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Foundations of Quantitative Finance. Book V: General Measure and Integration Theory 1st Edition Robert R. Reitano full chapter instant download
Foundations of Quantitative Finance. Book V: General Measure and Integration Theory 1st Edition Robert R. Reitano full chapter instant download
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Foundations of Quantitative
Finance
Chapman & Hall/CRC Financial Mathematics Series
Series Editors
M.A.H. Dempster
Centre for Financial Research
Department of Pure Mathematics and Statistics
University of Cambridge, UK
Dilip B. Madan
Robert H. Smith School of Business
University of Maryland, USA
Rama Cont
Mathematical Institute
University of Oxford, UK
Robert A. Jarrow
Ronald P. & Susan E. Lynch Professor of Investment ManagementSamuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of
Management Cornell University
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Edited by M.A.H. Dempster, Ke Tang
Introducing Financial Mathematics: Theory, Binomial Models, and Applications
Mladen Victor Wickerhauser
Financial Mathematics: From Discrete to Continuous Time
Kevin J. Hastings
Robert R. Reitano
Brandeis International Business School
Waltham, MA
First edition published 2024
by CRC Press
2385 Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton, FL 33431
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DOI: 10.1201/9781003264576
Preface xi
Author xiii
Introduction xv
1 Measure Spaces 1
1.1 Lebesgue and Borel Spaces on R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.1 Starting Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.2 Lebesgue Measure Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.3 Borel Measure Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 General Extension Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Measure Space Constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.1 Finite Products of Measure Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.2 Borel Measures on Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.3 Infinite Products of Probability Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 Continuity of Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2 Measurable Functions 17
2.1 Properties of Measurable Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 Limits of Measurable Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Results on Function Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 Approximating σ(X)-Measurable Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5 Monotone Class Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5.1 Monotone Class Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.5.2 Functional Monotone Class Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
vii
viii Contents
4 Change of Variables 84
4.1 Change of Measure: A Special Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.1.1 Measures Defined by Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.1.2 Integrals and Change of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.2 Transformations and Change of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.2.1 Measures Induced by Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.2.2 Change of Variables under Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.3 Special Cases of Change of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.3.1 Lebesgue Integrals on R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.3.2 Linear Transformations on Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.3.3 Differentiable Transformations on Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
References 231
Index 235
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Preface
The idea for a reference book on the mathematical foundations of quantitative finance has
been with me throughout my professional and academic careers in this field, but the com-
mitment to finally write it didn’t materialize until completing my introductory quantitative
finance book in 2010.
My original academic studies were in pure mathematics in a field of mathematical anal-
ysis, and neither applications generally nor finance in particular were then even on my
mind. But on completion of my degree, I decided to temporarily investigate a career in ap-
plied math, becoming an actuary, and in short order became enamored with mathematical
applications in finance.
One of my first inquiries was into better understanding yield curve risk management, ulti-
mately introducing the notion of partial durations and related immunization strategies. This
experience led me to recognize the power of greater precision in the mathematical specifica-
tion and solution of even an age-old problem. From there my commitment to mathematical
finance was complete, and my temporary investigation into this field became permanent.
In my personal studies, I found that there were a great many books in finance that
focused on markets, instruments, models, and strategies, which typically provided an in-
formal acknowledgment of the background mathematics. There were also many books on
mathematical finance focusing on more advanced mathematical models and methods, and
typically written at a level of mathematical sophistication requiring a reader to have signif-
icant formal training and the time and motivation to derive omitted details.
The challenge of acquiring expertise is compounded by the fact that the field of quanti-
tative finance utilizes advanced mathematical theories and models from a number of fields.
While there are many good references on any of these topics, most are again written at
a level beyond many students, practitioners and even researchers of quantitative finance.
Such books develop materials with an eye to comprehensiveness in the given subject matter,
rather than with an eye toward efficiently curating and developing the theories needed for
applications in quantitative finance.
Thus the overriding goal I have for this collection of books is to provide a complete and
detailed development of the many foundational mathematical theories and results one finds
referenced in popular resources in finance and quantitative finance. The included topics
have been curated from a vast mathematics and finance literature for the express purpose
of supporting applications in quantitative finance.
I originally budgeted 700 pages per book, in two volumes. It soon became obvious
this was too limiting, and two volumes ultimately turned into ten. In the end, each book
was dedicated to a specific area of mathematics or probability theory, with a variety of
applications to finance that are relevant to the needs of financial mathematicians.
My target readers are students, practitioners, and researchers in finance who are quanti-
tatively literate and recognize the need for the materials and formal developments presented.
My hope is that the approach taken in these books will motivate readers to navigate these
details and master these materials.
Most importantly for a reference work, all 10 volumes are extensively self-referenced.
The reader can enter the collection at any point of interest, and then using the references
xi
xii Preface
cited, work backward to prior books to fill in needed details. This approach also works for
a course on a given volume’s subject matter, with earlier books used for reference, and for
both course-based and self-study approaches to sequential studies.
The reader will find that the developments herein are presented at a much greater level
of detail than most advanced quantitative finance books. Such developments are of necessity
typically longer, more meticulously reasoned, and therefore can be more demanding on the
reader. Thus before committing to a detailed line-by-line study of a given result, it can be
more efficient to first scan the derivation once or twice to better understand the overall logic
flow.
I hope the scope of the materials, and the additional details presented, will support your
journey to better understanding.
I am grateful for the support of my family: Lisa, Michael, David, and Jeffrey, as well as
the support of friends and colleagues at Brandeis International Business School.
Robert R. Reitano
Brandeis International Business School
Author
xiii
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Introduction
xv
xvi Introduction
the integrals of nonnegative functions, including Fatou’s lemma and Lebesgue’s monotone
convergence theorem, which are then instrumental in the development of the properties of
such integrals. As an application of this theory, a Chapter I.7 result is generalized, address-
ing countable additivity of the set function defined on measurable rectangles of product
measure spaces.
This integration theory is then applied to derive integrals of general measurable func-
tions and their properties, along with the integration to the limit results of Beppo-Levi’s
theorem and Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem. The bounded convergence theo-
rem is then derived, as is an integration to the limit result not seen in Book III, called the
uniform integrability convergence theorem. The Leibniz integral rule on the derivatives of
parametrically defined integrals is then studied, generalizing the result of the Riemann the-
ory of Book III. The chapter ends with a discussion of when the Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrals
of this chapter agree with the Riemann-Stieltjes integrals of Book III.
Chapter 4 develops various results on change of variables in Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrals.
The first investigation is fundamental in probability theory and addresses integrals whose
measures are defined by integrals of measurable functions with respect to other measures.
In probability theory, for example, this measure would be the Borel measure on R induced
by the density function of a given random variable.
A more general realization of this idea is studied next, related to measurable transfor-
mations and their induced measures on range spaces. Integrals on the domain and range
spaces can then be related using this transformation and related measures. Special cases
of transformations are then studied in detail, beginning with linear transformations on Rn ,
and then turning to continuously differentiable transformations.
Integrals on product spaces are studied in Chapter 5. The key question is, echoing a Rie-
mann result of Book III, when can a multiple integral be evaluated using so-called iterated
integrals, which integrate one variable at a time? Such results prove to be related to the
product space sigma-algebra used, whereby the choices contrasted are the complete sigma
algebra and the smallest sigma algebra that contains the defining algebra. In large measure,
the results look quite similar, but there are details related to the need to qualify certain
statements with “almost everywhere.” The fundamental results here are then Fubini’s the-
orem, applicable to integrable functions, and Tonelli’s theorem, applicable to nonnegative
measurable functions. Examples from earlier books are then used to illustrate the theory,
though the next two chapters find deeper applications.
In Chapter 6, the first application of the Chapter 5 theory is to Lebesgue-Stieltjes
integration by parts. For this, the notion of a “signed measure” is introduced and seen to
possess all the properties of a measure other than nonnegativity. The integration theory is
then developed for such measures when induced by functions of bounded variation, echoing
the Riemann-Stieltjes work of Book III. The second application of the Chapter V theory
is to the study of the integrability of the convolution of integrable functions, proving that
such functions are indeed integrable.
The theory of Fourier transforms is developed in Chapter 7, a theory that will have
its most important applications in Book VI in the guise of characteristic functions. After
introducing the notion of the integral of complex-valued functions, the Fourier transform of
integrable functions and finite Borel measures is defined and various properties developed. In
particular, there are key connections between the decay at infinity of a function (or measure)
and the differentiability of its Fourier transform. Conversely, there are connections between
the existence and integrability of the derivatives of a function and the rate of decay at
infinity of its Fourier transform.
Fourier inversion is then studied, whereby one recovers the measure from its Fourier
transform, or, recovers the integrable function in the case where this transform is integrable.
Finally, a continuity theory is studied, which addresses the connection between the weak
Introduction xvii
convergence of probability measures and the pointwise convergence of their Fourier trans-
forms. An application to Poisson’s limit theorem is made, while the more powerful applica-
tions are deferred to Book VI.
Chapter 8 investigates general measure relationships and various decompositions of mea-
sures vis-a-vis other measures. The chapter begins with an example of the decomposition of
a Borel measure on R into measures that have characteristic properties relative to Lebesgue
measure. These characteristic properties are then generalized, whereby given a measure µ
we identify what it means for other measures to be absolutely continuous, or, mutually sin-
gular, relative to µ. To generalize the Borel decomposition, the signed measures introduced
in Chapter 6 are now studied in some detail. Various results are developed, such as the
Hahn decomposition, which address the positive and negative sets underlying a signed mea-
sure, and the Jordan decomposition, which decomposes a signed measure into a difference
of measures.
Perhaps the most famous and useful result on relationships between measures is the
Radon-Nikodým theorem. It states that if a measure υ is absolutely continuous with re-
spect to a measure µ, then υ is given by the µ-integral of a measurable function. This key
result will have an important application in Chapter 9, and then in the stochastic pro-
cess studies of Books VII–IX. The chapter ends with the Lebesgue decomposition theorem,
which generalizes the chapter’s Borel example to σ-finite measures.
The final Chapter 9 investigates Banach spaces, adding to their introduction in Book
III by studying the so-called Lp spaces of variously integrable or bounded measurable func-
tions, and their properties. Bounded linear functionals on Lp spaces are investigated and
characterized by the Riesz representation theorem, which is proved with the aid of the
Radon-Nikodým theorem. The special space of L2 , which is a Hilbert space, is addressed.
I hope this book and the other books in the collection serve you well.
Notation 0.1 (Referencing within FQF Series) To simplify the referencing of results
from other books in this series, we use the following convention.
A reference to “Proposition I.3.33” is a reference to Proposition 3.33 of Book I, while
“Chapter III.4” is a reference to Chapter 4 of Book III, and “II.(8.5)” is a reference to
formula (8.5) of Book II, and so forth.
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
1
Measure Spaces
This chapter summarizes some of the more important results from Book I on the various
constructions of a measure space (X, σ(X), µ). The importance of such constructions is
twofold:
• The requirements for a measure space (X, σ(X), µ) are quite demanding and, in fact,
so demanding that it is not immediately clear that such objects even exist.
• Given general existence, a measure space with particular properties will often be re-
quired. What if any restrictions are needed on these properties to ensure existence? For
example, can we create a measure on R so that the measure of any interval [a, b] is given
by f (b) − f (a) for a given function f ?
For existence, the space X is generally a collection of points, sometimes with other
special properties, but any set X can in theory be used. By Definitions I.2.1 and I.2.5, the
sigma algebra σ(X) is a collection of subsets of X with the following properties:
Definition 1.1 (Algebra of sets, sigma algebra) A collection A of sets from a space
X is called a algebra of sets on X:
S
1. If A ∈ A and B ∈ A, then the union A B ∈ A where:
[
A B ≡ {x|x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
2. If A ∈ A, then A
e ∈ A, where the complement of A is defined:
e ≡ {x ∈ X|x ∈
A / A}.
The complement of A is also denoted Ac .
A collection σ(X) of sets from a space X is called a sigma algebra on X if σ(X) is
an algebra of sets, and:
S∞
3. If {Ai }∞
i=1 ⊂ σ(X), then i=1 Ai ∈ σ(X).
Thus algebras are closed under finite unions and complementation, and also finite inter-
sections by De Morgan’s laws of Exercise I.2.2. A sigma algebra is closed under countable
unions, and thus again countable intersections. In addition, algebras, and hence also sigma
algebras,
Smust contain X and the empty set ∅. For example, A ∈ A implies A e ∈ A and thus
both A A e = X ∈ A and A T A e = ∅ ∈ A.
The existence of algebras and sigma algebras can be demonstrated starting with any
collection of sets. Such a collection then obtains both an algebra and a sigma algebra by
defining A as the smallest algebra that contains this collection, and σ(X) as the smallest
such sigma algebra. This construction works because by Proposition I.2.8, the intersection
of any collection of algebras is an algebra, and similarly for sigma algebras. To ensure that
we do not have a vacuous intersection in this construction, note that the power set P(X),
which contains all subsets of X, is one such algebra and sigma algebra.
An important example of such constructions are the Borel sigma algebras.
DOI: 10.1201/9781003264576-1 1
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