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Diagnostic Ultrasound: Head and
Neck

SECOND EDITION

Anil T. Ahuja, MBBS (Bom), MD (Bom),

FRCR, FHKCR, FHKAM (Radiology)
Professor of Diagnostic Radiology & Organ Imaging, Department of
Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China

Eunice Y.L. Dai, MBBS, MRes(Med), FRCR,

FHKCR, FHKAM (Radiology)
Honorary Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Imaging and
Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China

Evelyn W.K. Tang, MBBS, MRes(Med),

FRCR
Honorary Clinical Tutor, Department of Imaging and Interventional
Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong (SAR), China

Carmen C. Cho, MBBS, FRCR, FHKCR,

FHKAM (Radiology)
Honorary Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Imaging and
Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China

K.T. Wong, MBChB, FRCR, FHKCR,

FHKAM (Radiology)
Honorary Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Imaging and
Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedications

Contributing Authors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Sections

Part I: Anatomy

SECTION 1: HEAD AND NECK

Chapter 1: Neck

Chapter 2: Sublingual/Submental Region

Chapter 3: Submandibular Region

Chapter 4: Parotid Region

Chapter 5: Upper Cervical Level

Chapter 6: Midcervical Level

Chapter 7: Lower Cervical Level and Supraclavicular Fossa

Chapter 8: Posterior Triangle

Chapter 9: Thyroid Gland

Chapter 10: Parathyroid Gland

Chapter 11: Larynx and Hypopharynx

Chapter 12: Cervical Trachea and Esophagus

Chapter 13: Brachial Plexus

Chapter 14: Vagus Nerve

Chapter 15: Cervical Carotid Arteries

Chapter 16: Vertebral Arteries

Chapter 17: Neck Veins

Chapter 18: Cervical Lymph Nodes

Part II: Diagnoses

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

Chapter 19: Approach to Head and Neck Sonography

SECTION 2: THYROID AND PARATHYROID

Chapter 20: Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

Chapter 21: Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Chapter 22: Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Chapter 23: Thyroid Metastases

Chapter 24: Thyroid Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Chapter 25: Multinodular Goiter

Chapter 26: Thyroid Adenoma

Chapter 27: Colloid Cyst of Thyroid

Chapter 28: Hemorrhagic Thyroid Cyst

Chapter 29: Postaspiration Thyroid Nodule

Chapter 30: Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Chapter 31: Graves Disease

Chapter 32: de Quervain Thyroiditis

Chapter 33: Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis

Chapter 34: Ectopic Thyroid

Chapter 35: Parathyroid Adenoma in Visceral Space

Chapter 36: Parathyroid Carcinoma

SECTION 3: LYMPH NODES

Chapter 37: Reactive Adenopathy

Chapter 38: Suppurative Adenopathy

Chapter 39: Tuberculous Adenopathy

Chapter 40: Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis (Kikuchi-Fujimoto

Disease)

Chapter 41: Squamous Cell Carcinoma Nodes

Chapter 42: Nodal Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

Chapter 43: Systemic Metastases in Neck Nodes

Chapter 44: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Nodes

Chapter 45: Castleman Disease

SECTION 4: SALIVARY GLANDS

PAROTID SPACE

Chapter 46: Parotid Benign Mixed Tumor

Chapter 47: Parotid Warthin Tumor

Chapter 48: Parotid Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

Chapter 49: Parotid Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

Chapter 50: Parotid Acinic Cell Carcinoma

Chapter 51: Parotid Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Chapter 52: Metastatic Disease of Parotid Nodes

Chapter 53: Parotid Lipoma

Chapter 54: Parotid Schwannoma

Chapter 55: Parotid Lymphatic Malformation

Chapter 56: Parotid Venous Vascular Malformation

Chapter 57: Parotid Infantile Hemangioma

Chapter 58: Benign Lymphoepithelial Lesions-HIV

Chapter 59: Acute Parotitis

SUBMANDIBULAR SPACE
Chapter 60: Submandibular Gland Benign Mixed Tumor

Chapter 61: Submandibular Gland Carcinoma

Chapter 62: Submandibular Metastasis

Chapter 63: Salivary Gland Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma

Chapter 64: Submandibular Sialadenitis

GENERAL LESIONS

Chapter 65: Salivary Gland Tuberculosis

Chapter 66: Sjögren Syndrome

Chapter 67: IgG4-Related Disease in Head & Neck

Chapter 68: Salivary Gland MALToma

Chapter 69: Salivary Gland Amyloidosis

Chapter 70: Kimura Disease

SECTION 5: LUMPS AND BUMPS

CYSTIC

Chapter 71: Ranula

Chapter 72: Dermoid and Epidermoid

Chapter 73: Lymphatic Malformation

Chapter 74: 1st Branchial Cleft Cyst

Chapter 75: 2nd Branchial Cleft Cyst

Chapter 76: Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

Chapter 77: Cervical Thymic Cyst

SOLID

Chapter 78: Carotid Body Paraganglioma

Chapter 79: Infrahyoid Carotid Space Vagus Schwannoma

Chapter 80: Sympathetic Schwannoma

Chapter 81: Brachial Plexus Schwannoma

Chapter 82: Lipoma

Chapter 83: Pilomatrixoma

MISCELLANEOUS

Chapter 84: Sinus Histiocytosis (Rosai-Dorfman)

Chapter 85: Benign Masseter Muscle Hypertrophy

Chapter 86: Masseter Muscle Masses

Chapter 87: Fibromatosis Colli

Chapter 88: Esophagopharyngeal Diverticulum (Zenker)

Chapter 89: Laryngocele

Chapter 90: Cervical Esophageal Carcinoma

Chapter 91: Vocal Cord Paralysis

SECTION 6: VASCULAR

Chapter 92: Parotid Vascular Lesion

Chapter 93: Venous Vascular Malformation

Chapter 94: Jugular Vein Thrombosis

Chapter 95: Carotid Artery Dissection in Neck

Chapter 96: Carotid Stenosis/Occlusion

Chapter 97: Vertebral Stenosis/Occlusion

SECTION 7: POSTTREATMENT CHANGE

Chapter 98: Expected Changes in Neck After Radiation Therapy

Chapter 99: Postsurgical Changes in Neck

SECTION 8: INTERVENTION

Chapter 100: Ultrasound-Guided Intervention

Part III: Differential Diagnoses

SECTION 1: HEAD AND NECK

Chapter 101: Midline Neck Mass

Chapter 102: Cystic Neck Mass

Chapter 103: Nonnodal Solid Neck Mass

Chapter 104: Solid Neck Lymph Node

Chapter 105: Necrotic Neck Lymph Node

Chapter 106: Diffuse Salivary Gland Enlargement

Chapter 107: Focal Salivary Gland Mass

SECTION 2: THYROID AND PARATHYROID

Chapter 108: Diffuse Thyroid Enlargement

Chapter 109: Iso-/Hyperechoic Thyroid Nodule

Chapter 110: Hypoechoic Thyroid Nodule

Chapter 111: Cystic Thyroid Nodule

Chapter 112: Calcified Thyroid Nodule

Chapter 113: Enlarged Parathyroid Gland

INDEX
Copyright
DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND: HEAD AND NECK, SECOND
EDITION
ISBN: 978-0-323-62572-2

Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier. All rights reserved.

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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are
protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be
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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own

experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information,
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Dedications

To my late mum and dad, I owe it all to them. I have been

blessed! To Anita, no sister could have sacrificed more for
the success of her brother. The rock in our lives. To the
three girls who make it all worthwhile: My precious wife,
Reann, for her love, support, patience, and tolerance of my
many imperfections, and to my lovely daughters, Sanjali
and Tiana, for the sheer love, joy, happiness, and meaning
they bring to our lives.

ATA

To Professor Ahuja, our respected mentor, for his generous

teaching and inspiration; and to our families, for their
unconditional love and support.

EYLD, EWKT, CCC, KTW

Contributing Authors
Eric K.C. Law, Hons BSc, MBChB, FRCR, FHKCR, FHKAM
(Radiology), Associate Consultant, Department of Imaging and
Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
Chris S.C. Tsai, MBChB, Resident, Department of Imaging and
Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
(SAR), China
Carita Tsoi, MBChB, Resident, Department of Imaging and
Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
(SAR), China
Simon S.M. Wong, MBBS, FRCR, FHKCR, FHKAM
(Radiology), Honorary Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of
Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China

Additional Contributors
Kunwar S.S. Bhatia, MBBS, FRCR
Simon S.M. Ho, MBBS, FRCR
Stella Sin Yee Ho, RDMS, RVT, PhD
Yolanda Y.P. Lee, MBChB, FRCR
H.Y. Yuen, MBChB, FRCR
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Mathieu Nom. Pom. 428. 1889. 12. Guide Prat. 154, 364. 1895. 13.
Nicholson Dict. Gard. 3:166. 14. Waugh Plum Cult. 124. 1901. 15. Soc.
Nat. Hort. France Pom. 554 fig. 1904.
Diaphane 4, 12. Diaphane Lafay 4. Durchscheinende Reineclaude 9,
12. Durchscheinende Reine-Claude 11. Prune Diaphane 9. Prune
Diaphane Laffay 4, 11. Reine-Claude De Guigne 9. Reine-Claude
Diaphane 1, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15. Reine-Claude Diaphane 2, 3, 4, 5, 11. Reine-
Claude Transparente 9, 11, 12, 15. Reine-Claude Transparent 4.
Transparent Green Gage 6. Transparent Gage 3, 4, 7, 8, 13. Transparent
Gage 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15. Transparent Gage Plum 2, 5.

In Europe Transparent is considered one of the best of all dessert

plums but either it does not do as well in America or the American
bred plums of the Reine Claude group, to which this variety belongs,
are much better on this continent than in the Old World. At any rate
in our soil and climate there are a dozen or more Reine Claude
plums as good or better in quality than Transparent and much
superior in other characters. It is, however, worth planting by the
connoisseur for its quality and because of the transparency of skin—
in the latter respect it is unique among Domestica plums. The flower-
buds of this variety have a remarkable tendency to produce leaves in
the place of floral organs.
Transparent is an old French variety. M. Lafay, a rose-grower at
Bellevue, near Paris, raised it from the seed of the Reine Claude and
named it Reine Claude Diaphane. It was grown previous to 1836, for,
during this year, Thomas Rivers of England, while visiting M. Lafay,
was told of its origin. In 1871, the American Pomological Society
listed Transparent in its catalog as worthy of culture. The color of this
variety leads to the suspicion that Reine Claude is not the only
parent.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, hardy, productive;

branches slender, ash-gray, roughish towards the trunk, with small
lenticels; branchlets above medium in thickness, short, with internodes of
average length, green changing to brownish-red often retaining some
green, dull, pubescent, with small lenticels; leaf-buds of medium size and
length, conical, somewhat appressed.
 Leaves folded upward, obovate or oval, two and one-half inches wide,
five inches long, above average thickness; upper surface rugose, nearly
glabrous, with a grooved midrib; lower surface pubescent; apex abruptly
pointed or acute, base acute, margin often doubly serrate or crenate, with
small, dark glands; petiole seven-eighths inch long, thick, pubescent,
faintly tinged red, glandless or with from one to four rather large, globose
or oval, greenish-brown glands usually on the stalk.
Season of bloom medium, short; flowers appearing after the leaves, one
and one-eighth inches across, white; borne in scattering clusters on lateral
buds and spurs, singly or in pairs; pedicels five-eighths inch long, thick,
pubescent, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-
lobes obtuse, lightly pubescent, glandular-serrate, reflexed; petals
obovate, crenate, tapering to short, broad claws; anthers yellow with a
tinge of red; filaments three-eighths inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than
the stamens, often in pairs.
Fruit late, intermediate in length of ripening season; one and three-
eighths inches by one and one-half inches in size, oblate, compressed;
halves equal; cavity wide, flaring; suture a line; apex flattened or
depressed; color red over a dark amber-yellow ground, mottled, covered
with thin bloom; dots numerous, grayish or light russet, conspicuous,
decreasing in number but increasing in size towards the cavity; stem thick,
three-quarters inch long, pubescent, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin,
adhering but slightly; flesh golden-yellow, juicy, fibrous, tender, very sweet,
aromatic, pleasant; very good to best; stone clinging, five-eighths inch by
one-half inch in size, roundish-oval, turgid, blunt at the base and apex,
with slightly pitted surfaces; ventral suture, wide, blunt, faintly grooved;
dorsal suture with a deep groove of medium width.

UNGARISH
Prunus domestica

1. Ia. Agr. Col. Bul. 50, 51. 1886. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 86. 1890. 3.
Mich. Sta. Bul. 118:53. 1895. 4. Kan. Sta. Bul. 101:117, 119, 120 fig. 1901.
5. Waugh Plum Cult. 109. 1901. 6. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 102. 1902. 7.
Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 326. 1903. 8. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 433.
1905.
Hungarian 3, ?6. Hungarian Prune 3. Hungarian Prune 4. Hungary 1.
Ungarische 8. Ungarish Prune 2, 7. Quetsche de Hongrie 1. Zwetsche
Ungarische 1.
 Budd’s Ungarish as grown at the New York State Experiment
Station is nearly identical with the Italian Prune. The only differences
to be detected are that the Italian Prune is a trifle smaller, a little
more firm, not as broad and not quite as sweet as the Ungarish. The
pit of the latter is usually tinged with red, while that of the former is
rarely so colored. If the Ungarish prove as productive as the Italian
Prune it may be more desirable because of its larger size. In 1883
Professor J. L. Budd of the Iowa Experiment Station imported trees
under the name Quetsche de Hongrie or Zwetsche Ungarische from
C. H. Wagner of Riga, Russia and from Wilhelm Wohler of Wilna,
Russia. Budd disseminated the variety as Hungary, a name soon
changed to Hungarian Prune and later to Ungarish. This is not to be
confused with the true Hungarian so well known in Europe as the
Quetsche de Hongrie.

UTAH
Prunus besseyi × Prunus watsoni

1. Dieck in Dippel Laubholzkunde 3:634. 1893. 2. Cornell Sta. Bul.

70:262, Pl. II fig. 3. 1894. 3. Tex. Sta. Bul. 32:490. 1894. 4. Vt. Sta. Bul.
67:21. 1898. 5. Waugh Plum Cult. 225. 1901.
Black Utah Hybrid 2, 4, 5. Utah Hybrid 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

This interesting natural hybrid was grown by J. E. Johnson at

Wood River, Nebraska, some time previous to 1870. Mr. Johnson
planted seed of the native dwarf cherry which had grown near Sand
plums and which supposedly had been pollinized by the plums. The
resulting plants proved to be intermediates between the cherry and
the plum and are now generally thought to be natural hybrids. From
these seedlings, one was selected and propagated. Shortly
afterwards Mr. Johnson moved to Utah taking his new hybrid with
him and from there distributed it as Utah. In 1893 a German botanist,
Dieck (References, 1), described this hybrid and gave it the specific
name Prunus utahensis. The plant has no commercial value. It is
described as follows:
 Tree a dwarfish tree-like bush three or four feet in height; branches and
branchlets zigzag after the habit of Prunus watsoni: leaves small, narrow-
ovate, pointed at the ends; margins crenulate, glandless, sometimes small
glands on the petioles; fruit early, small, round, dark mahogany-red,
covered with bloom; skin very bitter; flesh melting; pleasant flavor; quality
poor; stone small, round like that of a cherry.

VICTORIA
 VICTORIA

Prunus domestica

1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 153. 1831. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 315.
1845. 3. Ann. Pom. Belge 45, Pl. 1856. 4. Thompson Gard. Ass’t 516.
1859. 5. Cultivator 8:26 fig. 1860. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 88. 1862. 7.
 Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 349 fig. 379. 1867. 8. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 948.
1869. 9. Pom. France 7: No. 13. 1871. 10. Mas Le Verger 6:23, fig. 12.
1866-73. 11. Oberdieck Deut. Obst. Sort. 419. 1881. 12. Hogg Fruit Man.
728. 1884. 13. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 438. 1889. 14. Gaucher Pom. Prak.
Obst. No. 98 fig. 1894. 15. Guide Prat. 159, 367. 1895. 16. Cornell Sta.
Bul. 131:193. 1897. 17. Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. 21:222. 1897. 18. Mich. Sta.
Bul. 169:243, 248. 1899. 19. Garden 57:267. 1900. 20. Waugh Plum Cult.
122, 123 fig. 1901.
Alderton 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15. Dauphin 8, 13. Denyer’s Victoria ?2,
3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15. Denyer’s Victoria 4. Dolphin 8, 13. Imperial de
Sharp 8, 13. Königin Victoria 11, 13, 15. Königin Victoria 9, 14, 15. La
Victorine 1. Prune Reine Victoria 3. Queen Victoria ?2, 3, 13, 14, 15.
Queen Victoria 9. Reine Victoria 9, 10, 13, 14, of some 15. Royal
Dauphine 8, 13. Sharp 20. Sharp’s Emperor 2, 8. Sharp’s Emperor 3, 9,
10, 12, 13, by error 15, 20. Sharpe’s Emperor, 17 incor. Victoria-Pflaume
14. Sharp’s Kaiserpflaume 13. Victoria 8, 9, 13, 14, 20. Victoria’s
Kaiserzwetsche 14, 15.

For some reason Victoria, long known in America, has never

attained great popularity in this country. It is a large plum attaining
nearly the size of Pond, though the color-plate does not so show it,
and has much the same color as the plum with which we have just
compared it. Here resemblances cease for Victoria is not the same
shape as Pond, is a little better in quality, is earlier and quite different
in tree-characters. It would seem that this would make a good
market plum as it is firm enough in flesh to ship well, as grown here
keeps remarkably well, is better in quality than the average market
plum and is handsome, though Americans seem to care little for red
plums, preferring the yellow sorts and still more the purple kinds.
Unfortunately, Victoria does not always color well in our climate. The
trees of this variety at this Station, while productive, are not large nor
robust, and the foliage is a little too susceptible to fungi. These
defects of the tree may account for the lack of popularity of the
variety in New York though even if they are to be found in all
localities, which is probably not the case, this plum is still worth
growing to some extent for home or market.
The origin of this plum and even its right to the name under which
it is discussed here are matters of controversy. The London
Horticultural Society in 1831 mentioned La Victorine in its catalog but
since no description was given it cannot be identified as Victoria.
Sharp’s Emperor which has been confused with this variety, was
described in the same publication. These two varieties were
considered as identical by Charles Downing, Hogg, Mas and others;
while Royer[225] who tested Sharp’s Emperor, obtained from Liegel,
thought it to be distinct, as did Thomas, the Guide Pratique and
Pearson of England. Hogg in describing the Victoria says, “This is a
Sussex plum, and was discovered in a garden at Alderton in that
county. It became known as Sharp’s Emperor, and was ultimately
sold by a nurseryman named Denyer, in the year 1844 at Brixton,
near London, at a high price as a new variety under the name of
Denyer’s Victoria.” Pearson in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural
Society for 1897 says the reason that Hogg and other authorities had
called these varieties identical is that they had not seen the true
variety. At this Station we have not seen Sharp’s Emperor but
judging from the descriptions it is distinct though very similar. The
American Pomological Society placed Victoria on its fruit list in 1862
but in 1871, Sharp’s Emperor was substituted as the correct name
with Victoria as a synonym. This change was probably made to
comply with Downing’s nomenclature of 1869. A review of the whole
controversy cannot but lead to the conclusion that Victoria is the
correct name and it appears also to be in most common use.

Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, hardy, productive;

branches ash-gray, smooth, with few large lenticels; branchlets thick,
short, stout, with short internodes, greenish changing to dark brownish-
drab, dull, with thick pubescence, with few inconspicuous, small lenticels;
leaf-buds large, long, conical or pointed, free.
Leaves folded backward, obovate, two and three-eighths inches wide,
five inches long, thick, stiff; upper surface dark green, rugose, with a
narrow groove on the midrib, sparingly hairy; lower surface medium green,
thickly pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base cuneate, margin serrate or
crenate, eglandular or with small dark glands; petiole one inch long,
covered with thick pubescence, tinged red on one side, glandless or with
from one to three globose or reniform, yellow glands usually on the stalk.
Season of bloom medium, short; flowers appearing with the leaves, one
and one-eighth inches across, white, the buds tinged yellow; borne in
 clusters on lateral buds and spurs, singly or in pairs; pedicels nearly three-
eighths inch long, thick, heavily pubescent; calyx-tube green,
campanulate, pubescent; calyx-lobes medium to narrow, obtuse,
glandular-serrate, thickly pubescent on both surfaces, reflexed; petals
roundish-obovate, entire or occasionally notched, tapering to short, broad
claws; anthers yellow; filaments one-quarter inch long; pistil glabrous,
longer than the stamens.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period of medium length; one and seven-
eighths inches by one and one-half inches in size, long-oval, oblong,
compressed, halves equal; cavity shallow, narrow, flaring; suture variable
in depth, prominent; apex roundish or depressed; color dark red, mottled
before full maturity, covered with thick bloom; dots numerous, russet,
conspicuous; stem thick, three-quarters inch long, very pubescent,
adhering strongly to the fruit; skin thin, tender, adhering but slightly; flesh
light yellow, juicy, coarse, firm, sweet, mild but pleasant; good; stone free,
one and one-eighth inches by three-eighths inch in size, broad-oval,
strongly flattened, deeply pitted, roughish, blunt at the base and apex;
ventral suture narrow, distinctly winged; dorsal suture widely and deeply
grooved.

VIOLET DIAPER
Prunus domestica

1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576, 578. 1629. 2. Langley Pomona 93, Pl. XXIII
fig. II. 1729. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:101, Pl. XVII fig. 1768. 4. Prince
Pom. Man. 2:70, 92. 1832. 5. Elliott Fr. Book 425. 1854. 6. Koch Deut.
Obst. 572. 1876. 7. Le Bon Jard. 339. 1882. 8. Hogg Fruit Man. 690.
1884. 9. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 452. 1889. 10. Guide Prat. 157, 355. 1895.
Black Diapred 1. Blaue Diaprée 9, 10. Blaue Herzformige Pflaume 9,
10. Buntfarbige Violette Pflaume 9, 10. Cheston 1, 9, 10. Cheston 4, 5, 8.
Cheston Matchless 5. Cheston’s Plumb 2. Dennie 1. Diaprée noire 7. Die
Violette Diaprée 10. Diaprée Violette 3, 10. Diaprée Violette 4, 8, 9. Diapre
Violet 4. Friars 1. Friars 8. Friar’s Plum 9. Matchless 4, 5, 9, 10. Purple
Diaper 6. Violet Diaper 5, 9. Violette Diaprée 9. Violette Violen Pflaume 9,
10. Veilchen Pflaume 9, 10.

Violet Diaper was cultivated at the beginning of the Seventeenth

Century and has maintained itself in Europe until the present time
although never attaining nor deserving the popularity of the Red
Diaper. Matchless, cited as a synonym, is manifestly incorrect as the
true Matchless is a yellow plum; but since it has been used so long
and by so many writers as a synonym, it seems best to mention it as
such. This plum is not grown in America. It is described as follows:

Fruit early; of medium size, oval; suture faint; cavity almost lacking; skin
free; dark purple, covered with thick bloom; flesh yellow, firm, sweet; good;
freestone.

VORONESH
 VORONESH

Prunus domestica

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 76. 1883. 2. Ibid. 61. 1887. 3. Am. Gard. 11:625
fig. 1. 1890. 4. Waugh Plum Cult. 116. 1901. 5. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort.
Man. 327, 329. 1903.
 Moldavka 1, 2, 3, 4. Voronesh Yellow 3, 5. Yellow Moldavka 5. Yellow
Voronesh 2.

Voronesh is a Russian sort supposed to be ironclad as to cold. It is

perfectly hardy at Geneva, the trees are also very productive and the
fruits are attractive enough in size and color to meet market
demands but the flavor is so insipid as to make the plum unfit for
dessert and hardly fit for kitchen use. It is given the honor of a color-
plate because it is a somewhat distinct type. In 1881 Professor J. L.
Budd secured from J. E. Fisher, Voronesh, Russia, a variety which
he introduced as Voronesh Yellow. At the same time he imported a
variety from Fisher under the name Moldavka which proved to be
identical with his Voronesh Yellow, though Budd held that while they
were very similar the Moldavka was more oval than Voronesh.

Tree of medium size, round-topped, productive; leaves drooping, folded

backward, narrow-obovate, two and one-quarter inches wide, four and
one-half inches long, thick; margin doubly serrate, with small, yellowish
glands; petiole one-half inch long, tinged red, pubescent, sometimes with
two globose, yellowish-red glands usually on the stalk near the base of the
leaf; blooming season early, short; flowers appearing after the leaves, fully
one and one-eighth inches across, dull white; borne on lateral buds and
spurs, singly or in pairs.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period short; one and seven-eighths inches
by one and one-half inches in size, ovate, necked, slightly enlarged on the
suture side, dark lemon-yellow, with thin bloom; dots very numerous, of
medium size, white, conspicuous; stem adhering strongly to the fruit; skin
tough, sour; flesh dark amber-yellow, very tender, sweet, mild; poor; stone
free, one and three-eighths inches by five-eighths inch in size, long-oval,
flattened, somewhat necked, acute at the apex, the surfaces smooth or
partially honeycombed; ventral suture prominent.

WALES
Prunus domestica

1. Gard. Chron. 5:837. 1845. 2. Mag. Hort. 12:340. 1846. 3. McIntosh

Bk. Gard. 529. 1855. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 392. 1857. 5. Thompson
Gard. Ass’t 515. 1859. 6. Ann. Pom. Belge 7, Pl. 1859. 7. Mas Pom. Gen.
 2:119, fig. 60. 1873. 8. Flor. & Pom. 253, Pl. 1875. 9. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 21:20. 1876. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 718. 1884. 11. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
443. 1889. 12. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 96, 120. 1896. 13. Cornell Sta. Bul.
131:190. 1897. 14. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1897. 15. Ohio Sta. Bul.
113:160. 1899. 16. Waugh Plum Cult. 125. 1901.
Chapman’s Prince of Wales, 3, 5. Chapman’s Prince of Wales 4, 10, 11.
Chapman’s Prince of Wales’ Plum 1. Prince Albert? 11. Prince De Galles
7. Prince De Galles 6, 11. Prince of Wales 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15. Prince
of Wales 7, 11, 14, 16. Prinz Von Wales 11. Prune Prince of Whales 6.

Wales, more commonly known as the Prince of Wales, seems to

have much merit yet it has long been grown in America, probably
three-quarters of a century, without attaining distinction with fruit-
growers. In recent years it has been favorably commented upon in a
number of publications and seems to be better known and more
grown than formerly. Whether this tardily-given recognition is not too
late is a question. So many good plums have been introduced both
at home and abroad in the last few decades that a sort dating back
nearly a century must be meritorious, indeed, to stand the
competition. As Wales grows in New York, it is rather too poor in
quality to recommend it for a home variety and the plums are too
small, as they generally grow, for a good commercial fruit. The trees
are enormously productive and are very satisfactory in other
characters as well. In a bulletin from the Cornell Station (References,
13) this variety is said to have “much to commend it for general
favor:” while in Ohio (References, 15) it is thought that Wales “ought
to become popular.”
Wales, a seedling of Orleans, was raised by a Mr. Chapman,
Brentford, Middlesex, England, in 1830. It was exhibited before the
London Horticultural Society in 1845 where it was awarded a prize.
The following year, Hovey, the American pomologist, (References, 2)
described the variety but the date of the first importation to this
country is unknown. It was not until 1897 that the variety was
sufficiently known to be placed on the fruit catalog list of the
American Pomological Society.

Tree large, vigorous, slightly vasiform, open-topped, hardy, very

productive; branches ash-gray, smooth except for the numerous, small,
slightly raised lenticels, often marked by concentric rings; branchlets of
medium thickness and length, with long internodes, green changing to
brownish-red, dull, thinly pubescent, with numerous, inconspicuous, small
lenticels; leaf-buds large, long, conical or pointed; leaf-scars prominent.
Leaves folded upward, roundish-ovate or oval, two and one-half inches
wide, three and one-half inches long; upper surface dark green, somewhat
rugose, covered with numerous hairs; lower surface pale green, thickly
pubescent; apex and base abrupt, margin crenate, eglandular or with
small dark glands; petiole one-half inch long, pubescent, tinged red,
glandless or with from one to three small, globose, yellowish-brown glands
usually at the base of the leaf.
Blooming season short; flowers one inch across, white, with a yellow
tinge; usually borne in pairs; pedicels eleven-sixteenths inch long, thick,
pubescent, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, lightly pubescent
toward the base; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, pubescent on both surfaces,
glandular-serrate and with marginal hairs, erect; petals broadly oval,
crenate, tapering to short, blunt claws; filaments five-sixteenths inch long;
pistil glabrous except on the ovary, longer than the stamens; stigma large.
Fruit late, season short; one and five-eighths inches by one and one-
half inches in size, roundish-oval, halves equal; cavity narrow, abrupt;
suture a line; apex roundish; color reddish-purple, overspread with thick
bloom; dots few, large, often tinged red, conspicuous; stem thick, one-half
inch long, pubescent, adhering well to the fruit; skin tough, separating
readily; flesh golden-yellow, juicy, tender, sweet, mild; good; stone semi-
free or free, seven-eighths inch by five-eighths inch in size, oval, turgid,
blunt at the base and apex, with slightly pitted surfaces; ventral suture
narrow, often acute or with a slight wing; dorsal suture widely and deeply
grooved.

WANGENHEIM
Prunus domestica

1. Cultivator 8:26 fig. 1860. 2. Mas Le Verger 6:157, fig. 79. 1866-73. 3.
Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. XXIV. 1871. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 453. 1889. 5.
Guide Prat. 159, 367. 1895. 6. Waugh Plum Cult. 125. 1901.
Die Wangenheim 4. De Wangenheim 5. Prune de Wangenheim 4.
Prune Wangenheim Hâtive 4. Quetsche Précoce de Wangenheim 2, 4, 5.
Von Wangenheim Pflaume 2, 4, 5. Wangenheims Frühzwetsche 2, 5.
Wangenheims Früh Zwetsche 4. Wangenheim Hâtive 4.
 This variety, very well known and highly esteemed in Germany,
has been grown to some extent in America both on the Pacific and
Atlantic Coasts and in neither region has it proved equal to standard
plums. According to Dittrich, Wangenheim originated at Beinheim, a
small place near Gotha, Saxe-Cobourg, Germany.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; trunk rough;

branches rough, stocky; branchlets nearly glabrous; leaves folded upward,
slightly rugose; margin finely serrate, with small glands; petiole tinged red,
pubescent, with from one to three small glands usually at the base of the
leaf.
Fruit mid-season; one and one-quarter inches by one and one-eighth
inches in size, ovate, purplish-red, covered with thin bloom, yellowish,
rather dry, firm, sweet, mild; of good quality; stone very free, three-
quarters inch by one-half inch in size, irregular-oval, flattened, with faintly
pitted surfaces; ventral suture distinctly winged; dorsal suture with a
narrow, shallow groove.

WASHINGTON
 WASHINGTON

Prunus domestica

1. Prince Treat. Hort. 24. 1828. 2. Pom. Mag. 1:16, Pl. 1828. 3. Lond.
Hort. Soc. Cat. 154. 1831. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:53. 1832. 5. Floy-Lindley
Guide Orch. Gard. 298, 383, 418. 1846. 6. Cole Am. Fr. Book 210. 1849.
 7. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 326 fig., 327. 1849. 8. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:87, Col.
Pl. 1851. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 54. 1852. 10. Elliott Fr. Book 415. 1854.
11. Ann. Pom. Belge 4:23, Pl. 1856. 12. Thompson Gard. Ass’t 520. 1859.
13. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 951. 1869. 14. Pom. France 7: No. 24. 1871.
15. Mas Le Verger 6:59. 1866-73. 16. Hogg Fruit Man. 729. 1884. 17.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 453. 1889. 18. Mich. Sta. Bul. 103:32, 33, fig. 1894.
19. Cornell Sta. Bul. 131:193. 1897. 20. Va. Sta. Bul. 134:44. 1902. 21.
Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:36. 1903.
Anglesio 17. Bolmar 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17. Bolmar’s
Washington 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17. Bolmar’s Washington 5. Bolmer
1, 4, 13, 17. Bolmer’s Washington 1, 4, 13. Bolmore’s Washington 4.
Double Imperial Gage 1, 4. Franklin 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17.
Imperial Gage (of Albany) 4. Irving’s Bolmar 10, 13, 16, 17. Irving’s Bolmer
14. Jackson 11, 13, 14, 17. Louis Philippe 14. Louis Philipp 17. New
Washington 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17. Parker’s Mammoth 10, 13, 16,
17. Philippe 1, 11, 13, 14, 17. Prune Washington Jaune 11. Superior Gage
1, 4, 8. Superior Green Gage 4, 8. The Washington Plum 2, 8. Washington
5, 8. Washington Bolmar 8. Washington Gage 4. Washington Jaune 13,
14, 17. Washington Mammot 14, 17. Washington Yellow 17.

Washington holds high rank among the Reine Claude varieties,

plums unsurpassed for dessert purposes. The fruits are large in size
for one of this group; handsome in form and color (in the latter
respect the color-plate does not do the variety justice); abundant in
juice yet firm and meaty enough in flesh to keep and ship well; fine in
flavor though not quite equalling some others of its group in this
character. The trees are large, hardy, vigorous and healthy,
remarkable for their broad, glossy, abundant leaves, bear bountiful
crops annually and at a favorable period of maturity. Washington
thus has a combination of characters which few of its group, with
which only it must be compared, possess. The variety, however, is
not without defects; the fruits are subject to brown-rot, so much so
that its value as a commercial variety is greatly lessened; the quality
varies greatly in different locations and even in different years,—the
latter very noticeable on the Station grounds; the trees are slow in
coming in bearing and the crops are small for some years after
fruiting begins. From the above considerations it may be seen that
while this variety is almost always worth planting in a home
collection, the location for it as a commercial fruit needs to be
chosen with some care.
There are two accounts of the origin of this variety. William Prince
gives its history as follows (References, 1): “It has always been the
custom at the establishment of the author, at Flushing, to plant
annually the seeds of the finest fruits, for the purpose of originating
new varieties; and, about the year 1790, his father planted the pits of
twenty-five quarts of the Green Gage plum; these produced trees
yielding fruit of every colour; and the White Gage, Red Gage, and
Prince’s Gage, now so well known, form part of the progeny of those
plums; and there seems strong presumptive evidence to suppose
that the Washington Plum was one of the same collection.” Michael
Floy gives a different history of the Washington (References, 5). He
states that he received the variety in 1818 from a Mr. Bolmar of New
York who in turn had purchased his trees from a market woman in
1814. The purchased trees were produced as suckers from the roots
of a Reine Claude tree which had been killed below the graft by
lightning on the Delancey farm, now the Bowery, in New York City. In
1819, a few of the trees, budded the previous year by Floy, were
sent to England. The American Pomological Society added the
Washington to its fruit catalog list in 1852. Taking in consideration the
evidence of other writers and further facts offered in other accounts
by the Princes, father and son, it seems almost certain that the first
history is correct and that Bolmar’s trees had their origin in the
Prince nursery.

Tree large, vigorous, round and open-topped, hardy, very productive;

branches dark ash-gray, rough becoming shaggy on the trunk, with small
lenticels; branchlets below medium in thickness and length, with long
internodes, green changing to brownish-red, thinly pubescent, with small
lenticels of average number; leaf-buds of medium size and length,
pointed, free.
Leaves flattened, oval, two and one-half inches wide, four and one-
quarter inches long, leathery, somewhat velvety; upper surface dark
green, lightly pubescent, with a shallow groove on the midrib; lower
surface medium green, thickly pubescent; apex abruptly pointed or acute,
base abrupt; margin serrate, eglandular; petiole five-eighths inch long,
green, pubescent, glandless or with one or two smallish, globose,
greenish-yellow glands at the base of the leaf.
Blooming season intermediate in time and length; flowers appearing
after the leaves, one and five-sixteenths inches across, white, with yellow
near the apex; borne on lateral buds and spurs; pedicels three-eighths
inch long, thick, covered with fine pubescence, greenish; calyx-tube green,
campanulate, pubescent; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, pubescent on both
surfaces, glandular-serrate and with marginal hairs, erect; petals broad-
ovate or oval, crenate, tapering into short, broad claws; anthers yellow;
filaments three-eighths inch long; pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens.
Fruit intermediate in time and length of ripening season; one and three-
quarters inches by one and five-eighths inches in size, roundish-oval,
compressed, halves equal; cavity shallow, narrow, flaring; suture shallow;
apex roundish; color greenish-yellow or light yellow, with green stripes and
splashes, occasionally with a faint blush on the sunny side, covered with
thin bloom; dots numerous, white, inconspicuous, clustered about the
apex; stem one-half inch long, covered with thick pubescence, adhering
strongly to the fruit; skin thin, slightly sour, separating readily; flesh
greenish-yellow, juicy, firm but tender, sweet, mild, pleasant flavor; good to
very good; stone free, not filling the cavity, one inch by three-quarters inch
in size, oval, turgid, roughened, somewhat blunt at the base and apex;
ventral suture wide, marked by deep furrows, with a distinct but short
wing; dorsal suture widely and deeply grooved.

WAYLAND
 WAYLAND

Prunus hortulana

1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 573, Pl. 5 fig. 2. 1888. 2. Am. Gard. 10:175 fig., 243.
1889. 3. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:51, 87. 1892. 4. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:24, 62.
1897. 5. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 10:99, 103. 1897. 6. Ibid. 11:281, 286 fig. 1898.
 7. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 228. 1904. 8. Ga. Sta. Bul. 67:283. 1904. 9. Ohio
Sta. Bul. 162:258. 1905.

Wayland is of little interest to plum-growers who grow the

Domestica varieties without difficulty but in the South and Middle
West it is an important representative of a valuable species. The
trees withstand the hot, dry weather in the region south of central
Iowa and Nebraska rather better than do those of varieties of other
species and its fruits are borne in such quantities and so late that
this and its kindred sorts become important plums. The fruits are
quite too firm of flesh, too sour and too small to be of value for
dessert purposes but they are most excellent for jellies, marmalades
and preserves—any of the uses to which the Damsons are
commonly put. They are, too, best adapted for long-keeping and
shipping of any of the native plums. Except in size, the plums are
hardly surpassed in the characters that make a fruit handsome
among the native plums. The trees are large, robust and hardy in
central New York, usually free from attacks of insects and fungi and,
with their abundant, glossy foliage, are strikingly ornamental.
Wayland is of value for New York, however, when all characters are
considered, only in furnishing variety, in extending the season for
native plums and as an ornamental.
Wayland was found in a plum thicket on the premises of Professor
H. B. Wayland, Cadiz, Kentucky. It was sent by him about 1875 to J.
S. Downer and Sons, Fairview, Todd County, Kentucky, who named
and introduced it. There has been much discussion as to the
botanical status of this variety, various writers having put it in at least
three distinct species and Waugh and Bailey have used it as the type
of the Wayland group of Prunus hortulana.

Tree very large and vigorous, spreading, somewhat drooping, flat-

topped, open, hardy at Geneva, productive; trunk shaggy; branches
rough, dark ash-gray, with inconspicuous lenticels, medium in number and
size; branchlets slender, twiggy, long, with internodes of average length,
green, changing to light chestnut-red, glossy, glabrous, with numerous,
conspicuous, large, raised lenticels; leaf-buds very small, short, obtuse,
plump, appressed.