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RELATIVE CLAUSE AND CLEFT SENTENCE
RELATIVE CLAUSE AND CLEFT SENTENCE
A. LÍ THUYẾT
I. Định nghĩa
Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề phụ được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ (who, whom, whose,
which, that) hay các trạng từ quan hệ như (where, when, why). Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay đằng sau
danh từ, đại từ trong mệnh đề chính để bổ sung ý nghĩa cho danh từ, đại từ ấy, phân biệt danh từ, đại từ
ấy với các danh từ, đại từ khác. Chức năng của nó giống như một tính từ, do vậy nó còn được gọi là mệnh
đề tính ngữ.
+ dùng “that” sau các đại từ bất định (someone/body, no one/body, everyone/body, anyone/body;
something, everything, anything, nothing) hoặc sau all/much/none, little...
Ví dụ: My father is the one that I admire most.
All that is mine is yours.
+ dùng “that” sau các từ chỉ thứ tự như: first, second, next,...
last, only
Ví dụ: You are the only person that I can believe.
2. Using past participle phrases (sử dụng quá khứ phân từ - Vp2)
- Dùng khi đại từ quan hệ đóng vai trò làm chủ ngữ và động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị
động.
- Ta dùng past participle phrase thay cho mệnh đề đó (bỏ đại từ quan hệ, trợ động từ và bắt đầu cụm từ
bằng past participle).
MĐQH ở thể bị động rút gọn xuống thành quá khứ phân từ. BĐ: be + P2
Ví dụ:
The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy.
The students punished by the teacher are lazy.
EG: - The identity of the man who was known as “Jack the ripper”. The identity of the man known as __
- Buckingham Palace, which was built in 1730, is the official residence of monarchs of the Fritian.
Buckingham Palace bulit in 1730 is the official _____
3. Using "to infinitive" or "infinitive phrase" (for sb to do)
a. Khi đại từ quan hệ thay thế cho các từ có chứa số thứ tự như: the first, the second, the next, the
third... the last, the only và so sánh nhất (the + adj_est)
Ví dụ:
- She was the last person that was interviewed this morning.
She was the last person to be interviewed this morning.
- She is the most suitable person who can take on this job.
She is the most suitable person to take on this job.
- John is the only person who understand me.
John is the only person to understand me.
- Tom is the most handsome boy that came to the party.
Tom is the most handsome boy to come to the party.
- Jack was the first student who harded in the exam.
- She has a lot of book that she has to read.
she has a lot of book to have to read.
b. Câu bắt đầu bằng: here, there
Ví dụ:
There is a good restaurant where we can eat good food.
There is a good restaurant for us to eat good food..
Here is the form that you must fill in.
Here is the form for you to fill in.
LƯU Ý:
Khi đại từ quan hệ đóng vai trò làm tân ngữ của mệnh đề, ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ đó.
Ví dụ:
The dress which Trang is wearing is very nice.
The dress Trang is wearing is very nice.
EXERCISE
Exercise 1: Choose the correct answers: relative pronouns.
1. The book ___ I bought at the bookstore yesterday is expensive.
A. who B. whose C. that D. B and C are correct
2. What is the name of the blonde girl___ just came in?
A. who B. whose C. whom D. A and B are correct
3. I don’t like people ___ lose their tempers easily.
A. who B. whose C. that D. A and C are correct
4. Mexico City, ___ has a population of over 10 million, is probably the fastest growing city in
the world.
A. which B. whose C. that D. A and C are correct
5. This is Henry ___ sister works for my father.
A. who B. whose C. that D. A and C are correct
6. The girl ____ design had been chosen stepped to the platform to receive the award.
A. whose B. whom C. that D. which
7. Could you iron the trousers ____ are hanging up behind the door?
A. who B. which C. that D. B and C are correct
8. Where is the girl ___ sell tickets?
A. who B. whose C. whom D. A and C are correct
9. The man ___ we consider our leader had much experience in climbing mountains.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. A and C are correct
10. The artist ___ name I couldn’t remember was one of the best I had ever seen.
A. who B. whose C. that D. A and C are correct
Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with relative pronoun: who, whom, that, which.
1. Have you got the money which I lent you yesterday?
2. Peter,who I had seen earlier, wasn’t at the party.
3. This is the machine _which___ cost half a million pounds.
4. Mary, _who___ had been listening to the conversation, looked angry.
5. Have you read the book _which/that___ I gave you?
6. The house, _which___ they bought three months ago, looks lovely.
7. Mrs. Jackson,who had been very ill, died yesterday.
8. She is the woman whom sister looks after the baby for us.
9. The dog, which had been very quiet, suddenly started barking.
10. I didn’t receive the letters _which/that___ she sent me.
Exercise 5: Complete the sentences with relative pronoun: who, whom, that, which.
1. Tom made a number of suggestions, most of which were very helpful.
2. Mart has three brothers, all of whom are married.
3. We were given a lot of information, most of which was useless=hopeless>< useful.
4. There were a lot of people at the party, only a few of whom I had met before.
5. I sent her two letters, neither of which she has received.
6. I have two sisters, both of whom are doctors.
7. He lent me many picture-books, most of which I had red.
8. The bur crashed into a queue/kju:/ of people. Four of whom were killed.
9. He paid me $5 for cleaning ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a
year.
Paid for st: VD: she tricked me and I am going to make her pay for it.
Pay st for st/doing st
10. In prison they fed us on dry bread, most of which was moldy.