the standard post hole digger, and is the
other design in focus highlighted in our usability studies and in Report 1. This design utilizes
an additional linkage that causes a compound action that reduces the distanced needed to pull
apart the handles during operation. The design also has an additional add-on embedded
between the handles to prevent the users from hitting their knuckles while digging. For a more
detailed analysis on this design, please consult Report 1.
Pros: Durable, protection for knuckles, minimial pulling distance needed to grasp soil, sharp
shovel blades to improve soil penetration ability
Cons: Heavy, loss of mechanical advantage from multiple pivot points, awkward to carry.

4.3 Split Handle Post Hole Digger

Similar to the common post hole digger, this desing utilizes a pair of simple wooden handles
bolted onto two identical stamped steel shovel blades. However, the main difference is that the
handles are aligned such that to operate the split handle post hole digger, the handles are pushed
apart in a front-to-back motion, similar to the motion of drawing a bowstring in archery. This
difference provides an alternative to the standard operation method of pulling in a side-to-side
manner. This design is most commonly manufactured under the Osh Kosh Tools brand.
Pros: Durable, high gripping force, an alternative operating motion
Cons: Heavy, dull shovel blades similar do not penetrate soil effectively, awkward to carry,
no protection for knuckles

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4.4 Erie Hole Digger (Boston Digger)

This unconventional design is designed and manufactured by Sinclair Erie Ltd, and utilizes a
single handle design attached to a single shovel blade. An additional scoop is bolted to the
shovel blade and connected to a lever that allows the scoop to open and close against the shovel
head. This user operates this design by initially thrusting the digger into the soil. Once the
shovel blade is embedded into the ground, the lever is pulled, causing the scoop to close with
the shovel blade, grasping the soil as the digger is pulled out of the ground. This design comes
close to a single handle design, but is not considered entirely a single handled design as the
lever itself is rather large and resembles an additional handle. While innovative, this the
durability of the design comes into question as there are an increased number of moving parts
exposed under operation. The ratcheting digging heads conceptual design proposed in the
following section is a similar design that is created to improve the durability and performance
of a single handle post hole digger.

Pros: Reduced motion in operation, lower weight

Cons: Increase in moving parts, durability issues, complicated operating procedure.

4.5 Fiskars All-Metal Post Hole Digger

Aside from the rubber handles, the entire design of the Fiskars patented post hole digger is
made of steel. In essence, the handles are welded to the shovel blades to create a very resilient
design with minimal parts. Connections are also minimized in that there is a specially-designed

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2 -part joint that runs between the two shove blades for the main pivot. In addition, the
narrow design also reduces the overall motion required to open and close the shovel blades.
This design reduces the amount of assembly time and cost, but does include a complicated
manufacturing step in welding. The Fiskars post hole digger provided the inspiration of
creating a single piece conceptual design that focused more on manufacturability and
assembly that is examined in the following section.
Pros: Low part count, durable, easy assembly, reduced motion in operation
Cons: Heavy weight, welding may pose a manufacturing problem, awkward to carry

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CHAPTER-5
PUGH CHART
A Pugh Chart is a tool used to compare designs in a systematic way. A set of criteria based
on customer and stakeholder needs is generated, and each of these criteria given a
weighting. In the Pugh Chart below, the weighting scale runs from 1 to 5, with 5 being the
highest. Each design is compared to a datum (in this case, the simple post hole digger), and
rated with a - if the design is worse than the datum, 0 if the design offers no improvement
over the datum, and + if the design is offers and improvement over the datum. Multiple
positives and negatives can be given in ranking if a design excels in some criteria or is
rather deficient in some criteria. The amount of positives and negatives is multiplied by the
weighting factor, and the numbers added together for a final net score. The net score can
then be used to evaluate how well a design meets stakeholder needs, the strengths and
weaknesses of a design, and where the potential exists to combine the best features of
different design concepts. Our Pugh chart reveals that the Single piece design scores the
highest with a net score of 20, with the One handled ratcheting design scoring the second
highest with a net score of 9.

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One
Comple
Simple Telescop Handled Single
x Post Ratcheting
Description Post Hole ing Ratcheting Piece
Hole Foot Peg
Digger Handles Digging Design
Digger
Head

Sketch

Wei Alt.
Criteria Datum Design 1 Design 2 Design 3 Design 4
ght Design
Cost 4 0 - - - - +
Safety 2 0 0 + 0 - 0
Durability 4 0 + - - 0 +
Ease of Use 4 0 - + + + 0
Ability to
4 0 + + + ++ +
penetrate soil
Ability to
5 0 + 0 ++ 0 0
remove dirt
Manufacture/
4 0 - - - - ++
Assembly
Aesthetics 3 0 + + + 0 0
+ 0 16 13 21 12 20
0 30 2 5 2 9 20
- 0 12 12 12 10 0
Net Score 0 4 1 9 2 20

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CHAPTER-6
OVER VIEW OF COMPONENTS

6.1 Blades

The blades are the digging elements of the post hole digger, and they are typically made of
hardened steel. Steel provides strength, durability, and resistance to wear and corrosion,
allowing the blades to penetrate the soil effectively.
6.2 Handles

The handles of a manual post hole digger are responsible for providing grip and leverage. They
are usually made of wood or steel. Wooden handles, often constructed from hardwoods like
hickory or ash, offer a traditional and comfortable grip. Steel handles, on the other hand,
provide added strength and durability, especially when dealing with challenging soil
conditions.

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6.3 Fasteners

Fasteners such as screws, bolts, or rivets are used to secure the various components of the post
hole digger together. These are typically made of steel or other corrosion-resistant materials to
ensure a secure and long-lasting connection.
6.4 Grip/Handle Covering

Some manual post hole diggers have a covering or grip over the handles to provide additional
comfort and grip. This covering can be made of rubber or other non-slip materials.
6.5Coatings/Finishes
Some post hole diggers may have coatings or finishes applied to provide protection against rust
and corrosion. Common coatings include paint, powder coating, or galvanization, which adds
a layer of zinc to the metal to prevent rusting.

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CHAPTER -7
APPLICATIONS

The manual post hole digger can be used in various applications, including:

1. Fence Installation: One of the most common uses of a post hole digger is for installing
fence posts. Whether you're setting up a wooden fence, chain-link fence, or any other type of
fencing, the post hole digger allows you to dig holes at regular intervals to secure the posts.

2. Landscaping and Gardening: If you're working on landscaping projects or creating a

garden, a manual post hole digger can be useful for planting trees, shrubs, or flowers. It helps
you create holes for inserting the plants into the ground, allowing for proper root placement
and stability.

3. Signage and Outdoor Structures: When installing signs, outdoor lights, or small structures
like mailboxes, a manual post hole digger can be handy. It enables you to dig holes for
anchoring these items securely in the ground.

4. Decks and Patios: If you're building a deck or patio, a manual post hole digger can be used
to dig holes for supporting posts or footings. These holes provide a stable foundation for the
structure and ensure it is securely anchored to the ground.

5. Sports Equipment: Manual post hole diggers can be used to install posts for various sports
equipment, such as soccer goals, basketball hoops, or volleyball nets. These holes allow you to
set up the equipment and create a designated playing area.

6. Land Surveying and Marking: In land surveying or property marking tasks, a manual post
hole digger can be used to create holes for setting boundary markers or pegs. It helps define
property lines or mark specific points accurately.

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7. Ground Anchors: Manual post hole diggers are also useful for installing ground anchors,
which are used to secure items like tents, canopies, or small structures to the ground. The
digger allows you to create holes to insert the anchor securely, providing stability and
preventing movement.

Remember to assess the soil conditions and the specific requirements of your project before
using a manual post hole digger. In some cases, you may need to adjust the hole depth,
diameter, or spacing based on the specific application or the recommendations provided by
the manufacturer or relevant guidelines.

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CHAPTER-8
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
8.1 ADVANTAGES
Using a manual post hole digger offers several advantages:

1. Cost-Effective: Manual post hole diggers are generally more affordable compared to
powered or mechanized options. They are a cost-effective choice, especially for smaller
projects or occasional use, as they eliminate the need for expensive equipment or fuel.

2. Portability: Manual post hole diggers are lightweight and portable, making them easy to
transport and maneuver. They do not require access to electricity or fuel, allowing you to use
them in remote areas or locations without power sources.

3. Versatility: Manual post hole diggers are versatile tools that can be used in various
applications. Whether you're installing a fence, planting trees, setting up signs, or engaging in
other outdoor projects, a manual post hole digger can handle the task.

4. Simplicity: Operating a manual post hole digger is relatively straightforward. With basic
instructions and a little practice, you can quickly learn how to use it effectively. There are no
complex mechanisms or controls to worry about, which makes it accessible to users of different
skill levels.

5. Control and Precision: Manual post hole diggers allow for better control and precision
compared to powered options. You can adjust the angle, depth, and direction of the digger as
needed, ensuring that the holes are dug exactly where you want them.

6. Environmental Friendliness: Since manual post hole diggers do not rely on fuel or electricity,
they have minimal environmental impact. They produce no emissions or noise pollution,
making them an environmentally friendly choice for outdoor projects.

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7. Exercise and Physical Activity: Using a manual post hole digger provides a good workout
and engages your muscles. It can be a productive way to get some exercise while accomplishing
your outdoor tasks.

8. Maintenance and Durability: Manual post hole diggers are generally durable and require
minimal maintenance. With proper care, including cleaning the blades and keeping the handles
in good condition, they can last for a long time.

8.2 DISADVANTAGES
1. Physical Exertion: One of the main drawbacks of using a manual post hole digger is the
physical effort required. Digging holes manually can be physically demanding, especially for
larger or deeper holes or when dealing with compacted or rocky soil. It may be tiring and time-
consuming, potentially causing fatigue or muscle strain, particularly if you're not accustomed
to such physical labor.

2. Limited Efficiency in Hard Soil: Manual post hole diggers are less effective in hard, rocky,
or compacted soil compared to powered options. If you encounter challenging soil conditions,
it can be difficult to penetrate or remove the soil effectively, which may slow down the digging
process or require additional tools to assist in breaking up the ground.

3. Depth and Diameter Limitations: Manual post hole diggers have limitations in terms of hole
depth and diameter. Depending on the specific model, you may encounter difficulties when
trying to dig very deep holes or holes with larger diameters. This can be a constraint if your
project requires specific hole dimensions beyond the capabilities of the manual digger.

4. Inconsistent Hole Quality: Achieving consistent hole quality and shape can be more
challenging with a manual post hole digger compared to mechanized options. It requires careful
control and technique to ensure that the holes are uniform in depth and shape, which can be
more difficult to achieve consistently by hand.

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5. Safety Considerations: While manual post hole diggers are generally safe to use, there is a
risk of injury if not used correctly. It's essential to be cautious and follow safety guidelines, as
the sharp blades can cause cuts or injuries if mishandled. Additionally, there is a potential risk
of hitting underground utilities, such as water or power lines, if the digging location is not
properly surveyed beforehand.

6. Time and Efficiency: Manual digging takes more time and effort compared to powered
alternatives. If you have a large number of holes to dig or need to work within a tight schedule,
a manual post hole digger may not be the most efficient option. Powered or mechanized diggers
can significantly speed up the digging process, allowing you to complete projects more quickly.

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CHAPTER-9
CONCLUSION
Based on the information provided, it is possible to draw a conclusion about a post hole digger
manual. However, without specific details about the manual in question, I can only provide a general
conclusion.

A post hole digger manual typically serves as a guide for using and maintaining a post hole digger. It
may contain information about assembling the tool, operating it safely and efficiently, troubleshooting
common issues, and maintaining its performance over time. The manual is designed to provide users
with the necessary instructions and precautions to ensure successful and safe use of the post hole
digger.

By following the instructions in the manual, users can learn how to properly operate the post hole
digger, which includes techniques for digging holes, adjusting the depth, and handling different types
of soil. The manual may also include guidelines on how to clean and store the tool after use, as well as
tips for extending its lifespan.

In conclusion, a post hole digger manual serves as a valuable resource for users, providing them with
the knowledge and guidance needed to operate and maintain the tool effectively. It is important to
carefully read and follow the instructions outlined in the manual to ensure safe and efficient use of the
post hole digger.

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