Patterns of Christological

Categorisation. Oneness
Pentecostalism and the Renewal of
Jewish and Christian Monotheism
Marvin C. Sanguinetti
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CHRISTIANITY AND RENEWAL – INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES

Patterns of
Christological
Categorisation
Oneness Pentecostalism and
the Renewal of Jewish and
Christian Monotheism

Marvin C. Sanguinetti
Christianity and Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies

Series Editors
Wolfgang Vondey
Department of Theology and Religion
University of Birmingham
Birmingham, UK

Amos Yong
School of Mission & Theology
Fuller Theological Seminary
Pasadena, California, USA
Christianity and Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies provides a forum for
scholars from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, various global loca-
tions, and a range of Christian ecumenical and religious traditions to
explore issues at the intersection of the Pentecostal, charismatic, and other
renewal movements and related phenomena, including: the transforming
and renewing work of the Holy Spirit in Christian traditions, cultures, and
creation; the traditions, beliefs, interpretation of sacred texts, and scholar-
ship of the renewal movements; the religious life, including the spirituality,
ethics, history, and liturgical and other practices, and spirituality of the
renewal movements; the social, economic, political, transnational, and
global implications of renewal movements; methodological, analytical,
and theoretical concerns at the intersection of Christianity and renewal;
intra-Christian and interreligious comparative studies of renewal and
revitalization movements; other topics connecting to the theme of
Christianity and renewal. Authors are encouraged to examine the broad
scope of religious phenomena and their interpretation through the meth-
odological, hermeneutical, and historiographical lens of renewal in con-
temporary Christianity. Under the general topic of thoughtful reflection
on Christianity and renewal, the series includes two different kinds of
books: (1) monographs that allow for in-depth pursuit, carefully argued,
and meticulously documented research on a particular topic that explores
issues in Christianity and renewal; and (2) edited collections that allow
scholars from a variety of disciplines to interact under a broad theme
related to Christianity and renewal. In both kinds, the series encourages
discussion of traditional Pentecostal and charismatic studies, reexamina-
tion of established religious doctrine and practice, and explorations into
new fields of study related to renewal movements. Interdisciplinarity will
feature in the series both in terms of two or more disciplinary approaches
deployed in any single volume and in terms of a wide range of disciplinary
perspectives found cumulatively in the series.
For further information or to submit a proposal for consideration,
please contact Amy Invernizzi, amy.invernizzi@palgrave-usa.com.
 Marvin C. Sanguinetti

Patterns of
Christological
Categorisation
Oneness Pentecostalism and the Renewal of Jewish
and Christian Monotheism
Marvin C. Sanguinetti
New Life Bible College
London, UK

ISSN 2634-5854     ISSN 2634-5862 (electronic)

Christianity and Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies
ISBN 978-3-031-25874-9    ISBN 978-3-031-25875-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25875-6

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
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 Preface

This book is a hermeneutical inquiry into Jewish and Christian

Monotheistic-Trinitarian Categories: with special attention given to
Oneness Pentecostalism. It identifies from the literature four Trinitarian-­
Monotheistic paradigms, labelled ‘patterns of categorisation’, which are
classified taxonomically along an axis of theistic models. Each category is
interpreted with Jewish Monotheism in the foreground, and the relation-
ship between Jewish Monotheism and a belief in two distinct figures—
Yahweh and Jesus, the latter called Christological Monotheism.
The study not only offers a brief history of Oneness Pentecostalism but
shows the classification of four theistic theories and how they fit into a
discernible pattern of categorisation along the taxonomic axis. It demon-
strates the correspondence between Jewish Binitarianism and Trinitarianism
in its non-monotheistic forms, as featured in the studies of Peter Hayman,
Margaret Barker, Daniel Boyarin, and Jürgen Moltmann. It explores three
interpretations for Christian Binitarianism and their relationship to tradi-
tional Jewish Monotheism as put forward by James D.G. Dunn, Larry
W. Hurtado, and Richard J. Bauckham. The concepts of person, action,
and nature are central interpretive features of each theistic category, and is
important for understanding the Classical Trinitarian and Binitarian tradi-
tions of Gregory of Nyssa, Thomas Aquinas, and interpretations for the
Gospel of John.
How Patristic theologians conceptualised the ontological relationship
between YHWH and Jesus is not only foundational for the arguments of
Dunn, Hurtado, and Bauckham, but also important for Oneness

v
vi PREFACE

Pentecostals David K. Bernard, Kulwant S. Boora, and David S. Norris.

The book shows that Oneness Pentecostalism, or a variation thereof, is a
plausible exegetical model of Monotheism. This justification depends on
the fact that the selected framework of interpretation—Christological
Monotheism— is accepted by the academy as just such a plausible frame-
work. The study attempts to give an interpretation of Oneness Pentecostal
Monotheism at the level of comparative textual analyses with Christological
Monotheism. It provides an exploratory account of the form such an
interpretation might take using a similar model to Christopher Barina
Kaiser’s ‘Lord-Jesus Identification’.
 Acknowledgements

There are some key people who were instrumental in the production of
this study, and who have had significant influence on my interests in the
fields of Theology Proper, Christology, Pneumatology, Monotheism, and
more importantly, Christological Monotheism. I wish to express my sin-
cere gratitude to Dr. Neil MacDonald and Dr. Richard Burgess, who were
my research supervisors at Roehampton University. Their continuous sup-
port throughout the duration of my doctoral project, and voluntary post-­
doctoral guidance, motivated the publication of this book. Their patience,
immense knowledge, and insightful guidance, served as a catalyst which
drove both my thesis to its completion, and this book. The many meet-
ings, emails shared, phone-calls, and Skype exchanges were always educa-
tionally transformative. I could not have imagined having better mentors.
At my upgrade—a required process for progress on the journey that
many PhD students take at Universities in the United Kingdom—I
remember vividly the keen interests in my work from Dr. John Moxon
(the internal examiner for my thesis and upgrade supervisor) and Professor
Fiona McHardy (assistant upgrade supervisor). Your reflections helped in
sharpening this project.
I wish to thank the members and friends from the various Oneness
Pentecostal (Apostolic) Churches (my own faith tradition) who welcomed
my many enquiries, as I sought clarification to the difficult and probing
questions relating to my research. Thank you for offering access to pri-
mary archived resources: brochures, books, pamphlets, newsletters, book-
lets, and audio recordings. I am grateful also for the assistance given by

vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Library staff, and the constructive feedback received from fellow academ-
ics within Research Group in Theology, Religion and Practice at
Roehampton University, especially peer-reviewed reflections from those
within the field of Theology and Religious Studies.
I have pledged that my first book publication would be dedicated to my
parents, Eileen and Milton, who laid the intellectual groundwork for my
educational pursuits. I wish to thank especially my mother, Eileen, whose
sacrificial love helped in shaping the researcher I have become, and who
unfortunately passed away before this book was published. My dad has
also since passed. Beyond life behind the many research desks and com-
puters lie some key family members and an amazing circle of friends,
including my church family, who constantly offer kind thoughts, and
among whom I frequently test my many hypotheses. Thanks to my family
for their unflagging patience, and particularly to my eldest daughter who
often reads through numerous parts of my study and I can hear her saying,
‘dad what do you want me to read now?’
Thanks to Amy Invernizzi, Editor for Philosophy and Religion at
Palgrave Macmillan and to Eliana Rangel, Editorial Assistant, and Tikoji
Rao, Project Coordinator for the book, both with Palgrave Macmillan,
Springer Nature for your expertise, patience, and guidance over the period
leading to the publication of the book for ensuring that the process was as
smooth as possible.
To everyone who contributed, supported, and encouraged me during
my research for this project, I say thank you, and most of all, to my God
who made it all possible.
Finally, it is hoped that this inquiry into the patterns of categorisation
for Jewish and Christian Monotheism, with its bespoke reference to
Oneness Pentecostalism, will make fruitful contributions to the ongoing
conversations which drive contemporary theological discourse about who
Jesus is in relation to Yahweh, and how might this be understood within
different theological and theoretical frameworks.
 Praise for Patterns of Christological Categorisation

‘Marvin Sanguinetti aptly captures the heart of Oneness Pentecostal views of God
and Jesus, and robustly articulates why he thinks it deserves a place alongside other
“orthodox” traditional perspectives. The study offers a novel approach to scholar-
ship among Oneness Pentecostals, and should impact not only academia, but dif-
ferent tiers of Christian leadership within and without the tradition.’
—Suffragan Bishop Lloyd G. Thomas, Senior Prelate for the Pentecostal Assemblies
of the World (PAW) London, UK

‘Patterns of Categorisation breaks exciting new ground by transporting Oneness

theology to the wider religious world of Jewish and Christian ideas about God.
Applying a typological method, Marvin Sanguinetti accomplishes two tasks: he
consigns the heresy label to the theological trash bin and grants methodological
credibility within the academy. Patterns methodologically transforms a trouble-
some Pentecostal outlier into a contributing ecumenical partner. This is a first in
Oneness Pentecostal studies and a must read.’
—David A. Reed, Professor Emeritus and Research Professor,
Wycliffe College, University of Toronto, Canada

‘Patterns of Christological Categorisation is an authoritative primer that offers an

arguable scholarly appeal for deconstructing the classification of Oneness
Pentecostalism as heresy. In a field where theological discourses marred by hereti-
cal jargon often create unsettling intellectual conflictual conversations, it success-
fully argued for and connected Oneness Pentecostalism with well-grounded
Christian and Jewish Trinitarian-Monotheism.
Reverend Dr. Marvin C. Sanguinetti has compiled a unique, comprehensive,
rich, and realistic hermeneutical roadmap for understanding the interpretation
framework when combining this non-Trinitarian doctrine that deserves its place
alongside other Christological perspectives. Through his comparative textual anal-
yses, Marvin intentionally opened a continual dialogical space for readers, theolo-
gians, and future generations of students.’
—Claire Princess Ayelotan, Theology & Religious Studies,
University of Roehampton, UK
 Contents

1 Introductory Matters  1
1.1 The Rationale of the Book  1
1.2 Taxonomy and Patterns of Categorisation  6
1.3 Introducing the Four Theistic Categories  7
1.4 Significance of Study  9
1.5 Definitions and Key Terms: The Meaning of Identity in
Relation to Persons, Nature, and Action 10
1.6 Defining Traditional Jewish Monotheism 13
1.7 A Brief Introduction to Oneness Pentecostal History and
Thought 17
1.8 Apologetic and Ecclesial Contexts of Study 22
1.9 Outline and Structure of Book 24

2 The
 First Category: Non-Monotheistic Jewish and
Christian Binitarianism-­Trinitarianism 27
2.1 Peter Hayman: Monotheism and Dualistic Patterns 28
2.2 Margaret Barker: Monotheism and Ditheistic Patterns 36
2.3 Daniel Boyarin: Jewish Binitarianism 48
2.4 Jürgen Moltmann: Perichoresis and Unlike Nature 57
2.5 Summary 64

3 The
 Second Category: Traditional Jewish Monotheism,
Christian Binitarianism, and Christological Monotheism 67
3.1 James D.G. Dunn: Pre-existence and Incarnation 68
3.2 Larry W. Hurtado: Christian Binitarianism 80

xi
xii Contents

3.3 Richard J. Bauckham: Divine Identity 92

3.4 Summary106

4 The
 Third Category: Traditional Jewish Monotheism and
Classical Binitarian or Trinitarian Monotheism109
4.1 Unity of Action: The Father’s Action ‘in’ the Son’s Action
Within the Patristic Traditions111
4.2 Gregory of Nyssa: Numerically the Same Action and Same
Nature114
4.3 Thomas Aquinas: Numerically the Same Nature and Same
Action121
4.4 The Gospel of John: Numerically the Same Action and Same
Nature126
4.5 Summary131

5 The
 Fourth Category: Traditional Jewish Monotheism,
Christological Monotheism, and Oneness Pentecostalism135
5.1 David K. Bernard: Oneness Monotheism136
5.2 Kulwant S. Boora: Oneness Monotheism159
5.3 David S. Norris: Oneness Monotheism172
5.4 Christopher Barina Kaiser: Kyriocentric Visions of Yahweh
as Jesus187
5.5 Summary194

6 A
 Comparison of Exegesis Between Oneness Pentecostalism
and Christological Monotheism: John 1:1–18, John 10:30,
1 Corinthians 8:1–6, Philippians 2:5–11197
6.1 Comparative Exegesis: John 1:1–18 and John 10:30199
6.2 Comparative Exegesis: 1 Corinthians 8:1–6211
6.3 Comparative Exegesis: Philippians 2:5–11224
6.4 Summary231

7 Conclusion237

Bibliography247

Index265
 List of Abbreviations

ATI American Theological Inquiry Journal

ATLA The American Theological Library Association.
ATLA Religion Database with AtlaSerials
COOLJC Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ (Apostolic Faith)
CTE Churches Together in England
CTQ Concordia Theological Quarterly
DDS Doctrine of Divine Simplicity
ECN European Council of Nations
ESV English Standard Version of The Bible
GJohn The Gospel of John
HPAC Hackney Pentecostal Apostolic Church
HTR Harvard Theological Review Journal
JAT Journal of Analytic Theology
JBS Journal of Biblical Studies
JJS Journal of Jewish Studies
JPT Journal of Pentecostal Theology
JTI Journal of Theological Interpretation
KJV King James Version of The Bible
LT Latin Trinitarianism
LXX Septuagint (Greek version of the Hebrew Bible)
MT Masoretic Texts
NT New Testament
NIV New International Version of The Bible
NTCOG New Testament Church of God
OP/OPs Oneness Pentecostals (or Oneness Apostolics)

xiii
xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

OT Old Testament
PAW Pentecostal Assemblies of the World Churches
PAOJ Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus in Jamaica
RRF Restoration Revival Fellowship Churches
SDDS Strict Doctrine of Divine Simplicity
SPS Society of Pentecostal Studies
ST Social Trinitarianism
T2 Second Temple (Period or Sources)
UK United Kingdom
UPC United Pentecostal Church
UPCGB&I United Pentecostal Church of Great Britain and Ireland
YHWH/YHVH Yahweh or Tetragrammaton
 CHAPTER 1

Introductory Matters

1.1   The Rationale of the Book

This study is a hermeneutical inquiry into Jewish and Christian
Monotheistic-Trinitarian Categories: with special attention given to
Oneness Pentecostalism. It identifies from the literature four Trinitarian-­
Monotheistic paradigms, labelled ‘patterns of categorisation’, which are
classified taxonomically along an axis of theistic models. Traditional Jewish
Monotheism is employed as the paradigm case against which the other
theistic models are measured and interpreted in terms of how they under-
stand the relation between two figures, Yahweh and Jesus. These other
models are:

1. Jewish Ditheism or Christian Trinitarianism without Monotheism

(which I argue is tantamount to Tritheism)
2. Christological Monotheism
3. Classical Trinitarian Monotheism
4. Oneness Pentecostalism

The fact that Oneness Pentecostalism fits into this pattern of taxonomy
allows for the claim that the study will be of interest and/or benefit to (a)
Oneness Pentecostal theologians who desire to see their understanding of
the relation between Jesus and YHWH received into the broader academic

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1

Switzerland AG 2023
M. C. Sanguinetti, Patterns of Christological Categorisation,
Christianity and Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25875-6_1
2 M. C. SANGUINETTI

arena and (b) those already in the broader academic arena who are scepti-
cal about such reception. Since neither Oneness Pentecostals nor
Christological Monotheists (nor Classical Trinitarians) pay significant
attention to the views of the other in assembling its arguments for its
respective case, the book enables critical interaction with each tradition in
a manner not previously seen. In particular, because of the implicit com-
parison with Christological Monotheism1—a hot topic at this moment—
the research brings together key christological thinkers James D.G. Dunn,
Larry W. Hurtado, and Richard J. Bauckham in conversation with Oneness
scholars David K. Bernard, Kulwant Singh Boora, and David S. Norris, for
the first time. The comparison challenges the assertion that Oneness
Pentecostals do not engage historical and textual christological argumen-
tation by examining a range of textual data. It also identifies in the process
where there might remain a lack of reference to mainstream academic
arguments of both a historical and exegetical kind. This hypothesis is
tested by analysing respective texts and arguments in the academic
literature.
In order to forestall any misunderstanding about what the project
entails it is fruitful to compare it with other similar projects. One it can be
compared with is the one outlined by Hans Frei in his Types of Christian
Theology. Speaking of a generic class of types of Christian Theology, Frei
wrote that he was writing a typology of modern western Christian
theology or theologies. This is a piece of conceptual analysis that is in
principle an exercise chiefly about rather than in theology, although in
practice the distinction will not always be clear.2
Crucially, the validity of Frei’s analysis does not depend on whether
what the theologians selected say about the object of inquiry is true or not;
rather it depends on whether his analysis—his interpretation—of them is
1
According to Crispin Fletcher-Louis, in Jesus Monotheism Volume 1—Christological
Origins: The Emerging Consensus and Beyond (Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2015), p. 12,
the term ‘Christological Monotheism’ was coined by N. T. Wright in his book The Climax of
the Covenant, pp. 114, 116, 129, 132, 136.
2
Hans Frei, Types of Christian Theology (New Haven: YUP, 1992), 1. My study is there-
fore, as Frei’s study was, a second-order hermeneutical one rather than a first-order enquiry,
and therefore, not a historical project per se. The categories of understanding it employs are
decidedly theological, but this does not commit the scholar to whom it applies to necessarily
employ them his or herself, or even agree with the categorisation itself. With this qualifica-
tion, I seek to argue that each of the type of Monotheism/non-Monotheism I delineate can
be understood in terms of a taxonomy or typology defined in terms of (i) non-identity of
persons and/or natures and (ii) generic/numerical identity of persons and/or natures.
 1 INTRODUCTORY MATTERS 3

an accurate account of what they say about their object of enquiry. To

some extent this is an obvious deduction since, if the theologians’ posi-
tions are contrary one to the other, they cannot simultaneously be true
(and all may in fact be false). Moreover—and this is arguably more impor-
tant—the categories that Frei uses in his classification of these theologians
do not have to have been explicitly employed by the theologian to which
he applies this or that individual category. It does not have to have been
part of their internal perspective. The validity of the external application as
it were does not depend on this. So, the fact we do not find in Friedrich
Schleiermacher’s own theological vocabulary even as an implicit self-­
description, the category of ‘correlationism’ does not itself undermine
Frei’s essentially hermeneutical interpretation.3
These stipulations are essential for a proper understanding of the pres-
ent study. Whether what Margaret Barker or Daniel Boyarin or Jürgen
Moltmann or Larry Hurtado say about their object of enquiry is actually
true is not part of my agenda. That is another study. More crucially—and
here I expand on Frei’s point—the validity of my study does not depend
on whether Barker, Boyarin, Moltmann, or Hurtado use the categories I
apply to them in the explication of their scholarship. So, the fact that
Hurtado, for example, does not use the conceptuality of generically the
same action does not preclude its applicability to the nature of his claims
about Jesus’ actions in relation to YHWH’s. Moreover, that he would
have disputed the implication that generically the same nature necessarily
follows from generically the same action such that this (perhaps unbe-
known to him) is his reason/basis for applying the term Monotheism

3
An even more relevant comparison which has only come to my attention recently is that
which can be constructed between the present work and David Yeago’s seminal essay ‘The
New Testament and the Nicene Dogma: Toward a Recovery of Theological Exegesis’ (Pro
Ecclesia (3) 2 1994, 152–164). In this essay, Yeago argues that even though the conceptual-
ity of homoousios was not explicitly employed by the New Testament authors, it did not follow
that it was not applicable. Indeed, Yeago argued the reverse. ‘It is essential’, he said, ‘in this
context, to distinguish between judgements and the conceptual terms in which those judge-
ments are rendered’ (Ibid, 158). If we do this, ‘a strong, and in my view conclusive, case can
be made that the judgement about Jesus and God made in the Nicene Creed—the judge-
ment that they are “of one substance” or “one reality”—is indeed “the same,” in a basically
ordinary and unmysterious way, as that made in a New Testament text such as Philippians
2:6ff’ even though the conceptuality of homoousios does not appear there (Ibid, 159). Yeago
in fact takes James Dunn’s Christology in the Making to task for failing to make the necessary
distinction.
4 M. C. SANGUINETTI

(albeit Christological Monotheism) to his understanding of the theologi-

cal relation between Jesus and YHWH is again beside the point.
Again, it can hardly be denied Jürgen Moltmann was critical of the
monotheistic principle, if not Monotheism, because of what he perceived
to be its monarchical (politicising) tendencies. But Trinitarianism without
Monotheism risks the danger of Tritheism no matter the good intentions
of the author (in fact, Christian Trinitarianism without Monotheism prob-
ably is Tritheism). Such is the case I contend with Moltmann. In the case
of both Jewish Ditheism and Christian Trinitarianism without Monotheism,
whatever actions they do, they do as entirely distinct divine figures or gods.
In other words, even though it may be the case that doing the same kind
of action, for example, miraculous actions, was the reason they are both
said to be gods, it is self-evident this did not lead Barker, for example, to
infer the presence of Monotheism. Of course, Gregory of Nyssa would say
both Jewish Ditheists and Christological Monotheists were at fault! On
the one hand (ironically according to Gregory), Jewish Ditheists would
have drawn the correct conclusion about YHWH and his ‘significant
other’ (two divine figures—gods) were it based on generically the same
action; but in fact, this is not true of YHWH and Jesus because the rigor-
ous criterion of numerically identical action applies. On the other hand,
Christological Monotheists such as Larry Hurtado had erroneously
deduced that generically the same action implies Monotheism when it
does not. For all these reasons, it has become clear to me that the fact that
each scholar may reject my classification of them is not a sufficient reason
for saying that he or she cannot be categorised in this way. Nor is it war-
ranted to say that the analysis is flawed simply on the basis of one’s asser-
tion that Moltmann, for example, is a Christian Trinitarian and cannot
possibly be in conflict with Trinitarian Monotheism. The absence of the
latter is the criterion by which the evaluation is applied, and it is sufficient
even given a creative employment of perichoretic doctrine.
The characteristics of each position can be listed as follows: Jewish or
Christian Ditheism in which two distinct divine figures are identified—two
gods—perhaps on the basis of their respective actions. Christological
Monotheism in which the divine persons are identified as having generically
the same nature because they perform generically the same action (actions
that are the unique prerogative of YHWH-God), defined as one God by
the proponents of this position. Classical Trinitarianism (Trinitarian
Monotheism) where the three persons are numerically identical in nature
 1 INTRODUCTORY MATTERS 5

because they perform numerically identical action, but still defined as one
God. According to Classical Trinitarianism, Christological Monotheism is
not by its standards Monotheism. This does not mean it wasn’t how Jews
at one time conceived of their Monotheism, that is, as they conceived it, it
could in principle accommodate the christological modification even if
they in fact rejected this possibility. Wright in particular argues that the
numerical definition that shut off such accommodation (and approximates
to the fourth-century Pro-Nicene position exemplified by Gregory’s Why
We Should Not Say Three Are Three Gods) did not come into force in Jewish
Monotheism until after the Second Jewish War, circa 135 CE.4
Nevertheless, it was only reinforcing what it had always held to be true
since at least the advent of Second Temple Judaism. Oneness Pentecostalism
goes further by seeing God and Jesus as not just numerically the same
nature but numerically the same person.
The quest for understanding the nature of the relationship that exists
between God and Jesus in early Jewish Christianity involves the study of
extensive secondary literature on the subjects of Monotheism and
Christology. An appraisal of this literature noted that each subject was
often approached as distinct from the other, with only a few specialist
scholars from the German Religionsgeschichtliche Schule (the History of
Religions School) who combined both studies. This combination was
labelled as was said earlier ‘Christological Monotheism’ by one of its key
contributors, N T. Wright. Moreover, there is a ‘Christological lacuna’,
that is, an unfilled gap in the literature for Christian origins. In his study,
along with the identification of an intra-Trinitarian Pentecostal problem,
William P. Atkinson identified the absent voices of two groups who postu-
late opposing perspectives to ‘orthodoxy’. These he labelled ‘unitarian’
and ‘binitarian’ challenges and are comparable to the very ‘challenges’
that drove the incorporation of similar Trinitarian-Monotheistic theories
into this study.5
Modern christological thinkers within the academy are mainly from the
‘orthodox’ tradition, perhaps presupposing a certain creedal adherence to
historic Christian doctrines. Yet I was also aware of numerous other groups
claiming the Christian identity but whose ‘binitarian’ and ‘unitarian’ views

4
Wright, The New Testament and the People of God, 163.
5
William P. Atkinson, Trinity After Pentecost (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2013),
pp. 2–11.
6 M. C. SANGUINETTI

of God and Jesus were either opposed to or extensions from the ‘orthodox
consensus’. These are at times seen as ‘heretical’ or ‘heterodox’ outsiders
on the fringe of Christianity. A systematic inquiry into Oneness Pentecostals
themselves—from their key scholars and members, and the academic
(sometimes apologetic) literature they provide—affirms aspects of the
existing models for Christological Monotheism such as ‘divine identity’
(Richard Bauckham), ‘divine agency’ (Larry Hurtado), and ‘divine repre-
sentative’ (James Dunn). But it further expands these christological per-
spectives to include Oneness Pentecostal ontological approaches. By doing
this, it is hoped, an original contribution is made. I contend this to be
necessary because one of the assumptions built into the study is that
Oneness Pentecostal voices have been largely ignored by the academy.
This is not entirely unfounded since its proponents have not been con-
cerned to reach out and find points of contact with the academy. This
book attempts among other things to remedy this situation.

1.2   Taxonomy and Patterns of Categorisation

The patterns of categorisation for the transition or development of Judaism
into Christianity or Christianity out of Judaism can be described in terms
of a spectrum of theistic categories. To speak of ‘patterns’ is to speak of
permutations for a kind of matrix in which one sets out the possibilities of
the various Trinitarian-Monotheistic categories employed in existing theo-
ries of the relationship between Judaism and Christianity in respect of
Yahweh and Jesus. At one end of this axis is a classification that is exclu-
sively Trinitarian or tritheistic and therefore excludes Monotheism; at the
other end is a classification that is exclusively monotheistic excluding even
a residue of binitarian or Trinitarian structure. So, as we move from one
end to the other, we approximate increasingly to unitary Jewish
Monotheism or decreasingly to Trinitarian Tritheism, depending on at
which end we begin.
I argue for and present four recognisable fundamental categories con-
stituting the full pattern, and perhaps five if we include the late post-­
Second Temple phenomenon of strictly unitary Jewish Monotheism.
Crucially, but not surprisingly, Oneness Pentecostalism takes its place
towards the monotheistic end of the spectrum. In this respect, it is closer
to the monotheistic end than either the Christological Monotheism
affirmed by New Testament scholars or Classical Trinitarian Monotheism
affirmed by Patristic and Mediaeval theologians.
Another random document with
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 Cross-examined by Mr. Alley.—Q. Which of the prisoners
took the handkerchief?
A. They both had hold of it: the biggest, Vaux, let go
immediately.
Q. Then you mean to swear they both took it?
A. Yes.
Q. Which pocket was it taken from?
A. The left-hand coat-pocket.
Q. You know there is a reward, if these two poor boys are
convicted. Was it you that advised the prosecutor to lay this
indictment capital?
A. The grand jury found the bill. (Witness ordered to
withdraw.)
Thomas Alderman sworn.—“I was with my brother. I saw
both the prisoners very busy, lifting up the lids of people’s
pockets. Bromley took a gentleman’s handkerchief, on which
my brother seized him. I apprehended Vaux. He had got away
to some distance from the crowd.”
Cross-examined by Mr. Alley.—Q. What are you, Sir?
A. I am a tailor, and a constable of the city.
Q. So you thought you could get more by prosecuting these
two poor young lads, than by sitting on your shop-board at
work?
A. I did my duty.
Q. Who took the handkerchief?
A. Bromley took it out, and Vaux laid hold of the corner, to
take it from Bromley.
Q. Which pocket was it in, the right or the left?
A. The right-hand pocket[42].
 Q. Now, Sir, you know these poor lads are trying for an
offence, for which they are liable to be hanged, if they are
convicted: I ask you, upon the oath you have taken, whether
you ever heard of two persons putting their hands in a man’s
pocket at once?
A. I never did.
Q. Then if your brother has said so, he has told a lie?
A. That he certainly has. (A general laugh in the court.)
[The handkerchief produced and identified by the
prosecutor, from its similitude to the one he lost.]
Bromley called four witnesses, and Vaux two witnesses,
who gave them a good character.
Bromley’s defence.—“I picked the handkerchief up in the
crowd.”
Vaux’s defence.—“I am innocent.”
Bromley, Guilty (aged 20,)
Vaux, Guilty (aged 18,)
Of stealing the handkerchief value eleven pence.

Thus ended this curious trial, to the general dissatisfaction of a

crowded audience, who expressed their sentiments by loud and
distinct murmurs. The jury returned the above verdict, in order to
reduce the offence to a simple felony, by finding the value of the
property under one shilling, stealing from the person to which
amount is death. My father, together with Mr. Kirby, the keeper of
Newgate, stood at my elbow during the whole trial, and both advised
me to make the laconic defence I did. It was their firm belief, that I
should be acquitted, and the result surprised them much. The
witnesses to Bromley’s character were tailors, with whom he had
formerly worked; those in my favour, were very respectable
tradesmen, adduced by my father. On leaving the bar, the latter, as
well as Mr. Kirby, comforted me with the assurance, that the court
would only impose a small fine[43] upon us; and my father promised
to use all his interest, and that of his friends with the Recorder,
previous to the latter passing sentence, for which end Mr. Kirby
advised a petition to be immediately prepared. This task I
accomplished the next day, and delivered it to my father for
presentation.
Both Bromley and myself (buoyed up by the assurances above-
mentioned,) entertained the fullest hopes that our sentence would be
lenient. On the last day of the session, according to custom, all the
prisoners convicted, were brought into court, to receive judgment.
Those capitally convicted were first put to the bar, and received the
awful sentence of death; after which a few were ordered to be
transported for fourteen years; and then forty persons were called in
succession, (among whom were myself and Bromley,) and being
placed at the bar, the whole forty were collectively sentenced to
seven years transportation, beyond the high seas! This severe doom
affected us both in a very great degree. I, for my part, was
inconsolable, and shed tears in abundance. My father, on visiting me
the next day, professed much concern, and would have still flattered
me with hopes of a reverse; but I have since had good reason to
believe, that instead of using his influence in my favour, he secretly
approved of the event, conceiving, I suppose, that sending me out of
the country, might save me from a still worse fate; and, that this was
therefore, (to use the common phrase of parents on such
occasions,) the best thing that could have happened for me.
After the first effects of our grief had subsided, the society of our
fellow-prisoners, and the bustle constantly prevailing in the prison,
soon banished every trace of sorrow, and we became as cheerful as
the best. My father and mother paid me every attention, and the
produce of my own effects was fully adequate to my support for
several months: when that resource failed, my father contributed his
mite; and with the help of another friend or two, I was comparatively
comfortable during my continuance in Newgate. As for Bromley, his
father, on hearing his sad fate, had allotted him a weekly pittance,
sufficient, with care, to keep him above want.
About a month after the close of the session, the gaol being
unusually crowded with prisoners, a most dreadful contagion, called
the gaol fever, made its appearance, and spread so universally,
throughout every ward and division of the prison, that very few
escaped its attack. I was one of the first to contract it, and was
immediately carried to the infirmary, or sick-ward of the prison, where
I only remember having my irons taken off, and being put to bed; for
the same night, I became delirious, and was so dreadfully affected,
as to continue insensible for three weeks, during which time, I had
no knowledge of my parents, or of any other person who approached
me; and the fever raged to such a degree, that I was obliged to be
bound in my bed, in order to restrain me from acts of mischief. My
poor companion, Bromley, was attacked about the same time as
myself; and, on recovering my reason, I found him laid in the
adjacent bed to my own, and was informed his sufferings had been
equally grievous with mine. It pleased God, however, to restore us
both to perfect health; but numerous were the unhappy persons who
fell victims to this dire disease.
It is usual to make occasional draughts of convicts under sentence
of transportation, from Newgate to the Hulks at Woolwich,
Portsmouth, &c., on board of which receptacles they continue until a
ship is in readiness, to convey them to New South Wales. Few
prisoners are suffered to remain above three months in the prison,
after their conviction. A longer continuance is effected either by
bribery or interest. My father, having heard a shocking account of the
Hulks, had waited on Mr. Kirby, the gaoler, soon after my receiving
sentence, and obtained a promise that I should remain in Newgate,
until a ship was on the point of sailing for this colony; and herein, he
was as good as his word.—My father, at length received a private
intimation from Mr. Kirby, that he had no time to lose in arranging
matters for my departure: accordingly, with the assistance of two or
three other friends, my father contrived to pack up a few of the most
necessary comforts for my use on the passage, which he afterwards
sent to Portsmouth by the coach. On the 15th of May, 1801, my
father, mother, and sisters, came to take a final leave of me; there
was something solemn in this scene, which affected me much,
though our mutual regard was not of the most violent nature. I also
took leave of my companion in adversity, who, by what means I
know not, still remained in Newgate, but was shortly after my
departure, removed to the hulks at Portsmouth.—The next morning
(May 16th,) at four o’clock, myself, and thirteen others, who had
been all kept back for this opportunity, were attached together by a
strong chain, and escorted by the keeper and his subordinates to
Blackfriars-bridge, where a lighter was in readiness to receive us, in
which we proceeded down the river Thames to Gravesend, and
about noon arrived alongside the Minorca transport, Captain Leith,
bound for Port-Jackson, in company with the Canada and Nile,
which ships were also lying at this anchorage, for the purpose of
receiving their prisoners on board.
 CHAPTER XIV.
Sail from England.—Account of our Voyage.—Arrive at Port Jackson.—Write in my
own behalf to Commissary Palmer.—That Gentleman is pleased to notice my
Application.—Land at Sydney, and am carried before Governor King.—A
curious Dialogue between His Excellency and myself.—Ordered to
Hawkesbury, as Store-keeper’s Clerk.

Having entered the ship, we were all indiscriminately stripped,

(according to indispensable custom) and were saluted with several
buckets of salt-water, thrown over our heads by a boatswain’s-mate.
After undergoing this watery ordeal, we were compelled to put on a
suit of slop-clothing. Our own apparel, though good in kind, being
thrown overboard. We were then double-ironed, and put between-
decks, where we selected such births, for sleeping, &c., as each
thought most eligible. The next day, we received on board forty-six
more prisoners, from the Hulks at Woolwich, and the Canada fifty.
The Nile also took on board one hundred women, from the different
gaols in Great Britain. The three ships then sailed for Spithead,
where, on our arrival, the Minorca and Canada had their numbers
augmented, from the Hulks at Portsmouth, to one hundred men
each. Every thing being now in readiness, we only waited for the
convoy to assemble, with which we were to proceed to a certain
latitude.
During this interval, I wrote the first intimation of my unhappy state,
to my dear and honoured grandfather, palliating the facts as much as
possible, and positively denying any criminal connexion between
myself and Bromley. This I did, in order to save those heart-rending
pangs, which I knew my venerable and virtuous benefactors would
suffer, if they had been acquainted with the dissolute life I had for
some time led. In a few days, I received a long and most affectionate
letter from my grandfather, in which he deplored the harshness of my
destiny; but far from aggravating my sufferings by reflections on my
manifold indiscretions, this good old man laboured only to press my
resignation to the dispensations of Providence, and to exhort me, by
my future conduct, to make atonement for the past. He added a
great deal of good advice, as to my behaviour in the degraded state
to which I was reduced, concluding with his blessing, and that of my
grandmother, and a most pathetic and tender farewell.—I had
assured my grandfather in my letter, that no extension of pecuniary
aid could at all ameliorate my situation, as I had a sufficient store of
necessary comforts for my voyage: my motive for this assurance,
was, to prevent him from distressing himself still further in his old age
on an object so worthless as myself, by whose expensive adoption
and education, he and the partner of his griefs were already reduced
to a state bordering on indigence, aggravated by mental anxiety and
sorrow for me, the unworthy cause.
On the 21st of June, we sailed from Spithead, in company with
about three hundred sail of merchantmen, bound to various ports,
under convoy of a frigate and a sloop of war. The convoy parted from
us soon after we passed the Canary Islands, and our three ships
proceeded in company. A few days after we put to sea, I was noticed
by Captain Leith, to whom I had (as my grandfather advised me)
offered the services of my pen, &c. The captain, in consequence,
employed me during the voyage in writing his Log, Journal, and
other accompts, and extended to me all the indulgence my situation
would admit of. The latter end of August we arrived at Rio de
Janeiro, where we had every refreshment the place afforded, and,
after a continuance of thirty days, we resumed our voyage. Nothing
worthy of notice occurred therein; our little squadron kept company
until we made the Harbour of Port Jackson, which we did on the 14th
of December, and the same day came to an anchor in Sydney-cove.
Among my fellow-prisoners, was a young man named Calvert,
with whom I had become very intimate. In the course of our passage,
this person had shewn me an open letter of recommendation to John
Palmer, Esq., then Commissary of New South Wales, which was
from a particular friend of the latter gentleman, and pleaded strongly
in favour of the bearer. A few days before our arrival, it occurred to
me, that a humble application in my own behalf to Mr. Palmer might
have the effect of obtaining for me some little distinction, as I heard a
most amiable character of him, and conceived my services might not
be unacceptable in his public department. I therefore wrote a
respectful letter, which I consigned to the care of Captain Leith, who
promised not only to deliver it himself, but to speak in my favour,
both to Mr. Palmer and his Excellency the governor.
The second day after our arrival, several gentlemen came on
board, to muster and inspect the prisoners: among the number was
Mr. Palmer himself, who, having received my letter, was pleased to
tell me, in the kindest manner, that he had mentioned me to the
Governor, and that I might accordingly expect a favourable
appointment on my landing. The majority of the prisoners were sent
up the country, the day after the muster, to various kinds of labour,
but myself and a few others, were detained on board until the 19th,
on which day we landed at Sydney, and were immediately conducted
to Government-House, in order to be severally examined and
disposed of by Governor King. We were called in succession for our
audience; and, when it came to my turn, I entered the room with a
respectful bow to the gentlemen assembled; for there were seated at
a table, several officers of the colony, besides his Excellency. The
latter, however, I soon distinguished by his manner of addressing
me, and as the particulars of this interview may afford some
entertainment to those who were not acquainted with the eccentric
character of Governor King, I shall give the reader our conversation
in dialogue, as near as my memory will permit.
Governor. (Regarding me from head to foot, with a most inquisitive
eye, or rather four eyes, for he wore spectacles, and, with a manner,
the very reverse to encouraging) “Well, Mr. Vaux, what were you sent
here for?”
Vaux. (Of course a little embarrassed at this unexpected question,
so abruptly put,) “Sir, I had the misfortune to be acquainted with a
person of bad character, who in my company committed”⸺
Governor. (Interrupting me impatiently) “But Mr. Vaux, come to the
point at once. I don’t want you to come round here, and then back
again, and round the other way, (drawing circles on the table with his
finger, and all the while staring at me, which indeed he continued to
do as long as I remained in the room, as if determined to put me out
of countenance); recollect, Mr. Vaux, you are not at the bar of the
Old Bailey now. Come to the point, Sir, come to the point. I ask you
what you were sent here for?”
Vaux. “Sir, I was charged with picking a gentleman’s pocket, but,
though your Excellency may doubt my assertion, I solemnly assure
you, I was innocent of that fact.”
Governor. (with a most satirical smile, and throwing himself back in
his chair) “O, I dare say, Mr. Vaux, very innocent no doubt. Quite
innocent, I dare say. So the long and the short of it is, you were sent
here for picking pockets.”
Vaux. “I confess, Sir, that was the charge.”
Governor. “What have you been brought up to, Mr. Vaux?”
Vaux. “Sir, I have been chiefly employed in the law; but I profess to
be a clerk in general.”
Governor. “Pray, Sir, what office were you in last?”
Vaux. “Sir, the last gentleman I served was Mr. Preston, in King’s
Bench Walk.”
Governor. (With a frown) “That I very much doubt, Sir; that I very
much doubt, Sir; that I very much doubt, Mr. Vaux.”
Vaux. “I am sorry your Excellency has so bad an opinion of me; I
assure you, Sir, it is the fact.”
Governor. “Well, Mr. Vaux, I shall send you to a place, where your
roguery will very soon be found out.”
Vaux. “I hope not, your Excellency; I trust you will have”⸺
Governor. (Interrupting) “Well, I hope so too, Mr. Vaux; I hope so
too, I hope so too, Sir; but mind—I only give you a caution; take care
of yourself.”
Then hastily scribbling a few words on a scrap of paper, he
handed it to me, and ordering a light-horseman to attend me, made a
motion for me to withdraw, which I was glad enough to do, in order to
be relieved from this embarrassing examination.—On going out, the
horseman informed me he had orders to see myself and baggage on
board the Parramatta passage-boat; the paper I had received proved
to be an order to the boatman to that effect, and on the reverse was
a memorandum, purporting that I was appointed clerk to Mr. Baker,
Store-keeper at Hawkesbury. Both these documents were signed P.
G. K., as was his usual custom; but the whole so unintelligibly
written, that it cost me much pains and some inquiry to decipher
them.—I now took up my little box, and my bed, and was conducted
to the wharf, where I found the boat on the point of departure. After a
pleasant passage, we arrived at Parramatta, at which place I rested
the ensuing day, and, on Monday the 21st, continued my journey by
land to Hawkesbury, a distance of twenty-six miles. On this occasion
I joined a party of travellers, accompanied by a cart in which I had
deposited my luggage; these persons formed a sort of caravan, and
were all well-armed, the natives being at this time in a state of
warfare, and the roads thereby rendered dangerous. Late in the
evening we arrived at Hawkesbury, and being directed to Mr. Baker’s
house, I immediately presented myself and my credentials to that
gentleman.
 CHAPTER XV.
My Conduct at Hawkesbury.—Continue for three Years to give Satisfaction to my
Principal.—Ordered by Governor King into the Secretary’s Office.—Give way
to the Temptations with which I am surrounded, and begin to lead a dissipated
Life in company with some other Clerks.—Concert a System of Fraud upon
the King’s Stores, which we practise successfully for some Time.—The
Imposition is at length detected.—I am in consequence dismissed the Office
and sent to hard Labour, for the first Time in my Life.

Mr. Baker received me with kindness, and great pleasure, as, my

predecessor having quitted him some weeks before, he was at a
loss for a proper assistant. In a few days I had a comfortable
residence assigned me by the commanding officer of the settlement,
and my duty being exempted from all hard labour, and of such a
nature as I found pleasure in performing, I soon felt myself
comparatively happy.—With retrospective satisfaction, I can truly
say, that I behaved in this situation with so much propriety as to
obtain the favour of my principal, and the good opinion of the
resident magistrate, Dr. Arndell, whose four children I attended at my
leisure hours, in the quality of preceptor. Both this gentleman and Mr.
Baker vied with each other, in shewing me every mark of kindness in
their power.—Mr. Baker informed me that Governor King made
frequent and particular inquiries of him respecting my conduct, and I
felt the highest gratification from the reflection that I had happily
falsified his Excellency’s uncharitable prediction as to my real
character. Mr. Palmer also, who had been the first kind promoter of
my good fortune, made similar inquiries of Mr. Baker, and from the
report he received of my talents, expressed a desire to transfer me
from Hawkesbury to the Commissary’s Office at Sydney, in which
department there was then a great press of business, and expert
clerks were not, at that period, so numerous as at present. Mr.
Baker, however, being unwilling to part with me, paid no attention to
the wish of Mr. Palmer, until the latter gentleman at length ordered in
direct terms, by an official letter, that I should be immediately sent to
Sydney. The Governor coming up to Hawkesbury a day or two
afterwards, Mr. Baker represented to his Excellency, the
inconvenience he should suffer, if he was deprived of my assistance,
and obtained an order from him to retain me in his service. This
arrangement was not at all satisfactory to me, for I had long felt an
earnest desire to be employed in the commissariat, as the public
accompts therein kept, were of such a description as I always took
delight in, and I still flatter myself that from my quickness in figures, I
should be perfectly at home in such a situation. However I was not to
be gratified on that occasion, and I continued in the service of Mr.
Baker about three years. I had, in fact, reconciled myself to the idea
of serving out my full term of banishment with this worthy man; but
on a sudden, a letter was received by Mr. Arndell from Governor
King, ordering my instant removal to Sydney, for the purpose of
assisting as a clerk in the Secretary’s Office, which, as it was then
established might be, and was generally, called the Governor’s
Office, being attached to Government House, and under the
immediate personal direction of the Governor himself. Though this
preferment seemed to hold out a prospect of future advantage, and
to confer increased respectability, it was with some regret I quitted
my comfortable little house and garden at “The Green Hills[44],”
where I had led a life of innocence and peaceful retirement; whereas
I was now about to enter a vortex of dissipation, folly and
wickedness, for such was Sydney compared to my late place of
abode.
The Governor received me very graciously, allotted me a neat
brick-house in the vicinity of the office, and a government-man,
victualled from the King’s-stores, as a servant. For two or three
months I continued very steady, and formed but few acquaintances.
The Governor behaved to me with great liberality, and refused me no
reasonable request. By degrees, however, I began to degenerate. I
increased my acquaintance among the Commissary’s and some
other clerks, most of whom lived an expensive and dissipated life. All
I can say in my own favour, is that I continued to be regular in my
attendance at the office, and was never found defective, or incapable
of my duty; but no sooner was I at my own disposal than I eagerly
sought my dissipated companions, and spent the rest of the day in
drinking, and other irregularities, sometimes at public or disorderly
houses, and frequently at my own, where I had often the expensive
pleasure of entertaining a large party of my fellow-scribes at my own
cost. This course of life unavoidably drew me into great expenses,
and I contracted several debts. Governor King, whose vigilant
observation nothing of this sort could escape, gave me frequent and
serious admonitions for my good; but I was so infatuated as to
disregard all advice, and only thought of devising pecuniary means
to continue my licentious career. This was no easy task, as the
nature of business in the Secretary’s Office afforded few
opportunities of realizing money by fraud, at least without the
assistance of one or more confederates in a neighbouring
department. The expensive rate at which the Commissary’s clerks
constantly lived, had become matter of surprise to the Governor as
well as the magistrates, and was the theme of much conjecture
among the inhabitants of Sydney. Still, though it was palpable they
had recourse to fraud, they managed matters so adroitly that no
irregularity could be detected; and the efforts of the executive
authority, to develope their system, continued unavailing.
It was the custom of Governor King, as I have before observed, to
use only his initials as a signature on common occasions, and by
application and practice I acquired a knack of imitating this sign-
manual with sufficient accuracy to impose upon the parties to whom
the superscription was addressed. Finding these three letters to
have the magical effect of procuring for me whatever articles I
required, from the King’s-stores, I availed myself of their talismanic
power, and converting the goods so obtained into money, I
discharged my debts, and figured away with increased eclat, among
my fellow-clerks. As it was, however, both impolitic and dangerous to
carry this branch of fraud too far, or practice it too frequently, I at
length found means to form a connexion with two or three of my
most experienced friends, and we concerted such a system of ways
and means as promised liberally to supply our wants, and, while we
continued true to each other, seemed to preclude a possibility of
detection.
 As I do not conceive myself justified in exposing either the parties
who were my colleagues, or the particular nature of our artifices, let it
suffice to inform the reader, that (as is indeed usually and deservedly
the fate of all sinister practices) a mere and most unexpected
accident, and for which none of us could attach blame to ourselves,
discovered to the Governor a principal branch of that prolific tree of
fraud and imposition, from whose productive fruitfulness we had so
abundantly derived the means of gratifying our folly and
intemperance, which we at that time miscalled a love of pleasure; but
(to continue the metaphor) the root and body of this tree, still
remained hidden from the strict and rigid search set on foot by the
Governor, and after this transitory alarm had subsided, proved to its
remaining adherents, a source of supply for a considerable time. It
so happened that I was the ostensible party in the particular affair
which led to this discovery; and Governor King immediately took the
most active measures to effect a full developement of that system
which he well knew to be the ground-work of mal-practices to a
considerable extent.
With this view I underwent several private examinations before his
Excellency and some of the principal officers, and great promises
were held out to extract information from me, but without effect, as I
was determined not to betray my friends, whose ruin could not at all
palliate my guilt, or, as I conceived, render me a whit more deserving
of mercy. I therefore persisted in asserting my innocence of the
present charge, and disclaimed all knowledge of fraud in any other
person.
The Governor was so much exasperated at my obstinacy, that he
at length had recourse (as a dernier resort,) to the expedient of
flogging to extort confession. I must, however, (for justice sake,)
acknowledge that such cruelty was rarely exercised by Governor
King, who in his cooler moments was a most humane character. To
the honour of our present governor (Macquarrie,) be it recorded, that
not only this inhuman practice is exploded, but corporal punishment
is seldom inflicted at all, and when rendered necessary, it is used
with moderation.
 To resume, the Governor finding me firm in my resolution to give
him no satisfaction, ordered Dr. Harris, who was present, to take me
to the jail-yard, send for the public executioner, and there to give me
five-and-twenties, (this was his phrase,) till I confessed the whole
truth. Pursuant to this order I accompanied Mr. Harris to the
appointed spot, and while the finisher of the law was arranging
matters for the approaching ceremony, the Doctor used all his art of
persuasion to induce me for my own sake, to avoid the disgrace and
pain of a correction, which he must, if I continued obstinate, inflict in
its fullest extent.
There was certainly much justice in this gentleman’s arguments,
and, although I am confident I could have summoned up resolution
to have continued silent under the threatened chastisement, yet, on
mature reflection, I was convinced of the folly of such a conduct, as
there was already sufficient and incontrovertible proof of guilt against
me. I, therefore, determined to acknowledge my errors, and submit
my fate to the Governor’s pleasure. Of this intention I acquainted Mr.
Harris, who immediately stayed the proceedings about to take place,
and supplying me with pen and paper, desired me to write my
declaration, which he would himself convey to the Governor. In the
letter I hastily composed, I informed his Excellency, that feelings of
remorse and regret for my ill conduct, rather than a fear of
punishment, had induced me to confess to him that I was guilty of
the charge brought against me on the present occasion, and with
shame I acknowledged having repeatedly transgressed in a similar
manner, in order to defray the expenses of the unbecoming course
of life I had imprudently fallen into. But I positively declared that no
other person whatever was privy to my numerous acts of fraud, as
those counterfeit documents framed by me, had passed through the
usual official channels as genuine; and, consequently, the parties
who had admitted and sanctioned them, were utterly guiltless of
connivance, and had done no more than their duty. I added, that I
knew how justly I deserved to suffer for my faults; but I also knew
that mercy was the predominant sentiment in His Excellency’s
bosom, and on that mercy I therefore most humbly threw myself.
 Doctor Harris immediately proceeded to Government-house with
my letter, and I was soon afterwards summoned to follow in person.
His Excellency seemed not displeased at the course I had adopted,
and he was now in a very mild and placid mood. After expatiating at
some length, and in a serio-comic strain, with his usual eccentricity,
on the ill return I had made for his favours, and so forth, he was
pleased to order me back to the jail, but in a tone that indicated no
severity of intention. It gave me much concern, however, that
notwithstanding all I had before said, or could now protest on the
subject, the Governor ordered a young man in a confidential
situation under government, to be dismissed from his office, under
an impression that he was privy to the fraud in question. It is true
indeed, this person, by the injudicious defence he made, was the
cause of his own misfortune, and had very nearly, from his statement
being at variance with mine, contributed to ruin all my hopes of
belief. But the Governor, who though shrewd at times, was not at all
times a Solomon, thought proper to credit my assertion, and reject
the evidence of the other party, as too improbable to be received.
The next morning early, an order came to the prison from his
Excellency, that I was to be double-ironed, and put to the hardest
labour, in common with those incorrigible characters composing what
is called the jail-gang: I was in consequence set to work at mending
the public-roads, &c. &c., and as I had never before used a heavier
tool than a goose-quill, I found this penance to bear hard upon me,
and repented me of the evil which had brought me to this woeful
condition.
 CHAPTER XVI.
Draughted to Castle-hill.—Variously employed there.—Appointed Clerk to the
Settlement.—Again noticed by the Governor.—Summoned to Parramatta, by
the Rev. Mr. Marsden.—Appointed Magistrate’s Clerk, and begin once more to
lead an easy Life.—Preparations for the Governor’s Departure.—Mr. Marsden
gives me hopes of accompanying himself and the Governor to England, in His
Majesty’s Ship Buffalo.—My pleasing Sensations at the Prospect of revisiting
my Native Land.

I continued to labour in double-irons, (locked up every night in the

jail,) for about a month, when a draught of men being ordered to the
public agricultural settlement of Castle-hill, twenty-four miles from
Sydney, I was included in the number, and about twenty of us were
immediately sent up, escorted by constables. Notwithstanding my
condition in the jail-gang was deplorable enough, I felt a greater
depression at the thoughts of going to this settlement, a place of
which, from every account, I had conceived the most unfavourable
idea. Though I suffered much in Sydney, by being obliged to work till
three o’clock in so disgraceful a situation, yet when that hour
released me from the restraint of the overseer, I was enabled to visit
my friends and acquaintances, with whom I enjoyed myself till sun-
set, when I was obliged to return to the jail, and was locked up for
the night. On the contrary, Castle-hill being considered a place of
punishment, the prisoners there, who were sent up under
circumstances like mine, were not allowed to quit the settlement at
all. On arriving at Castle-hill, I was first employed at the hoe, which
severe labour was so fatiguing to me, that it had nearly the effect of
breaking my heart. However, I contrived at times to obtain a lighter
employment: and during the term of my remaining at this settlement,
I had a spell at almost every kind of work peculiar to the place.
After a few weeks had elapsed, I prevailed on the superintendent
(Mr. Knight,) who had conceived a partiality for me, to grant me a
pass to Parramatta, eight miles distant, and sixteen from Sydney. I
had an anxious wish to visit the latter place, but Mr. Knight had no
power to extend his permission so far, and I knew that application to
the magistrates at Parramatta would be fruitless. I, therefore,
determined to hazard a flogging, which would be the consequence of
my detection, and to take the wished-for trip without leave or license.
This being Friday, and my week’s work done, I accordingly set off,
accompanied by two or three others, similarly circumstanced, and
after six hours’ walking arrived at Sydney. Here I lay concealed in the
house of a friend till Sunday noon, when I again set out proceeding
with the utmost caution, and arrived at Castle-hill the same night,
conformable to the tenor of my pass. As I experienced nothing but
misery and privation during five days in each week, and found such
enjoyments in Sydney, I repeated my excursion almost every
succeeding Friday, but was not always equally fortunate in my
proceedings. The police in Sydney having some information of my
visits, were constantly on the look-out for me, and I was at last
apprehended, punished with fifty lashes, and sent back in custody of
a constable. This did not deter me, however, from running the same
risk at several subsequent periods, only redoubling my precautions,
and travelling in the night.
I had been about ten months at Castle-hill, when the person who
had officiated as clerk of the camp, (that is, clerk to the
superintendent,) becoming a free man, quitted the settlement, and I
being the only one qualified for such an office, and in some favour
with Mr. Knight, was promoted to the situation. I now found myself
perfectly at ease, and the more so from having been so long kept at
hard labour, for which I was but ill adapted. My duty consisted in
measuring the daily portion of ground to the different gangs who
were breaking up, chipping, &c., keeping a daily account of the
various works carried on, mustering the prisoners every Monday
morning, writing passes at the week’s end, assisting in the issue of
provisions from the store, &c. &c.; and as these duties were all
perfectly familiar to me I acquitted myself with credit, and, by
observing a proper conduct, gained the good will of all parties.
Governor King was frequently in the habit of visiting the
settlement, for the purpose of personally inspecting the state of
things, and as he had received favourable accounts of my general
conduct, he began about this time to notice me in a manner that
shewed (I thought,) an inclination to restore me to his wonted favour.
But as I had now little more than a year of my time unexpired, and
was tolerably comfortable in my new situation, I had so far reconciled
myself, that I was but little anxious about a removal, until the hour of
my freedom arrived. However, it was destined otherwise, and I
underwent another very unexpected change of fortune. In the
beginning of August 1806, I was suddenly summoned by a special
messenger, to attend on the Reverend Mr. Marsden, the chief
magistrate of Parramatta. I immediately obeyed this summons, of the
cause of which I could form no conjecture. On my arrival at the court-
house, Mr. Marsden informed me, that he had sent for me to assist
him in taking a muster of the inhabitants of Parramatta, and the
surrounding districts, which was to commence that very day, and to
form part of a general muster throughout the colony, at this period in
progress. I felt myself a little flattered by this distinction, as Mr.
Marsden had already a clerk, but it seems he was not sufficiently
quick, and it was known that I had before frequently officiated on
similar occasions. I assured Mr. Marsden that I would with pleasure
undertake the task, and at the appointed hour we proceeded to
business. The muster occupied two whole days, and, being ended,
Mr. Marsden told me that his clerk, having received a free pardon
from Governor King, was about to quit the colony in a few days, and
that it was his intention to appoint me his successor, promising, if I
behaved well, to shew me every indulgence in his power. He then
desired I would go back to Castle-hill, for the purpose of arranging
my affairs, and return as soon as possible to Parramatta. I lost no
time in obeying these orders, and the following day again presented
myself to Mr. Marsden. I was immediately put in possession of the
court-house, a comfortable brick building, surrounded by a good
garden, which was to be my place of residence. I was allowed a
government servant, and also an old man as housekeeper: the latter
being equal to any little services I wanted, I was enabled to permit
the former to work for his own living, allowing me a weekly sum for
the indulgence, according to the custom of the colony, and as he had
hitherto done to my predecessor. In addition to this privilege, I was
allowed various fees in the course of my public duties, agreeably to a
code or table sanctioned by the magistrates, so that upon the whole
my income was sufficient to support me in a manner becoming the
respectability of my appointment. Mr. Marsden and his colleague in
the commission, Captain Abbot, were accustomed to preside as a
bench of magistrates every Saturday, and sometimes alternately on
other days in each week. On these occasions it was my duty to take
depositions, write out warrants, commitments, &c. &c. I had besides
to keep a general account of all public work in Parramatta, compiled
from the reports of the different overseers, &c. In this situation, my
knowledge of the law, and my acquaintance with Burn’s Justice
proved of the utmost advantage, as there were many cases
constantly occurring, in which certain formalities (dispensed with
before my appointment,) gave an official aspect to the proceedings
of the court, and added a solemnity productive of the best effects.
Upon the whole I found myself very comfortably situated, and I had
the pleasure to observe that my exertions to acquit myself in the
most becoming manner, procured me the consideration such a
conduct merited, from the gentlemen under whom I acted.
In the month of October following my removal to Parramatta, the
departure of Governor King for England, in His Majesty’s Ship
Buffalo, was publicly announced to take place in the ensuing month,
his Excellency’s successor, Governor Bligh, having arrived in the
preceding August, on the 13th of which month the latter assumed the
supreme command. Since the period of his supersession, Governor
King had principally resided at Parramatta, and I was frequently
employed by him in arranging his private accounts, transcribing
directions to his agents respecting his farms, live-stock, &c., and
various other matters. On these occasions he treated me with the
greatest politeness, and appeared to have quite forgot my former
delinquencies. One day Mr. Marsden questioned me as to the length
of time I had to serve, and on my answering eleven months, he
distantly hinted that if he could depend on my future good conduct,
he was not without hopes of prevailing on Governor King to procure
a remission of my remaining term, and allow me a passage to
England in his own ship; adding, that himself and family were about
proceeding to Europe by the same opportunity. This being an event