Ontology-Based Information Retrieval

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Vishal Jain
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 Ontology-Based Information
Retrieval for Healthcare Systems
 Ontology-Based Information
Retrieval for Healthcare Systems

Edited by
Vishal Jain
Bharati Vidyapeeth,s Institute of Computer Applications and Management
(BVICAM), New Delhi, India
Ritika Wason
Bharati Vidyapeeth,s Institute of Computer Applications and Management
(BVICAM), New Delhi, India
Jyotir Moy Chatterjee
Lord Buddha Education Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal
and
Dac-Nhuong Le
Faculty of Information Technology, Haiphong University, Haiphong, Vietnam
This edition first published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-64048-6

Cover image: Pixabay.Com

Cover design by Russel Richardson

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To our Parents & Well Wishers

v
 Contents

Preface xix
Acknowledgment xxiii
1 Role of Ontology in Health Care 1
Sonia Singla
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Ontology in Diabetes 3
1.2.1 Ontology Process 4
1.2.2 Impediments of the Present Investigation 5
1.3 Role of Ontology in Cardiovascular Diseases 6
1.4 Role of Ontology in Parkinson Diseases 8
1.4.1 The Spread of Disease With Age and Onset of Disease 10
1.4.2 Cost of PD for Health Care, Household 11
1.4.3 Treatment and Medicines 11
1.5 Role of Ontology in Depression 13
1.6 Conclusion 15
1.7 Future Scope 15
References 15
2 A Study on Basal Ganglia Circuit and Its Relation
With Movement Disorders 19
Dinesh Bhatia
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Anatomy and Functioning of Basal Ganglia 21
2.2.1 The Striatum-Major Entrance to Basal
Ganglia Circuitry 22
2.2.2 Direct and Indirect Striatofugal Projections 23
2.2.3 The STN: Another Entrance to Basal
Ganglia Circuitry 25
2.3 Movement Disorders 26
2.3.1 Parkinson Disease 26

vii
viii Contents

2.3.2 Dyskinetic Disorder 27

2.3.3 Dystonia 28
2.4 Effect of Basal Ganglia Dysfunctioning
on Movement Disorders 29
2.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 31
References 31
3 Extraction of Significant Association Rules Using
Pre- and Post-Mining Techniques—An Analysis 37
M. Nandhini and S. N. Sivanandam
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Background 39
3.2.1 Interestingness Measures 39
3.2.2 Pre-Mining Techniques 40
3.2.2.1 Candidate Set Reduction Schemes 40
3.2.2.2 Optimal Threshold Computation Schemes 41
3.2.2.3 Weight-Based Mining Schemes 42
3.2.3 Post-Mining Techniques 42
3.2.3.1 Rule Pruning Schemes 43
3.2.3.2 Schemes Using Knowledge Base 43
3.3 Methodology 44
3.3.1 Data Preprocessing 44
3.3.2 Pre-Mining 46
3.3.2.1 Pre-Mining Technique 1: Optimal
Support and Confidence Threshold Value
Computation Using PSO 46
3.3.2.2 Pre-Mining Technique 2: Attribute Weight
Computation Using IG Measure 48
3.3.3 Association Rule Generation 50
3.3.3.1 ARM Preliminaries 50
3.3.3.2 WARM Preliminaries 52
3.3.4 Post-Mining 56
3.3.4.1 Filters 56
3.3.4.2 Operators 58
3.3.4.3 Rule Schemas 58
3.4 Experiments and Results 59
3.4.1 Parameter Settings for PSO-Based Pre-Mining
Technique 60
3.4.2 Parameter Settings for PAW-Based Pre-Mining
Technique 60
 Contents ix

3.5 Conclusions 63
References 65
4 Ontology in Medicine as a Database Management System 69
Shobowale K. O.
4.1 Introduction 70
4.1.1 Ontology Engineering and Development Methodology 72
4.2 Literature Review on Medical Data Processing 72
4.3 Information on Medical Ontology 75
4.3.1 Types of Medical Ontology 75
4.3.2 Knowledge Representation 76
4.3.3 Methodology of Developing Medical Ontology 76
4.3.4 Medical Ontology Standards 77
4.4 Ontologies as a Knowledge-Based System 78
4.4.1 Domain Ontology in Medicine 79
4.4.2 Brief Introduction of Some Medical Standards 81
4.4.2.1 Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) 81
4.4.2.2 Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities
(MedDRA) 81
4.4.2.3 Medical Entities Dictionary (MED) 81
4.4.3 Reusing Medical Ontology 82
4.4.4 Ontology Evaluation 85
4.5 Conclusion 86
4.6 Future Scope 86
References 87
5 Using IoT and Semantic Web Technologies for Healthcare
and Medical Sector 91
Nikita Malik and Sanjay Kumar Malik
5.1 Introduction 92
5.1.1 Significance of Healthcare and Medical Sector
and Its Digitization 92
5.1.2 e-Health and m-Health 92
5.1.3 Internet of Things and Its Use 94
5.1.4 Semantic Web and Its Technologies 96
5.2 Use of IoT in Healthcare and Medical Domain 98
5.2.1 Scope of IoT in Healthcare and Medical Sector 98
5.2.2 Benefits of IoT in Healthcare and Medical Systems 100
5.2.3 IoT Healthcare Challenges and Open Issues 100
5.3 Role of SWTs in Healthcare Services 101
5.3.1 Scope and Benefits of Incorporating Semantics
in Healthcare 101
x Contents

5.3.2 Ontologies and Datasets for Healthcare

and Medical Domain 103
5.3.3 Challenges in the Use of SWTs in Healthcare Sector 104
5.4 Incorporating IoT and/or SWTs in Healthcare
and Medical Sector 106
5.4.1 Proposed Architecture or Framework or Model 106
5.4.2 Access Mechanisms or Approaches 108
5.4.3 Applications or Systems 109
5.5 Healthcare Data Analytics Using Data Mining
and Machine Learning 110
5.6 Conclusion 112
5.7 Future Work 113
References 113
6 An Ontological Model, Design, and Implementation
of CSPF for Healthcare 117
Pooja Mohan
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Related Work 119
6.3 Mathematical Representation of CSPF Model 122
6.3.1 Basic Sets of CSPF Model 123
6.3.2 Conditional Contextual Security
and Privacy Constraints 123
6.3.3 CSPF Model States CsetofStates 124
6.3.4 Permission Cpermission 124
6.3.5 Security Evaluation Function (SEFcontexts) 124
6.3.6 Secure State 125
6.3.7 CSPF Model Operations 125
6.3.7.1 Administrative Operations 125
6.3.7.2 Users’ Operations 127
6.4 Ontological Model 127
6.4.1 Development of Class Hierarchy 127
6.4.1.1 Object Properties of Sensor Class 129
6.4.1.2 Data Properties 129
6.4.1.3 The Individuals 129
6.5 The Design of Context-Aware Security and Privacy Model
for Wireless Sensor Network 129
6.6 Implementation 133
6.7 Analysis and Results 135
6.7.1 Inference Time/Latency/Query Response
Time vs. No. of Policies 135
 Contents xi

6.7.2 Average Inference Time vs. Contexts 136

6.8 Conclusion and Future Scope 137
References 138
7 Ontology-Based Query Retrieval Support for E-Health
Implementation 143
Aatif Ahmad Khan and Sanjay Kumar Malik
7.1 Introduction 143
7.1.1 Health Care Record Management 144
7.1.1.1 Electronic Health Record 144
7.1.1.2 Electronic Medical Record 145
7.1.1.3 Picture Archiving and Communication
System 145
7.1.1.4 Pharmacy Systems 145
7.1.2 Information Retrieval 145
7.1.3 Ontology 146
7.2 Ontology-Based Query Retrieval Support 146
7.3 E-Health 150
7.3.1 Objectives and Scope 150
7.3.2 Benefits of E-Health 151
7.3.3 E-Health Implementation 151
7.4 Ontology-Driven Information Retrieval for E-Health 154
7.4.1 Ontology for E-Heath Implementation 155
7.4.2 Frameworks for Information Retrieval Using
Ontology for E-Health 157
7.4.3 Applications of Ontology-Driven Information
Retrieval in Health Care 158
7.4.4 Benefits and Limitations 160
7.5 Discussion 160
7.6 Conclusion 164
References 164
8 Ontology-Based Case Retrieval in an E-Mental Health
Intelligent Information System 167
Georgia Kaoura, Konstantinos Kovas and Basilis Boutsinas
8.1 Introduction 167
8.2 Literature Survey 170
8.3 Problem Identified 173
8.4 Proposed Solution 174
8.4.1 The PAVEFS Ontology 174
8.4.2 Knowledge Base 179
xii Contents

8.4.3 Reasoning 180

8.4.4 User Interaction 182
8.5 Pros and Cons of Solution 183
8.5.1 Evaluation Methodology and Results 183
8.5.2 Evaluation Methodology 185
8.5.2.1 Evaluation Tools 186
8.5.2.2 Results 187
8.6 Conclusions 189
8.7 Future Scope 190
References 190
9 Ontology Engineering Applications in Medical Domain 193
Mariam Gawich and Marco Alfonse
9.1 Introduction 193
9.2 Ontology Activities 195
9.2.1 Ontology Learning 195
9.2.2 Ontology Matching 195
9.2.3 Ontology Merging (Unification) 195
9.2.4 Ontology Validation 196
9.2.5 Ontology Verification 196
9.2.6 Ontology Alignment 196
9.2.7 Ontology Annotation 196
9.2.8 Ontology Evaluation 196
9.2.9 Ontology Evolution 196
9.3 Ontology Development Methodologies 197
9.3.1 TOVE 197
9.3.2 Methontology 198
9.3.3 Brusa et al. Methodology 198
9.3.4 UPON Methodology 199
9.3.5 Uschold and King Methodology 200
9.4 Ontology Languages 203
9.4.1 RDF-RDF Schema 203
9.4.2 OWL 205
9.4.3 OWL 2 205
9.5 Ontology Tools 208
9.5.1 Apollo 208
9.5.2 NeON 209
9.5.3 Protégé 210
9.6 Ontology Engineering Applications in Medical Domain 212
9.6.1 Ontology-Based Decision Support System (DSS) 213
9.6.1.1 OntoDiabetic 213
 Contents xiii

9.6.1.2 Ontology-Based CDSS for Diabetes

Diagnosis 214
9.6.1.3 Ontology-Based Medical DSS within
E-Care Telemonitoring Platform 215
9.6.2 Medical Ontology in the Dynamic Healthcare
Environment 216
9.6.3 Knowledge Management Systems 217
9.6.3.1 Ontology-Based System for Cancer Diseases 217
9.6.3.2 Personalized Care System for Chronic
Patients at Home 218
9.7 Ontology Engineering Applications in Other Domains 219
9.7.1 Ontology Engineering Applications
in E-Commerce 219
9.7.1.1 Automated Approach to Product
Taxonomy Mapping in E-Commerce 219
9.7.1.2 LexOnt Matching Approach 221
9.7.2 Ontology Engineering Applications in Social
Media Domain 222
9.7.2.1 Emotive Ontology Approach 222
9.7.2.2 Ontology-Based Approach for Social
Media Analysis 224
9.7.2.3 Methodological Framework
for Semantic Comparison of
Emotional Values 225
References 226
10 Ontologies on Biomedical Informatics 233
Marco Alfonse and Mariam Gawich
10.1 Introduction 233
10.2 Defining Ontology 234
10.3 Biomedical Ontologies and Ontology-Based Systems 235
10.3.1 MetaMap 235
10.3.2 GALEN 236
10.3.3 NIH-CDE 236
10.3.4 LOINC 237
10.3.5 Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) 238
10.3.6 Medline Plus Connect 238
10.3.7 Gene Ontology 239
10.3.8 UMLS 240
10.3.9 SNOMED-CT 240
10.3.10 OBO Foundry 240
xiv Contents

10.3.11 Textpresso 240

10.3.12 National Cancer Institute Thesaurus 241
References 241
11 Machine Learning Techniques Best for Large
Data Prediction: A Case Study of Breast Cancer Categorical
Data: k-Nearest Neighbors 245
Yagyanath Rimal
11.1 Introduction 246
11.2 R Programming 250
11.3 Conclusion 255
References 255
12 Need of Ontology-Based Systems in Healthcare System 257
Tshepiso Larona Mokgetse
12.1 Introduction 258
12.2 What is Ontology? 259
12.3 Need for Ontology in Healthcare Systems 260
12.3.1 Primary Healthcare 262
12.3.1.1 Semantic Web System 262
12.3.2 Emergency Services 263
12.3.2.1 Service-Oriented Architecture 263
12.3.2.2 IOT Ontology 264
12.3.3 Public Healthcare 265
12.3.3.1 IOT Data Model 265
12.3.4 Chronic Disease Healthcare 266
12.3.4.1 Clinical Reminder System 266
12.3.4.2 Chronic Care Model 267
12.3.5 Specialized Healthcare 268
12.3.5.1 E-Health Record System 268
12.3.5.2 Maternal and Child Health 269
12.3.6 Cardiovascular System 270
12.3.6.1 Distributed Healthcare System 270
12.3.6.2 Records Management System 270
12.3.7 Stroke Rehabilitation 271
12.3.7.1 Patient Information System 271
12.3.7.2 Toronto Virtual System 271
12.4 Conclusion 272
References 272
 Contents xv

13 Exploration of Information Retrieval Approaches With Focus

on Medical Information Retrieval 275
Mamata Rath and Jyotir Moy Chatterjee
13.1 Introduction 276
13.1.1 Machine Learning-Based Medical
Information System 278
13.1.2 Cognitive Information Retrieval 278
13.2 Review of Literature 279
13.3 Cognitive Methods of IR 281
13.4 Cognitive and Interactive IR Systems 286
13.5 Conclusion 288
References 289
14 Ontology as a Tool to Enable Health Internet of Things
Viable 5G Communication Networks 293
Nidhi Sharma and R. K. Aggarwal
14.1 Introduction 293
14.2 From Concept Representations to Medical Ontologies 295
14.2.1 Current Medical Research Trends 296
14.2.2 Ontology as a Paradigm Shift
in Health Informatics 296
14.3 Primer Literature Review 297
14.3.1 Remote Health Monitoring 298
14.3.2 Collecting and Understanding Medical Data 298
14.3.3 Patient Monitoring 298
14.3.4 Tele-Health 299
14.3.5 Advanced Human Services Records Frameworks 299
14.3.6 Applied Autonomy and Healthcare
Mechanization 300
14.3.7 IoT Powers the Preventive Healthcare 301
14.3.8 Hospital Statistics Control System (HSCS) 301
14.3.9 End-to-End Accessibility and Moderateness 301
14.3.10 Information Mixing and Assessment 302
14.3.11 Following and Alerts 302
14.3.12 Remote Remedial Assistance 302
14.4 Establishments of Health IoT 303
14.4.1 Technological Challenges 304
14.4.2 Probable Solutions 306
14.4.3 Bit-by-Bit Action Statements 307
14.5 Incubation of IoT in Health Industry 307
xvi Contents

14.5.1 Hearables 308

14.5.2 Ingestible Sensors 308
14.5.3 Moodables 308
14.5.4 PC Vision Innovation 308
14.5.5 Social Insurance Outlining 308
14.6 Concluding Remarks 309
References 309
15 Tools and Techniques for Streaming Data: An Overview 313
K. Saranya, S. Chellammal and Pethuru Raj Chelliah
15.1 Introduction 314
15.2 Traditional Techniques 315
15.2.1 Random Sampling 315
15.2.2 Histograms 316
15.2.3 Sliding Window 316
15.2.4 Sketches 317
15.2.4.1 Bloom Filters 317
15.2.4.2 Count-Min Sketch 317
15.3 Data Mining Techniques 317
15.3.1 Clustering 318
15.3.1.1 STREAM 318
15.3.1.2 BRICH 318
15.3.1.3 CLUSTREAM 319
15.3.2 Classification 319
15.3.2.1 Naïve Bayesian 319
15.3.2.2 Hoeffding 320
15.3.2.3 Very Fast Decision Tree 320
15.3.2.4 Concept Adaptive Very Fast
Decision Tree 320
15.4 Big Data Platforms 320
15.4.1 Apache Storm 321
15.4.2 Apache Spark 321
15.4.2.1 Apache Spark Core 321
15.4.2.2 Spark SQL 322
15.4.2.3 Machine Learning Library 322
15.4.2.4 Streaming Data API 322
15.4.2.5 GraphX 323
15.4.3 Apache Flume 323
15.4.4 Apache Kafka 323
15.4.5 Apache Flink 326
 Contents xvii

15.5 Conclusion 327

References 328
16 An Ontology-Based IR for Health Care 331
J. P. Patra, Gurudatta Verma and Sumitra Samal
16.1 Introduction 331
16.2 General Definition of Information Retrieval Model 333
16.3 Information Retrieval Model Based on Ontology 334
16.4 Literature Survey 336
16.5 Methodolgy for IR 339
References 344
 Preface

With the advancements of semantic web, ontology has become the cru-
cial mechanism for representing concepts in varied domains. For research
and dispersal of customized healthcare services, a major challenge is to
efficiently retrieve and analyze individual patient data from a large vol-
ume of heterogeneous data over a long-time span. This demands effective
ontology-based information retrieval approaches for clinical informa-
tion systems. Further, Information Retrieval (IR) since its inception has
matured into an established mechanism for facilitating fast and relevant
information retrieval. However, mining relevant information from large
amount of distributed data demands understanding the semantics of the
desired information using ontology.
Further, with the growth in digital literature, effective search and
retrieval of desired documents in the healthcare domain has become chal-
lenging. The pages displayed by search engines may not always be relevant.
The medical field offers restricted vocabularies that encapsulate semantic
information about various biomedical models, their semantic types, and
the relationships among them. The current web standard does not support
Semantic Web technology. Information retrieval is fundamentally based
on keyword-matching approaches. The fact that individuals use diverse
terms to denote the same object presents a significant challenge in the
healthcare industry.
Healthcare is one of the finest represented subject areas on the Semantic
Web currently. Textual query is transformed into a set of representative
concepts matched to the indexed documents. End users still have to search
for apt documents manually. Hence, the detection of pertinent informa-
tion becomes a critical task.
This book is an attempt to highlight the key advances in ontology-based
information retrieval techniques especially being applied in the healthcare
domain. The varied chapters attempt to uncover the current challenges in
the application of ontology-based information retrieval techniques to the
healthcare systems. The book shall be a first of its kind that shall highlight

xix
xx Preface

only the ontology-driven information retrieval mechanisms and tech-

niques being applied to healthcare as well as clinical information systems.
The book can serve as a potential textbook for courses in healthcare
systems as well as technologies. It can also serve as a reference book to
medical practitioners as well as researchers involved in implementing as
well as providing customized health care solutions to patients.
Chapter 1 discusses in details about the roles and responsibilities ontol-
ogy is playing in terms of healthcare sector.
Chapter 2 provides the relation between neurodegenerative diseases
and basal ganglia; the present basal ganglia models stimulate research
interest in understanding its functioning to provide different neurosurgi-
cal interventions.
Chapter 3 tried an attempt that is made to combine the PSO and PAW-
based techniques without sacrificing the usefulness factor.
Chapter 4 discusses about the role of medical oncology as a database
management system.
Chapter 5 presents the role of IoT and SWT and usage in addressing the
concerns of health and medical sector along with their challenges, various
applications, and the future research scope they offer.
Chapter 6 discusses on a Formal Contextual Security Privacy model for
healthcare application with aim to provide services in the secure manner.
Chapter 7 presents in details about the ontology-based query retrieval
system for E-healthcare.
Chapter 8 discusses an ontology system for a case-based reasoning
system that aims at supporting people facing autism spectrum disorders
(ASD).
Chapter 9 presents the notion of ontology engineering that involves the
major ontology developmentvt methodologies, ontology languages, and
ontology tools.
Chapter 10 discusses the content-oriented view and functional view
perspectives and presents the major biomedical ontologies and the bio-
medical Ontology-based systems.
Chapter 11 explains machine learning prediction techniques that are the
most effective tools for predicting massive cancer data prediction.
Chapter 12 discusses about the need of ontology-based system in health-
care systems.
Chapter 13 examines and investigates the difficulties related with this
new pattern of information retrieval utilizing psychological insightful
techniques with focus on medical sectors.
Chapter 14 reviews future IoT-based medicinal service frameworks to
gather medical ontologies, which can be applied to generic frameworks.
 Preface xxi

Chapter 15 after a survey, the available techniques are categorized into

traditional streaming data techniques, data mining streaming techniques,
and big data techniques for streaming data, and these techniques are dis-
cussed in detail with a special emphasis to recent big data based streaming
architectures.
Chapter 16 ontology-based information retrieval model is presented for
health-related data; ontology is engendered using a kind of basic descrip-
tion logic, which is an appropriate tradeoff between expressivity of knowl-
edge and complexity of cognitive problems.
We like to thank all the authors for their valuable contribution which
make this book possible. Among those who have influenced this project
are our family and friends, who have sacrificed a lot of their time and atten-
tion to ensure that we remained motivated throughout the time devoted to
the completion of this crucial book.

The Editors
May 2020
Another random document with
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346 Fred Fearnot and the Stage Driver; or, The Man Who
Understood Horses.
347 Fred Fearnot’s Change of Front; or, Staggering the Wall Street
Brokers.
348 Fred Fearnot’s New Ranch, And How He and Terry Managed It.
349 Fred Fearnot and the Lariat Thrower; or, Beating the Champion
of the West.
350 Fred Fearnot and the Swindling Trustee; or, Saving a Widow’s
Little Fortune.
351 Fred Fearnot and the “Wild” Cowboys, And the Fun He Had With
Them.
352 Fred Fearnot and the “Money Queen”; or, Exposing a Female
Sharper.
353 Fred Fearnot’s Boy Pard; or, Striking it Rich in the Hills.
354 Fred Fearnot and the Railroad Gang; or, A Desperate Fight for
Life.
355 Fred Fearnot and the Mad Miner; or, The Gold Thieves of the
Rockies.
356 Fred Fearnot in Trouble; or, Terry Olcott’s Vow of Vengeance.
357 Fred Fearnot and the Girl in White; or, The Mystery of the
Steamboat.
358 Fred Fearnot and the Boy Herder; or, The Masked Band of the
Plains.
359 Fred Fearnot in Hard Luck; or, Roughing it in the Silver Diggings.
360 Fred Fearnot and the Indian Guide; or, The Abduction of a
Beautiful Girl.
For sale by all newsdealers, or will be sent to any address on receipt
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Dear Sir—Enclosed find......cents for which please send me:
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 Fame and Fortune Weekly
STORIES OF BOYS WHO MAKE MONEY

By A SELF-MADE MAN
32 Pages of Reading Matter Handsome Colored Covers

☛ PRICE 5 CENTS A COPY ☚

☛ A New One Issued Every Friday ☚
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and fortune by their ability to take advantage of passing
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Every one of this series contains a good moral tone, which makes
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each number is replete with exciting adventures. The stories are the
very best obtainable, the illustrations are by expert artists, and every
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news stands. Tell your friends about it.
THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF THE FIRST EIGHT TITLES AND
DATES OF ISSUE
No. 1.--A Lucky Deal; or, The Cutest Boy in Wall Issued
6th
Street Oct.
No. 2.--Born to Good Luck; or, The Boy Who Issued
13th
Succeeded Oct.
No. 3.--A Corner in Corn; or, How a Chicago Boy Issued
20th
Did the Trick Oct.
No. 4.--A Game of Chance; or, The Boy Who Won Issued 27th
Out Oct.
No. 5.--Hard to Beat; or, The Cleverest Boy in Wall Issued
3rd
Street Nov.
No. 6.--Building a Railroad; or, The Young Issued
10th
Contractors of Lakeview Nov.
No. 7.--Winning His Way; or, The Youngest Editor in Issued
17th
Green River Nov.
No. 8.--The Wheel of Fortune; or, The Record of a Issued
24th
Self-Made Boy Nov.
For sale by all newsdealers, or will be sent to any address on receipt of price,
5 cents per copy in money or postage stamps, by

FRANK TOUSEY, Publisher 🙦 🙦 🙦 24 Union Square,

New York

IF YOU WANT ANY BACK NUMBERS

of our Libraries and cannot procure them from newsdealers, they
can be obtained from this office direct. Cut out and fill in the following
Order Blank and send it to us with the price of the books you want
and we will send them to you by return mail.
POSTAGE STAMPS TAKEN THE SAME AS MONEY.

FRANK TOUSEY, Publisher, 24 Union Square, New York.

......190
Dear Sir—Enclosed find......cents for which please send me:
....copies of WORK AND WIN,
Nos........................................
....copies of FAME AND FORTUNE WEEKLY,
Nos.............................
....copies of FRANK MANLEY’S WEEKLY,
Nos...............................
....copies of WILD WEST WEEKLY,
Nos....................................
....copies of THE LIBERTY BOYS OF ’76,
Nos.............................
 ....copies of PLUCK AND LUCK,
Nos......................................
....copies of SECRET SERVICE,
Nos......................................
....copies of YOUNG ATHLETE’S WEEKLY,
Nos..............................
....copies of TEN-CENT HANDBOOKS,
Nos..................................
Name.................Street and
No................Town..........State..
 Transcriber’s Notes
A number of typographical errors were corrected silently.
Cover image is in the public domain.
Dittoes replaced with words meant to be duplicated.
The third Walcott in the text was changed from Whitemore due to context.
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