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MEGA EVENT PLANNING
Series Editor: Eva Kassens-Noor

MEGA-EVENTS AND
LEGACIES IN
POST-METROPOLITAN
SPACES
Expos and
Urban Agendas
Stefano Di Vita
Corinna Morandi
Mega Event Planning

Series Editor
Eva Kassens-Noor
Michigan State University
East Lansing
MI, USA
The Mega Event Planning Pivot series will provide a global and cross-
disciplinary view into the planning for the worlds largest sporting,
religious, cultural, and other transformative mega events. Examples
include the Olympic Games, Soccer World Cups, Rugby champion-
ships, the Commonwealth Games, the Hajj, the World Youth Day, World
Expositions, and parades. This series will critically discuss, analyze, and
challenge the planning for these events in light of their legacies including
the built environment, political structures, socio-economic systems, soci-
etal values, personal attitudes, and cultures.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14808
 Stefano Di Vita · Corinna Morandi

Mega-Events
and Legacies
in Post-Metropolitan
Spaces
Expos and Urban Agendas
Stefano Di Vita Corinna Morandi
Dipartimento di Architettura e Studi Dipartimento di Architettura e Studi
Urbani Urbani
Politecnico di Milano Politecnico di Milano
Milan, Italy Milan, Italy

Mega Event Planning

ISBN 978-3-319-67767-5 ISBN 978-3-319-67768-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67768-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017952833

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and
information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied,
with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
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Printed on acid-free paper

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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Foreword

The literature about mega-events and their legacies has grown in many
directions in the last years. It ranges from analyzing economic and social
effects, local and non-local spatial consequences to geopolitical connec-
tions. Within this existing context, the addition by Stefano Di Vita and
Corinna Morandi selects a specific and innovative perspective, aimed at
interpreting mega-events as symptoms of wider urban processes.
I would like to underline at least three dimensions of this innovative
perspective. First, mega-events build up their own geography, redefining
spatial strategies of different actors in a flexible post-metropolitan space.
The case of the Milan Expo 2015 is a good example of this phenom-
enon. After the conclusion of the World’s Fair, the complex redevelop-
ment of the Expo area has become part of a ‘domino effect’ of interests,
transformation areas, and functional and business strategies by public and
private actors. This ‘domino’ game has a crucial role in a wider redesign
process of spatial transcalar strategies that affect the urban region. The
book by Di Vita and Morandi suggests new analytical and interpretative
tools useful to understanding these post-metropolitan spatial dynamics.
Second, if mega-events have typically been managed in a sort of ‘state
of exception,’ the analysis of the governance tools and mechanisms of
mega-events and their legacies can be considered an interesting example
of the occurring change in urban government and governance dynam-
ics. From this perspective, as Di Vita and Morandi clearly show, the
assessment of the immaterial legacy should be connected with a general
evaluation of the relationships between mega-events and processes of

v
vi    Foreword

the redefinition of the urban agenda. In the Milan case, these connec-
tions are clear and very important. It is not by chance that the Mayor of
Milan—elected in 2016—was the manager of Expo 2015, and that his
managerial skills and attitude were considered one of the reasons of his
success in the electoral competition.
Finally, the book by Di Vita and Morandi provides a useful and well-
documented analysis of the multiple connections between mega-events
and the global crisis. The Milan candidature for the Expo 2015 was pro-
posed before the 2008 global financial and economic crisis, which has
contributed to many changes in the effects and symbolic meaning of the
event. For all these reasons, the reconstruction of the long-term process
of design, management, and conclusion of the Expo 2015 and its legacy
can be considered a worthwhile starting point to reflect on the conse-
quences of the global crisis on urban mega projects.
This book by Stefano Di Vita and Corinna Morandi, based on a
long-term research activity on mega-events mostly conducted at the
Department of Architecture and Urban Studies of the Politecnico di
Milano, is an updated and interesting analysis of a case study (the Milan
Expo 2015), but also provides a wider gaze on mega-events and their
connections with new urban processes. Through this dual view, the
authors are able to contribute to the international literature on mega-
events by proposing new points of view and new assessment perspectives,
while also giving implicit policy recommendations to public actors and
institutions.

Milan, Italy  Gabriele Pasqui

Gabriele Pasqui completed his Ph.D. in Public Territorial Policies at

the IUAV University of Venice, he is the Director of the Department of
Architecture and Urban Studies at the Politecnico di Milano. Full Professor
of Urban Policies, his key scientific interests include interpretations of
contemporary cities dynamics, urban conflicts, urban populations, local
development policies, strategic planning, urban governance, and policies.
 Preface

On the occasion of a short-term account concerning the Milan Expo

2015, this book aims at proposing new lenses to observe and inter-
pret mega-events. Indeed, this manuscript considers mega-events as a
privileged reflection scenario on contemporary urban phenomena, also
related to global geo-economic and geopolitical trends. This original
approach is consequent to the large diffusion of mega-events and their
high frequency throughout world cities, their capability to accelerate and
synthesize the complexity of usually fragmented urban change processes,
the long duration from their bid to their legacies and their changing role
in relation to different phases of world urban dynamics.
Since the 1990s, the global proliferation of mega-events has been
encouraged by processes of deindustrialization of society (particularly of
cities in countries with advanced economies) and of economic and cul-
tural globalization, affecting urban change (Chalkley and Essex 1999).
Within these processes, the promotion of city brands has grown as a pri-
ority of urban policies, and mega-events have become a privileged tool of
urban marketing because of their attractiveness for international tourism
and media. Their role has changed from opportunities for the innovation
of urban morphology and transformation of spatial and socioeconomic
features to extraordinary occasions for repositioning host cities in world
urban networks (Muñoz 2015).
However, following the historical, industrial-based urban develop-
ment and subsequent service metamorphosis of urban cores, the world
crisis—breaking out in 2008 primarily as a financial and economic crisis,

vii
viii    Preface

but still ongoing as a social and political crisis—now demands a deep

reflection on the goals, tools, and mechanisms of urban change processes
(Rydin 2013; Knieling and Othengrafen 2016). This reflection needs
to also develop against the backdrop of a new manufacturing growth of
urban economies, societies, and spaces (Rifkin 2011; Anderson 2012;
Hirschberg, Dougherty and Kadanoff 2017). While highlighting the
necessary update of growth dependent urban agendas, the crisis sug-
gests the potential development of a further phase, resulting not only in
the end of the last expansive cycle of the real estate market, but also in
the need to promote mega-events and exploit their legacies in a post-
metropolitan perspective. This could be an opportunity to both reduce
the frequent unsustainability of mega-event’s spatial projects, but also to
exploit the material and immaterial benefits of these events for a spatial
and socioeconomic regeneration at a wider scale.
Within this context, the Milan Expo 2015 represents an impor-
tant case study according to both its temporal and spatial dimensions.
On the one hand, the event bid and projects were promoted in 2006,
before the outbreak of the global crisis, whereas its following organiza-
tion, implementation, celebration, and post-event planning phases have
been directly affected by the economic downturn. Accordingly, they
have required different approaches and solutions from the past. On
the other hand, the Expo site’s location, complementary projects, and
related transport infrastructures have involved a wide physical space,
which extends to the regional scale of contemporary urban phenomena
(Brenner 2014). The Milan World’s Fair is located in a wide and artic-
ulated urban region, produced by the overlap of several urban tissues
(mainly residential, productive or mixed used, grown in different histori-
cal phases), large and small fragments of open spaces as well as local and
international infrastructures (providing, at the same time, connectivity,
spaces, and barriers). Through this perspective, this wide and articulated
area can be synthesized as post-metropolitan space (Soja 2000; Balducci,
Fedeli and Curci 2017).
Furthermore, the current diffusion of ICTs—which have contributed
to the improvement of the quality of services provided in both the dens-
est urban cores and the in-between spaces of the urban region1—has led

1 For instance, through the Smart City Expo and the E015 Digital Ecosystem projects (See

Chap. 3).
 Preface    ix

to a redefining of the traditional perception of time and space (Morandi,

Rolando and Di Vita 2016), one of the most significant components of
the legacy of the Milan Expo 2015.
According to these issues, this manuscript detects mega-events as rep-
resentative components of urban dynamics through a comparable con-
text of similar experiences, taking the World’s Fairs as a specific study
scenario. Also through the support of the discussion about previous
Expos, it proposes one of the first assessments and immediate reports
of the Milan Expo 2015 and its short-term legacies, whose effects are
trans-scalar (Bolocan Goldstein 2015): from the local impacts of the
exhibition site to the global repositioning of the city on the world map,
passing through the reorganization of spatial and socioeconomic centrali-
ties at the urban region scale. For instance, a new perception of exist-
ing or improved public spaces and infrastructures from the side of the
users has been experimented with during the Expo celebration. Several
minor events were organized and coordinated throughout the city, ser-
vices provided by the enhanced regional railway system and nodes along
the national railway network strengthened (Bruzzese and Di Vita 2016).
The Milan World’s Fair marks a spontaneous ‘discontinuity within
the continuity’ of both traditional event and city agendas. Indeed,
besides the usual criticalities (i.e., attempts of real estate speculation), it
is characterized by the potential for meaningful innovation, for instance
through: smart and sharing city projects, a renovated culture of agricul-
tural activities stimulated by the event theme Feeding the planet, Energy
for life, post-event proposals of innovative research and productive activi-
ties as well as spatial and administrative reorganization from the scale of
the Municipality to that of the Metropolitan City.
While the crisis strongly affected the event organization, both dur-
ing the Expo celebration and the (still ongoing) post-event phase, new
economic activities and social relationships have also grown, accord-
ing to several spatial regeneration projects. Therefore, the book aims at
assessing and highlighting not only how the Milan World’s Fair has been
affected by the economic downturn. It aims at understanding also how
the event has been involved within and contributed to the current urban
innovation process (Armondi and Di Vita 2017), and which debate
about a new urban agenda is going on (Pasqui 2015).
This debate has developed according to the growing regional and
macro-regional scale of contemporary cities (Hall, Pain 2006; Scott
2001; Soja 2011; Brenner 2014), the growing global networks they
x    Preface

increasingly belong to (Sassen 1994; Castells 1996), as well as to the

(already mentioned) renewed demands for a new development model
expressed by the world crisis. However, within the never resolved ten-
sions between cities and nation-states, this debate cannot ignore the
current worldwide increase in new nationalistic movements. This grow-
ing reaction to globalization—mainly expressed in 2016 through the
traumatic events of Brexit in the UK, the election of Donald Trump as
President of the USA along with the growth of the National Front in
France—tends to re-strengthen the importance of national borders.
Therefore, this process undermines those world city networks (Taylor
2004; Herrschel and Newman 2017), which have been developing (since
at least the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989) and for which mega-events
have been an important driver.
As mega-events are here considered as potential keys for reading con-
temporary urban phenomena, the Milan case study—in comparison with
the others explored by this publication—stimulates a reflection about a
necessary updating of ordinary urban policies and studies. From this per-
spective, this book is supported by:

(i) a thematic and multidisciplinary survey about mega-events and

their legacies (Chap. 1);
(ii) a deep analysis of the Milan Expo 2015, its material and imma-
terial legacies and projects, as well as the ongoing post-event
phase, also through a confrontation between extraordinary and
ordinary planning and management tools (Chaps. 2 and 3);
(iii) 
a reflection about the Milan Expo and post-Expo transcalar
effects according to the current need for an updated and postcri-
sis urban agenda (Chap. 4);
(iv) a synthetic, but updated comparison of the Milan Expo 2015
with a selection of other recent World’s Fairs (in terms of goals
and achievements) in order to better understand the event’s
material (i.e., spatial and infrastructural) and immaterial (i.e.,
cultural, economic, political, and social) relationships with host-
ing cities and regions. These cases refer to different temporal
and spatial contexts: from the Lisbon Expo 1998 and Zaragoza
Expo 2008 to the Shanghai Expo 2010. According to the wide
articulation of event typologies—with differences in terms of
duration (temporary or permanent), repetitiveness (extraordi-
nary or periodic), specific themes (sporting, cultural, political,
 Preface    xi

or religious), scale (world, international, or national) as well as

project size (small or large), and spatial model (concentrated or
spread) (Roche 2000; Guala 2015)—the selection of just Expo
case studies aims at configuring a homogeneous study scenario
(Chap. 5).
(v) some suggestions for future World’s Fairs and their integration
within urban agendas according to current spatial and socioec-
onomic dynamics characterized by contradictory effects of the
2008 global crisis within consolidated processes of urban region-
alization (Chap. 6);
(vi) to conclude, a theoretical reflection about the important contri-
bution of specialized and multidisciplinary mega-event studies to
research in the domain of the urban studies (Chap. 7).

Though this publication aims to mainly exploit a point of view from

urban planning, policy, and geography, at the same time, it provides hints
towards impact studies related to large urban projects and other discipli-
nary approaches (i.e., from urban economy to urban sociology). Within
the current contradictory framework between global economic and cul-
tural development centered on cities (which are more and more nodes of
worldwide material and immaterial networks) and an increasing world-
wide return of nationalism (which could affect the phenomenon of glo-
balization through which post-Fordist cities and mega-events have been
developing), this book may be of interest to those readers (students,
researchers, and policy makers) carrying out research and planning activi-
ties not solely devoted to mega-events, but also on overall urban processes.

Milan, Italy Stefano Di Vita

Corinna Morandi

References
Anderson, Chris, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown
Publishing Group, 2012.
Armondi, Simonetta and Di Vita, Stefano (eds.), Milan: Productions, Spatial
Patterns and Urban Change. London and New York: Routledge, 2017.
Balducci, Alessandro, Fedeli, Valeria and Curci, Francesco (eds.), Post-
Metropolitan Territories. Looking for a New Urbanity. London and New York:
Routledge, 2017.
xii    Preface

Bolocan Goldstein, Matteo, “Post-Expo Geographical Scenarios”. Urbanistica

155 (2015): 118–122.
Brenner, Neil (ed.), Implosions/Explosions. Towards a Study of Planetary
Urbanization. Berlin: Jovis Verlag, 2014.
Bruzzese, Antonella and Di Vita, Stefano, “Learning from (Milan) Expo”.
Territorio 77 (2016): 95–105.
Castells, Manuel, The Rise of the Network Society. The Information Age: Economy,
Society and Culture. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 1996.
Chalkley, Brian and Essex, Stephen, “Urban Development Through Hosting
International Events: a History of the Olympic Games”. Planning
Perspectives, 14:4 (1999): 369–394.
Guala, Chito, Mega Eventi. Immagini e legacy dalle Olimpiadi alle Expo. Roma:
Carocci, 2015.
Hall, Peter and Pain, Kathy (eds.), The Polycentric Metropolis. Learning from
Mega-City Regions in Europe. London: Earthscan, 2006.
Herrschel, Tassilo and Newman, Peter, Cities as International Actors. Urban
and Regional Governance: Beyond the Nation State. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2017.
Hirschberg, Peter, Dougherty, Dale and Kadanoff, Marcia, Maker City: A
Practical Guide for Reinventing Our Cities. San Francisco: Maker Media,
2017.
Knieling, Jorg and Othengrafen, Frank (eds.), Cities in crisis. London and New
York: Routledge, 2016.
Morandi, Corinna, Rolando, Andrea and Di Vita, Stefano, From Smart City
to Smart Region. Digital Services for an Internet of Places. Cham: Polimi
Springerbrief, Springer, 2016.
Muñoz, Francesc, “Urbanalisation and City Mega-Events. From ‘Copy & Paste’
Urbanism to Urban Creativity”. In Viehoff, Valerie and Poynter, Gavin
(eds.), Mega-event Cities: Urban Legacies of Global Sport Events. Farnham and
Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.
Pasqui, Gabriele, “Expo 2015 and Milan: Intertwined Stories”. Urbanistica 155
(2015): 106–109.
Rifkin, Jeremy, The Third Industrial Revolution. How Lateral Power is
Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2011.
Roche, Maurice, Mega Events and Modernity. London and New York:
Routledge, 2000.
Rydin, Yvonne, The Future of Planning: Beyond Growth Dependence. Bristol:
University of Bristol Policy Press, 2013
Sassen, Saskia, Cities in a World Economy. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishing,
1994.
 Preface    xiii

Soja, Edward W., Postmetropolis: Critical Studies of Cities and Regions. Oxford:
Basil Blackwell, 2000.
Soja, Edward W., “Regional Urbanization and the End of Metropolitan Era”. In:
Bridge, Gary and Watson, Sophie (eds.), The New Blackwell Companion to the
City. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011: 679–689.
Taylor, Peter, World City Networks. A Global Urban Analysis. London and New
York: Routledge, 2004.
 Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Eva Kassens-Noor, the series Editor, for the
opportunity, she has given us to publish this book and for her ‘patient
wait.’
Gabriele Pasqui, the Director of the Architecture and Urban Studies
Department at the Politecnico di Milano, has been sustaining the focus
on mega-events and urban policies as a research axis of the department.
Matteo Bolocan Goldstein has contributed to our understanding of
the trans-scalar dimension of the mega-events and contemporary urban
phenomena analyzed in the book, as well as of the stakeholder network
of the Milan Expo 2015.
Andrea Rolando has supported our analyses and reflections about the
importance of material and immaterial networks in the organization of
the Milan Expo 2015 and its urban region.
Susi Botto and Paolo Galuzzi have provided precious materials, infor-
mation, and reflections about the Milan Expo 2015 process, as well as
useful comments and feedback on our work during its implementation.
Fabio Lepratto has elaborated the maps integrated into and support-
ing our manuscript.
Zachary Jones has professionally reviewed the text of the book.

xv
 Contents

1 Mega-Events and Legacies: A Tradition of Studies 1

Stefano Di Vita

2 The Spatial Projects of the Expo 2015 and the Post-Event:

The Relationship with Milan’s Urban Change Before,
During, and After the Crisis 15
Corinna Morandi

3 The Planning and Governance of the Expo 2015 and

the Post-Event: The Growth of a New Awareness—
Overcoming the State of Exception 39
Matteo Basso and Stefano Di Vita

4 From the Post-Expo 2015 to an Urban Agenda for Milan 65

Corinna Morandi

5 World’s Fairs and Processes of Urban Change: New City-

Regional Nodes and Networks 79
Stefano Di Vita and Corinna Morandi

xvii
xviii    Contents

6 Towards a Post-crisis Urban Agenda: Learning from

Mega-Events 115
Stefano Di Vita

7 Mega-Events and Urban Studies: Which Mutual Effects? 137

Stefano Di Vita and Corinna Morandi

References 147

Index 149
 About the Authors

Stefano Di Vita completed his Ph.D. in Urban, Regional and

Environmental Planning at the Politecnico di Milano, where he is
research fellow and adjunct professor in the fields of Urban Planning and
Design. His main research interest concerns issues related to sustainabil-
ity and innovation of urban change processes, also focusing on mega-
events.
Corinna Morandi is Full Professor in Town Planning and Urban
Design at the Politecnico di Milano. The main research areas concern
town planning in the metropolitan area of Milan and the role of com-
mercial and multifunctional poles in urban dynamics. She is member of
the International Ph.D. course in Urban Planning, Design and Policy, at
the Politecnico di Milano.
Matteo Basso completed his Ph.D. in Regional Planning and Public
Policy, he is a research fellow at the Department of Design and Planning
in Complex Environment at the IUAV University of Venice. He teaches
the course Cities, Global Change and Sustainable Development at the
Venice International University. His research interests are spatial analysis,
urban policy analysis, and design.

xix
 List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Expo 2015 in the Milan urban region: airports,

major roads and railways, metro lines and redevelopment
areas (former railway yards and metropolitan hubs) 34
Fig. 2.2 Expo 2015 along the North West urban axis: transport
infrastructures (roads, railways and metro lines) and
redevelopment areas (1. Porta Nuova; 2. Farini
railway yard; 3. Bovisa; 4. CityLife; 5. Portello;
6. Cascina Merlata; 7. Stephenson) 35
Fig. 2.3 Expo 2015 along the North West conceptual axis:
Cathedral, Castle, Cemetery, Expo Site and Trade Fair 35
Fig. 2.4 Expo 2015 and the peri-urban surrounding context:
interchange node, entrances and local connections,
pavilions, perimeter canal, Lake Area and Expo village 36
Fig. 3.1a–h Milan Expo site during the staging of the 2015 World’s
Fair (May–October 2015) 55
Fig. 3.2a–d Milan Expo site during the post-event temporary reopening
on the occasion of the summer event called Experience
(June–September 2016 and June–September 2017) 59
Fig. 5.1 Comparison of the 4 Expo sites (updated in 2017):
localization in the urban region and relations with transport,
green and blue networks 107

xxi
xxii    List of Figures

Fig. 5.2 Comparison of the 4 Expo sites (updated in 2017):

settlement layouts and local context 108
Fig. 5.3 Comparison of Expo and post-Expo layouts in Lisbon
(1998–2017) and Zaragoza (2008–2017) 109
Fig. 5.4 Comparison of Expo Shanghai 2010 and Milan
2015 layouts, and of related permanencies in 2017 110
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 It is related that one of the most famous artists of his day had a
compelling ambition to paint the face of children. He was a
pronounced failure. The faces he painted resembled those of sober
adults. He could not dash into his pictures the touch of youth. He did
not understand children. He could not see with their eyes. One day,
when his study door was open, a little fellow came in and stood
gazing at a picture leaning up against the wall, its base resting on
the floor. By and by the artist saw him get down on all fours and gaze
with passionate intensity at the picture. The artist said "I would give
most anything if I could see what he sees." "You can," said a voice in
the halls of his mind, "if you look at the picture from his level." So the
artist got down on his knees beside the child and looked at his own
picture from the child's level. What he saw he never related, but after
that hour, he painted the "Angelic Faces"—a picture admired the
world over. He had found out a secret. He had seen things from a
child's level. What a miracle it is to know this! I would climb the
highest mountain, pierce the darkest jungle, cross the wildest sea,
explore the trackless desert, push on through the maddest night, gird
the earth a score of times— just to find him. I would rather know the
child and understand him, so I could reach his little soul than to have
discovered the North Pole.
Once upon a time there was a teacher who was instructing her
class of boys on the lesson of Jonah. She was a graduate of a string
of teacher-training classes. She had gone the limit in preparing her
lesson. She was full of the subject. She talked over the heads of the
boys. They did not understand even a little bit of the lesson. After
she had finished, she turned to her class and said "Now boys, what
does the story of Jonah teach you?" and one little fellow piped out,
"Please, teacher, the story of Jonah teaches me that you can't keep
a good man down." The teacher turned to young George and
administered to him a stinging rebuke, "How dare you," said she, "on
the Sabbath Day, in God's house and before the open Bible, make
light of religious matters? I am ashamed of you. If you were my son I
would feed you on bread and water for a week." Little George kept
his eye on the door, wondering if he could, with safety, make his
escape. He never came again. Now the teacher knew Jonah, but
she didn't know George. If she had said to George, "Now, George,
that wasn't exactly the reply that I wanted, but I am glad that you
have got a thought about the lesson. Come to my house next
Tuesday night and take supper with me and I will show you pictures
of Jonah and tell you stories about this wonderful man and then I
think you will get it right in your head." If she had tried this method
she would have got the real Jonah into George and she would have
gotten George into her heart. If she had known as much about
George as she did about Jonah, she would have known that that
reply was a bit of pleasantry, coming spontaneously from a young
heart. She did not understand her object.
 CHAPTER IV

INCENSE LESSONS
Objects: Common Incense Cones

INCENSE LESSONS

C
HILDREN like to watch incense burn. In their imagination they
see dancing around in the little columns of smoke strange and
wonderful little shapes. Let us try to cause these smoke
columns to tell God's great message.
Incense is frequently mentioned in the Bible. It ascended from the
golden altar of the Tabernacle and was burning night and day. It was
never out. It stood for prayer, and we will now try and find out what it
says to us about talking to God.
Call to the platform a number of boys and girls each holding a little
plate: a tin plate will answer. Put on each plate about four incense
cones, which can be easily secured in the shops. One cone is not
sufficient to give enough smoke to be seen distinctly by the entire
audience. Say to the children as you light the cones, that incense
reminds us of prayer, because the smoke ascends just as our
prayers go up; and also tell them how to pray and how thoughtful
they should be as they pray, for God hears every word they say. For
prayers go up like incense. In the old Temple the incense was
always burning, so they should pray always as the good Book says
"Pray without ceasing." Now scatter them in various parts of the
room. That will represent secret prayer. Call them all to the platform
and place them as close to each other as possible; that will
represent united prayer. While they are standing in that position a
large volume of smoke will be ascending which will appeal to their
little eyes and make a lasting impression upon them. This you can
call the prayer meeting of one accord.
 As you call the children to the platform you can name them after
the various denominations, and thus illustrate how all the churches
can come together for prayer and how beautiful it looks to see them
in united prayer for the world.
The odor of the burning incense will be very evident by this time
and you may let this remind them that it is like the influence which
always emanates from the prayers that go up to God from believing
hearts.
 CHAPTER V

THE BURNING OF THE IDOL

Objects: Denatured Alcohol; White of an Egg

THE BURNING OF THE IDOL

T HIS is a Temperance lesson, full of meaning for these days.

Don't fail to keep this Red Light of Danger burning. This lesson
will be a signal of fire. Pour out on a plate a small quantity of
denatured alcohol, and say "it looks like water." Shake the bottle—
but it is not pure, heaven-sent water, but a deadly poison. Read to
them Proverbs 23:31; 20:1. These are warnings from heaven against
this deadly poison. These words are like matches from God to light
the red lamp of danger. Alcohol is a deadly thing. God says so. Tell
them that it is the greatest idol in all the world. Millions worship it, for
every drinker of this red poison bows to this idol whenever he drinks.
Strike a match and set fire to it, and as it blazes forth say "I will now
burn the idol, because it is a burning idol, like the great Moloch about
which we read in the Old Testament, within whose blazing arms little
children were cast and burned to death. So this fiery idol destroys
millions. The Indians call it "fire-water" because it burns the throat.
This is the reason if you take one drink you want another. Alcohol
absorbs all the moisture of the throat and creates a thirst which
alcohol alone will quench; so it keeps on burning until it burns up the
stomach, the lungs, the heart, the brain, and yet men continue to
drink this fire of death.
Once upon a time there was a little monkey that was owned by
the keeper of a county tavern. Frequently he gave it a little taste of
this fire-water which caused him to jump about in great glee. This
pleased the bad men of the barroom greatly. One day a man lit a
match and set fire to the spoonful, and when the monkey saw it he
fled in terror and never touched it again. This was monkey sense;
this was better than man sense, for man knows it will burn, and yet
returns to it again. He needs a few monkey lessons. To deepen the
impressions of this lesson, you can take the white of an egg, a
substance which resembles the brain of a human being, place it in a
cup and pour upon it a small quantity of alcohol; then stir it with a
spoon and it will congeal as if it had been cooked. Take this out of
the cup and it will be solid like a boiled egg. This will illustrate the
effect of alcohol on the human brain. This is a lesson which burns
itself into the memory of the children for all time. This will hang up
the 18th amendment on nails of fire in the memory of the little folks
and other folks also. May the whole world soon go into this sort of
fire business.
 CHAPTER VI

EARS OPENED TO GOD'S CALL

Object: A Blackboard

EARS OPENED TO GOD'S CALL

G
OD is speaking to us all the time. We so often pay no heed to
His voice. Do we know the language he speaks? It is a secret
tongue. Let us try to learn it.
Once there was a prisoner who was cast into jail because he
preached Jesus. It seemed to him he was alone and without friends
to help. But there was another prisoner in an adjoining cell who knew
him but could not speak to him because the guards would hear his
voice. At night the lonely man would hear some one knocking on the
wall. What did this sound mean? What did the knocks say? At last he
thought the knocks might stand for the letters of the alphabet. One
knock meant A, two knocks B, etc. so he counted the taps one night.
He counted twenty-one taps. "That," said he, "means U." When he
counted again it struck fourteen times; that meant N. The next time it
struck four times; that meant D. Now he heard five taps; that meant
E. Again he heard eighteen taps; that stood for R. Then nineteen
taps; that stood for S. Then twenty taps; that meant T; then one tap
which meant A; then fourteen, N; then four, D; then the taps ceased
and he knew the message had been delivered and discovered the
word meant UNDERSTAND. He answered by twenty-five knocks
which meant Y; then five taps for E; then nineteen taps for S which
spelled out his answer which was YES. They talked together
because they knew each other's language. God often knocks at our
heart's door. Some great trouble comes to our home. Over and over
He knocks and the knocking spells out the word COME, let us
25 5 19
answer Y E S
Give them further illustration in knocks. They will like it.
 CHAPTER VII

IT WILL BE ALL RIGHT AT LAST

Objects: A small number of little toys

IT WILL BE ALL RIGHT AT LAST

A SK two little girls to come to the platform and say to them "I
know you little girls love each other, but do you like to see
each other receive good things?" Then say, as you hold up
some small gift, "This little treasure has been given to me to give to
some little girl that would be glad to receive it: but you see I cannot
give it to both of you, and how will I decide which girl shall receive it?
If I give it to this little girl then the other will be disappointed.
Sometimes great trouble comes to this world because one receives
and the other does not. However, I will take a chance and give it to
this little girl." And as you speak pass the toy to her. Turning to the
other girl, you say, "You don't feel hurt do you? I know you are glad
to see your little friend made happy. I also trust you are not
displeased with me for not giving it to you. Here learn the lesson
some people seem to get the good things of life, and others seem to
go without." Now without further remarks give the same girl another
toy. Then that is true to life also. Some seem to get all, and others
get little or nothing. Perhaps this little girl without anything seems to
be saying in her mind, she has two already, she might give me one,
and at the point pass a toy to the little girl that has none, but she
says even yet, the other girl has twice as many as I have, so she
does not seem to enjoy the one she has when she remembers the
other girl has two. It doesn't look right, does it? But she is a good
little and girl and says, "I will be thankful for what I have and try to be
glad." At this point you seem to be in deep study and finally say, "I
just remember that I have overlooked a little box," which you
produce from some corner and on opening it you discover another
toy which you give to the little girl with the one toy. Now they both
have the same number and so it is all right at last. This teaches us a
lesson so hard to learn in life,—how one man receives much, the
other but little. Strife and war are often the result of this condition but
we must be patient with our lot. God knows best. He will reward us in
full by and by so it will be all right at last.
 CHAPTER VIII

THE MAKING OF A CHRISTIAN

Objects: Various Parts of a Flag Assembled in Their Respective
Places

THE MAKING OF A CHRISTIAN

F OR this lesson procure parts of the flag and on some

background put them together according to the diagram until
you have made the perfect flag (see diagram). You will then
notice the flag marked "I" has no red stripes in it, and therefore is not
perfect. It has six stripes only; so in the making of a Christian if the
blood has not been applied and sins washed away, there can be no
true Christian Life.
Figure 2.—No white stripes and only seven stripes in all. If there is
no white in the life, there is no Christian Life. It is short of the
standard of thirteen stripes. Only seven appear here.
Figure 3.—Red and white stripes appear, not thirteen but eleven.
In the making of a Christian there cannot be a perfect Christian with
some of the commandments left out. He that fails in one is guilty of
all.
Figure 4.—Here we see the field but the stars left out. This is not
the flag of the U.S.A. That man who calls himself a Christian without
the Star of Bethlehem is not a New Testament Christian.
Figure 5.—Here we have nothing but stripes—no blue field. This
is not the national banner of our country. It lacks the one thing— the
blue. In making of the Christian we must not lack one thing; if we do,
the life is rejected. "One thing thou lackest:" Such a life cannot have
the mark of a Christian.
 Figure 6.—All stars and no stripes. This cannot be the National
flag of our people. The number of stars is correct, but the red and
white stripes are missing. In the making of a Christian if we lack the
red of the Blood, and the White of right living we cannot pass as the
Bible Christian in the Kingdom of Heaven.
Figure 7.—Here we note sixteen stripes and fifty stars. This would
also be rejected. Congress stipulates a banner of thirteen stripes and
forty-eight stars; that alone constitutes the lawful banner of America.
In the making of a Christian, we must not add to that life what is not
given in the law. No other doctrine can be mixed with God's truth.
Just God's word alone, nothing added from the worldly philosophy or
the worldly wisdom of man.
Figure 8.—This is the old Colonial flag. A wonderful flag of the
Making the Flag
past, but not the mighty flag of today. So in the making of a Christian,
the past will not suffice. We must grow, in grace, and have an
experience up to date.
Figure 9.—This is the American flag with a foreign mark upon it. It
is not truly American. It would be rejected by the government of the
United States. So in the making of a Christian, all marks of another
government must be cast out. Jesus only. God and not mammon,
must obtain.
Figure 10.—Is the correct picture of the flag according to the laws
of the nation. So in the making of the Christian, we must be
according to the Pattern. We must do His commandments to bear
His family name of Christian. Thus we can learn from the making of
the flag to make a Christian.
 CHAPTER IX

THE HAND OF FAITH

Objects: The Fingers of the Human Hand

THE HAND OF FAITH

H ERE is a lesson on the meaning of Faith. Hold up the hand,

showing the five fingers spread out and say, "Here is the hand
of faith." There are as many letters in the word "faith" as I
have fingers on my hand. Spell the word out commencing with the
little finger and call it "F." Little Faith sometimes it often proves, but
our faith increases as we travel on in the path of faith. The next
finger stands for "A" of faith. You notice it is larger than "F" so our
faith increases as we spell it out in experience and works. The next
finger stands for "I" a little larger still. The next finger is for "T" a little
shorter as sometimes our faith wanes; at last the thumb standing for
"H," strong and confirmed in the way, so the fingers spell out the
word "faith." A living faith—as the hand is a living organ of my body.
An active faith, as each finger has its own individual action and a
grasping faith, for the fingers were made to seize hold of things and
take them. So our faith must seize and hold on to God. The faith that
seizes the Cross—my fingers—another name for faith—seize it and
hold it. This is Salvation. Jesus says "take" of the water of life. The
hand of faith takes it, seizes it, and that makes it ours. This is the
faith that bringeth the victory. At last make your appeal to them to
take Salvation now. Ask them to hold up their hand, open their
fingers, and if their faith will take Jesus, to close their fingers as if
clasping something, and that something is Jesus. This is taking
Jesus by Faith.
 CHAPTER X

BEFORE OR AFTER
Object: A Blackboard or a Drawing on a Muslin Chart

BEFORE OR AFTER

P UT the figure of a cross on the blackboard and on the left side

put the letters B. C. On the right side, the letters A. D. This in
the language of the day stands for Before Christ and the Year
of Our Lord. For our purpose, we will cause B. C. to stand for Before
Conversion and A. D. After Deliverance. Before and after the Cross
(See Figure).

Great questions come to the Christian for his decision. "Shall I"
are the words often on our lips. Does it belong to the life before the
Cross (Before Conversion) or After Conversion? Put it down where it
belongs. "Shall I dance?" that belongs to the B. C. side of the Cross.
"Shall I play cards?" that belongs to the B. C. side also. "Shall I
pray?" that belongs to the A. D. side (After Deliverance) of the
Cross. "Shall I join the Church?" that belongs to the A. D. side also.
It would be a very helpful exercise to ask the audience to name daily
matters, and ask which side of the Cross they belong. If you have a
doubtful thing in your mind take it to the Cross and mark it B. C. or A.
D. This will make an instructive exercise for a young people's
meeting. Always be an A. D. Christian.
 CHAPTER XI

WHY I SHOULD JOIN THE CHURCH

Objects: Blackboard or Chart

I T is the wrong thought of some Christians that they count just as

much for God outside of the church as in it. Christian
membership harnesses up the Christian to a giant power. Build
out of cardboard the form of a village church, place it on the platform
before the audience. If using blackboard draw the Church and
numbers in the air first. As they enter the Church rub the figures out,
and place on the roof. Hang up the numbers 1-2-0-4-9-6-7 in various
parts of the platform. They represent Christians who will not join the
Church, separate units, standing for themselves only. They have no
relation to each other and have only individual power. Persuade
them to come into the

Church organization and be linked together by common tasks. Take

these numbers now in various parts of the platform and place them
on the roof in the following order: 9763210—now they are an army of
giants with power of millions of separate units. If the Church should
be made of wood, take seven candles and light them. Put them in
various places in the room. They represent the separate Christian.
Bring them to Church, Put them all inside of the Church. Turn out all
the other lights on the platform and the effect will be most striking.
Jesus said "Let your light so shine" and the way to make it shine the
most, is to all shine together. So will the Church be like a city set on
a hill. Its light cannot be hid.
 CHAPTER XII

SEEING THE SERMON

Objects: The Perry Pictures

SEEING THE SERMON

T HIS is a striking and attractive way to preach a short object

sermon in the regular church service. Just before the regular
sermon, ask all the children to leave their seats and come
forward to the platform in a happy little group, then hand each a
Perry picture all on the same subject. Then preach to them a short
sermon drawing out the point of the picture, and explain every line of
it to them. They will then understand the picture and the lesson it
teaches. After the little sermon is over, tell them to keep the picture.
And send them back to their seats. It is a beautiful and affecting
scene to see the little people with happy step and smiling face
coming down the aisle and hastening back to their folks and saying
"See what he gave me." They are instructed to put these pictures in
a scrap book to keep them together. You can go through the Life of
Jesus this way and the children will thus have a valuable scrap book
to keep for years to come. Ask your denominational house where
these pictures can be secured. They cost but trifle, but they help you
to cause the children to see a sermon.