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Strategic Leadership and Management in
Nonprofit Organizations
i j
Martha Golensky
Grand Valley State University
Mark A. Hager
Arizona State University
i j
1
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
Instructor Resources xv
6. Decision-Making 96
Decision-Making Strategies 97
Practical Considerations 101
Six Thinking Hats 108
Final Thoughts, Questions to Consider, and Selected Readings 112
References 113
i
Welcome to the second edition of Strategic Leadership and Management in Nonprofit
Organizations! The first edition was written wholly by Martha Golensky, a culmination
of knowledge and experience she gained through fifteen years as a nonprofit executive
and twelve years as a full-time university professor, teaching nonprofit management
courses, conducting research on leadership and decision-making, and providing con-
sultation to local organizations on management issues. In the second edition, Golensky
is joined by Mark Hager, who directs the master’s degree in nonprofit leadership and
management at Arizona State University. Fans of the first edition will be glad to know
that this revised edition maintains the bones and content of the original edition.
So what’s new? Many of the classic references that have had so much influence on
the field are still here, but we have updated each chapter with new thinking and re-
search from the past decade. When statistics are used to provide context for a par-
ticular topic, we have updated those. In some chapters, Hager has added more flavor
that reflects his expertise—for example, you will find expansions in the chapter on
volunteer administration, a topic on which Hager has written extensively. Perhaps the
biggest change is in our references to technology, which has influenced the nonprofit
workplace in every way over the past decade. When the first edition of this book was
written, social media and smartphones had not been invented yet. Now, they are fun-
damental parts of our lives, and nonprofits make use of them every day to interact
with their stakeholders. So, the second edition of Strategic Leadership and Management
in Nonprofit Organizations melds classic research with new thinking on how best to run
nonprofits.
ix
xi Preface
Although the book incorporates the work of many scholars in the field of nonprofit
and philanthropic studies, it is fundamentally practical in its orientation. It takes as
its departure point the smorgasbord of challenges facing real-life decision makers in
today’s world—challenges around service delivery, staff performance, financial sta-
bility, interaction with a board of directors, strategic planning, program effectiveness,
volunteer engagement, and uses of technology.
The principal audience for the book is students of the nonprofit sector. This includes
professionals who are about to or have recently entered the workplace as interns,
employees, or volunteers, in direct practice or a supervisory role. Our goal is to help
you understand how nonprofit organizations function and to increase your apprecia-
tion of the conflicting demands on the board and top management team. More expe-
rienced staff, especially those engaged in the daunting task of effecting organizational
change, may also find the book a useful resource. Workers at all levels must have both
technical competency and the ability to navigate skillfully through the intricacies of
the work culture.
A distinctive feature of the book is the use of an extended case study to illustrate
different leadership and management issues. The case, which Golensky wrote to use in
the classroom, is based on the experience of a real human service organization. Unlike
most case studies, this one tells the organizational story from two viewpoints: the ex-
ecutive director and the board president. These two important leaders disagree on
the best strategy for the agency’s future. Thus, the case mimics real life, where critical
decisions are seldom simple. By addressing a range of significant organizational issues
as seen through the eyes of the key decision makers, the case featured in this book
should stimulate both personal reflection and lively discussion about basic concepts,
processes, and their consequences.
In addition to the case study, the book includes many examples of the issues non-
profit leaders and senior managers face. Some are relatively new concerns, such as
how to incorporate individuals who wish to volunteer only now and then, or episodic
volunteers. Some have a long tradition, like promoting the effectiveness of the board
of directors. Although many of the examples in the book are drawn from the human
services, they depict situations common to a variety of nonprofit organizations.
Organization
The book is organized into four sections. The introduction to each section summarizes
the contents and lists key themes. Portions of the case study, addressing many of these
same themes, appear in the introductions for sections 2, 3, and 4. The last part of
the case, containing the resolution of the conflict between the two main characters,
appears only in the accompanying teacher’s manual, so readers can reach their own
conclusions about the issues in the case. Each chapter ends with discussion questions
and recommended reading.
Preface j xi
Section 1 provides the context for the rest of the book. Here the focus is on the char-
acteristics of a nonprofit organization, with an explanation of the specific attributes
of both charitable and member-serving nonprofits. We also consider the historical de-
velopment of the nonprofit sector as a whole and of the human services subsector in
particular. This section also features a review of the political and economic climate in
which nonprofits must operate.
In section 2, the concept of leadership is examined from several perspectives,
starting with general theories of leadership and the particular structure of leader-
ship in a nonprofit. Next, the multiple roles of the nonprofit professional leader are
delineated, to recognize that the same person may serve as manager and adminis-
trator, motivated by different priorities when functioning in each capacity. Ethical is-
sues are also considered. The last two chapters in this section are concerned with the
theoretical and practical aspects of decision-making and the relationship between or-
ganizational culture and organizational change, a critical element of present-day lead-
ership and management in nonprofits.
Sections 3 and 4 address the specific skills of the nonprofit leader involved in
securing material resources and managing human resources, respectively. In section
3, strategic planning, program planning and evaluation, resource generation, organi-
zational performance indicators, and technology and communication are the areas of
emphasis.
Section 4 includes chapters dealing with leadership to create and protect a culture
of integrity, human resource management, and the practical aspects of board govern-
ance. We end with a focus on the role of volunteers and the need for organizations to
provide good experiences if they want volunteers to keep coming back.
A teacher’s manual has been prepared to accompany the text. It contains suggestions
on ways to present the information covered in each of the book’s chapters as well as
exercises and assignments suitable for applying what has been learned to everyday
practice. With a few exceptions, this is original material that Golensky developed over
the years and tested thoroughly in the classroom, with a few additions from Hager.
Also included is Golensky’s version of a management audit, which might be an effec-
tive final course project.
Acknowledgments
i
Thank you to Martha Golensky for inviting me to contribute to the second edition
of this great textbook. This work is hers, and I am humbled to be part of it. Thank you
to Kathy Renfro for her research assistance as we worked through the updates and
revisions. Martha Golensky wishes to thank again all of the people who contributed to
the first edition of this book.
Mark Hager
xiii
Instructor Resources
i
The Oxford University Press Ancillary Resource Center (ARC) houses an
Instructor’s Manual with teaching tips, exercises, and worksheets. To access these
materials, please visit www.oup.com/he/golensky2e.
xv
Section 1
Understanding the Nonprofit Sector
i
The first part of this book aims to introduce readers to the nonprofit sector in
the United States, although some of the material may be applicable to nonprofits
in other countries as well. The intent is to establish the context for the rest of
the book by providing useful definitions and background information about the
sector, and especially health and human services.
Chapter 1 identifies the different types of nonprofit organizations, including
those classified as public charities under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue
Code since those are the ones we give the most attention to in this book. The
chapter also notes the part of the nonprofit sector that serves members rather
than clients, including mutual benefit organizations.
Chapter 2 offers an overview of the historical development of nonprofits in the
United States. It also provides specific background information on human service
organizations (HSOs) for several reasons: They represent the largest and most di-
verse subgroup of charitable nonprofits, they are arguably the nonprofits most
recognized by the general public, and the case study that is used throughout the
book deals with situations occurring in an HSO.
Chapter 3 explores the external political and economic climate in which
nonprofits must operate and the ramifications of this environment on internal
decision-making by top leaders. It also explores the interrelationships among the
three sectors of society.
2i Understanding the Nonprofit Sector
Key Themes
Harvard College, founded in 1636, holds the distinction of being the first char-
itable corporation founded in the American colonies, although it lacked many of the
characteristics now associated with such organizations. By the middle of the eight-
eenth century, a variety of voluntary entities had been formed, but only since the
latter part of the twentieth century have nonprofits begun to occupy a place of major
importance in American society. Today, nearly 1.6 million nonprofits contribute their
richness to our culture. Most of those are very small, but a few are large, well-known,
and influential. This chapter establishes the parameters of the nonprofit world, with
attention to organizations qualifying as public charities as well as those primarily
serving their own members.
What’s in a Name?
Generally speaking, we can identify three major sectors of society: government, also
known as the public sector; business, often called the corporate sector; and voluntary or-
ganizations, usually referred to as the nonprofit sector. If the average person were asked
to describe the purpose of the first two of these, he or she would most likely respond
that governments exist to protect and promote the interests of the general public, and
businesses exist to turn a profit (O’Neill, 2002).
However, this little exercise is not so simple when we turn to nonprofits, which
come in many shapes and sizes. If that same average citizen were asked for examples
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