Functional Elements in the

management:
 Waste generation: Activities that identify objects as no
longer of use and therefore to be discarded

 On site handling, storage and processing: processing

activities taking place near the point of generation

 Collection: gathering the waste and hauling to where

the collection vehicle is to be emptied
 Transfer and transport: (1) transfer of waster from
small vehicles to large transport equipment; (2)
subsequent transport over long distance, to disposal
sites

 Processing and Recovery: to recover usable materials,

conversion products as well as energy from solid waste

 Disposal: associated with ultimate disposal i.e.

transport to landfill, compost, incinerator residue etc.
On site storage Collection

Transfer/Transport Ultimate disposal - landfill

Typical generation rates: per capita
waste generation rates: Table 1
Unit rate, kg/capita/ day
Source
Range Typical
Municipal 0.75-2.50 1.6
Industrial 0.4-1.6 0.9
Demolition 0.05-0.4 0.3
Other municipal 0.05-0.3 0.2
3.0
Typical commercial and industrial
unit waste generation rates: table 2
Source Unit Range
Office buildings Kg/employee/ day 0.5-1.1
Restaurants Kg/customer/ day 0.2-0.8
Canned and frozen food Tonnes/ tonne of raw 0.04-0.06
product
Printing and publishing Tonnes/ tonne of raw 0.08-1.0
paper
Automotive Tonnes/ vehicle produced 0.6-0.8
Petroleum refining Tonnes/ employee/ day 0.04-0.05
Rubber Tonnes/ tonne of raw 0.01-0.3
rubber
Estimation of solid waste
quantities
 The quantity and general composition data are of
critical importance in the design and operation of a
solid waste management system

 However, obtaining reliable data is quite challenging

and can only be measured from collected waste and
waste transported to landfills.

 All methods employed for measurement are subject to

some form of limitations.
Recommended methods
 Load- Count Analysis: Quantity and composition
determined by recording
- the estimated volume and general composition of
each load of waste delivered to a landfill or transfer
station
-during a specified period of time.
-Total mass distribution is obtained by average density
data (as discussed in previous chapter).
 Mass-volume analysis: Similar procedure to the above
mentioned.
 As a added feature, mass of each load is also recorded.
Factors affecting generation rates
1. Geographic location
2. Season of the year
3. Collection frequency
4. Use of kitchen waste grinder
5. Characteristics of populace
6. Extent of salvage and recycling
7. Public attitudes
8. legislation
On-site Handling, Storage, and
Processing
 On-site handling: associated with handling solid waste
until they are placed in the containers used for their
storage before collection.
 Domestic Solid waste: Usually stored in large
containers that await removal by waste-collection
agency.
 In large residential buildings, waste is usually stored at
the basement level, carried by building caretaker or
the tenants themselves.
 Commercial and industrial waste: Usually collected in
large containers mounted on rollers.
 Once filled these are emptied in large storage
containers.
 Or compactors asssociated with these containers
 Or other processing equipment such as incinerators.
On-site Processing of Solid Waste
 The objective being –
 To recover usable materials from solid wastes
 To reduce the volume
 Or to alter the physical form

 Most common forms of on-site processing –

 Manual sorting
 Compaction
 Incineration
Collection Services
 Municipal collection
services
 Curb/Alley collection:
Collection bins placed by
home owners at the curb/
alley
 No need for collectors to
enter property
 Home owner responsible
for taking back empty
container.
Collection Services
 Backyard collection:
Worker with the
vehicle carry a bin,
wheel-barrow or sack
to the yard and empty
the solid waste
container in it.
 Collector has to enter
the property.
 Commercial-Industrial Collection
services
 For large apartment
buildings, residential
complexes, and commercial
and industrial activities.
 Large, movable/ stationary
containers/ compactors
 Compress directly in the
container to form bales
Types of collection Systems
 Hauled-Container Systems: Collection systems where
containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled to the
processing, transfer, or disposal site, emptied and returned
to either their original location or some other location are
defined as hauled container systems.
 Two main types: (a) tilt-frame container
 (b) trash-trailer
 The collector is responsible for driving, loading full
containers, and unloading empty containers, and emptying
the contents of the container at the disposal site
 Stationary compactor system: where containers
used for the storages of wastes remain at the point of
waste generation, except when moved for collection.
 Labor requirements are same
 Two types – (1) with self-loading compactors
 (2) those in which manually loaded
vehicles are used
 Containers size of less importance compared to the
hauled system.
Example 11-1: Analysis of a hauled container
collection system: Solid waste from a new industrial
park is to be collected in large containers (drop boxes),
some of which will be used in conjunction with
stationary compactors. Based on traffic studies at
similar parks, it is estimated that the average time to
drive from the garage to the first container (t1) and
from the last container (t2) to the garage each day will
be 15 and 20 mins. Respectively. If the average time
required to drive between container is 6 min and the
one way distance to the disposal site is 25 km, speed
limit: 88 km/hr), determine the number of containers
that can be emptied per day, based on a 8-h workday.
 To determine:
 Pickup time per trip: P(hcs)
 Total time per trip
 Number of trips
 Comment on the actual length of the workday