(Part-1)

we + Av = e¨v (mwÜmvwaZ)
√ K…+Ab = KiY (cÖZ¨qmvwaZ)
01| e¨vKiY kãwUi we‡kølY- we+Av+√K… (Ki)+Ab|
02| fvlvi msweavb n‡jv- e¨vKiY|
03| e¨vKi‡Yi ey¨rcwËMZ A_©- we‡klfv‡e we‡kølY Kiv|
* e¨vKi‡Yi cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq PviwU:
(1) aŸwbZË¡ (Phonology) = aŸwb ev eY©
(2) kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ (Morphology) = kã ev c`
(3) evK¨ZË¡ ev c`µg (Syntax) = evK¨
(4) A_©ZË¡ (Semantics) = A_©
1| aŸwb-ZË¡ (aŸwb ev eY© †Kw›`ªK): GB As‡k aŸwb,
D”PviY, aŸwbi web¨vm, aŸwbi cwieZ©b, eY©, l-Z¡
weavb, Y-Z¡ weavb cÖf…wZ aŸwb-m¤^Üxq e¨vKi‡Yi
welq¸wj Av‡jvwPZ nq|

2| kã ev iƒcZË¡ (kã ev c` †Kw›`ªK): k‡ãi cÖKvi,

c‡`i cwiPq, kã MVb, DcmM©, cÖZ¨q, mwÜ,
wefw³, wj½, ePb, avZz, kãiƒc, mgvm, wµqv-cÖ
KiY, wµqvi Kvj, wµqvi fve, c` cwieZ©b, k‡ãi
ey¨rcwË BZ¨vw` wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv iƒcZ‡Ë¡ _v‡K|
3| evK¨ZË¡ ev c`µg (evK¨ †Kw›`ªK): evK¨, ev‡K¨i
Ask, ev‡K¨i cÖKvi, evK¨ we‡kølY, evK¨ cwieZ©b,
KviK [evK¨ Qvo m¤¢e bv], c`µg, evK¨ ms‡KvPb,
evK¨ ms‡hvRK, evK¨ we‡qvRb, hwZwPý ev weivgwPý,
evP¨, Dw³ cwieZ©b cÖf…wZ welq evK¨Z‡Ë¡ Av‡jvwPZ nq|

4| A_©ZË¡ (A_© Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j ev A_© †Kw›`ªK): k‡ãi

A_©wePvi, ev‡K¨i A_©wePvi, A‡_©i wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f`|
†hgb- gyL¨v_©, †MŠYv_©, wecixZv_©K kã, evMaviv
[we‡kl A_© `vZv] BZ¨vw` A_©Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq|
Q›`-cÖKiY: Q›` 3 cÖKvi:
1) Aÿie„Ë (wgj Kg Ggb KweZv)
2) gvÎve„Ë (wgj †ewk Ggb KweZv)
3) ¯^ie„Ë (Qov)
ÔM`¨ Q›`Õ Q›` bv|

* ÔAjsKviÕ A_©nxbfv‡e †Kv‡bv k‡ãi e¨envi|

1) †m †Zv LyeB fv‡jv| (†Zv-AjsKvi)
2) meKwU Rvbvjv Ly‡j `vI bv| (bv-AjsKvi)
3) wZwb bv e‡jwQ‡jv Avm‡e? (n¨vum~PK bv)
 mwÜi iƒc:
 ¯^imwÜi iƒc: GKwU- ¯^ieY© + ¯^ieY©|
 e¨ÄbmwÜi iƒc: wZbwU-
¯^ieY© + e¨ÄbeY©
e¨ÄbeY© + ¯^ieY©
e¨ÄbeY© + e¨ÄbeY©|
 wemM© mwÜi iƒc: `ywU- wemM© + ¯^ieY©
wemM© + e¨ÄbeY©|
 mwÜi KvR- 2wU:
1| D”PviY mnR K‡i
2| aŸwbMZ gvayh© i¶v K‡i
 ¯^imwÜi wbqg
 Ai/Avi = A/Av + F †hgb: †`ewl© = †`e + Fwl,
kxZvZ© = kxZ + FZ| cÖvKwUm: gnwl©, AagY©, DËgY©
BZ¨vw`|

 J = A/Av + I/J †hgb: e‡b․la = eb + Jla, e‡b․lax

= eb + Ilax| cÖvKwUm: g‡n․la, ci‡g․la BZ¨vw`|
 I = A/Av + D/E| †hgb: c‡ivcKvi = ci + DcKvi, Av`¨ +
DcvšÍ = Av‡`¨vcvšÍ| cÖvKwUm: M„‡nvaŸ©, bx‡jvrcj, c‡ivcKvi,
cÖ‡kœvËi|

 H = A/Av + G /H †hgb: R‣bK = Rb + GK, wn‣Zlx = wnZ +

Hlx| cÖvKwUm: g‣ZK¨, m‣`e, wn‣Zlx, m‣e©e|
G = B/C Av‡m| †hgb: ï‡f”Qv = ïf + B”Qv, h_v +
Bó=h‡_ó| cÖvKwUm: c~‡Y©›`y, kªe‡Yw›`ªq, †¯^”Qv, g‡nk,
i‡gk BZ¨vw`|

B/C = AwZwi³ G Av‡m| †hgb: b`xi = b`x + Gi,

cÖvKwUm: Avwki, KywoK|
 h/¨ = B/C Av‡m| †hgb:
b`¨¤^y = b`x + A¤^y
ch©šÍ = cwi + AšÍ
cÖZ¨vkv = cÖwZ + Avkv
Dchy©cwi = Dcwi + Dcwi
cÖ‡Z¨K = cÖwZ + GK
** B + hv = h + Zv
B + Av = h + Av; B + G = h + G|
cÖvKwUm: MZ¨šÍ, cÖZ¨veZ©b, Av`¨šÍ, h`¨wc|
 Exam
cÖk:œ B + Av hy³ n‡q h&+Av nq‡Q -
1. cª‡Z¨K 2. cªZ¨vkv
cÖk:œ B + A hy³ n‡q h&+A nq‡Q -
1. MZ¨šÍ 2. gš^šÍi
cÖk:œ B-KvivšÍ Dcm‡M©i ci Ab¨¯^ieY© hy³ n‡q h+Av n‡q‡Q-
1. b`¨¤^y 2. BZ¨vw`
cÖkœ : B-KvivšÍ Dcm‡M©i ci Ab¨¯^ieY© hy³ n‡q h+G n‡q‡Q-
1. cª‡Z¨K 2. AZ¨šÍ
 Answer
cÖk:œ B + Av hy³ n‡q h&+Av nq‡Q -
1. cª‡Z¨K 2. cªZ¨vkv
cÖk:œ B + A hy³ n‡q h&+A nq‡Q -
1. MZ¨šÍ 2. gš^šÍi
cÖk:œ B-KvivšÍ Dcm‡M©i ci Ab¨¯^ieY© hy³ n‡q h+Av n‡q‡Q-
1. b`¨¤^y 2. BZ¨vw`
cÖkœ : B-KvivšÍ Dcm‡M©i ci Ab¨¯^ieY© hy³ n‡q h+G n‡q‡Q-
1. cª‡Z¨K 2. AZ¨šÍ
e-djv = D Av‡m| †hgb:
¯^í = my + Aí
¯^vMZ = my + AvMZ
Aš^q = Aby + Aq
Zš^x = Zby + C
ck¦ag = cï + Aag
cÖvKwUm: ck¦vPvi, Aš^q, gš^šiÍ , Awš^Z|
Ae = I Av‡m| ‡hgb: cweÎ = †cv+BÎ, Mevw`|
Ave = J Av‡m| †hgb: bvweK = †b․+BK, bve¨ |
Aq = G Av‡m| †hgb: bqb = †b+Ab, kqb |
Avq = H Av‡m| †hgb: bqb = †b+Ab , kqb|

i-djv = F Av‡m = †hgb: wcÎvjq = wcZ… + Avjq, wcÎv‡`k BZ¨vw`|

Ai/Avi = A/Av + F Ae = I Av‡m
J = A/Av + I/J Ave = J Av‡m
I = A/Av + D/E Aq = G Av‡m
H = A/Av + G /H Avq = H Av‡m
G = B/C Av‡m i-djv = F Av‡m
B/C = AwZwi³ G Av‡m
h/¨ = B/C Av‡m
e-djv = D Av‡m
Ai/Avi = Ae =
J= Ave =
I= Aq =
H= Avq =
G= i-djv =
B/C =
h/¨ =
e-djv =
 * wbcvZ‡b wm× ¯^imwÜ
 †h mKj mwÜi D`vniY wbqg gv‡b bv Zv‡`i wbcvZ‡b wm×
ejv nq| ‡hgb:
 Kzj + AUv = KzjUv
 †Mv + A¶ = Mev¶
 A¶ + Ewnbx = A‡¶․wnbx
 Ab¨ + Ab¨ = Ab¨vb¨
 gvZ© + AÐ = gvZ©Ð
 ï× + I`b = ï‡×v`b
 kvi + AÁ = kviÁ
 we¤^ + Iô = we‡¤^vô
 †Mv + B›`ª = M‡e›`ª
 cÖ + Ep = †cÖ․p
 ¯^ + Ci = •¯^i
 ¯^ + CiYx = •¯^iYx
* wbcvZ‡b wm× ¯^imwÜ g‡b ivLvi Dcvq
 KzjUv (Amr) bvixiv †cª․pRb (e„×) I Ab¨vb¨‡`i m‡½ wb‡q
Mev‡¶ (Rvbvjv) e‡m gvZ©‡Ði (m~h)© w`‡K ZvwK‡q kviÁ
(ev`¨hš¿) evRv‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K ï‡×v`b (†`eZv) M‡e›`ª‡K
(‡Mviæi †`eZv) m‡½ wb‡q •¯^iPvixfv‡e A‡¶․wnbx
(•mb¨evwnbx) mn‡hv‡M we‡¤^vô (jvj Iôhy³) igYx‡K
AcniY Ki‡Z hv‡”Q|

 ÔAcwiwPZvÕ M`¨wU m‡ivei eB‡qi M`¨vsk †_‡K co‡Z n‡e|

:
DËi: QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i evbvb fz‡ji gnov AvRKvj †ek weeªZKi
n‡q DV‡Q| mvšÍ¡bv, K‡_vcK_b, `yiweb, †`․ivZ¥¨ BZ¨vw`
evbvbI †``vi fzj Ki‡Q| ïay evbvb fzj bq, `yf©vM¨RbKfv‡e
evK¨ MV‡bI e¨vKiYMZ wel‡q Zv‡`i Am‡PZbZv jÿYxq|
Zviv †hgb †h․wMK I RwUj ev‡K¨i web¨vm Ki‡Z fzj K‡i,
†Zgb evK¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ h_vh_ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡biI Aï× cÖ‡qvM
†`Lv hvq| e¯‘Z Gme ißKiv wVK †Muvd‡LRy‡i †jv‡Ki e¨vcvi
bq wbqwgZ mvab K‡i nvZ cvKv‡Z nq|
The End