S E J A R A H

PERKEMBANGAN
TEKNIK INTERVENSI

MATERI - 2
 PINEL
1793
Ø Humane care in French asylums

DOROTHEA DIX
1848 Ø Fasilitas rumah sakit yang lebih baik untuk
penderita gangguan jiwa di New Jersey

BREUER & FREUD

1895
Ø Studies in Hysteria

FREUD
1900
Ø The Interpretation of Dreams
 CLIFFORD BEERS
1908
Ø Mental hygiene movement

HEALEY
1909
Ø Membuat klinik bimbingan anak di Chicago

WATSON & RAYNER

1920 Ø Conditioning of fears
 Kronologi Intervensi

1932 1951 1953 1958 1965

MORENO ROGERS SKINNER WOLPE Konferensi di

Swampscott, MA:
Mengenalkan Client-Centered Aplikasi prinsip Desensitisasi
lahirnya
konsep terapi Therapy. Operant Sistematik
“Community
kelompok.
Psychology”
Kronologi Intervensi
1980
Bangkitnya “Health Psychology”, fokus meningkat pada psikoterapi
singkat dan riset dalam psikoterapi

1990
Health care mempunyai pengaruh besar pada
pelayanan psikologis.

1995
Daftar tritmen yang didukung secara empiris

Sampai sekarang
Perkembangn intervensi dengan pendekatan
mutakhir/teknologi.
Perbedaan
Psikoterapi &
Konseling
In psychotherapy, psychologists apply
scientifically validated procedures to help
people develop healthier, more effective
habits.
There are several approaches to
psychotherapy—including cognitive-
behavioral, interpersonal, and other kinds
of talk therapy—that help individuals work
through their problems.
Psychotherapy is a collaborative
treatment based on the relationship
between an individual & a psychologist.
Grounded in dialogue, it provides a
supportive environment that allows you
to talk openly with someone who’s
objective, neutral, and nonjudgmental.
By the time you’re done, you will
not only have solved the
problem that brought you in, but
you will have learned new skills
so you can better cope with
whatever challenges arise in the
future.

What is
psychotherapy?
.
https://www.apa.org/topics/understanding-psychotherapy
 Ciri Orang yang
Membutuhkan Bantuan Terapis
You find it difficult to
You feel an overwhelming,
concentrate on work
prolonged sense of
assignments or to carry out
helplessness and sadness
other everyday activities

Your problems don’t Your actions, such as

seem to get better drinking too much
despite your efforts and alcohol, using drugs, or
You worry
help from family and being aggressive, are
excessively, expect
friends harming you or others
the worst, or are
constantly on edge
.
https://www.apa.org/topics/understanding-psychotherapy
 Psikologi Konseling
Definisi
a general practice and health service
provider specialty in professional
psychology. Focuses on how people
function both personally and in their
relationships at all ages.
Counseling psychology addresses the
emotional, social, work, school and
physical health concerns people may
have at different stages in their lives,
focusing on typical life stresses and more
severe issues with which people may
struggle as individuals and as a part of
families, groups and organizations.
Counseling psychologists help people
with physical, emotional and mental
health issues improve their sense of
well‐ being, alleviate feelings of distress
and resolve crises.
S u m b e r
https://www.apa.org/ed/graduate/specialize/counseling
Kesehatan & Kekuatan
Healthy aspects and strengths of clients
(whether being seen as individuals, couples,
families, groups or organizations.
.
Pengaruh Lingkungan
Environmental/situational influences
(how cultural, gender and lifestyle issues
shape people’s experiences and
concerns).
.
Perbedaan Individual & Sosial
Issues of diversity and social
justice (e.g., advocacy).
Karir
The role of career and work in peoples’ lives.
:
 Area Dalam Konseling
Organizational problems.
School and career/work adjustment
concerns. The development of one’s identity.
Relationship difficulties‐ including
marital and family difficulties.
Mental disorders. .

Dealing with and adjusting to physical

disabilities, disease or injury. Persistent difficulties with relating to
.
other people in general.
Learning and skill deficits.
Personal/social adjustment.
Making decisions about career and
work, and dealing with Stress management and coping with
school‐ work‐ retirement transitions. negative life events.
.

https://www.apa.org/ed/graduate/specialize/counseling
Persamaan Konseling
& Psikoterapi

DASAR TEKNIK-TEKNIK ILMIAH ATURAN

Teori, metode & data ilmiah

yang telah dikaji secara Adanya aktivitas Biaya, waktu,
empirik (observasi, berbicara dan latihan- tempat, alat-alat
wawancara, tes, dan teori- latihan
teori)
Perbedaan Psikoterapi - Konseling

KUANTITAS & DURASI TUJUAN TINGKAT KEPARAHAN SETTING

Jenis masalah : ringan – berat Setting : sekolah, industri, social

Tujuan treatment : Preventif -
Intensivitas (disfungsi) work - rumah sakit, klinik,
Kuratif / reparatif
praktek pribadi

Fokus treatment : edukasi,

Jumlah intervensi/waktu : Short Bentuk treatment : Supportive - vocational, perkembangan -
Penekanan “normal”
term - Long term reconstructive remedial
 Microskills
70%

60%

50%

40%

Konseling
Psikoterapi
30%

20%

10%

0%
Listening Questioning Evaluating Interpreting Supporting Explaining Informing Advising Ordering

Psikoterapi Konseling
 Aktivitas Klinisi
5
TEACHING

CLINICAL
3 SUPERVISION

1 PSIKOTERAPI

6 RISET

4 CONSULTATION

ADMINISTRASI/ASESMEN/
2 DIAGNOSIS
Tahap-tahap Psikoterapi
Mengakhiri Terapi
04 Terapi dapat berakhir jika tujuan telah tercapai, klien tidak
melanjutkan lagi, atau terapis tidak dapat lagi menolong
kliennya (merujuk ke ahli lain)

Tindakan
03 Terapis & klien mengkaji & mendiskusikan apa yang telah
dipelajari klien selama terapi berlangsung, penngetahuan klien
akan aplikasinya nanti di perilaku & kehidupan sehari-hari

Proses Terapi
02 Mengkaji pengalaman klien, hubungan terapis & klien,
pengenalan – penjelasan – pengartian perasaan &
pengalaman klien

Wawancara Awal
01 Mengidentifikasi masalah klien. Kemukakan proses yang akan
dilakukan selama terapi, aturan-aturan, yang diharapkan dari klien,
kontrak terapeutik (tujuan, harapan, kapan, dimana, lama,
keterbatasan, dll)
 Generic Model of
Portfolio Presentation
David Orlinsky
Article in Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · December 2009
DOI: 10.1037/a0017973
Psychotherapy
Process Components
Therapheutic Operation
Peran Pasien/Klien
Menyampaikan keluhan secara verbal/non-verbal &
pola karakteristik kognitif, afektif, dan perilaku. 01
Peran Terapis
Mengkonstruksi dan melakukan evaluasi
diagnostik terhadap keluhan pasien.
02

03
Peran Terapis
Merancang strategi & teknik intervensi, dan
melakukan intervensi

04
Peran Pasien/Klien
Kerjasama pasien/klien terhadap intervensi
yang diberikan
 K e t e ra m p i l a n
T E R A P I S
Komunikasi verbal
bahasa yang baik & dimengerti oleh klien
Keterampilan dalam
Komunikasi non verbal
komunikasi verbal & adanya kepekaan terapis dalam
non verbal menggunakan ekspresi wajah, gerak tangan,
ekspresi tubuh, nada suara
terapis mampu & tepat dalam mengartikan
komunikasi non verbal klien
 Komunikasi Non-verbal

Jarak, pakaian, posisi di

ruang, dlL
Nada, kecepatan dll
Kontak mata, ekspresi wajah,
postur, gerakan-gerakan dll.
Cepat/lambat menjawab,
jumlah waktu yang digunakan,
tergesa-gesa/tidak dll.

Melalui penggunaan
lingkungan
Melalui suara
Dengan menggunakan
tubuh
Dengan menggunakan
waktu
Thank
Y o u