Homologous series Inter-molecular Melting point Solubility

and general formulae forces and boiling point

有机化合物及其一般式 分子间作用力 化合物熔沸点 水溶性
Alkanes 烷烃 Increase with Insoluble in water, soluble in
(CnH2n+2) Van Der Waals’ carbon chain non-polar organic solvents.
forces length, but
usually low. 不溶于水，但溶于非极性有机
Alkenes 烯烃 范德华力 熔沸点随碳链长 溶剂。
(CnH2n) 度增加，但通常
都不高。
Alkanols 烷醇 Higher than Lower members are miscible
(ROH) alkanes with a with water in all proportions.
similar relative 碳链较短的醇类同系物能与水
molecular mass. 以任意比例混溶。
Van Der Waals’ 分子量相近时，
forces & H- 醇类比烷烃熔沸
bonds 点更高。

Carboxylic acids 羧酸 范德华力、氢 Higher than Lower members are miscible

(RCOOH) 键 alkanols with a with water in all proportions.
similar relative 碳链较短的羧酸类同系物能与
molecular mass. 水以任意比例混溶。
分子量相近时，
羧酸比醇类熔沸
点更高。

Haloalkanes 卤代烷 Higher than Insoluble in water, dissolve well

(RX) Van Der Waals’ alkanes with a in most organic solvents.
forces similar relative
molecular mass. 不溶于水，但易溶于大部分有
范德华力 分子量相近时， 机溶剂。
卤代烷比烷烃熔
沸点更高。
Aldehydes 醛类 Higher than Only lower members are soluble
(RCHO) those of alkanes in water.
but lower than 只有碳链较短的酮和醛能溶于
Van Der Waals’ those of alcohols 水。
forces and carboxylic
 Ketones 酮类 acids with a
(RCOR’) 范德华力 similar relative
molecular mass.
分子量相近时，
熔沸点高于烷烃
低于醇和羧酸。
Homologous series Inter-molecular forces Melting point and Solubility
and general formulae 分子间作用力 boiling point 水溶性
有机化合物及其一般式 化合物熔沸点
Esters 酯类 Lower than alkanols Lower members are
(RCOOR’) and carboxylic acids soluble in water.
with a similar relative 碳链较短的酯能溶于
molecular mass. 水。
分子量相近时，酯类
Van Der Waals’ forces 熔沸点低于羧酸和醇
类。
范德华力

Unsubstituted amides Higher than alkanols Lower members are

伯酰胺(一级酰胺) and carboxylic acids soluble in water.
(RCONH2) with a similar relative 碳链较短的伯酰胺能
molecular mass. 溶于水。
分子量相近时，伯酰
胺比醇和酸的熔沸点
更高。

Van Der Waals’ forces

& H-bonds
Primary amines Lower than alkanols Lower members are
伯胺(一级胺) 范德华力、氢键 and carboxylic acids very soluble in water.
(RNH2) with a similar relative 碳链较短的伯胺易溶
molecular mass. 于水。
分子量相近时，伯胺
比醇和酸的熔沸点较
低。