EE226

Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
Electric Circuits Lab –EE 226

Al-IMAM MUHAMMAD IBN SAUD ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LAB – EE 226
Safety and precautions
1. Always wear shoes in the lab, as the floor may contain

any sharp objects.
2. Switch off power supplies of equipment before giving

connections to the circuit board.
3. After properly giving connections show to lab instructor

then switch on the power supply.
4. Please dress properly such that your clothes do not touch

lab equipments while you are working in lab.
5. After completing lab handover the wires, probes, IC's and

related equipment to the concerned persons.
6. No eating and drinking in the laboratory.
7. After completing your work, you should leave the

laboratory.
List of Experiments ..
1. Introduction to Pspice for Circuit Analysis 1
2. Introduction to Bread-board and resistor color codes 16
& Ohm’s Law
3. Series and Parallel Circuits 26
4. Kirchoff’s Law 36
5. Superposition Theorem 46
6. Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem 53
7. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 60
8. The Oscilloscope and Function generator 67
9. Transient of first order RC Circuit 72
10. AC Response on R, RL, RC and RLC Circuits 84

EXPERIMENT -1
Introduction to Pspice for Circuit Analysis
AIM: - To get acquainted to pspice from this experiment.
Analysis:
1. In modern electric circuit analysis many circuits are analyzed & verified
on software before being done on hardware, Pspice is one of the common
available software which is used in electrical & electronics engineering
applications.
2. Pspice is one of the category belonging to spice, SPICE stands for
simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis
3. The pspice software will have some common menu bars as common
Microsoft word apart from this it will have different menu bars and tool
bars required for circuit analysis. we will try to understand about pspice
software by some visual and text aid.
1
Figure-1
4. From the above Figure-1 we can see the menu bar, In menu bar you can
see file is highlighted by yellow color, File and Edit bars in pspice have
same as other general software options in it, a picture of the software
working screen can be seen above.
2
Figure-2
5. The Figure-2 shows Draw as highlighted by yellow color the Draw

contains circuit drawing tools on the screen, we can select wire to draw a
wire, place part to place a resistor or some other part on the screen and the
Text box is used to write a text on screen and many other tools are
available, which can be used as when required.
3
Figure-3
6. The Figure-3 highlighted the Analysis button by yellow color, in Analysis

button you have
a. Electrical Rule Check: - To check the connections are right or
wrong and we can connect any missing connections or correct
connections.
b. Simulate: - The program is simulated you get an output text file as
well as you get graphical display of voltages and currents.
c. Run probe: - This is a probe, this window acts like a oscilloscope,
you can view different voltages across elements and currents
flowing through elements.
d. Examine Output: - this will give you voltages and currents in text
format in a notational way.
e. Setup :- this is used to setup analysis, the next step gives brief
detail of this
4
Figure-4
7. The Figure-4 shows search a part tool as highlighted by yellow color,

by clicking that we can go to the parts list and we can look for a part and
select a part and click on Place button, the part will be placed on the
screen, later on we can move that part to any location, we can place one
part after other part, finally when we finish we click on button close.
5
Figure-5
8. The Figure-5 highlighted V and I buttons by yellow color by clicking that

we can make voltages values at nodes to appear and current values in the
branches to appear directly.
6
Figure-6
9. The Figure-6 highlighted Draw wire button by yellow color, a pencil

symbol appears, by this we can draw a wire to connect between circuit
elements, the wire that is drawn is either parallel or perpendicular to the x
axis.
7
Figure-7
10. The Figure-7 shows a sample circuit, in which a DC voltage source,

Resistor and a capacitor are placed, the nodes are shown by pspice by
blue dots. The circuit is built by searching elements from place a part
button and then drawing wire to connect them from Draw wire button.
8
Figure-8
11. The Figure-8 above shows a simulation running where you can get idea of
errors and warnings, this can be used as a further step when you get
acquainted with software.
9
Figure-9
12. The Figure-9 shows voltages at nodes, this can be obtained by pressing
the V button as shown in figure-5 step-8, the voltages appear in green
boxes.
10
Figure-10
13. The Figure-10 shows we obtain the currents in the branches, this can be
obtained by pressing the I button as shown in figure-5 step-8, the
Currents appear in blue boxes.
11
Figure-11
14. The Figure-11 shows Analysis setup in this you can have an option to
select which analysis you want, only steady state analysis or transient
Analysis or both at a time or as shown in Figure-11 can be done by
selecting it.
12
Figure-13
15. The Figure-13 shows us probe, probe can be obtained by going in Analysis
button as shown in step-6, Figure-3 we will then get a window showing an
empty waveform screen, The highlighted yellow color in Figure-13 shows
you a button, which when pressed it we will get waveform option for a
value of the circuit elements for example a waveform of current flowing
through the Resistor R1 or say a voltage across some element in the
circuit. Select the output variable and then press ok, we have all other
options as you can see on the screen.
13
Exercise:-
a. To Draw A RLC series circuit with DC voltage as power Source

V=20 volts, R=100Ω and L=0.1mH on pspice.
b. To Draw A RLC Parallel circuit with DC voltage as power Source

V=20 volts, R=100Ω and C=0.1mF on pspice.
To do the above exercise follow the Steps from 4-16 as said above and construct
the circuit Construct the circuit.
Result: - Get familiar with pspice and perform simple circuit analysis.
Conclusion & comments:-
14
Questions :-
1. In pspice VSIN & VDC means which sources?
2. What does SPICE stands for?
3. Explain what does simulation means?
4. How do we see waveforms in pspice?
15
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LAB – EE226
EXPERIMENT -2
Introduction to Bread board and Resistor color codes &
Ohm’s Law
AIM :- To get acquainted with hardware experiment panel and to know how
Resistor values and parameters are analyzed.. And verify Ohm’s Law.
Part (a)
Bread Board:
1. A bread board is a panel where individual elements like Resistors,
capacitors and inductors can be connected without soldering or knotting
the wires with each other, so this gives an easy way to insert these
elements in the bread board to form a circuit.
2. The Figure-1 below shows Bread board and its division into slots where an
individual pin of an element can be inserted,
Figure-1
16
Al-IMAM
IMAM MUHAMMAD IBN SAUD ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LAB – EE
EE226
3. Bread board is used for small voltages and current applications to make the
circuit on it.
Figure-2
4. In Figure-2 Bread board is divided into 4 sections as shown above, each

section has numbering
a. The first section has two columns with + and - sign and 30 rows
numbered from 1 to 30.
b. The second section has 5 columns with a, b, c, d, e and 30 rows
numbered from 1 to 30
c. The thirdd section has 5 columns with f, g, h, i, j and 30 rows
numbered from 1 to 30
d. The fourth section has two columns with + and - sign and 30 rows
numbered from 1 to 30.
17
Al-IMAM
EE226
Figure-3
5. In Figure-3
3 we can see the internal connections of the different sections the
yellow line shows that the slots are connected in which way
6. The Section-1 has two columns with + and – sign, the + sign is a single
wire connection for all the 30 rows, we can have
have an example, as if we want
to connect 5 resistors to a power supply we connect power supply in any
one slot of + sign and from that on the same column(+ sign ) we connect
one end of each resistor andan the other end to –sign
sign on ground bus in
section -4 and
d all of them will get the power supply, in Circuit an
analysis it is
equal to 5 resistors and Voltage source connected in parallel.
parallel.
7. Similarly the Section

ection-2 shows that a, b, c, d, e (all columns) on each row
are connected by a single wire ,we can have an example ample if we want to
connect two resistors in series say R1 and R2 connect one end of R1 to slot
[1,a] (column a and Row 1)) and then connect other end of R1 to slot [4,a]
then connect resistor R2 to slot [4,b],, as the row is same for R1 and R2 and
a, b, are internally connected so R1 and R2 are now in series, connect the
other end of R2 to [8,b].
8. Section-3
3 is similar to section-2
section and Section-4
4 is similar to Section
Section-1.
18
Resistor Color Code:
1. A resistor value can be visually known from its color coding, apart from
resistor value the other parameters can also be known from color coding.
2. The Figure-4 shows a diagram showing how we can calculate resistor value
and tolerance from its color coding.
Figure-4
19
3. There are 5 bars on the resistor, the color of bar will represent a number as
shown in figure-4 the first three bars gives the value of Resistance, the
fourth bar will give multiplier value and the fifth bar will give tolerance
percentage.
.
4. For example we want to find the value of a resistor for example of Resistor
in Figure-4,
a. First bar:- color is brown, value = 1 from Figure-4 table
b. Second bar: - color is black, value = 0 from Figure-4 table.
c. Third bar: - color is black, value = 0 from Figure-4 table.
d. The first, Second and third bar combined will give value combined
as 100.
e. Fourth bar :- color is black so multiplier is “1” so the value
becomes 100 x 1=100 Ω
f. Fifth bar: - color is brown, so tolerance is 1% so value of resistor
may vary resistor may vary by 1% ie R= 99 Ω to101 Ω.
5. The value of Resistor can be obtained by looking at these bars.
Exercise:-
1. To Construct a series circuit with Dc voltage as power Source V=20 volts,

R1=100Ω R2=50 and check by Multimeter the voltages across the resistors
and currents flowing in the resistors.
Hint:- The Multimeter is connected in series as a element in the circuit

before the resistor, to know the current.
Hint:- The Multimeter is connected in parallel to the resistor in the

circuit, to know the Voltage.
2. You will be given four resistors

a. Find the Resistance of the Resistors and tolerance by color codes.
b. Find the Resistance of the Resistor with a Multimeter.
c. The resistance obtained by multimeter is accurate and exact, check
the deviation obtained by multimeter compared to color code
tolerance limits.
d. Fill up the tabular form
Tabular form-1
Resistance calculations
Resistor R1 R2 R3 R4
Resistance
Color code resistance Upper limit tolerance
Lower limit tolerance
Multimeter
Resistance
Deviation
20
Al-IMAM
EE226
Part (b)
Ohm’s law:
- Ohm's law states that for a given resistor voltage is directly proportional to
the current.
- Ohm's Law is given by:
V=I*R
where V is the potential difference between two points which include a resistance R. I
is the current flowing through the resistance.
280
Figure-5(a)
5(a) Figure 5(b)
Figure-5(b)
Procedure: ( a )
1- Construct the circuit shown in Figure-5(a)

Figure 5(a) in the panel board.
2- Put Multimeters
meters in parallel with resistance in voltmeter mode to
Measure V1 & V2
3- Put Multimeters
meters in series with resistance in Ammeter mode to Measure
i1
4- At voltage source equal zero, Measure voltages, V1, V2 and i1. Then
fill in the tabular form-2(a)
form
5- Again repeat step-4.

step From source voltage 0 to 15 v.. and so on…
21
Procedure: ( b )
1- Construct the circuit shown in Figure-5(a) in the panel board.
2- Put Multimeters in series with resistance in Ammeter mode to Measure

i1 & i2
3- Put Multimeters in parallel with resistance in voltmeter mode to

Measure V (V1,V2) (resistances voltage)
4- At voltage source equal zero, Measure voltages, i1 , i2 and V. Then

fill in the tabular form-2(b)
5- Again repeat step-4. for source voltage 0 to 15 v.
Observation Table :
Tabular form-2 for Figure-5(a)
Vs V1 V2 V1+V2 i1 V1=i1*R1 V2 = i2*R2 (V1/i1) =R1 (V2/ i2)=R2

, volt
MA
0
2
2908 0184214 1.226
3
4
11561.61 2145 245
5
6
7126
7,41 3,614 3161
7
8
11027,24 4 Is 7.776
9
10
138 4.6 6.131 6,124
22
Tabular form-2 for Figure-5(b)
Vs i1 i2 i1+i2 V i1=V/R1 i2 = V/R2 (V/i1) =R1 (V/ i2)=R2
2
8 7.56 2,48
2,47
3
4
145.94 trot 4 138
5
6
3108 8 to Goof
7
6,704
8
108111,61 F94 81081
9
10
10541444 101094
9 pp
23
Voltage vs Current ( Graph )
Nots: must use graph sheet.
24
Questions:-
1. Explain the working of Bread board?
2. Write down the colors in sequence of 200 Ω Resistor with 1% tolerance?
25
EXPERIMENT -3
Series and Parallel Circuits
INTRODUCTION:
1. In electric circuit analysis the elements can be connected either in series or
parallel or combination of both series and parallel.
2. Voltage division rule: The voltage division rule states that when elements
are connected in series, the total supply voltage in the circuit is equal to
sum of individual voltages across the elements as shown in Figure-1.
Figure-1
Mathematically
ܸ‫ܴ ∗ ݏ‬1
V1 =
ܴ1 + ܴ2 + ܴ3
ܸ‫ܴ ∗ ݏ‬2
V2 =
ܴ1 + ܴ2 + ܴ3
ܸ‫ܴ ∗ ݏ‬3
V3 =
ܴ1 + ܴ2 + ܴ3
Where V1, V2, V3 are voltages of resistors R1, R2 and R3 and Vs is source
voltage.
26
3. Current division rule: The current division rule states that when elements
are connected in parallel, the total supply current in the circuit is equal to
sum of individual currents passing through the elements as shown in
Figure-2.
Figure-2
ଵ ଵ ଵ
Mathematically = +
ோ௘௤ଵ ோଶ ோଷ
݅‫ݍܴ݁ ∗ ݏ‬1
i1 =
ܴ1 + ܴ݁‫ݍ‬1
ଵ ଵ ଵ
= +
ோ௘௤ଶ ோଵ ோଷ
݅‫ݍܴ݁ ∗ ݏ‬2
i2 =
ܴ2 + ܴ݁‫ݍ‬2
ଵ ଵ ଵ
= +
ோ௘௤ଷ ோଵ ோଶ
݅‫ݍܴ݁ ∗ ݏ‬3
i3 =
ܴ3 + ܴ݁‫ݍ‬3
Where i1, i2, i3 are currents of resistors R1, R2 and R3 and is is source
current.
27
Al-IMAM
EE226
AIM :- To verify voltage

oltage division rule,
rule current division rule, delta and Wye
connection and otherr voltage-current
voltage relationships on simulation
imulation software
(Pspice) and Hardware setup (experimental).
(experimental)
APPARATUS
i. Simulation - Pspice
ii. Experimental :
1. DC Source
2. Resistors
3. Multimeter
4. Bread Board.
Figure -3
28
Procedure :-
Series Circuit
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure-1 in Pspice.
2. In pspice click the buttons V and I, so that to obtain voltages at nodes and
currents through wires.
3. Construct the circuit in experimental board as shown in Figure-1
4. Put Multimeters in parallel with resistance in voltmeter mode to Measure

voltages Vs, V1, V2, V3 and fill in the tabular form-1.
5. Put Multimeters in series with resistance in Ammeter mode to Measure is

and fill in the tabular form-1.
6. Verify that Vs is sum of V1, V2 and V3.
7. Verify Req = R1+R2+R3.
Calculations
By Pspice:
By Experiment:
29
Parallel Circuit
11. Put Multimeters in series with resistance in Ammeter mode to Measure

currents is , i1, i2, i3 and fill in the tabular form -2.
12. Verify that is is sum of i1, i2 and i3
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
1. Verify = + +
ோ௘௤ ோଵ ோଶ ோଷ
Calculations
By Pspice:
By Experiment:
30
Bridge connected Circuit
3. In Pspice click the buttons V and I, so that to obtain voltages at nodes and
5. Measure currents is , i1, i2, i3, i4, i5 and voltages Vs, V1, V2, V3, V4, V5
fill in the tabular form -3.
6. Check that current and voltage divider rules are verified. At A, B, C, D

And Check the voltage.
VAB = VAC + VCB = VAC + VCD + VDB
and write the equations at remaining nodes and verify it
7. Replace R2 with 4.7kΩ and R4 with variable resistor. Then adjust the R4
until i5 = 0 .and find the value of corresponding R4 ?
Calculations
By Pspice:
By Experiment:
31
Observation table
Tabular form-2
Voltage Measurement “ series circuit “
VS V1 V2 V3 Is
Simulation Results
Experimental Results
% Error
iii t.iai.ni.is i
Tabular form-2
Current Measurement “parallel circuit “
is i1 i2 i3
Simulation Results
43.74 10104 70109 14.610
% Error
Tabular form-3(a)
Verification of voltage division rule “Bridge circuit “
VS VA VB VC VD VBC=VB-VC
Simulation Results
70105 70104 2 to 1160 0
% Error
Tabular form-3(b)
UN 101079 V Verification of current division rule “Bridge circuit “

Is i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 is=i1+i2 i1=i3+i5 i4=i2+i5
Simulation Results
Experimental Results 8 99 F 74 1.78 5.62 3,35 1150
% Error
32
33
Questions:-
1. Does resistor has polarity? Check it by reversing the resistor on
breadboard, what do you observe?
2. Give a scenario with your observation and knowledge where voltage

division rule and current division rule is applied?
3. What will be direction of flow of electric current when electric potential at

two ends of wire is same, if say the potential is 220V and if a bare footed
human being touches in the midpoint of wire what will happen?
4. If R1=200Ω, R2=400Ω, R3=50Ω, R4=100Ω in Figure-3, what is the

current flowing through R5, and can you explain the reason for this?
34
5. What is galvanometer, can you explain it?
Choose the correct answer below:
6. The _______________ remains constant across several elements in series.
a. Current
b. Voltage
c. Power
d. Energy
7. The ___________________ remains constant across several elements in

parallel.
a. Current
b. Voltage
c. Power
d. Energy
35
EXPERIMENT -4
Kirchoff’s Law
INTRODUCTION:
1. In electric circuit analysis, kirchoff current law and kirchoff voltage law
plays an important role.
2. Node: A point where more than two electrical wires meet is called a node.
3. Kirchoff’s current law: the sum of currents at any particular node is equal
to zero OR the currents entering a node is equal to currents leaving a node.
Mathematically i1+i2+i3+… iN = 0 at any Node
Where i1, i2,... iN are currents at the node coming from different wires
4. Loop: Any closed circuit path of current called as loop.
5. Kirchoff’s voltage law: The sum of voltages in a closed loop is equal to
zero OR all the voltages when added in a closed loop should result in zero
voltage.
Mathematically V1+V2+V3…VN= 0 at any Loop
Where V1, V2 …VN are voltages of different elements in closed loop.
AIM :- To verify Kirchoff’s current law (KCL) and Kirchoff’s voltage law
(KVL) on Simulation software (Pspice) and Hardware setup (experimental)
APPARATUS
ii. Experimental :
1. DC Source
2. Resistors
3. Multimeter
4. Bread Board.
36
Part A:
Figure-1
Procedure:
4. Measure voltages Vs, VA, VB, VC, VD, VE, VF and fill in the table 1.
5. Measure Currents i, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6 and fill in with table 2.
6. Calculate voltages Vp, Vq, Vr, Vu, Vt.
7. VD, VE, VF are grounded so that it should be zero.
37
Current & voltage calculations, KVL & KCL verifications
8. KVL Verification
Consider loop A,F,A

- Vs + i1 R1 = 0,
- Vs + Vp = 0
Consider loop A,B,E,F,A
R2i2 + R3i3 - R1i1 = 0,
- Vp + Vq + Vr = 0.
Consider loop B,C,D,E,B
R4i4 + R5i4 – R3i3 = 0,
- Vr + Vu + Vt = 0.
9. KCL Verification
At Node A i = i1 + i2
At Node B i2 = i3 + i4
At Node C i4 = i4
At Node D i4 = i4
At Node E i5 = i3 + i4
At Node F i6 = i1 + i5
38
10. Construct the circuit shown in Figure-1 in Hardware on Bread board for
Experimental Analysis.
11. Put Multimeters in series with resistance and voltage sources in Ammeter
mode for current calculations
12. Put Multimeters in parallel with resistance and voltage sources in

voltmeter mode for voltage calculations
13. Repeat steps 3 to 9 on Bread-board and record the readings.
14. Fill up the tabular forms below.
39
Observation tables
Tabular form-1
Voltage Measurement
VS VA VB VC VD VE VF
Simulation Results
10,2 4 514 7.2 3rd
% Error
Tabular form-2
Current Measurement
i i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6
Simulation Results
2011 1012 10.1 5.4 4 I 4 297
% Error
Tabular form-3
Voltage at each element
VS Vp=VA-VF Vq=VA-VB Vr=VB-VE VU=VB-VC Vt=VC-VD
Simulation Results
% Error
Tabular form-4
Verification of Kirchoff current law(KCL)
NODE A B C D E F
Simulation Results
% Error
40
Part B:
137
7 00
10
5 122
Figure- 2
Procedure:
3. Measure the voltages at nodes and currents flowing through branches in

Figure-2

Experimental Analysis.


voltmeter mode for voltage calculations.
41
Observation tables
Tabular form-6
Ix
Vs Va Vb Vc Vd Ve Vf ia 5,2
i bic id ie if
5
10 217 oils Fr 6.6opposts 73,8 s 62 24.0240
15
IS c _4.3 0.29 11.6 10.6 1.17 1.17 118.323.997.8 39.439.4
7. Using the above Tabular form-6, How can you find total resistance?
8. Verify KCL at node X ?
9. Verify KVL at left loop?
10. Did you notice anything wrong with current in 22Ω resistor?
42
Conclusion & comments :-
Questions :-
1. What is grounding, and what is grounding voltage value
2. Why does we subtract VA- VB to get Vq, what does this mean? And say
how a higher potential is responsible for current direction.
43
3. Can you compare i and i6 what is similar between them and what is
difference between them? And how do you relate it to battery current.
4. Do you observe resistor heating and if it so does we get exact value of i

and i6.
5. Why VD, VE and VF are zero voltage, can you explain the earthing or
grounding concept depending upon them? And say what is maximum
permissible value of grounding current?
44
Choose the correct answer below
6. Which of the following below holds true for Kirchoff voltage law in a single
loop
a. ΣV= 0
b. ΣI= 0
c. ΣV= Vsource
d. ΣI= Isource
7. Which of the following below holds true for Kirchhoff Current law at a node:
a. ΣI entering = ΣI leaving
b. ΣI entering = 2ΣI leaving
c. ΣI= 0
d. Answer a. and c.
8. From the figure below which one of the following is correct;
a. Is =I1+I2
b. Is =I1-I2
c. Is =0
d. Ix =I1+I2
9. From the figure below which one of the following is correct:
a. Vs =v1+v2
b. Vs =v1-v2
c. Vs = -v1+v2
d. Vs =v2
45
Al-IMAM
EE226
EXPERIMENT -5
Superposition Theorem
INTRODUCTION::
1. Superposition theorem states that in a linear resistive network, if we have a
number of voltage and current sources, if we want to calculate the effect of
all these sources on a particular element such as the voltage across the
element or current through the
the element, we add the effect of individual
source (either current source or voltage source) when one source is active
and other sources are inactive.
2. If we want to calculate the voltage source effect we short circuit all other
voltage sources this means the voltage will be zero of the short circuit
voltage sources and we open circuit all the current sources, when we open
circuit current source the current across that source is zero and similarly if
we want to calculate the effect of current source we open circuit all other
current sources and we short circuit all the voltage sources.
sources
3. We calculate the effect

effect of each source individually and then all of them
example if we want to find the current in a element then the sum of the
current of the sources when the each source are connected individually and
other are inactive is equal to the current when all the sources are
connected simultaneously,
simultaneously similarly the voltage across the resistor is the
sum of the voltages of the sources when the each source are connected
individually and other are inactive is equal to the voltage when all the
sources are connected simultaneously.
simultaneously
s it
o in
Figure-1
46
Al-IMAM
EE226
Figure-2
Figure-3
AIM: - To verify Superposition theorem.

theorem on Simulation software (Pspice) and
Hardware setup (experimental).
(experimental)
47
APPARATUS
ii. Experimental :
1. DC Source
2. Resistors
3. Multimeter
4. Bread Board.
Procedure:-
2. Connect the two voltage sources simultaneously.
3. Assign the directions of currents and polarity of voltages to Figure-1,

Figure-2 and Figure-3.
5. Measure voltages Vp, Vq, Vr, Vu and fill in the tabular form-1.
6. Measure currents is , i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, and fill in the tabular form-2.
7. Now remove voltage source Vs1 from the circuit and short the points
previously connecting Vs1 to the circuit as in Figure-2.
11. Now remove voltage source Vs2 from the circuit and short the points
previously connecting Vs2 to the circuit as in Figure-3.
48
15. Add tabular form-3 and tabular form-5 contents and fill in the tabular
form-7
16. Similarly add tabular form-4 and tabular form-6 contents and fill in
tabular form-8.
17. Check tabular form-1 with tabular form-7 and tabular form-2 with tabular
form-8, if these quantities are similar then the superposition theorem is
verified.
Experimental
18. Similarly do the hardwired experiment from steps 2-17 on breadboard

And fill in the appropriate tabular form.

voltmeter mode for voltage calculations.
Calculations
49
Observation Tables
Tabular form-1
Voltage Measurement by two sources
VS1 VS2 Vp Vq Vr Vu
Simulation Results
15 10 15,1 5159,841 0,23
% Error
Tabular form-2
Current Measurement by two sources
i1 i2 i3 i4 i5
Simulation Results
57,65 F.tt 31,04 7.28 9 P
% Error
Tabular form-3
Voltage Measurement by Vs2 =10 v
VS1 VS2 Vp Vq Vr Vu
Simulation Results
o 10 0
8116 8.16 1,99
% Error
Tabular form-4
Current Measurement by Vs2 =10 v
i1 i2 i3 i4 i5
Simulation Results
11,41 111ft 0 19sp 8104
% Error
50
Tabular form-5
Voltage Measurement by Vs1 =15 v
VS1 VS2 Vp Vq Vr Vu
Simulation Results
15 a 15,16 13139 194k lift
% Error
Tabular form-6
Current Measurement by Vs1 = 15 v
i1 i2 i3 i4 i5
49,2k 19,32 31,19 39 19 4

Simulation Results
% Error
Tabular form-7
Voltage Measurement by summation of Vs1 and Vs2
VS1 VS2 Vp Vq Vr Vu
Simulation Results ------ -------

Experimental Results ------- -------
% Error ------ ------
Tabular form-8
Current Measurement by summation of Vs1 and Vs2
i1 i2 i3 i4 i5
Simulation Results
% Error
51
Conclusion & comments: -
Questions:-
1. Explain why superposition theorem application is useful in present circuit

analysis?
2. Give a scenario with your observation and knowledge where Super

position theorem rule is applied?
3. Though superposition theorem is for both current sources and voltage

sources? Why don’t we choose current sources in our experiment, is there
any reason for that?
52
EXPERIMENT -6
Thevenin's & Norton's Theorem
INTRODUCTION:
1. Thevenin's theorem states that a electrical circuit connected to a load can
be replaced by a voltage source Vth in series with a resistance Rth
connected to load resistance RL in series, as in Figure-1,the response
measured at load resistance will be unchanged i.e the voltage and
resistance of the circuit measured will be unchanged. The resistance Rth is
called the Thevenin's resistance and the voltage Vth is called the thevenin's
voltage.
2. Norton's theorem states that a electrical circuit connected to a load can
be replaced by a current source IS in parallel with resistance RN connected
to a load resistance RL in parallel as in Figure-2. the current IS is called
norton's current and the resistance RN is called norton's resistance
3. Source transformation technique is used to convert a current source to

voltage source and vice-versa, If in any circuit a voltage source and a
resistance are connected in series say Vth and Rth as in Figure-1 it's
equivalent circuit has current source value equal to IN= Vth/ Rth, and the
resistance RN = Rth and both connected in parallel with each other as in
Figure-2. So this establishes relationship between thevenin's and norton's
equivalent. Similarly Vth= IN* Rth.
Figure-1
53
Figure-2
Figure-3
AIM :- To verify Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem on Simulation software

(Pspice) and Hardware setup (experimental).
APPARATUS
ii. Experimental :
1. DC Source
2. Resistors
3. Multimeter
4. Bread Board.
54
Procedure:-
2. Remove the load resistance RL between the points C and D.
currents through wires
4. Measure the voltage Vth, at point B after removing RL which is

Thevenin’s voltage.
5. Put short circuit across C and D which will act as a short circuit and short
circuit current IN is obtained, which is Norton current..
6. Divide Vth thevenin's voltage with IN which is norton's current to get Rth
which is thevenin's resistance.
7. By taking Vth, Rth and RL make circuit as in Figure-1.
8. Measure the load current IL.
9. By taking IN, RN (RN=Rth) and RL make circuit as in Figure-2.
10. Measure the load current IL.
Experimental
11. Construct the circuit shown in Figure-3
12. Remove the load resistance RL between the points C and D
13. Put multimeter in voltmeter mode to measure the voltage across C and D
points which measures open circuit voltage Vth, which is thevenin's
voltage.
14. Put Multimeter in Ammeter mode across C and D it will act as short
circuit and measure short circuit current IN, which is Norton current..
15. Replace the voltage source by a short circuit and put the multimeter across
C and D and note down resistance Rth.
55
16. Measure load current iL By taking Vth, Rth and RL make circuit as in
Figure-1.
17. Measure load current iL By taking IN, RN (RN=Rth) and RL make circuit
as in Figure-2.
18. Verify the Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem by calculating with hand and
getting the values of Vth, IN and Rth
Calculations by theoretical, simulation and experimental:
56
19. Draw the equivalent circuits of Thevenin’s and Norton’s as of in Figure-1

and Figure-2.
Diagrams
57
Observation tables
Tabular form-1
Thevenin's and Norton's parameters
IL IL IL
Vth IN Rth IL
Fig.3 Fig.2 Fig.1
Calculated by hand
Simulation Results
% Error
Result: - Thus Calculation of Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent circuits is

done.
58
Questions:-
1. Find the relationship between Thevenin's and Norton's equivalent circuits?
Choose the correct answer below
2. Any two terminal linear bilateral Dc network can be replaced by equivalent

circuit consisting of voltage source and series resistor, this
states________________________.
a. Norton's theorem
b. Thevenin's theorem
c. Superposition theorem
d. None of the above
3. Any two terminal linear bilateral Dc network can be replaced by equivalent

circuit consisting of current source and parallel resistor, this
states________________________.
a. Norton's theorem
b. Thevenin's theorem
c. Superposition theorem
d. None of the above.
4. If a circuit has voltage source and resistance are connected in series as Vth,
and Rth. Its equivalent circuit has current source value equal to
________________________.
a. IN = 4 *Vth / Rth
b. IN = Vth / Rth
c. IN = Vth / 4*Rth
d. IN = (Vth / Rth)2
59
EXPERIMENT -7
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
INTRODUCTION:
1. In electric circuit analysis many circuits consists of sources which supply
voltage, current or power, for example a speaker system or a microphone
need to supply maximum voltage so that it can amplify, sometimes some
other systems require current or sometimes may be power.
2. If we have a circuit such that as shown in Figure-1 the more voltage is
supplied to the load when the load resistance is high, more current is
delivered to the load when load resistance is low, but power which is
product of voltage and current is delivered only when load resistance is
equal to source resistance.
3. So for any application maximum power transfer is important, an

application will be in Electronics.
4. Maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is

transferred when source resistance is equal to load resistance.
Figure-1
Mathematically
Current in the circuit is

ܸ‫ݏ‬
i=
ܴ‫ ݏ‬+ ܴ݈
Power delivered to load RL is P=IL2 RL
ܸ‫ݏ‬2 ∗ ܴ‫ܮ‬
P=
(ܴ݈ + ܴ‫)ݏ‬2
60
To determine the maximum power we derivate P with respect to RL and

equate it to zero, so we get after solving Rs = RL.
Power delivered to load RL as Rs = RL.
ܸ‫ݏ‬2
P=
4 ∗ ܴ݈
So, maximum power is transferred only when load resistance is equal to

source resistance.
AIM: - To verify the maximum power transfer theorem and note down the
maximum power of the circuit on Simulation software (Pspice) and Hardware
setup (experimental).
APPARATUS
ii. Experimental :
1. DC Source
2. Resistors
3. Multimeter
4. Bread Board.
5.
Figure -2
61
Procedure:-
2. In pspice click the buttons V and I , so that to obtain voltages at nodes and
currents through wires
3. Measure the voltage Vth at point B after removing RL , which is

Thevenin’s voltage.
4. Put short circuit across C and D which will act as a short circuit and short
circuit current IN is obtained, which is Norton current..
5. Divide Vth thevenin's voltage with IN which is Norton's current to get Rth
which is thevenin's resistance.
6. Note down Vth and Rth values.
7. Now connect back the circuit as in Figure-2 and the current i5 is referred
as load current is measured.
8. Vary the Resistance RL in appropriate steps till it exceeds the value of

RTH and note the load currents iL in the tabular form-2.
9. Calculate the power PL from Vth and iL and fill in tabular form-2.
10. Find from the tabular form-2 where the maximum power occurs of RL
Experimental
Experimental Analysis
12. Remove the load resistance RL between the points C and D
13. Put multimeter in voltmeter mode to measure the voltage across C and D
points which measures open circuit voltage Vth, which is thevenin's
voltage.
62
14. Replace the voltage source by a short circuit and put the multimeter across
C and D and note down resistance Rth.
15. Note down Vth and Rth values.
16. Now connect back the circuit as in Figure-2
17. Put Multimeter in series with resistance RL in Ammeter mode for current
i5 which is referred as load current.
18. Vary the Resistance RL in appropriate steps of 25Ω from 800Ω till 1200Ω
and note the load currents iL in the tabular form-2.
19. Calculate the power PL from Vth and iL and fill in tabular form-2.
20. Find from the tabular form-2 where the maximum power occurs of RL
63
Observation tables & Calculations
Tabular form-1
Thevenin's calculations
Vth Rth
Simulation Results
Experimental
Results
% Error
Tabular form-2
Simulation Results
Vth Rth RL IL P=IL*IL*RL
64
21. Plot the graph between load resistance power PL and load resistance RL
notes: must use graph sheet.
Graphs
Result: - Thus Verification of Maximum power transfer theorem is done.
65
Questions:-
1. What is the maximum power delivered to the circuit?
2. Did the maximum power is delivered when the load resistance is equal to
the source resistance?
3. Do you think this theorem is useful in Electronics Application?
4. What is the significance of maximum power delivering to the load is it

advantageous?
5. What is the load resistance when maximum power is delivered is it equal

to thevenin’s resistance?
66
EXPERIMENT -8
The Oscilloscope and Function Generator
Oscilloscope:
Oscilloscope is a device that represents the waveforms of current, voltage in time
domain and their analysis in frequency domain. Oscilloscope forms a very
important instrument as it give direct analysis of current and voltage or any other
parameter in a waveform type, this gives us a clear understanding of a certain
analysis, such as a discharging capacitor graph can be viewed.
Dual trace oscilloscope:- A dual trace oscilloscope has two channels in it so we

can view two waveforms on a single screen by connecting two separate probes to
the two parameters to be viewed, for example current flowing through the element
can be viewed by connecting probe in series with the element to be analyzed and
voltage across the element can be viewed by connecting probe across the element.
The basic controls on a oscilloscope are as follows
1. Vertical axis:-
Scale: changes the voltage division, for example 2v can be measured
correctly by changing scale.
Position: change the vertical position of wave form.
2. Horizontal axis:-
Scale: changes the time division, for example 10ms, 50ms can be obtained
by changing scale.
Position: change the horizontal position of wave form
3. Voltage value:-
Check on the left hand side of the screen to know voltage value of each
square block.
Voltage = (voltage/square block) * number of blocks.
4. Time value:-
Check on the screen in middle to know time value of each square block.
Time = (time/square block) * number of blocks.
5. Trigger settings: The trigger settings control the conditions under which
a curve is started to be plotted on the oscilloscope, triggering can be
internal based on the input signals or external based on the signal applied
to oscilloscope external trigger input.
With internal triggering the options are AUTO, A or B. if A is selected the
curve will be triggered by Channel A input signal, if B is selected the
curve will be triggered by Channel B input signal.
67
Channel 1 and channel 2 can be viewed at a time by connecting probes.

The probe consist of two wires one to connect to the point where voltage is
measured and other to ground.
First connect the oscilloscope probes red and black usually to check a
known waveform for example a DC voltage source voltage, once it is
checked on oscilloscope screen then we can move the probes to other
locations and it will redraw it on screen without restarting the oscilloscope.
The oscilloscope settings can be changed during the work and redraws and
displays the waveforms.
The oscilloscope waveforms can be measured more accurately by using
"Analysis Option" by "Pause" and "Resume" using interchangeably.
The zoom feature can be used by using "Expand" and then restored to
normal position by using "Reduce".
Simulation on Pspice: Similar to oscilloscope in hardware experiment, software

also has certain commands to view the waveforms that can be obtained on pspice
software.
The waveforms can be obtained by using run probe from Analysis menu on the
pspice main menu which opens a new window.
When the new window is opened go to trace menu and then click Add trace
button, you can choose different parameters whose waveform you can view and
can choose like voltage and currents of the individual elements or voltages across
some points and currents along some paths.
Function generator:
A function generator is a device which gives out different time-varying voltage
functions. The voltage waveshapes obtained are pulse, sinusoidal and square
waves.
The waveshape, frequency, amplitude, duty cycle (time on/total time) and DC
offset can be easily varied on function generator
Connect the COM terminal to the ground, the +ve terminal provides voltage
which is positive with respect to COM terminal, the –ve terminal provides voltage
which is negative with respect to COM terminal.
The function generator has following controls:
1. Waveshaping: Any waveshape can be selected as output from function

generator by clicking on the appropriate waveshape.
2. Frequency control: The frequency control allows the user to adjust the
frequency of output voltage up to 999 MHz, click up and down to adjust
the frequency or click upon the frequency box and type desired frequency.
68
3. Amplitude control: The Amplitude control allows the user to set the
amplitude of the output voltage measured from the reference level to peak
level, the peak to peak value is twice the amplitude setting.
4. DC Offset: The DC offset sets the DC level of the voltage level generated
by the function generator, an offset of "0" sets the curve plot on the x-axis
with equal positive and negative voltage setting along the y axis, an
positive offset raises the curve plot above the x-axis and a negative offset
lowers the curve plot below the x-axis.
Simulation on Pspice: Similar to function generator in hardware experiment

software also has certain commands to generate different waveshapes that can be
obtained on pspice software.
Each waveshape can be obtained waveforms can be obtained by using get a new
part from Draw menu on the pspice main menu which opens a new window.
When the new window opens select a part for example VPULSE, the user can
adjust the duty cycle, offset and amplitude level so on.
69
Exercise:-
1. Connect the terminals of function generator to the oscilloscope as

a. +ve terminal and –ve terminal of function generator to probes of
Channel A and Channel B of Oscilloscope and observe the
waveforms by changing Wave shapes TTL, triangular. Sinusoidal
and square as follow:
i. Amplitude values 2 and 5.

ii. Frequency 50Hz and 1KHz.
iii. DC offset -10 mv, 0, 10 mv.
2. In pspice select the waveshape and connect any resistance across it and
simulate the circuit, then run probe as stated earlier and view the
waveforms by changing.
i. Amplitude in the waveform window.
ii. Duty cycle in the waveform window.
iii. DC offset in the waveform window.
Graphs: - ( must use graph sheet )
- TTL
- Triangular
Result: - Thus become familiar with working of oscilloscope and function

generator.
70
Questions :-
1. Draw different types of waves of function generator. ( use graph sheet )
2. Draw a pulse wave with amplitude =1volt and duration of total pulse as 2
sec with Dc offset 0 volts and 2 volts. ( use graph sheet )
3. Change the voltage level in the oscilloscope of Channel A and B and state
your observation.
4. Write the similarity and differences of the same waveform done on

hardwired experimental panel and software simulation tool Pspice state
your observations.
71
EXPERIMENT -9
Transient of First order RC Circuit
OBJECTIVES:
To perform a transient analysis of RC series and parallel circuits and to
note down the parameters before the switch closing and after switch closing
and draw the graph for the capacitor voltage. The circuits will be simulated
on software (COM3LAB ) and Hardware setup (experimental).
BASIC INFORMATION:
Capacitance C : Capacitance is the ratio of the supplied cha rge Q to the
resulting voltage V:
C=Q/V
The unit of capacitance is 1 Farad = 1 F = 1 As / V.
Capacitor : Two differently charged bodies are positioned at a certain

distance from each other. This usually involves conductors running parallel
with one another, e.g. metal plates or metalized plastic foils.
Total Capacitor in parallel : Ceq = C1 + C2 + ….. + C N
Total Capacitor in series : 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + …. + 1/C N
Time constant τ is the time taken by the capacitor to charge to 63 %. After

five time constants, the charge on a capacitor becomes practically identical
to the potential of the applied voltage. Calculate from the equation
τ=R•C “for RC circuit “
72
The equation τ = R • C can be used to determine the capacitance of a

capacitor
C=τ/R
where τ is the time constant determined from the characteristic V(t) and R
is the rated resistance of the RC combination .A capacitor stores a charge.
Its capacitance depends on the area and spacing of the plates, as well as the
material between them.
CHARGE AND DISCHARGE CURVE :
Figure-1
Charge and discharge Equations VC(t) :
Charging: VC (t) = Vo e-t/τ volt
Discharging : VC(t) = Vo ( 1 – e-t/τ ) volt
Where, Vo is maxamim voltage , τ is the time constant

73
Al-IMAM
PART 1: Transient’s response of Series RC circuit (`R

R , C1 in series)
Material required:
- Card board : DC Fundamental II

- Resistance R= 47 kΩ
Ω
- Capacitor C1= 470 µF
µ
- Switch
- Multimeter
- Bridges
Circuit diagram:
Figure-2
Procedure:
1- Open the COM3LAB STARTER program

2- Select circuit number #10
# ( 7. Capacitors ) on the (DC card 2 )
3- Put bridge upper and lower circuit (between C1 ,R ) as show figure
figure-1
4- Move the switch to the lower (open) setting.
5- Connect multimeter 2 as a voltmeter across C1 as show figure
figure-2
6- Move the latch switch to the upper (closed) position to charging of the
capacitor.
7- Now, the capacitor is charging.
8- Write the voltage value (charging) VC1 and put in table-1
74
9- After the capacitor is completed charging, using the mouse button, click
on any point of the horizontal (red) straight line and drag it to max value on
charging curve.
10- Then, click on any point of the (green) straight line through origin
(t=0 s ) and drag it until it touches the charging curve.
11- The point on the time axis is the time constant τ .
12- Calculate the value of capacitance :
C=τ/R
13- compere it with rated value of the capacitor.

14- Now, move the latch switch from upper to lower (open ) to discharging of
the capacitor.
15- So, the capacitor is now discharging.
16- Write the voltage value (discharging) VC1 and put in table-2
17- Draw the charging and discharging curves.
18- Discussion and comment about your results.
Observation table :
τ= s R = 47 kΩ so, the C =
75
Tabular form -1
Time Time
Experimental Experimental
in in
Voltage Vc Voltage Vc
seconds seconds
t=0 t=80
t=5 t=85
t=10 t=90
t=15 t=95
t=20 t=100
t=25 t=105
t=30 t=110
t=35 t=115
t=40 t=120
t=45 t=125
t=50 t=130
t=55 t=135
t=60 t=140
t=65 t=145
t=70 t=150
t=75 t=155
76
Tabular form -2
Time Time
in in
seconds seconds
t=0 t=80
t=5 t=85
t=10 t=90
t=15 t=95
t=20 t=100
t=25 t=105
t=30 t=110
t=35 t=115
t=40 t=120
t=45 t=125
t=50 t=130
t=55 t=135
t=60 t=140
t=65 t=145
t=70 t=150
t=75 t=155
77
PART 2: Transient’s response of Series RC circuit

( R ,C1,C2 in parallel ).
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
- Card board : DC Fundamental II, DC card 2

- Resistance R= 47 kΩ
- Capacitor C1 = 470 µF , C2 = 470 µF
- Switch
- Multimeter
- Bridges
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure-3
PROCEDURE:

2- Select circuit number # 10 ( 7. Capacitors ) on the (DC card 2)
3- Put bridge upper and lower circuit (between C1,C2,R ) as show figure-3 o
4- Move the switch to the lower (open) setting.
5- Connect multimeter 2 as a voltmeter across C1 as show figure-3
78
6- Move the latch switch to the upper (closed) position to charging of the
capacitor.
7- Now, the capacitor is charging.
8- Write the voltage value (charging ) VC1 and put in table-3

9- After the capacitor is completed charging, using the mouse button, click
on any point of the horizontal (red) straight line and drag it to max value on
charging curve.
10- Then, click on any point of the (green) straight line through origin
(t=0 s )and drag it until it touches the charging curve.
11- The point on the time axis is the time constant τ
12- Calculate the value of capacitance :
C=τ/R
13- compere it with rated value of the capacitor.

14- Now, move the latch switch from upper to lower (open ) to discharging of
the capacitor.
15- So, the capacitor is now discharging.
16- Write the voltage value ( discharging) VC1 and put in table-4
17- Draw the charging and discharging curves.
18- Discussion and comment about your results.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
τ= s R = 47 kΩ so, C= µF
79
Tabular form -3
Time Time
in in
seconds seconds
t=0 t=80
t=5 t=85
t=10 t=90
t=15 t=95
t=20 t=100
t=25 t=105
t=30 t=110
t=35 t=115
t=40 t=120
t=45 t=125
t=50 t=130
t=55 t=135
t=60 t=140
t=65 t=145
t=70 t=150
t=75 t=155
80
Tabular form -4
Time Time
in in
seconds seconds
t=0 t=105
t=5 t=110
t=10 t=115
t=15 t=120
t=20 t=125
t=25 t=130
t=30 t=135
t=35 t=140
t=40 t=145
t=45 t=150
t=50 t=155
t=55 t=160
t=60 t=165
t=65 t=170
t=70 t=175
t=75 t=180
t=80 t=185
t=85 t=190
t=90
t=95
t=100
81
QUESTIONS:
1- Explain the process of charging and discharging capacitors ?
2- What is the time constant ? will the time constant increase or decrease if
we increase capacitor in the above experiment ?
3- Choose the correct answer :
1- The capacitance of aplat capacitor depends on:
a- The plate spacing.

b- The material between the plates.
c- The number of plates.
d- The area of the plates.
e- The voltage between the plates.
2- For capacitor to become fully charge is takes:
a- a bout 5 s.
b- a bout 120 s.
c- a bout 5 τ .
82
3- The discharge time of capacitor depends on :
a- It’s a capacitance.
b- The discharge resistance.
c- The discharge voltage.
4- Which equation applies to the total capacitance of an array of parallel-

connected capacitor:
a- C = 1 / C1 + 1 / C2 + ……
b- 1 / C = 1/ C1 + 1 / C2 + ……
c- 1 / C = C1 + C2 + ……
d- C = C1 + C2 + …….
5- Which equation applies to the total capacitance of an array of series-

connected capacitor:
a- C = 1 / C1 + 1 / C2 + ……
b- 1 / C = 1/ C1 + 1 / C2 + ……
c- 1 / C = C1 + C2 + ……
d- C = C1 + C2 + …….
6- If a second capacitor (figare.3) is connected in parallel with the

capacitor of RC circuit :
a- The time constant increase.

b- The time constant decrease.
c- The time constant remains unchanged.
83
EXPERIMENT -10
AC Response on R, Rl, RC and RLC Circuits
OBJECTIVES:
To perform AC analysis of R, RL, RC and RLC Circuits. The circuits will be
executed on a smart board consisting of software (COM3LAB) and Hardware
setup (experimental).
BASIC INFORMATION:
AC Analysis: we do AC analysis on different type of combination circuits till
now we have learnt how the DC circuit analysis is done, DC consists of a
constant value of voltage and current in steady state analysis, whereas AC
consists of variable value say a voltage or current at steady state analysis, we
have certain parameters to be considered in AC analysis
Peak to peak value: the peak to peak value is the maximum positive or upward
value of voltage or current waveform to maximum negative or downward value.
Frequency: it is the number of times one full wave repeats in one second
DC offset: it is the constant DC value added to the waveform, so that it shifts

waveform upward.
Oscilloscope: the oscilloscope is an instrument which displays waveforms, the

COM3 board has dual channel oscilloscope option by which we can view two
waveforms on COM3 software displayed on computer screen, the notations are
Y1, com for channel 1 and Y2, com for channel 2.
Function generator: the function generator is an instrument which gives

output a DC voltage, AC voltage, Pulse voltage. The parameters can be changed
in function generator are peak to peak value, frequency, DC offset. The COM3
board has in built function generator which can be viewed on hardware and on
computer.
Multimeters: A multimeter is a instrument which can be connected in parallel

to a element to measure the voltage across it (either AC or DC), it can be
connected in series to measure the current through the element (either AC or
DC), it can be connected in parallel to a element to know the resistance, the
COM3 board has in built multimeter which can be viewed on hardware and on
computer.
84
Average or RMS value: for a sinusoid wave the average value of voltage,
current or power can be obtained by dividing the peak to peak value by √2
Example the Voltage RMS can be find as ܸ‫݌݌ܸ = ݏ݉ݎ‬/√2
Impedance : when an AC power is supplied to a inductor or capacitor its

equivalent value of resistance depends on frequency and changes with frequency,
this value is referred as impedance.
The impedance of inductor is given by XL = 2*π*f*L where f is the

frequency of input to inductor and L is inductance of inductor. the
inductance can be calculated by
L = XL/(2*π*f)
The impedance of capacitor is given by XC = 1/(2*π*f*C) where f is the
frequency of input to capacitor and C is capacitance of capacitor. The
capacitance can be calculated by
C = 1/( 2*π*f*XC )
85
PART 1: AC response on Resistive circuit
Equipments required:
- Com3 Base board

- Card board : AC Fundamental II
- Computer
Circuit diagram:
Figure-1
Figure-2
86
Procedure:
2- Select circuit number #1 on the (AC card 2 ), the circuit is as in Figure-1
3- Connect the wires from the circuit as shown in Figure-2 to Y1, Y2 and com to
oscilloscope on Base board.
4- Set the parameters of function generator as follows
o Curve shape: Sinusoidal
o Frequency: 500 Hz
o Peak to Peak value : 14V
o DC offset :0V
5- Set the oscilloscope such that one period of each wave can be clearly displayed
6- Measure the Amplitude of the voltage of channel 1 Y1 waveform by using the
horizontal markers on the oscilloscope.
7- Click the positive value and drag and drop on the fill-up screen and we will get
value U1 of the voltage.
value U2 of the voltage. The software calculates the current i flowing through R2
Resistor
10-Find the RMS value of the voltage and current
Calculations:
U1 =
U2 =
I = U2/R2 =
RMS value of U1 =
RMS value of U2 =
RMS value of I =
87
PART 2 (a): AC time response on RL circuit
- Com3 Base board

- Computer
Circuit diagram:
Figure-1
Figure-2
88
Procedure:
o Frequency: 1 KHz
o DC offset :0V
5- Set the oscilloscope such that one period of each wave can be clearly displayed.
6- Invert channel Y2 by setting INV in operation panel.
value UL1 of the voltage.
10-Click the positive value and drag and drop on the fill-up screen and we will get
value UR1 of the voltage. The software calculates the current i flowing through R1
Resistor
11-Find the RMS value of the voltage and current.
12-View the curve of I, VL1 and power.
Calculations:
UL1 =
UR1 =
I = UR1/R1 =
RMS value of UL1 =
89
RMS value of UR1 =
RMS value of I =
PART 2 (b): AC Frequency response on RL circuit
Circuit diagram:
Figure-1
Figure-2
Procedure:
o Frequency: 3 KHz
90
o DC offset :0V
2- Connect the multimeters as shown in Figure-2,keep the multimeters in AC mode.
3- Fill up the tabular form below from multimeter readings
F in Khz 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
UL
UR
IL mA
XL
L mH
ࢁ࢒
4- The inductor resistance (impedance) is determined by XL= .
ࡵࡸ
5- Draw the graph of XL.
GRAPH
91
PART 3 (a): AC time response on RC circuit
- Com3 Base board

- Computer
Circuit diagram:
Figure-1
Figure-2
92
Procedure:
o Frequency: 1 KHz
o DC offset :0V
6- Invert channel Y2 by setting INV in operation panel.
value UC1 of the voltage.
value UR1 of the voltage. The software calculates the current i flowing through R1
Resistor
11-Find the RMS value of the voltage and current.
12-View the curve of I, VC1 and power.
Calculations:
UC1 =
UR1 =
I = UR1/R1 =
93
RMS value of UC1 =
RMS value of UR1 =
RMS value of I =
PART 3 (b): AC Frequency response on RC circuit
Circuit diagram:
Figure-1
Figure-2
94
Procedure:
o Frequency: 200 Hz
o DC offset :0V
2- Connect the multimeters as shown in Figure-2,keep the multimeters in AC mode.
3- Fill up the tabular form below from multimeter readings
F in Khz 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
UC
IC mA
XC
C μF
ࢁ࡯
4- The inductor resistance (impedance) is determined by XC= .
ࡵ࡯
5- Draw the graph of XC.
GRAPH
95
PART 4 (a): AC time response on RLC circuit
Circuit diagram:
Figure-1
Figure-2
96
Figure-3
Procedure:
o Frequency: 10 KHz
o DC offset :0V
value UL1 of the voltage.
value UR1 of the voltage.
10-Connect the wires from the circuit as shown in Figure-3 to Y1, Y2 and com to
11-Set the oscilloscope such that one period of each wave can be clearly displayed.
12-Measure the Amplitude of the voltage of channel 1 Y1 waveform by using the
value UR1 of the voltage.
14-Measure the Amplitude of the voltage of channel 2 Y2 waveform by using the
97
value UC1 of the voltage.
16-Get the values of UR1, UL1 and UC1 and calculate the corresponding RMS values.
17-Draw the Vector diagram from the known values of voltages.
Calculations:
UL1 =
UR1 =
UC11 =
RM S value of UL1 =
RMS value of UR1 =
RMS value of UC1 =
Total voltage in the circuit is U =√(UR2 + (UR- UC)2)
Vector diagram
98
QUESTIONS:
1- Explain how impedance changes with frequency due to inductance and

capacitance. Explain?
2- Does impedance is a real or imaginary quantity?
3- In RL circuit phase difference between voltage and current is which

quantity lags the other?
99
4- In RC circuit phase difference between voltage and current is which

quantity lags the other?
5- Give the value of impedance for 50mH at 50 HZ?
100

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Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University

Electric Circuits Lab –EE 226

Safety and precautions

1. Always wear shoes in the lab, as the floor may contain

2. Switch off power supplies of equipment before giving

3. After properly giving connections show to lab instructor

4. Please dress properly such that your clothes do not touch

5. After completing lab handover the wires, probes, IC's and

6. No eating and drinking in the laboratory.

7. After completing your work, you should leave the

1. Introduction to Pspice for Circuit Analysis 1

2. Introduction to Bread-board and resistor color codes 16

& Ohm’s Law

3. Series and Parallel Circuits 26

6. Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem 53

7. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 60

8. The Oscilloscope and Function generator 67

9. Transient of first order RC Circuit 72

10. AC Response on R, RL, RC and RLC Circuits 84

AIM: - To get acquainted to pspice from this experiment.

5. The Figure-2 shows Draw as highlighted by yellow color the Draw

6. The Figure-3 highlighted the Analysis button by yellow color, in Analysis

7. The Figure-4 shows search a part tool as highlighted by yellow color,

8. The Figure-5 highlighted V and I buttons by yellow color by clicking that

9. The Figure-6 highlighted Draw wire button by yellow color, a pencil

10. The Figure-7 shows a sample circuit, in which a DC voltage source,

a. To Draw A RLC series circuit with DC voltage as power Source

b. To Draw A RLC Parallel circuit with DC voltage as power Source

Conclusion & comments:-

1. In pspice VSIN & VDC means which sources?

2. What does SPICE stands for?

3. Explain what does simulation means?

4. How do we see waveforms in pspice?

4. In Figure-2 Bread board is divided into 4 sections as shown above, each

7. Similarly the Section

Resistor Color Code:

1. To Construct a series circuit with Dc voltage as power Source V=20 volts,

Hint:- The Multimeter is connected in series as a element in the circuit

Hint:- The Multimeter is connected in parallel to the resistor in the

2. You will be given four resistors

- Ohm's Law is given by:

1- Construct the circuit shown in Figure-5(a)

5- Again repeat step-4.

2- Put Multimeters in series with resistance in Ammeter mode to Measure

3- Put Multimeters in parallel with resistance in voltmeter mode to

4- At voltage source equal zero, Measure voltages, i1 , i2 and V. Then

5- Again repeat step-4. for source voltage 0 to 15 v.

Tabular form-2 for Figure-5(a)

Vs V1 V2 V1+V2 i1 V1=i1*R1 V2 = i2*R2 (V1/i1) =R1 (V2/ i2)=R2

Tabular form-2 for Figure-5(b)

Vs i1 i2 i1+i2 V i1=V/R1 i2 = V/R2 (V/i1) =R1 (V/ i2)=R2

Voltage vs Current ( Graph )

Nots: must use graph sheet.

Conclusion & comments:-

1. Explain the working of Bread board?

2. Write down the colors in sequence of 200 Ω Resistor with 1% tolerance?

AIM :- To verify voltage

3. Construct the circuit in experimental board as shown in Figure-1

4. Put Multimeters in parallel with resistance in voltmeter mode to Measure

5. Put Multimeters in series with resistance in Ammeter mode to Measure is

6. Verify that Vs is sum of V1, V2 and V3.

7. Verify Req = R1+R2+R3.

10. Construct the circuit in experimental board as shown in Figure-2

11. Put Multimeters in series with resistance in Ammeter mode to Measure

Vs V1 V2 V1+V2 i1 V1=i1R1 V2 = i2R2 (V1/i1) =R1 (V2/ i2)=R2