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GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON
WEALTH AND DISTRIBUTION
The Coronavirus
Pandemic and
Inequality
A Global Perspective
Edited by
Shirley Johnson-Lans
Global Perspectives on Wealth and Distribution
Series Editors
Shirley Johnson-Lans, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
Feridoon Koohi-Kamali, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
This is a broad-ranging and interdisciplinary series dedicated to studying
the fundamental economic issue of inequality, including wealth inequality,
wage and earnings differentials, and inequality in alternative measures
of well-being. The series focuses on studies of developed nations as
well as volumes focusing on recent research on inequality in the devel-
oping world. Gender- and racial-based inequality and the intra-household
division of resources are addressed as well as inequality associated with
technological change and globalization and the persistent problem of
poverty. The economics of human rights addresses the problems of the
most vulnerable members of society and considers policies to alleviate
human rights violations.
Shirley Johnson-Lans
Editor
The Coronavirus
Pandemic
and Inequality
A Global Perspective
Editor
Shirley Johnson-Lans
Vassar College
Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-
tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither
the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Acknowledgments
v
Contents
1 Introduction 1
Shirley Johnson-Lans
2 The Response of the United States to the Coronavirus
Pandemic 7
Shirley Johnson-Lans
3 Inequalities Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic
in Canada: The Legacy of Socio-Demographic Fault
Lines and Inter-Provincial Differences 39
Jaunathan Bilodeau and Amélie Quesnel-Vallée
4 COVID-19 Inequalities in Brazil: Health, Education,
and Social Assistance Policies 69
Elize Massard da Fonseca, Catarina Ianni Segatto,
and Francisco Inacio Bastos
5 The Coronavirus Pandemic and Inequality in Italy 85
Margherita Giannoni, Milena Vainieri, Iris M. Bosa,
Adriana Castelli, Michele Castelli, Oriana Ciani,
Simone Ghislandi, Giorgia Marini, and Sabina Nuti
6 The Coronavirus Pandemic: Ethiopia 131
Gisella Kagy and Denat Negatu
vii
viii CONTENTS
Index 271
Notes on Contributors
ix
x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
financing, and healthcare access and use, and the socio-economic and
health inequalities of fragile groups such as migrants.
Shirley Johnson-Lans Professor of Economics, Emerita, at Vassar
College is an economist specializing in labor economics, health
economics, comparative economic systems, and income inequality. She
holds a Ph.D. from Columbia University and was a Marshall Scholar
at Edinburgh University where she received a first-class honors M.A. in
Political Economy after receiving her B.A. in philosophy from Harvard.
She has served on a number of public service boards including Vice-
chair of the State of New York Mortgage Agency and Economist Member
of the New York State Energy Research Development Authority and as
President of Omicron Delta Epsilon (ODE), the international economics
honor society. She is the recipient of four Ford Foundation summer
fellowships, the author of many articles in scholarly journals, and the
books, A Health Economics Primer and Wage Inequality in Africa. She is
co-editor of the Palgrave Macmillan book series, Global Perspectives on
Wealth and Distribution.
Gisella Kagy is an Assistant Professor at Vassar College in New York.
She is a development economist with a focus on gender, employment
in low-income countries, and the impact of early childhood and in-utero
health shocks on later life health and human capital accumulation. She has
projects in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Ghana that use a variety of experi-
mental and applied methods with a particular focus on designing surveys
and collecting new data. Her work has been publisher in top general
interest and development economics field journals. She received her Ph.D.
in economics from the University of Colorado, Boulder in 2015.
Giorgia Marini is an Assistant Professor of Public Economics at the
Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, Sapienza University of
Rome which she joined in 2012. She has an M.Sc. and Ph.D. in
Economics both awarded by Tor Vergata University of Rome and a
B.A. in Economics awarded by Sapienza University of Rome. Before
joining the Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, she was a
Research Fellow at the Department of Economics, Tor Vergata University
of Rome (2009–2012) and at the Centre for Health Economics, Univer-
sity of York (2005–2008). Her research interests include health policy
evaluation, health policy reforms, performance measurement, inequality
measurement, and technical efficiency.
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xiii
Chapter 2
Fig. 1 Seven Day Average of New Reported U.S. COVID-19
Cases (Source New York Times, April 13, 2022. Charts
based on CDC figures) 8
Fig. 2 New Daily U.S. COVID-19 Cases during the Omicron
Surge (Source Coronavirus Tracker, CDC figures, published
online daily by the New York Times ) 12
Fig. 3 7-day Average US COVID-19 Cases per 100,000
during the Omicron Surge (Source Coronavirus Tracker,
CDC figures, published online daily by the New York Times ) 13
Fig. 4 US COVID-19 Daily Deaths during the Omicron Surge
(Source Coronavirus Tracker, CDC figures, published
online daily by the New York Times ) 14
Fig. 5 Associations between state politics and vaccination rates 27
Chapter 3
Fig. 1 Daily number of hospital beds and ICU beds occupied
by COVID-19 patients as of June 13, 2022 (Source
https://health-infobase.canada.ca/COVID-19/) 41
xvii
xviii LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter 5
Fig. 1 Income inequality in Italian regions before the pandemic
(2018–2019) (Source ISTAT [2021a], Table A2) 90
Fig. 2 Life expectancy free from disability at 65 years for male
and female vs. a economic inequality 2019–2020 and vs b
Gini index in Italian regions (the lines in the figure are
the fitted values from a linear regression of life expectancy
at 65 years free from disability for male and female
in the 21 Italian regions vs. a measure of income inequality.
The latter is the product between per capita post-tax
income and the Gini coefficient in the 21 Italian regions.
Data are reported in Table A1 in the Appendix) (Data
Source ISTAT [2021a] [2021b] [2021d]) 102
Fig. 3 Frequency of problems (any level) by age
class and EQ-5D-5L dimensions (Comparison
between frequencies of any problem according to five
dimensions of health-related quality of life as measured
by the EQ-5D-5L in 2020 [Meregaglia et al., 2022]
and in 2014 [Scalone et al., 2015]. The survey
in 2020 was administered online to a representative
sample of the national Italian population, the one
in 2014 was performed through phone interviews
with a representative sample of the population living
in the Lombardy Region) 103
Fig. 4 Regional hospitalizations variations during the pandemic
and income inequality Urgent hospitalizations
during 2020–2019 vs. a per capita income and b income
inequality; Hospitalizations for mental health conditions
during 2020–2019 vs. c per capita income and d income
inequality; Regional variations in surgical volumes for breast
cancer during 2020–2019 vs. e per capita income and f
income inequality (Data Source Agenas [2021] ISTAT
[2021a], [2021b], [2021d], [see Table A2]) 107
LIST OF FIGURES xix
Chapter 6
Fig. 1 Daily new confirmed COVID-19 cases: 7-day rolling
average (Source Johns Hopkins University CSSE
COVID-19 Data) 134
Chapter 7
Fig. 1 Timeline of the EHCVM survey and COVID-19 response 150
Fig. 2 Distribution of household welfare indicators and labor
market outcomes across the month of interview (Note The
zero (0) reference line denotes the Covid-19 lockdown
month (March 2020) in Comoros. We positioned
the x-axis to reflect the time trend of the interviews
before and after the treatment variable (Covid-19 lockdown
month). Hence, the scale reads from left of the reference
line as January 2020 (−2), February (−1) and to the right
as April (+1) to August/September (+5). The observations
for August and September 2020 interviews were pooled
together given their small sample sizes, hence the absence
of (+6) that would have corresponded to September 2020) 155
Fig. 3 Post-match distribution of propensity scores
across treatment and control 183
Chapter 8
Fig. 1 Total number of COVID-19 cases and deaths per 100,000
population in select OECD countries and Taiwan, January
2020–July 31, 2022 (Source CNN tracking Covid-19’s
global spread. https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/
health/coronavirus-maps-and-cases/) 198
Fig. 2 Trend in the number of confirmed cases from domestic
transmission in Taiwan, May 1, 2021–July 15, 2021 (Source
COVID-19 Central Epidemic Command Center, Ministry
of Health and Welfare, Republic of China, Taiwan, 15 July
2021) 201
xx LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter 9
Fig. 1 Total employment, Australia, December 2014–2019
(Source Australian Bureau of Statistics, Labour Force,
Australia December 2019) 234
Fig. 2 Organization of the Healthìuta System in Australia (Source
L. Glover, 2020) 236
Fig. 3 COVID-19 Registered deaths by age and sex (Source
Australian Bureau of Statistics, COVID-19 mortality
22/12/2021) 242
Fig. 4 Distribution of weekly earnings (Note In August
2020, there was a larger number of people than usual
earning around $750 per week, which was the amount
of the JobKeeper wage subsidy. Source Australian Bureau
of Statistics, more than 40% of Australian worked
from home 14/12/2021) 246
Fig. 5 Gross Domestic Production (GDP) Chai. Volume
measures, seasonally adjusted (Source Australian Bureau
of Statistics, economic activity increased 3.4% in December
quarter 2/03/2022) 249
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