Circuit Theory (I)

lecture (4)
BY:
Eng:Khadija Mohamed
Nodal analysis
 It is used to calculate the voltage values at each node in
terms of the incoming and outgoing currents
 Basic Concepts to a nodal analysis steps:-
1. the variables in the circuit are selected to be the nodes
voltages.
2. The node voltages are defined with respect to a common
point in the circuit.
3. One node is selected as the reference node, and all other
node voltages are defined with respect to that node.
Quite often this node is the one to which the largest
number of branches are connected.
Nodal analysis

 Types of Nodal analysis

1. Circuits Containing only Independent Current Sources
2. Circuits Containing only dependent Current Sources
3. Circuits Containing only Independent voltage Sources
4. Circuits Containing only dependent voltage Sources
1.Circuits Containing only Independent Current
Sources
 Specific Objectives Upon completion of this you will:
1. Be able to apply Nodal Analysis to find currents and voltages in the
network with Independent Current Sources.
2. Be able to solve problems using Nodal Analysis.
 Steps to solve problem:
1. Label the nodal voltages.
2. Assume a reference node.
3. Apply KCL (Kichhoff‟s Current Law)
4. Solve for the unknowns
Example(1)

 Write the node equations for the circuit in Figure

Solution:

 Step 1: Label each node in the circuit and assume a reference node.
 Step 2: Assume current direction through each resistors.
 Step 3: Redraw the circuit as shown in
 Step 4: Applying KCL at node 1
 Step 5: apply KCL at node 2
Solution:
Step 1: Step 2:Step 3
Solution:
 Step 4: Applying KCL at node 1
3mA + I1 + I2 = 0
From the circuit, you can obtain the equivalent of I1
and I2 in terms of their voltages and resistance.
𝑉1
𝐼1 =
4𝐾Ω

𝑉1 − 𝑉2
𝐼2 =
5𝐾Ω
𝑉1 𝑉1 −𝑉2
+ = −3mA (Eq1)
4𝐾Ω 5𝐾Ω
Solution

Step 5: apply KCL at node 2

6mA + I2 = I3
𝑉2
𝐼3 =
6𝐾Ω

𝐼3 − 𝐼2 = 6𝑚𝐴

𝑉2 𝑉1 −𝑉2
− = 6mA (Eq2)
6𝐾Ω 5𝐾Ω
Example(2)

 Find V1 in the circuit in Figure

Solution

 Step 1: Label the three nodes in the circuit. Assume the direction of
currents in each branch. The redrawn circuit is shown is Figure
Solution
 Step 2: Apply KCL at node 1 and node 2
Solution
 From figure the node voltage V1 is equal VA
VA = V1
 To solve for VA, you can use determinant method or the
combination of substitution and elimination method. Using the
latter, you can compute for VA
Example(3)

 Find V1 and V2 in the circuit in Figure

Solution:

 Step 1: Assume current variables and direction through ends resistors

following our convention.
 Step 2: In Figure shows the circuit with respect assume currents and
its direction
Solution:
 Step 3: Use KCL to obtain the node equation for both node 1 and
node2
Solution:

 Step 4: Solve for the unknowns (V1 and V2) by elimination: eq.(1)and eq. (2)
Circuits Containing Dependent Current
Sources
 Specific Objectives Upon completion of this you will:
1. Understand the concepts of Dependent Current Source.
2. Be able to solve problems with DCS using Nodal Analysis.
Example(1)

 Find the node voltages in the circuit in Figure

Solution:
 Step 1: Assume direction of currents through each branches.
Redraw circuit as shown in figure with assume currents.
Solution:

 Step 2: Apply KCL at node 1 and 2.

KCL at node 1:
4mA = Io+ I1
From the circuit:
Solution:

 KCL at node 2:
Solution:
 Step 3: Solve eq. (1) and (2) simultaneously to obtain the values of
V1 and V2. By elimination:
Example(2)

 Find the voltages V0 in the network in Figure

 Solution:
 Step 1: Assume currents and redraw the circuit, the redrawn circuit is shown in
Figure
 Note: VX and VY – are node voltages
 Solution:
 Step 2: Apply KCL at node 1 and 2.
Solution:
Example(3)

 Find V0 in the circuit in Figure

Solution:
 Step 1: Since nodes are not labeled , label the nodes and assume a
reference node. Assume currents through each branch of the
circuits. Redraw the circuit
Solution:
 Step 2: Apply KCL at node 1 and node 2.
Solution:
Quiz(1)

 Find the node voltages for the circuit in Figure

Quiz(2)

 Find V in the network in Figure