ANIL.S.

C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐁𝐀𝐁𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐘 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐁𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒
𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐎𝐌 𝐕𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄𝐒: In a random experiment , if a real variable associated with every
outcome then it is called a random variable.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: Suppose a coin is tossed twice, we associate two different random variables
X, Y

S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}

X = Number of heads in the outcome
Y = Number of tails in the outcome

out come HH HT TH TT
X 2 1 1 0
Y 0 1 1 2

𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐑𝐄𝐓𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐔𝐎𝐔𝐒 𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐎𝐌 𝐕𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄𝐒:

If a random variable takes finite or countably infinte number of values then it is called a
discrete random variable.

If a random variable takes non countable infinte number of values then it is called a non
descrete or continuous random variable.
( countably infinite means a sequence of real numbers)

𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐁𝐀𝐁𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐘 𝐅𝐔𝐍𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐑𝐄𝐓𝐄 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐁𝐀𝐁𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐘 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐁𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍:

If for each xi of a descrete random variable X, we assign a real number p(xi )such that
i)p(xi ) ≥ 0 ii) ∑ p(xi ) = 1 then the function p(x)is called a probability function.
i
The set of values [ xi , p(xi )]is called a discrte (finite) probability distribution of the
discrte random variable X.

𝐌𝐄𝐀𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐕𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐄𝐇 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐑𝐄𝐓𝐄 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐁𝐀𝐁𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐘 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐁𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 ∶

μ = ∑ xi p(xi )
i

v = ∑(xi − μ)2 p(xi ) or ∑ x 2 p(x) − μ2 and SD = √v

i
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

1) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐤 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐞
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧. 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧.
𝐀𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐩(𝐱 ≤ 𝟏), 𝐩(𝐱 > 𝟏)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩(−𝟏 < 𝐱 ≤ 𝟐)

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(x) K 2k 3k 4k 3k 2k k

The distribution is fininte probability distribution , hence ∑ P(xi ) = 1

i
1
16k = 1, hence k =
16

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(x) 1/16 2/16 3/16 4/16 3/16 2/16 1/16

1
μ = ∑ xi p(xi ) = (−3 − 4 − 3 + 0 + 3 + 4 + 3) = 0
16
i

1 5
v = ∑(xi − μ)2 p(xi ) = (9 + 8 + 3 + 0 + 3 + 8 + 9) =
16 2
i

5
SD = √v = √
2
13
P(x ≤ 1) = P(−3) + P(−2) + P(−1) + P(0) + P(1) =
16

3
P(x > 1) = P(2) + P(3) =
16

9
P(−1 < x ≤ 2) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2) =
16

2) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐝𝐟 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐗 𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐛𝐲

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
p(x) k 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k 13k
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐤 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧?
𝐀𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐏(𝐱 ≥ 𝟓), 𝐏(𝟑 < 𝐱 ≤ 𝟔)

The distribution is finite probability distribution if ∑ P(xi ) = 1

i
1
49k = 1 hence k =
49
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(x) 1/49 3/49 5/49 7/49 9/49 11/49 13/49

11 13 24
P(x ≥ 5) = P(5) + P(6) = + =
49 49 49

9 11 13 33
P(3 < x ≤ 6) = P(4) + P(5) + P(6) = + + =
49 49 49 49

3) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐗 𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐛𝐲

xi -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(xi) 0.1 K 0.2 2k 0.3 k
𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐤, 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧, 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞.

The distribution is fininte probability distribution , hence ∑ P(xi ) = 1

i
 0.6 + 4k = 1 hence k = 0.1

xi -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(xi) 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

μ = ∑ xi p(xi ) = (−2)(0.1) + (−1)(0.1) + 1(0.2) + 2(0.3) + 3(0.1) = 0.8

i

v = ∑(xi − μ)2 p(xi ) = (−2 − 0.8)2 (0.1) + (−1 − 0.8)2 (0.1) + (−0.8)2 (0.2)
i
+(1 − 0.8)2 (0.2) + (2 − 0.8)2 (0.3) + (3 − 0.8)2 (0.1)

= 2.16

4) 𝐀 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐗 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬
𝐨𝐟 𝐱
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(x) 0 k 2k 2k 3k K 2 2k 2 7k2+k

𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐤, 𝐩(𝐱 < 𝟔), 𝐩(𝐱 ≥ 𝟔), 𝐩(𝟑 < 𝐱 ≤ 𝟔)

The distribution is fininte probability distribution , hence ∑ P(xi ) = 1

i
1
10k 2 + 9k = 1 hene k = and − 1, but − 1 is not acceptable, hence
10
1
k=
10
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(x) 0 1/10 2/10 2/10 3/10 1/100 2/100 7 1
( )+
100 10

P(x < 6) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2) + P(3) + P(4) + P(5)

= 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.2 + +0.3 + 0.01 = 0.81

P(x ≥ 6) = P(6) + P(7) = 0.02 + 0.07 + 0.1 = 0.19

P(3 < x ≤ 6) = P(4) + P(5) + P(6) = 0.3 + 0.01 + 0.02 = 0.33

5) 𝐀 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐗 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 − 𝟑, −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭

𝐩(𝐗 = 𝟎) = 𝐩(𝐗 < 𝟎)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩(𝐗 = −𝟑) = 𝐩(𝐗 = −𝟐) = 𝐩(𝐗 = −𝟏) = 𝐩(𝐗 = 𝟏)
= 𝐩(𝐗 = 𝟐) = 𝐩(𝐗 = 𝟑). 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧.

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(x) P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

P(X = 0) = P(X < 0)implies P4 = P3 + P2 + P1

Also P1 = P2 = P3 = P5 = P6 = P7

we must have P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 + P6 + P7 = 1 and P4 = 3P1

1
∑ P(xi ) = 1 implies 9P1 = 1 and hence P1 =
9
i

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(x) 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/3 1/9 1/9 1/9

6) 𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐗 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝟐𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟏) =

𝟑𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟐) = 𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟑) = 𝟓𝐏(𝐗 = 𝟒). 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐗

Let the probability distribution be

x 1 2 3 4
P(x) P1 P2 P3 P4

2P1 = 3P2 = P3 = 5P4 and P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 = 1

15 10 30 6
P1 = , P2 = , P3 = , P4 =
61 61 61 61
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

x 1 2 3 4
P(x) 15/61 10/61 30/61 6/61

7) 𝐀 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐗 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐏(𝐱) = 𝟐−𝐱 , 𝐱 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 … . 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐏(𝐱) 𝐢𝐬 𝐚

𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧. 𝐀𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐏(𝐗 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧), 𝐏(𝐗 𝐛𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝟑)𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝐏(𝐗 ≥ 𝟓)
1
P(x) = 2−x = x where x = 0,1,2 …
2
P(x) > 0
1
1 1 1 a (2 )
P(x) = + 2 + 3 + ⋯ … … = = =1
2 2 2 1−r 1−1
2

Hence p(x) = 2−x is a probability function

1
1 1 1 1 a (4) 1
case(i): P(X even) = ∑ = + + + ⋯… = = =
2x 4 16 64 1−r 1−1 3
x=2,4,6…
4

1
1 1 1 (8) 1
case(ii): P(X being divisible by 3) = ∑ x = + + ⋯.= =
2 8 64 1
x=3,6,9.. 1−8 7

1
1 (32) 1
case(iii): P(X ≥ 5) = ∑ x = =
2 1
x=5,6,7.. 1 − 2 16

8) 𝐈𝐟 𝐗 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 … … … … … . . 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡

𝟏 𝟐 𝐱
𝐏(𝐱) = ( ) , 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐏(𝐗 𝐛𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫)𝐛𝐲 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝟐 𝟑
𝐏(𝐱)𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧.
2
∞ x 2 3
2 3
1 2 1 2 2 2 1 (3 ) 1 1
∑ P(x) = ∑ ( ) = [ + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ ] = [ ]= =1
2 3 2 3 3 3 2 1−2 2 3
x=1
3
[ ]
P(x) > 0 for all x and hence P(x)is a probability function.

∞ ∞
1 2 x
P(X being an odd number) ∑ P(x) = ∑ ( )
2 3
x=1,3,5….. x=1,3,5…..
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

1 2 2 3 2 5
= [ +( ) +( ) +⋯]
2 3 3 3

2
∞ 2 3
1 (3) 1 5 3
∑ P(x) = [ ]= =
2 1−4 2 9 5
x=1,3,5…..
9
[ ]
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

𝐁𝐈𝐍𝐎𝐌𝐈𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐁𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍:
If p is probability of success and q is the probability of failure, the probability of x success
out of n trials is given by

p(x) = ncx px qn−x (and p + q = 1), x = 0,1,2,3 … n,

qn + nc1 pqn−1 + ⋯ . . +pn = (p + q)n = 1

𝐌𝐄𝐀𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐃𝐄𝐕𝐈𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐍𝐎𝐌𝐈𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐁𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍:

Mean = ∑ xp(x)
x=0

μ = ∑ x. ncx px qn−x
x=0

∞
n!
= ∑ x. px qn−x
x! (n − x)!
x=0

∞
n(n − 1)!
=∑ ppx−1 qn−x
(x − 1)! (n − x)!
x=0

∞
(n − 1)!
μ = np ∑ px−1 q(n−1)−(x−1)
(x − 1)! [(n − 1) − (x − 1)]!
x=1

μ = np ∑(n − 1)c(x−1) px−1 q(n−1)−(x−1) = np(p + q)n−1 = np

x=1

∞ ∞

Variance: ∑ x 2 p(x) − μ2 = ∑(x 2 − x + x)p(x) − μ2

x=0 x=0

∞ ∞

= ∑ x(x − 1)p(x) + ∑ xp(x) − μ2

x=0 x=0

v = ∑ x(x − 1)ncx px qn−x + np − n2 p2

x=0
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA
∞
n!
v = ∑ x(x − 1) px qn−x + np − n2 p2
x! (n − x)!
x=0

∞
n(n − 1) × (n − 2)!
v=∑ p2 px−2 q(n−2)−(x−2) + np − n2 p2
(x − 2)! [(n − 2) − (x − 2)]!
x=2

v = n(n − 1)p ∑ (n − 2)c(x−2) px−2 q(n−2)−(x−2) + np − n2 p2

2

x=2

 v = n(n − 1)p2 (p + q)n−2 + np − n2 p2

 v = n(n − 1)p2 + np − n2 p2

 v = n2 p2 − np2 + np − n2 p2 = np(1 − p) = npq

 SD = √v = √npq

1) 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠

𝐚) 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐛) 𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝟑 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐬 𝐜) 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝟐 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐬

Let x denote the number of times head turned out

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

1 1
p= ,q = ,n = 4
2 2

 p(x) = 4cx (0.5)x (0.5)4−x = 4cx (0.5)4

a) p(x = 1) = 4c1 (0.5)4 = 0.25

b)p(x ≤ 3) = p(0) + p(1) + p(2) + p(3)

= 4c0 (0.5)4 + 4c1 (0.5)4 + 4c2 (0.5)4 + 4c3 (0.5)4 = 0.9375

c)p(x ≥ 2) = p(2) + p(3) + p(4) = 4c2 (0.5)4 + 4c3 (0.5)4 + 4c4 (0.5)4 = 0.6875
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA
𝟏
2) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐚 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐛𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝟏𝟎 . 𝐈𝐟 𝟏𝟐
𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 , 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝐚) 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝟐 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝐛) 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝟐 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝐜) 𝐧𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞.

Let x denote the number of defective pens

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

p = 0.1 , q = 0.9 , n = 12

 p(x) = 12cx (0.1)x (0.9)12−x

a)p(x = 2) = 12c2 (0.1)2 (0.9)12−2 = 0.2301

b) p(x ≥ 2) = 1 − p(x < 2)

= 1 − [p(0) + p(1)] = 1 − [12c0 (0.1)0 (0.9)12 + 12c1 (0.1)1 (0.9)11 ]

= 0.341

c)p(x = 0) = 12c0 (0.1)0 (0.9)12 = 0.2824

3) 𝐈𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬 𝟓% 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞. 𝐈𝐟 𝐚 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟

𝟖 𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞
𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞?

Let x denote the number of defiective lamps

5
p= = 0.05, q = 0.95, n=8
100

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

 p(x) = 8cx (0.05)x (0.95)8−x

 p(x ≥ 1) = 1 − p(x < 1) = 1 − p(0) = 1 − 8c0 (0.05)0 (0.95)8 = 0.3366

4) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐝 𝟔𝟎 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐨 𝟕𝟎 𝐢𝐬 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟎 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐝 𝟔𝟎 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝟕 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐨 𝟕𝟎?

Let x denote the number of persons aged 60 years living upto 70

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

p = 0.65 , q = 0.35 , n = 10

 p(x) = 10cx (0.65)x (0.35)10−x

 p(x ≥ 7) = p(7) + p(8) + p(9) + p(10) = 0.5138

= 10c7 (0.65)7 (0.35)3 + 10c8 (0.65)8 (0.35)2 + 10c9 (0.65)9 (0.35)1

+10c10 (0.65)10 (0.35)0

= 0.5138

5) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞

𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐲. 𝐈𝐟 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧 𝐚𝐭 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦, 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬
𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝐚) 𝐧𝐨 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐲
𝐛) 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐲
𝐜) 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐲
𝐝) 𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐲

Let x denote the number of telephone lines busy

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

p = 0.1 , q = 0.9 , n = 10

 p(x) = 10cx (0.1)x (0.9)10−x

a)p(x = 0) = 10c0 (0.1)0 (0.9)10 = 0.3487

b)p(x = 10) = 10c10 (0.1)10 (0.9)0 = (0.1)10

c)p(x ≥ 1) = 1 − p(x < 1) = 1 − p(0) = 1 − 0.3487 = 0.6513

d)p(x ≤ 2) = p(0) + p(1) + p(2)

= 0.3487 + 10c1 (0.1)1 (0.9)9 + 10c2 (0.1)2 (0.9)8 = 0.9298

6) 𝐈𝐧 𝐚 𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐳 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐲𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐧𝐨 , 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝟔

𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟎 𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐬𝐤𝐞𝐝? 𝐀𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐢𝐟
𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝟒 𝐨𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

Let x denote the number of correct answer

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

p = 0.5, q = 0.5, n = 10

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

p(x) = 10cx (0.5)x (0.5)10−x

p(x ≥ 6) = p(x = 6) + p(x = 7) + p(x = 8) + p(x = 9) + p(x = 10)

= 10c6 (0.5)6 (0.5)4 + 10c7 (0.5)7 (0.5)3 + 10c8 (0.5)8 (0.5)2

+10c9 (0.5)9 (0.5)1 + 10c10 (0.5)10 (0.5)0 = 0.3770

1
when there are 4 options, p = = 0.25, q = 0.75, n = 10
4
p(x) = ncx px qn−x

p(x) = 10cx (0.25)x (0.75)10−x

p(x ≥ 6) = p(x = 6) + p(x = 7) + p(x = 8) + p(x = 9) + p(x = 10) = 0.019

= 10c6 (0.25)6 (0.75)4 + 10c7 (0.25)7 (0.75)3 + 10c8 (0.25)8 (0.75)2

+10c9 (0.25)9 (0.75)1 + 10c10 (0.25)10 (0.75)0 = 0.019

7) 𝐈𝐧 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐲, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫

𝐨𝐟𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟐𝟎 𝐢𝐬 𝟐. 𝐎𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐰𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐛𝐞
𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝟑 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬?
2
μ = np = 2, but n = 20 hence p = = 0.1, q = 0.9
20
p(x) = ncx px qn−x

p(x) = 20cx (0.1)x (0.9)20−x

p(x ≥ 3) = 1 − [p(x < 3)]

= 1 − [p(0) + p(1) + p(2)]

= 1 − [20c0 (0.1)0 (0.9)20 + 20c1 (0.1)1 (0.9)19 + 20c2 (0.1)2 (0.9)18 ]

= 0.323

required = 1000 × 0.323 = 323

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

8) 𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐃 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭

𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟔 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝟐. 𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 √𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 . 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟
𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲
𝐚) 𝟖 𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
𝐛) 𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬
𝐜) 𝟓 𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬

μ = np , SD = √1.875 = √npq

 npq = 1.875 or 2.5 q = 1.875

 q = 0.75, p = 0.25, n = 10

Let x denote the number of questions answerd correctly.

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

 p(x) = 10cx (0.25)x (0.75)10−x

 4096p(x) = 4096 × 10cx (0.25)x (0.75)10−x

 f(x) = 4096 × 10cx (0.25)x (0.75)10−x

a) req = f(8) + f(9) + f(10)

= 4096 × 10c8 (0.25)8 (0.75)2 + 4096 × 10c9 (0.25)9 (0.75)1

+4096 × 10c10 (0.25)10 (0.75)0 = 1.703 ≈ 2

b) req = f(2) + f(1) + f(0)

= 4096 × 10c2 (0.25)2 (0.75)8 + 4096 × 10c1 (0.25)1 (0.75)9

4096 × 10c0 (0.25)0 (0.75)10 = 2152.8 ≈ 2153

c)f(5) = 4096 × 10c5 (0.25)5 (0.75)5 = 239.2 ≈ 239

9) 𝐀𝐧 𝐚𝐢𝐫 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝟓% 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥
𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐮𝐩. 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐥 𝟓𝟐 𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚 𝐟𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐲 𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝟓𝟎 𝐩𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐞. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐭
𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐨 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐬 𝐮𝐩?
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

Let x denotes the number of passengers who will not turn up

p = 0.05, q = 0.95, n = 52

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

 p(x) = 52cx (0.05)x (0.95)52−x

 p(x ≥ 2) = 1 − p(x < 2)

= 1 − [p(0) + p(1)]

= 1 − [52c0 (0.05)0 (0.95)52 + 52c1 (0.05)1 (0.95)51 ] = 0.7405

10) 𝐀𝐧 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝟓 𝐩𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫, 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝟏
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐬 𝐟𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐢𝐬 . 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝟖
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝐢) 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐩𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝐢𝐢) 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐦.

Let x denotes the number of pumps working

p = 7/8, q = 1/8, n = 5

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

7 x 1 5−x
p(x) = 5cx ( ) ( )
8 8

p(x ≥ 2) = p(2) + p(3) + p(4) + p(5)

7 2 1 3 7 3 1 2 7 4 1 1 7 5 1 0
= 5c2 ( ) ( ) + 5c3 ( ) ( ) + 5c4 ( ) ( ) + 5c5 ( ) ( )
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

= 0.9989

11) 𝐈𝐧 𝐚 𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝟏𝟎 𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐥𝐞𝐬. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥
𝟓
𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐢𝐬 . 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐜𝐤 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟐
𝟔
𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐥𝐞𝐬?
Let x denotes the number of hurdles clered.
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

p = 5/6, q = 1/6, n = 10

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

5 x 1 10−x
p(x) = 10cx ( ) ( )
6 6
5 9 1 1 5 10 1 0 8 5 9
p(x ≥ 9) = p(9) + p(10) = 10c9 ( ) ( ) + 10c10 ( ) ( ) = ( )
6 6 6 6 3 6

12) 𝐀𝐧 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬. 𝐄𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗
𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐬 𝐢𝐟 𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐝𝐨 𝐧𝐨𝐭
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲. 𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐥𝐲,
𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦
𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲?

Let x denotes the number of parts perform satisfactorily.

p = 0.99, q = 0.01, n = 3

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

 p(x) = 3cx (0.99)x (0.01)3−x

p(x < 2) = p(0) + p(1) = 3c0 (0.99)0 (0.01)3 + 3c1 (0.99)1 (0.01)2 = 0.000298

13) 𝐀 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬. 𝐅𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬
𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐩𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐭 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝐢) 𝐧𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭.
𝐢𝐢) 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬.

Let x denotes the number of bright students.

10
p= = 0.1, , q = 0.9, n = 5
100

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

 p(x) = 5cx (0.1)x (0.9)5−x

i) p(0) = 5c0 (0.1)0 (0.9)5 = 0.59

ii) p(5) = 5c5 (0.1)5 (0.9)0 = 0.00001

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

14) 𝐀 𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐭𝐰𝐢𝐜𝐞. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟕 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬
𝐢) 𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐢) 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞.

When a pair of dice thrown, there are 36 possible outcomes, There are 6

possibilites of scoring 7. They are (1,6)(2,5)(3,4)(4,3)(5,2)(6,1)

6
Therefore probabiity of getting a score of 7 is
36
1 5
p= and q = n = 2
6 6

Let x denote the number of times , the score is 7

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

1 x 5 2−x
p(x) = 2cx ( ) ( )
6 6

1 1 5 1 5
i)p(1) = 2c1 ( ) ( ) = = 0.2777
6 6 18

1 1 5 1 1 2 5 0 11
ii) p(x ≥ 1) = p(1) + p(2) = 2c1 ( ) ( ) + 2c2 ( ) ( ) = = 0.3055
6 6 6 6 36

15) 𝐓𝐰𝐨 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝐚 𝐠𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 𝟑: 𝟐. 𝐈𝐟 𝟔 𝐠𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐝, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐀′ 𝐬 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝟑 𝐠𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬.

Let x denote the number of times A won the game

3 2
p= ,q = ,n = 6
5 5

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

3 x 2 6−x
p(x) = 6cx ( ) ( )
5 5

 p(x ≥ 3) = p(3) + p(4) + p(5) + p(6)

3 3 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 5 2 1 3 6 2 0
= 6c3 ( ) ( ) + 6c4 ( ) ( ) + 6c5 ( ) ( ) + 6c6 ( ) ( )
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

= 0.8208

[or p(x ≥ 3) = 1 − p(x < 3)]

𝟐
16) 𝐀 𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢𝐭 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝟒 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝟑
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐢) 𝟐 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐢)𝐚𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡.

Let x denote the number of matches won

2 1
p= ,q = ,n = 4
3 3

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

2 x 1 4−x
p(x) = 4cx ( ) ( )
3 3

2 2 1 2
i)p(x = 2) = 4c2 ( ) ( ) = 0.2963,
3 3

2 0 1 4
ii) p(x ≥ 1) = 1 − p(0) = 1 − 4c0 ( ) ( ) = 0.9877
3 3

17) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞
𝟐𝟎% 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐢𝐭. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝟔 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐞𝐫𝐬
𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞.

Let x denote the number of workers suffering from the disease

20 1 4
p= = ,q = ,n = 6
100 5 5

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

1 x 4 6−x
p(x) = 6cx ( ) ( )
5 5

p(x ≥ 4) = p(4) + p(5) + p(6)

1 4 4 2 1 5 4 1 1 6 4 0
= 6c4 ( ) ( ) + 6c5 ( ) ( ) + 6c6 ( ) ( ) = 0.0169
5 5 5 5 5 5
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

18) 𝐀 𝐟𝐥𝐞𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟐𝟎 𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐧
𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝟓%. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞
𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐞 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧.

Let x be the number of planes not returning.

5 1 19
p= = ,q = , n = 20
100 20 20

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

1 x 19 20−x
p(x) = 20cx ( ) ( )
20 20

1 1 19 19
p(x = 1) = 20c1 ( ) ( ) = 0.3773
20 20

19) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐧𝐞𝐰 𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐧 𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐝 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝟎. 𝟔, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐟𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝟓 𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝟑 𝐛𝐨𝐲𝐬.

Let x be the number of boys.

p = 0.6 , q = 0.4 , n = 5

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

p(x) = 5cx (0.6)x (0.4)5−x

p(x = 3) = 5c3 (0.6)3 (0.4)2 = 0.3456

20) 𝐈𝐟 𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝟏 𝐯𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐥 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟎 𝐢𝐬 𝐰𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐝, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟
𝟓 𝐯𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞, 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝟒 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐥𝐲.

Let x be the number of wrecked vessel.

p = 0.1 , q = 0.9 , n = 5

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

p(x) = 5cx (0.1)x (0.9)5−x

p(x ≤ 1) = p(0) + p(1) = 5c0 (0.1)0 (0.9)5 + 5c1 (0.1)1 (0.9)4 = 0.9185
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

𝟏
21) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐛𝐨𝐦𝐛 𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐚 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐤𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐢𝐬 .
𝟓
𝐈𝐟 𝐬𝐢𝐱 𝐛𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐬 𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐝 , 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝐢)𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐡𝐢𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐢𝐢) 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐡𝐢𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐭

Let x be the number of bombs hitting the target.

p = 0.2 , q = 0.8 , n = 6

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

p(x) = 6cx (0.2)x (0.8)6−x

i) p(x = 2) = 6c2 (0.2)2 (0.8)4 = 0.2457

ii)p(x ≥ 2) = 1 − [p(0) + p(1)]

= 1 − [6c0 (0.2)0 (0.8)6 + 6c1 (0.2)1 (0.8)5 ] = 0.3446

22) 𝐈𝐟 𝟏𝟎% 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐚 𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟓 𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧 𝐚𝐭 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦
𝐢) 𝐧𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐢) 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞
𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞.

Let x be the number of defective rivets.

p = 0.1 , q = 0.9 , n = 5

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

p(x) = 5cx (0.1)x (0.9)5−x

i)p(x = 0) = 5c0 (0.1)0 (0.9)5 = 0.59049

ii) p(x = 1) = 5c1 (0.1)1 (0.9)4 = 0.32805

iii) p(x ≥ 2) = 1 − [p(0) + p(1)] = 1 − [0.59049 + 0.32805] = 0.08146

23) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝟎. 𝟕. 𝐈𝐟 𝟏𝟎

𝐬𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐧 𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝐢) 𝟖 𝐬𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐬 𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐢𝐢) 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝟖 𝐬𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐬 𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝟖 𝐬𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐬 𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

Let x be the number of seeds germinate.

p = 0.7 , q = 0.3 , n = 10

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

p(x) = 10cx (0.7)x (0.3)10−x

i) p(x = 8) = 10c8 (0.7)8 (0.3)2 = 0.2335

𝑖𝑖)p(x ≥ 8) = p(8) + (9) + p(10)

= 10c8 (0.7)8 (0.3)2 + 10c9 (0.7)9 (0.3)1 + 10c10 (0.7)10 (0.3)0

= 0.3828

𝑖𝑖𝑖)p(x ≤ 8) = 1 − p(x > 8)

= 1 − [p(9) + p(10)]

= 1 − [10c9 (0.7)9 (0.3)1 + 10c10 (0.7)10 (0.3)0 ] = 0.8508

24) 𝐈𝐧 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝐟𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝟓 𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐧 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐟𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐛𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨
𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐚) 𝟑 𝐛𝐨𝐲𝐬 𝐛)𝟓 𝐠𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐬 𝐜)𝐞𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝟑 𝐛𝐨𝐲𝐬 𝐝) 𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝟐 𝐠𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐬 𝐛𝐲 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐛𝐨𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥.

1 1
p = prob of having a boy = , q = prob of having a girl =
2 2

Let x denote the number of boys in a family

p(x) = ncx px qn−x

1 x 1 5−x
p(x) = 5cx ( ) ( )
2 2

5cx
800p(x) = 800 × = 25 × 5cx
32

5cx
f(x) = 800 × = 25 × 5cx
32
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

a) f(3) = 25 × 5c3 = 250

b) f(0) = 25 × 5c0 = 25

c) f(2) + f(3) = 25 × 5c2 + 25 × 5c3 = 500

d) f(5) + f(4) + f(3) = 25 × 5c5 + 25 × 5c4 + 25 × 5c3 = 400

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

𝐏𝐎𝐈𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐍 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐁𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍:

Poisson distribution is regarded as limiting form of binomial distribution when n is very

large(n → ∞)and probability of success is very small (p → 0)

mx e−m
p(x) = where m is fixed finite constant.
x!
𝐌𝐄𝐀𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐃𝐄𝐕𝐈𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐏𝐎𝐈𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐍 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐁𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍:

Mean μ = ∑ xp(x)
x=0

∞
mx e−m
= ∑x
x!
x=0

∞ ∞
mx e−m −m
mx−1 −m
m2
= ∑ = me ∑ = me [1 + m + + ⋯ ] = me−m em = m
(x − 1)! (x − 1)! 2!
x=1 x=1

∞ ∞ ∞

Variance v = ∑ x p(x) − μ = ∑ x p(x) − μ = ∑[x(x − 1) + x]p(x) − μ2

2 2 2 2

x=0 x=0 x=0

∞ ∞

v = ∑[x(x − 1)]p(x) + ∑ xp(x) − μ2

x=0 x=0

∞
mx e−m
v = ∑[x(x − 1)] + μ − μ2
x!
x=0

∞
mx e−m
v=∑ + μ − μ2
(x − 2)!
x=0

∞
2 −m
mx−2
v=m e ∑ + μ − μ2
(x − 2)!
x=0

2 −m
m2
v=m e [1 + m + + ⋯ . . ] + μ − μ2
2!

v = m2 e−m em + μ − μ2
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

v = m2 + m − m2 = m

Hence SD = √m

1) 𝟐% 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐚 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐦 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞

𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐛𝐨𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬
𝐚) 𝐧𝐨 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐛) 𝟑 𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬.

Let x denote the number of defective fuses.

2
p= = 0.02, μ = m = np implies m = 200 × 0.02 = 4
100

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

4x e−4
p(x) =
x!

40 e−4
a) p(0) = = 0.0183
0!

b) p(x ≥ 3) = 1 − [p(x < 3]

= 1 − [p(0) + p(1) + p(2)]

41 e−4 42 e−4
= 1 − [0.0183 + + ] = 0.7621
1! 2!

2) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐛𝐚𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐚 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏, 𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐞

𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐬, 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐚 𝐛𝐚𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧.

Let x denote the number of persons having bad reaction.

p = 0.001, μ = m = np implies m = 2000 × 0.001 = 2

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

2x e−2
p(x) =
x!
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

p(x > 2) = 1 − [p(x ≤ 2]

= 1 − [p(x = 0) + p(x = 1) + p(x = 2)]

20 e−2 21 e−2 22 e−2

= 1−[ + + ] = 0.3233
0! 1! 2!

𝟏
3) 𝐈𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐫𝐚𝐳𝐨𝐫 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟎. 𝐔𝐬𝐞
𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝐢) 𝐧𝐨 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝐢𝐢) 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭𝐬.

Let x denote the number of defective blades in a packet.

1
p= = 0.002
500

m = np = 10 × 0.002 = 0.02

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

0.02x e−0.02
p(x) =
x!

0.02x e−0.02
10000p(x) = 10000 ×
x!

0.02x e−0.02
f(x) = 10000 ×
x!

0.020 e−0.02
i) f(0) = 10000 × = 9802
0!

0.021 e−0.02
ii) f(1) = 10000 × = 196
1!

0.022 e−0.02
iii) f(2) = 10000 × = 1.9603 ≈ 2
2!
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

4) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐚𝐱𝐢 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐚 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧

𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝟑. 𝐎𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐱𝐢 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡
𝐢) 𝐧𝐨 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐢𝐢) 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟑 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫

Let x denote the number of accidents in a year

by data m = 3

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

3x e−3
p(x) =
x!

30 e−3
i) P(0) = = 0.04978
0!

req = 1000 × 0.04978 = 49.78 ≈ 50

ii) p(x > 3) = 1 − p(x ≤ 3)

p(x > 3) = 1 − p(x ≤ 3)

= 1 − [p(0) + p(1) + p(2) + p(3)]

31 e−3 32 e−3 33 e−3

= 1 − [0.0498 + + + ]
1! 2! 3!

= 0.35

req = 1000 × 0.35 = 350

5) 𝐀 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟐 𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐬𝐞𝐬

𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐫𝐨
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝. 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟
𝐢) 𝐧𝐨 𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐫𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝
𝐢𝐢) 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐫𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝
𝐢𝐢𝐢)𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐫𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝
𝐢𝐯) 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐯) 𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫𝐬.

μ = m = np = 12 × 0.001 = 0.012
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

mx e−m (0.012)x e−0.012

The poisson distribution p(x) = =
x! x!

(0.012)0 e−0.012
i) p(0) = = 0.9881
0!

(0.012)1 e−0.012
ii) p(1) = = 0.0118
1!

iii) p(x ≥ 1) = 1 − p(x < 1) = 1 − p(0) = 1 − 0.9880 = 0.0119

(0.012)2 e−0.012
iv) p(2) = = 0.000071
2!

v) p(0) + p(1) + p(2) = 0.9881 + 0.0118 + 0.000071 = 0.999971 ≈ 1

6) 𝐀 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐩 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝟒 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐥 𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐭 𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐝𝐚𝐲. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚 𝐠𝐞𝐧
𝟓
𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 . 𝐎𝐛𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝟐
𝐨𝐧 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐝𝐚𝐲
𝐢) 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐬 𝐧𝐨 𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝐢𝐢) 𝐚 𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐚𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝.

Let x denotes the number of demands

mx e−m (2.5)x e−2.5

p(x) = =
x! x!

(2.5)0 e−2.5
i) p(0) = = 0.0821
0!

ii)p(x > 4) = 1 − p(x ≤ 4)

= 1 − [p(0) + p(1) + p(2) + p(3) + p(4)]

(2.5)1 e−2.5 (2.5)2 e−2.5 (2.5)3 e−2.5 (2.5)4 e−2.5

= 1 − [0.0821 + + + + ]
1! 2! 3! 4!

= 0.1088
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

7) 𝐀 𝐜𝐚𝐫 𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐦 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝟐 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐬, 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐭 𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐝𝐚𝐲 𝐛𝐲 𝐝𝐚𝐲. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚 𝐜𝐚𝐫 𝐨𝐧
𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐝𝐚𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝟏. 𝟓. 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐥𝐲 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧 𝐝𝐚𝐲
𝐢) 𝐧𝐞𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐚𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐢) 𝐬𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝.

Let x denotes the number of demands

mx e−m (1.5)x e−1.5

p(x) = =
x! x!

(1.5)0 e−1.5
i) p(0) = = 0.2231
0!

ii)p(x > 2) = 1 − p(x ≤ 2)

= 1 − [p(0) + p(1) + p(2)]

(1.5)1 e−1.5 (1.5)2 e−1.5

= 1 − [0.2231 + + ] = 0.1912
1! 2!

𝟏
8) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐧𝐞𝐰𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐧𝐨 𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐞𝐰𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝟑 .
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐧𝐞𝐰𝐬 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝐢) 𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐲 𝟐 𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬
𝐢𝐢) 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟑 𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬
𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝟑 𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬.

Let x denotes committing a mistake

Given that p(0) = 1/e3

p(0) = e−m = e−3

 m=3

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

3x e−3
p(x) =
x!

32 e−3
i) p(2) = = 0.2240
2!
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

ii) p(x > 3) = 1 − p(x ≤ 3)

= 1 − [p(0) + p(1) + p(2) + p(3)]

30 e−3 31 e−3 32 e−3 33 e−3

=1−[ + + + ] = 0.3528
0! 1! 2! 3!

30 e−3 31 e−3 32 e−3 33 e−3

iii) p(0) + p(1) + p(2) + p(3) = + + + = 0.6472
0! 1! 2! 3!

9) 𝐀 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐫 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐧𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟏% 𝐨𝐟

𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬. 𝐇𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐨𝐱𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐛𝐨𝐱 𝐩𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐝
𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐚𝐭 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝟒 𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐬?

Let x be the number of defective condensers

m = np = 100 × 0.01 = 1

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

1x e−1
p(x) =
x!

 P(x ≥ 4) = 1 − p(x < 4)

= 1 − [P(0) + P(1) + P(2) + P(3)]

10 e−1 11 e−1 12 e−1 13 e−1

= 1−[ + + + ] = 0.0189
0! 1! 2! 3!

10) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐝𝐚𝐲 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧
𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐚 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝟓. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟
𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐭 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟐?

Let x be the number of customers

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

5x e−5
p(x) =
x!
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

req = P(0)P(0) + P(0)P(1) + P(1)P(0)

50 e−5 50 e−5 50 e−5 51 e−5 51 e−5 50 e−5

= + + = 4.994 × 10−4 = 0.0004994
0! 0! 0! 1! 1! 0!

11) 𝐀 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐰 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝟐 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐰𝐬 𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐨𝐱𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟓𝟎𝟎. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐛𝐨𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬
𝟏𝟓 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐰𝐬.

Let x be the number of defective screws

m = np = 500 × 0.02 = 10

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

10x e−10
p(x) =
x!

1015 e−10
p(15) = = 0.0347
15!

12) 𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝟑 𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐛𝐨𝐨𝐤 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚
𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐛𝐨𝐨𝐤 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐢) 𝐧𝐨 𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐢) 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟐 𝐦𝐢𝐬 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬

Let x be the number of misprints

3
p= = 0.003, n = 1, m = np = 0.003
1000

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

0.003x e−0.003
p(x) =
x!

0.0030 e−0.003
i) p(0) = = 0.9970,
0!
0.0033 e−0.003
ii)p(x > 2) = p(3) = = 0.0000000045
3!
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

13) 𝐀𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐲 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏% 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐚
𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐲𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐲 𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐥𝐲 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐩𝐨𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟐 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞
𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐧𝐞𝐱𝐭 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫?

Let x be the number of clients involved in accident

0.01 1
p= = , n = 1000, m = np = 0.1
100 10000

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

0.1x e−0.1
p(x) =
x!

p(x ≤ 2) = p(0) + p(1) + p(2)

0.10 e−0.1 0.11 e−0.1 0.12 e−0.1

= + + = 0.9998
0! 1! 2!

14) 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝟓% 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐛𝐨𝐨𝐤 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫𝐬.
𝐈𝐟 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐨𝐤 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧 𝐚𝐭 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝟐 𝐨𝐟
𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝐢) 𝐁𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐢) 𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

i) Let x denote the number pages containing typographical errors.

5
n = 100, p = 100 = 0.05, q = 0.95

p(x) = nCx px qn−x = 100Cx (0.05)x (0.95)n−x

p(2) = 100C2 (0.05)2 (0.95)98 = 0.081

ii)Let x denote the number pages containing typographical errors.

5
n = 100, p= = 0.05, m = np = 5
100

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

5x e−5
p(x) =
x!
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

52 e−5
p(2) = = 0.084
2!

15) 𝐀𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐚 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟓 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝟐𝟎

𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥. 𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥
𝐛𝐞 𝐢) 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐢𝐢) 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐥𝐲 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧 𝟐𝟎
𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥.

Let x denote the number of emissions, m = 5

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

5x e−5
p(x) =
x!

52 e−5
i) p(2) = = 0.0482
2!

ii) p(x ≥ 2) = 1 − p(x < 2)

50 e−5 51 e−5
= 1 − [p(0) + p(1)] = 1 − [ + ] = 0.9596
0! 1!

16) 𝐀 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐈𝐂 𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐩𝐬, 𝟏% 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞. 𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧

𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐛𝐨𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐩𝐬 𝐧𝐨 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬
𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝.
1
Let x by the number of defective chips, n = 100, p = = 0.01,
100
m = np = 1

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

1x e−1
p(x) =
x!

10 e−1
P(0) = = 0.3678
0!

17) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐛𝐨𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞
𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟏𝟎𝐚𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟏𝟐 𝐧𝐨𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝟒. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐚 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐥𝐲
𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐝𝐚𝐲 𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟏𝟎𝐚𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟏𝟐 𝐧𝐨𝐨𝐧.
𝐎𝐧 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫, 𝐰𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐛𝐨𝐨𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐩𝐞𝐫
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐩?

Let x be the number of telephone calls booked per minute between 10am and 12 noon

m=4

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

4x e−4
p(x) =
x!

40 e−4 41 e−4
p(x ≥ 2) = 1 − p(x < 2) = 1 − [p(0) + p(1)] = 1 − [ + ] = 0.9084
0! 1!

In a year 0.9084 × 365 = 331.56 ≈ 332 days , 2 or more calls per minute are expected
between 10am and 12 noon.

18) 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐚 𝐛𝐨𝐨𝐤 𝐨𝐟 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬
𝐢) 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝟐 𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐢) 𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬.

Let x be the number of misprints in a page.

300
m= = 0.6 and hence ,
500

mx e−m
p(x) =
x!

(0.6)x e−0.6
p(x) =
x!

(0.6)2 e−0.6
i) p(x = 2) = = 0.0987 ≈ 0.1
2!

ii) p(x ≥ 2) = 1 − p(x < 2)

(0.6)0 e−0.6 (0.6)1 e−0.6
= 1 − [p(0) + p(1)] = 1 − [ + ] = 0.1219 ≈ 0.122
0! 1!
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐔𝐎𝐔𝐒 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐁𝐀𝐁𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐘 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐁𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍:

If for every x belonging to the range of a continuous random variable X, we assign a real
number f(x)satisfying the conditions
∞
i) f(x) ≥ 0, ii) ∫ f(x)dx = 1
−∞
then f(x)is called a continuous porbability function or probability density function(pdf)

∞
Mean μ = ∫ xf(x)dx
−∞

∞
variance v = ∫ (x − μ)2 f(x)dx
−∞
𝐱
+ 𝐜, 𝟎 ≤ 𝐱 ≤ 𝟑
1) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐜 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐟(𝐱) = {𝟔 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐩𝐝𝐟.
𝟎, 𝐞𝐥𝐬𝐞𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞
𝐀𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐩(𝟏 ≤ 𝐱 ≤ 𝟐)

∞
We must have ∫ f(x)dx = 1
−∞
3
x
∫ [ + c] dx = 1
0 6

3
x2
[ + cx] = 1
12 0

1
[9 − 0] + 3c − 0 = 1
12

3
+ 3c = 1
4

3 1
3c = 1 − =
4 4

1
c=
12

2
x 1
p(1 ≤ x ≤ 2) = ∫ [ + ] dx
1 6 12

2
x2 x 1 2 1 1
=[ + ] = [x + x]12 = [(4 + 2) − (1 + 1)] =
12 12 1 12 12 3
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

𝐤𝐱 𝟐 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝐱 ≤ 𝟑
2) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐤 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐟(𝐱) = { 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐩𝐝𝐟. 𝐀𝐥𝐬𝐨
𝟎, 𝐞𝐥𝐬𝐞𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞
𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐢) 𝐩(𝟏 < 𝐱 < 𝟐) 𝐢𝐢)𝐩(𝐱 ≤ 𝟏) 𝐢𝐢𝐢)𝐩(𝐱 > 𝟏) 𝐢𝐯) 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐯)𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞.

∞
We must have ∫ f(x)dx = 1
−∞
3
∫ kx 2 dx = 1
0

3
kx 3
[ ] =1
3 0

27k
−0=1
3

1
k=
9

2 2 2
x x3 8 1 7
i) p(1 < x < 2) = ∫ dx = [ ] = − =
1 9 27 1 27 27 27

1 2 1
x x3 1
ii) p(x ≤ 1) = ∫ dx = [ ] =
0 9 27 0 27

3 2 3
x x3 1 26
iii) p(x > 1) = ∫ dx = [ ] = 1 − =
1 9 27 1 27 27

∞ 3 3
x2 x4 81 9
iv) Mean μ = ∫ xf(x)dx = ∫ x. dx = [ ] = −0=
−∞ 0 9 36 0 36 4

∞
v) Variance v = ∫ x 2 f(x)dx − μ2
−∞

3
3
x2 2
9 2 x5 81 243 81 243 27
= ∫ x . dx − ( ) = [ ] − = − = =
0 9 4 45 0 16 45 16 720 80
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

𝐤𝐱𝐞−𝐱 , 𝟎 < 𝐱 < 𝟏

3) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐤 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐟(𝐱) = { 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐩𝐝𝐟. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧.
𝟎, 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐞

∞
We must have ∫ f(x)dx = 1
−∞
1
 ∫0 kxe−x dx =1

 k[x(−e−x ) − (1)(e−x )]10 = 1

1 1
 k [− e − (e − 1)] = 1

2
 k (1 − e) = 1

e
 k = e−2

∞ 1
e
Mean μ = ∫ xf(x)dx = ∫ x. xe−x dx
−∞ 0 e−2

1
e e
= ∫ x 2 e−x dx = [x 2 (−e−x ) − (2x)(e−x ) + 2(−e−x )]10
e−2 0 e−2

e 1 2 1 e 5 2e − 5
= [− − − 2 ( − 1)] = [2 − ] =
(e − 2) e e e e−2 e e−2

𝐞−𝐱 , 𝐱 ≥ 𝟎
4) 𝐈𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟(𝐱) = { 𝐚 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧? 𝐈𝐟 𝐬𝐨 𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝟎, 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐞
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐟𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥(𝟏, 𝟐)

∞
Clearly f(x) ≥ 0, Also we must have ∫ f(x)dx = 1
−∞
∞ 0 ∞ ∞ ∞
∫ f(x)dx = ∫ f(x)dx + ∫ f(x)dx = ∫ f(x)dx = ∫ e−x dx = (− e−x )∞
0 =1
−∞ −∞ 0 0 0

 f(x) is a probability function.

2
1 1
p(1 < x < 2) = ∫ e−x dx = − = 0.2325
1 e e2
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

𝐄𝐗𝐏𝐎𝐍𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐁𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍
The continuous probability distribution having pdf

αe−αx for α > 0

f(x) = { where x > 0 is known as exponential distribution.
0, otherwise

𝐌𝐄𝐀𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐃𝐄𝐕𝐈𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐄𝐗𝐏𝐎𝐍𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐁𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍

:
∞ ∞
−αx
e−αx e−αx ∞ 1
Mean μ = ∫ xf(x)dx = ∫ xαe dx = α [x ( ) − ( 2 )] =
−∞ 0 −α α 0 α
∞
variance v = ∫ (x − μ)2 f(x)dx
−∞

∞
= ∫ (x − μ)2 αe−αx dx
0

e−αx
2
e−αx e−αx ∞
= α [(x − μ) ( ) − 2(x − μ) ( 2 ) + 2 ( 3 )]
−α α −α 0

1 2 2
= α [− {0 − μ2 } − 2 {0 − (−μ)} − 3 {0 − 1}]
α α α

μ2 2μ 2 1
= α { − 2 + 3 } but μ =
α α α α

1 2 2 1
v = α[ − + ] =
α3 α3 α3 α2
1) 𝐈𝐟 𝐱 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝟑, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝
𝐢)𝐩(𝐱 > 𝟏)𝐢𝐢) 𝐩(𝐱 < 𝟑)

αe−αx for α > 0

f(x) = { where x > 0
0, otherwise

1 1
Mean = = 3, α =
α 3

1 −x/3
Hence f(x) = {3 e for α > 0 where x > 0
0, otherwise

x ∞
−
∞
1 −x/3 1 {e 3 } x ∞ 1
i) p(x > 1) = ∫ e dx = 1
= − {e−3 } = − [0 − e−3 ] = e−1/3
x=1 3 3 (− 1) 1
3
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

x 3
−
1 {e }
3 3
1 −x/3 x 3 1
ii)p(x < 3) = ∫ e dx = 0
= − {e−3 } = 1 − = 0.6321
x=0 3 3 (− 1) 0 e
3

2) 𝐈𝐟 𝐱 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝟓, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝

𝐢)𝐩(𝟎 < 𝐱 < 𝟏) 𝐢𝐢) 𝐩(−∞ < 𝐱 < 𝟏𝟎) 𝐢𝐢𝐢)𝐩(𝐱 ≤ 𝟎 𝟎𝐫 𝐱 ≥ 𝟏)

αe−αx for α > 0

f(x) = { where x > 0
0, otherwise

1 1
Mean = = 5, α =
α 5

1 −x/5
Hence f(x) = {5 e for α > 0 where x > 0
0, otherwise

x 1
−
1 {e
1 5}
1 −x/5 x 1 1
i) p(0 < x < 1) = ∫ e dx = = − {e−5 } = 1 − e−5 = 1 − e−0.2
0
x=0 5 5 (− 1) 0
5
= 0.1813

10
ii)p(−∞ < x < 10) = ∫ f(x)dx
x=−∞

0 10
=∫ f(x)dx + ∫ f(x)dx
x=−∞ x=0

10
1 −x
=∫ e 5 dx
x=0 5

x 10
−
1 {e }
5
x 10
= 0
= − {e−5 } = 1 − e−2 = 0.8647
5 (− 1) 0
5

iii) p(x ≤ 0 0r x ≥ 1) = p(x ≤ 0) + p(x ≥ 1)

∞
1 −x/5
=∫ e dx
x=1 5
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA
x ∞
−
1 {e 5 }1 x ∞ 1
= = − {e−5 } = e−5 − 0 = e−0.2 = 0.8187
5 (− 1) 1
5

3) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐤𝐢𝐥𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐮𝐧(𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐤𝐦𝐬)𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐬𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭

𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐞𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐝𝐟
𝟏 −𝐱
𝐟(𝐱) = {𝟒𝟎 𝐞 , 𝐱 ≥ 𝟎 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐞
𝟒𝟎

𝟎, 𝐱≤𝟎
𝐢) 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐦𝐬
𝐢𝐢) 𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐦𝐬
𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐭𝐨 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐦𝐬.

x ∞
∞
1 −x 1 [e−40 ] x ∞ 5 5
i) p(x ≥ 25) = ∫ e 40 dx = 25
= − [e−40 ] = − [0 − e−8 ] = e−8
40 40 1 25
25 (− )
40

x 25
25
1 −x 1 [e−40 ] x 25 5 5
ii)p(x ≤ 25) = ∫ e 40 dx = 0
= − [e−40 ] = − [e−8 − 1] = 1 − e−8
0 40 40 (− 1 ) 0
40

32
1 −x
iii)p(16 ≤ x ≤ 32) = ∫ e 40 dx
16 40
x 32
1 [e−40 ] x 32 4 2
= 16
= − [e−40 ] = − [e−5 − e−5 ] = 0.221
40 (− 1 ) 16
40

4) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧

𝟑 𝐦𝐢𝐧. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥
𝐚) 𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟑 𝐦𝐢𝐧
𝐛) 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟑 𝐭𝐨 𝟓 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬

1
μ= =3
α

1
 α=3

1 −x
e 3, x>0
 f(x) = {3
0, x≤0
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA
x 3
3
1 −x 1 [e−3 ] x 3
a) p(x < 3) = ∫ e 3 dx = 0
=− [e−3 ] = −[e−1 − 1] = 0.6321
0 3 1
3 (− ) 0
3
5
1 −x
b) p(3 < x < 5) = ∫ e 3 dx
3 3

x 5
1 [e−3 ] x 5 5
= 3
=− [e−3 ] = − [e−(3) − 𝑒 −1 ] = 0.1790
3 (− 1) 3
3

5) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐬

𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐢𝐬
𝐚) 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐬
𝐛) 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐𝟓 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬.

1
μ= = 200
α

1
 α = 200

x
1
e−200 , x > 0
 f(x) = {200
0, x≤0
200
1 − x
a) p(x < 200) = ∫ e 200 dx
0 200

x 200
1 [e−200 ] x 200
= 0
=− [e−200 ] = −[e−1 − 1] = 0.6321
200 1 0
(− 200)

300
1 − x
b) p(100 < x < 300) = ∫ e 200 dx = 0.3834
100 200

x 300
1 [e−200 ]
100
=
200 1
(− 200)

x 300 3 1
= − [e−200 ] = − [e−(2) − 𝑒 −(2) ] = 0.3834
100
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

6) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐚𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐛𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥

𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝟓 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝐚 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐦𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐛𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐡
𝐚) 𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐬 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟓 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐛) 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬.

1
μ= =5
α

1
 α=5
1 −x
e 5, x>0
 f(x) = {5
0, x≤0
5
1 −x
a) p(x ≤ 5) = ∫ e 5 dx
0 5

x 5
1 [e−5 ] x 5
= 0
= − [e−5 ] = −[e−1 − 1] = 0.6321
5 (− 1) 0
5
10
1 −x
b) p(5 < x < 10) = ∫ e 5 dx = 0.2325
5 5

x 10
1 [e−5 ] x 10
= 0
= − [e−5 ] = −[e−2 − e−1 ] = 0.2325
5 1 0
(− )
5
7) 𝐈𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡
𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝟓 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫
𝐚) 𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞
𝐛) 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐢𝐧
𝐜) 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟏𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟏𝟐 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬.

1
μ= =5
α

1
 α=5
1 −x
e 5, x>0
 f(x) = {5
0, x≤0
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA
∞
1 −x
a) p(x ≥ 10) = ∫ e 5 dx = 0.1353
10 5
x ∞
1 [e−5 ] x ∞
= 10
= − [e−5 ] = −[0 − e−2 ] = 0.1353
5 1 10
(− )
5
10
1 −x
b) p(x < 10) = ∫ e 5 dx = 0.8647
0 5

x 10
1 [e−5 ] x 10
= 0
= − [e−5 ] = −[e−2 − 1] = 0.8647
5 1 0
(− )
5
12
1 −x
b) p(10 < x < 12) = ∫ e 5 dx = 0.0446
10 5

x 12
1 [e−5 ] x 12 12
= 10
= − [e−5 ] = − [e−( 5 ) − e−2 ] = 0.0446
5 1 10
(− )
5
8) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐚𝐲 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐩 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐞
𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐑𝐬. 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝟖%. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐞𝐭
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐬 𝐑𝐬. 𝟑𝟎 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬.

1
Mean = 100, hence α = 0.01
α

 f(x) = 0.01e−0.01x , x > 0

Let A be the amount for which profit is 8%

8
 A × 100 = 30, hence A = 375

∞
Probability of profit exceeding Rs. 30 = ∫ 0.01e−0.01x dx
375

∞
e−0.01x
= 0.01 { −0.01 } = −[0 − e−3.75 ] = e−3.75
375

Therefore the probability that the profit exceeds Rs. 30 on a single day is e−3.75
Hence the probability that the profit exceeds Rs. 30 on two consecutive days is
equal to e−3.75 e−3.75 = e−7.5 = 0.00055
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

9) 𝐀𝐭 𝐚 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐮𝐬 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐩 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐯 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞. 𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝 , 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧
𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝟑𝟎 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬.

1 60
Mean μ = = = 20 minutes
α 3

x
1
e−20 , x>0
 f(x) = { 20
0, otherwise

10
1 −x 1
i)p(x < 10) = ∫ e 20 dx = 1 − e2 = 0.3934
0 20

x 10
1 [e−20 ] x 10
= 0
= − [e−20 ] = −[e−1/2 − 1] = 0.3934
20 (− 1 ) 0
20

∞
1 −x
ii) p(x ≥ 30) = ∫ e 20 dx
30 20

x ∞
1 [e−20 ] x ∞ 3
= 30
= − [e−20 ] = − [0 − e−2 ] = 0.2231
20 (− 1 ) 30
20

𝐍𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐁𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍
1 2 /2σ2
The continuous probability having pdf f(x) = e−(x−μ)
σ√2π

where − ∞ < x < ∞, −∞ < μ < ∞, σ > 0 is know as normal distribution.

𝐌𝐄𝐀𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐃𝐄𝐕𝐈𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐍𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐁𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍

∞ ∞
1 2 /2σ2
Mean = ∫ xf(x)dx = ∫ xe−(x−μ) dx
−∞ σ√2π −∞

x−μ
put = t hence dx = √2σdt, t varies from − ∞ to ∞
√2σ
∞ ∞ ∞
1 −t2
μ −t2 √2σ 2
mean = ∫ (μ + √2σt)e √2σdt = ∫ e dt + ∫ te−t dt
σ√2π −∞ √π −∞ √π −∞
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

∞ ∞ ∞
2μ −t2 √2σ −t2
2μ 2
mean = ∫ e dt + ∫ te dt = ∫ e−t dt + 0 (even fn)
√π 0 √π −∞ √π 0

2μ √π
mean = × =μ
√π 2

∞ ∞
1 2 /2σ2
Variance v = ∫ (x − μ)2 f(x)dx = ∫ (x − μ)2 e−(x−μ) dx
−∞ σ√2π −∞

x−μ
put = t hence dx = √2σdt, t varies from − ∞ to ∞
√2σ
∞ ∞ ∞
1 2 2σ2 2 2σ2 2
v= ∫ 2t 2 σ2 e−t √2σdt = ∫ t 2 e−t dt = × 2 ∫ t 2 e−t dt
σ√2π −∞ √π −∞ √π 0

∞ ∞
2σ2 2 −t2
2σ2 2
v= × 2∫ t e dt = ∫ t(2te−t )dt
√π 0 √π 0

∞ ∞
2σ2 −t2
∞
−t2
2σ2 −t2
2σ2 √π
v= [{t(−e )}0 − ∫ (−e )dt ] = ∫ (e )dt = × = σ2
√π 0 √π 0 √π 2
b
1 2 /2σ2
𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐍𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐋 𝐕𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐓𝐄: p(a ≤ x ≤ b) = ∫ e−(x−μ) dx
σ√2π a

x−μ
put z = hence dx = σdz
σ
a−μ b−μ
as x → a, z1 = and as x → b, z2 =
σ σ
1 z 2 /2 1 z2 2
 p(a ≤ x ≤ b) = σ√2π ∫z 2 e−z σdz = ∫ e−z /2 dz
1 √2π z1

x−μ
z= is called standard normal variate
σ

z
1 2 /2
If z1 = 0 then ∅(z) = ∫ e−z dz
√2π 0

∗ p(z ≥ a) = 0.5 − ∅(a)

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

∗ p(z ≤ a) = 0.5 + ∅(a)

1) 𝐈𝐟 𝐱 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟓, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞

𝐩𝐫𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚)𝟐𝟔 ≤ 𝐱 ≤ 𝟒𝟎 𝐛) 𝐱 ≥ 𝟒𝟓

x − μ x − 30
SNV z = =
σ 5

a) if x = 26, z = −0.8 and if x = 40, z = 2

p(26 ≤ x ≤ 40) ) = p (– 0.8 ≤ z ≤ 2)

 p(−0.8 ≤ z ≤ 2) = p(−0.8 ≤ z ≤ 0) + p(0 ≤ z ≤ 2)

= p(0 ≤ z ≤ 0.8) + p(0 ≤ z ≤ 2)

= ∅(0.8) + ∅(2) = 0.2881 + 0.4772 = 0.7653

b) if x = 45, z = 3

p( x ≥ 45) = p(z ≥ 3)

p(z ≥ 3) = 0.5 − p(0 ≤ z ≤ 3) = 0.5 − ∅(3) = 0.5 − 0.4987 = 0.0013

2) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟎 𝐡𝐫𝐬
𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐃 𝐨𝐟 𝟔𝟎 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐥𝐲 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐮𝐫𝐧
𝐟𝐨𝐫
𝐚) 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬
𝐛) 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟎 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬.
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

x − μ x − 2040
SNV z = =
σ 60

𝑎) if x = 2150, z = 1.83

p(x > 2150) = p(z > 1.83)

 p(z > 1.83) = 0.5 − p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1.83)

= 0.5 − ∅(1.83) = 0.5 − 0.4664 = 0.0336

b) if x = 1950, z = −1.5

p(x < 1950) = p(z < −1.5) = p(z > 1.5)

= 0.5 − p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1.5) = 0.5 − ∅(1.5) = 0.5 − 0.4332 = 0.06684

3) 𝐈𝐧 𝐚 𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛𝐬 𝐢𝐭 𝐰𝐚𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞
𝐰𝐚𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟎 𝐡𝐫𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐃 𝐨𝐟 𝟔𝟎 𝐡𝐫𝐬.
𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛𝐬 𝐥𝐢𝐤𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟎 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬
𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬.

x − μ x − 2040
SNV z = =
σ 60

a) if x = 1920, z = −2 and if x = 2160, z = 2

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

 p(−2 ≤ z ≤ 2) = p(−2 ≤ z ≤ 0) + p(0 ≤ z ≤ 2) = 2p(0 ≤ z ≤ 2)

= 2∅(2) = 2(0.4772) = 0.9544

req = 2000 × 0.9544 = 1909

4) 𝐈𝐧 𝐚 𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛𝐬, 𝐢𝐭 𝐰𝐚𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝐰𝐚𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐃 𝟔𝟎 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬 .
𝐈𝐟 𝐚 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐦 𝐩𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛𝐬 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐤𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭
𝐟𝐨𝐫
𝐚) 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝐫𝐬 𝐛) 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟎𝐡𝐫𝐬
𝐜) 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬.

x − μ x − 2000
SNV z = =
σ 60

a) if x = 2100, z = 1.67

p(x > 2100) = p(z > 1.67)

 p(z > 167) = 0.5 − p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1.67)

= 0.5 − ∅(1.67) = 0.5 − 0.4525 = 0.0475

req = 2500 × 0.0475 = 118.75 ≈ 119

𝑏) if x = 1950, z = −0.83
p(x < 1950) = p(z < −0.83)
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

 p(z < −0.83) = p(z > 0.83)

= 0.5 − p(0 ≤ z ≤ 0.83) = 0.5 − ∅(0.83) = 0.5 − 0.2967 = 0.2033

req = 2500 × 0.2033 = 508.25 ≈ 508

c) if x = 1900, z = −1.67 and if x = 2100, z = 1.67

p(1900 < x < 2100) = p(−1.67 < z < 1.67)

 p(−1.67 < z < 1.67 ) = p(−1.67 ≤ z ≤ 0) + p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1.67)

= p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1.67) + p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1.67)

= 2p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1.67 )

= 2∅(1.67 ) = 2 × 0.4525 = 0.905

req = 2500 × 0.905 = 2262.5 ≈ 2263.

5) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐚 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝟕𝟎, 𝐒𝐃 𝟓. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞
𝐚) 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟓 𝐛) 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟕𝟓 𝐜) 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟔𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟕𝟓.

x − μ x − 70
SNV z = =
σ 5

a) if x = 65, z = −1
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

p(x < 65) = p(z < −1)

 p(z < −1) = p(z > 1) = 0.5 − p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1) = 0.5 − ∅(1) = 0.5 − 0.3413 = 0.1587

req = 1000 × 0.1587 = 158.7 ≈ 159

b) if x = 75, z = 1

 p(x > 75) = p(z > 1)

p(z > 1) = 0.5 − p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1) = 0.5 − ∅(1) = 0.5 − 0.3413 = 0.1587

 req = 1000 × 0.1587 = 158.7 ≈ 159

c) p(65 < x < 75) = p(−1 ≤ z ≤ 1)

p(−1 ≤ z ≤ 1 ) = p(−1 ≤ z ≤ 0) + p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1)

= p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1) + p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1)

= 2p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1 ) = 2 × 0.3413 = 0.6826

req = 1000 × 0.6826 = 682.6 ≈ 683

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

6) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐚𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞
𝟓𝟎𝐤𝐠𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐃 𝟔𝐤𝐠𝐬. 𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
𝐚) 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟒𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟓𝟎𝐤𝐠𝐬 𝐛) 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐠𝐬.

𝐳
𝟏 𝟐 /𝟐
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 ∅(𝟏. 𝟔𝟕) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝐰𝐞𝐡𝐫𝐞 ∅(𝐳) = ∫ 𝐞−𝐳 𝐝𝐳
√𝟐𝛑 𝟎
x − μ x − 50
SNV z = =
σ 6

a) if x = 40, z = −1.667 ≈ −1.67 and if x = 50, z = 0

p(40 < x < 50) = p(−1.67 < z < 0)

p(−1.67 ≤ z ≤ 0) = p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1.67) = ∅(1.67) = 0.4525

req = 500 × 0.4525 = 226

b) if x = 60, z = 1.67

p(x > 60) = p(z > 1.67)

 p(z > 1.67) = 0.5 − p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1.67) = 0.5 − ∅(1.67) = 0.0475

 req = 500 × 0.0475 = 24

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

7) 𝐀 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡 𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐨

𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜, 𝐛𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝟎,
𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟓𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟔𝟎, 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟎. 𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐢𝐬 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲
𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝, 𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐟 𝟔𝟎%, 𝟑𝟓% 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟓% 𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐞
𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐠𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬.

p(x < 50) = 0.6, p(x > 60) = 0.05,

x−μ
z=
σ
50 − μ 60 − μ
If x = 50, z1 = and if x = 60, z2 =
σ σ

p(z < z1 ) = 0.6 and p(z > z2 ) = 0.05

 0.5 + ∅(z1 ) = 0.6, 0.5 − ∅(z2 ) = 0.05

 ∅(z1 ) = 0.1, ∅(z2 ) = 0.45

 z1 = 0.25, z2 = 1.64

50−μ 60−μ
 = 0.25, = 1.64
σ σ

 σ = 7.19, μ = 48.20

8) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐤𝐥𝐲 𝐰𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧
𝐑𝐬. 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐃 𝐑𝐬. 𝟓𝟎. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐤𝐥𝐲 𝐰𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐥𝐲
𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬
𝐚) 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐑𝐬. 𝟔𝟓𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐬. 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝐛) 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝐑𝐬. 𝟕𝟓𝟎
x − 700
z=
50

a) p(650 < x < 700)

if x = 650, z = −1 and if x = 750, z = 1

p(−1 < z < 1) = p(−1 < z < 0) + p(0 < z < 1)

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

= p(0 < z < 1) + p(0 < z < 1)

= 2p(0 < z < 1) = 2∅(1) = 2 × 0.3413 = 0.6828

b) if x = 750, z = 1

p(x > 750) = p(z > 1)

p(z > 1) = 0.5 − p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1) = 0.5 − ∅(1) = 0.1587

9) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡

𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐃, 𝐑𝐬 𝟕𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐬. 𝟏𝟓 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐲. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐨
𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐤𝐥𝐲 𝐰𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐢) 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝐑𝐬. 𝟗𝟎 𝐢𝐢) 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝟓.

x − 75
z=
15

i) p(x > 90)

If x = 90, z = 1

p(z > 1) = 0.5 − p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1) = 0.5 − ∅(1) = 0.5 − 0.3413 = 0.1587

req = 500 × 0.1587 = 79.35 ≈ 79

ii) p(x < 45)

If x = 45, z = −2
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

p(z < −2) = p(z > 2) = 0.5 − p(0 < z < 2)

= 0.5 − ∅(2) = 0.5 − 0.4772 = 0.0228

req = 500 × 0.0228 = 11.4 ≈ 11

10) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝟑𝟒. 𝟒 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐃 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓.
𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝 , 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬
𝐨𝐛𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟑𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟔𝟎.
x − 34.4
z=
16.5

if x = 30, z = −0.2666 and if x = 60 , z = 1.5515

p(30 < x < 60) = p(−0.2666 < z < 1.5515)

p(−0.2686 < z < 1.5515) = p(−0.2686 < z < 0) + p(0 < z < 1.5515)
= p(0 < z < 0.2686) + p(0 < z < 1.5515)
= ∅(0.2666) + ∅(1.5515) = 0.1026 + 0.4394
= 0.542
req = 1000 × 0.542 = 542

11) 𝐈𝐧 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟕% 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟓% 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟖𝟗% 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟎% 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐃 𝐢𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲
𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝. 𝐈𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA
𝐳
𝟏 𝟐 /𝟐
𝐏(𝐳) = ∫ 𝐞−𝐳 𝐝𝐳, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐏(𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟑) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗, 𝐏(𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟓𝟕) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑
√𝟐𝛑 𝟎

P(x < 35) = 0.07 and P(x < 60) = 0.89

x−μ
z=
σ

35 − μ 60 − μ
x = 35, z1 = x = 60, z2 =
σ σ

P(z < z1 ) = 0.07 P(z < z2 ) = 0.89

0.5 + ∅(z1 ) = 0.07 0.5 + ∅(z2 ) = 0.89

∅(z1 ) = −0.43 ∅(z1 ) = 0.39

 z1 = −1.4757 z2 = 1.2263

35−μ 60−μ
 = −1.4757 , = 1.2263
σ σ

 μ = 48.65, σ = 9.25

12) 𝐈𝐧 𝐚 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟑𝟏% 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝟒𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟖% 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞
𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝟔𝟒. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐃.

P(x < 45) = 0.31 and P(x > 64) = 0.08

x−μ
z=
σ

45 − μ 64 − μ
x = 45, z1 = x = 64, z2 =
σ σ

P(z < z1 ) = 0.31 P(z > z2 ) = 0.08

0.5 + ∅(z1 ) = 0.31 0.5 − ∅(z2 ) = 0.08

∅(z1 ) = −0.19 ∅(z1 ) = 0.42

 z1 = −0.5 z2 = 1.4

35−μ 60−μ
 = −0.5 , = 1.4
σ σ
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

 μ = 50, σ = 10

13) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟒. 𝟓 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐃 𝟑. 𝟑 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬.
𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐢) 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟓 𝐟𝐞𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐢 )𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟓 𝐟𝐞𝐞𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟓 𝐟𝐞𝐞𝐭 𝟗 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐡

x − 64.5
z=
3.3

i) If x = 12, z = −1.36

p(x < 60) = p(z < −1.36)

p(z < −1.36) = p(z > 1.36)

= 0.5 − p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1.36) = 0.5 − ∅(1.36) = 0.5 − 0.4131 = 0.0869

req = 300 × 0.0869 = 26.07 ≈ 26

ii) If x = 60, z = −1.36 and if x = 69, z = 1.36

p(60 < x < 69) = p(−1.36 < z < 1.36)

p(−1.36 < z < 1.36) = p(−1.36 < z < 0) + p(0 < z < 1.36)
= p(0 < z < 1.36) + p(0 < z < 1.36) = 2p(0 < z < 1.36)

= 2∅(1.36) = 2(0.4131) = 0.8262

req = 300 × 0.8262 = 247.86 ≈ 248

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

14) Assume the mean height of children to be 69.25 cm with a variance of 10.8 cm. How many
children in a school of 1,200 would you expect to be over 74 cm tall?

x − 69.25
z=
3.286

If x = 74, z = 1.4455

p < x > 74) = p(z > 1.44)

Now p(z > 74) = p(z > 1.44) = 0.5 – 0.4251 = 0.0749

req= 1200 × 0.0749 ≈ 90 children

15)𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬 𝐨𝐛𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝟓
𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐃 𝟏𝟎. 𝐈𝐟 𝟏, 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫
𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠
(𝐢) 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟓 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝐢𝐢) 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟓 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬.

x − 45
z=
10

i) If x = 35, z = −1

p(x < 35) = p(z < – 1)

p(z < – 1) = p(z > 1)

= 0.5 – p(0 < z < 1)

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

= 0.5 – 0.3413 = 0.1587

req = 0.1587 × 1300 = 206

ii) If x = 65, z = 2

p(x > 65) = p(z > 2)

p(z > 2) = 0.5 – p(0 < z < 2.0) = 0.5 – 0.4772 = 0.0228

req = 0.0228 x 1300 = 30

16) 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐧𝐞𝐰 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲. 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫
𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟖 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬
𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟗𝟓 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬?

x − 125
z=
18

i) If x = 95, z = −1.67

p(x < 95) = p(z < – 1.67)

p(z < – 1.67) = p(z > 1.67)

= 0.5 – p(0 < z < 1.67) = 0.5 – 0.4525 = 0.0475

req = 900 × .0475 = 43 bulbs

17) 𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝟔𝟗. 𝟐𝟓 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟗. 𝟖 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬.
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐰𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝟔 𝐟𝐞𝐞𝐭 𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐥?

x − 69.25
z=
3.13

If x = 72, z = 0.88

p(x > 72) = p(z > 0.88)

p(z > 0.88) = 0.5 – 0.3106 = 0.1894

req = 6000 × 0.1894 = 1136
18) 𝐀 𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐤 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐨𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐰𝐚𝐢𝐭
𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐛𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟓
𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝟎. 𝟕 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚
𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐰𝐚𝐢𝐭
(𝐢) 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟔 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬
(𝐢𝐢) 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟑. 𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟔. 𝟓 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬.

x−5
z=
0.6

If x = 6, z = 1.43

p(x < 6) = p(z < 1.43)

p(z < 1.43) = 0.5 + p(0 ≤ z ≤ 1.43)

= 0.5 + ∅(1.43) = 0.5 + 0.4236 = 0.9236

ii) If x = 3.5, z = −2.14, x = 6.5, z = 2.14

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIMOGA

p(3.5 < x < 6.5) = p(−2.14 < z < 2.14)

p (– 2.14 < z < 2.14) = p (– 2.14 < z < 0) + p (0 < z < 2.14)

= p(0 < z < 2.14) + p(0 < z < 2.14)

= 2 p(0 < z < 2.14) = 2 × .4838 = 0.9676