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harsh pdf
harsh pdf
I, Harsh gupta, student of Virendra swaroop memorial trust group of institution unnao,
Department of civil engineering , hereby declare that this internship report is mine and it is a
result of my daily work I conducted in a monthly training at unnao jal nigam from 28 July to 28
august, 2023 as required by the AKTU University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the Award of Bachelor’s degree in civil engineering.
I Harsh gupta
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Signature.......................................................
Date…………………………………………
Acknowledgement
First of all I thank the almighty God for His blessing and mercy to me. My appreciation is
addressed to the people who have contributed their time, efforts, ideas and encouragement in
order to accomplish this internship work successfully. I want to thank the Managing Director of
unnao wtp to give us chance to complete our internship at Unnao WTP. I deeply thank to
harshit chaudhary in charge of water quality analysis and water controlling
department,awadhesh rajpoot in charge of bacteriology department because of their kind
cooperation during internship period and other laboratory technicians in the water quality
analysis and water controlling in this institution for their support and assistance during this
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internship work and they provided me the
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practical knowledge of the water treatment plant, without their guidance and help I could
not completed our internship.
I also like to thank other workers and staff of Unnao WTP for their cooperation with me. I
would like to extend my special thanks to my parents because of their advice, material and moral
support they gave us during this internship. I thank all people participated near or far so that I
could accomplish my intended task.
Abstract
Internship provides students the opportunity to test their interest in a particular zone and also
provides students high level of practical knowledge. Vsgoi has added this internship program for
the graduating students to introduce them to the professional life. I got an opportunity to
complete my internship at Unnao WTP. It started on 28 July, 2023 and ended on28July, 2023
which included 230 working hours. There we worked and visited different units of UNNAO
WTP. I got practical knowledge about WTP plants and observed its operating system. I was
lucky because during this internship period, I got a chance to visit a BARRAGE of Unnao WTP,
water management plant and other auxiliary components of water treatment. I gathered practical
experience about different major department such as the maintenance which is include pompist,
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electricians, plumber; Epuration in charge of water purification; Quality control which is include
:physical-chemical unit in charge of physical-chemical analyses and bacteriological unit in
charge of bacteriological analyses. I gathered practical knowledge about different types of
equipment and experiment used water treatment such as jar test, dose preparation and solution
preparation. Inside the report, I described about my experiences at Unnao WTP.
Training Schedule
Table 1 contains our training schedule at Unnao water treatment plant (UWTP). The
Internship started on 02nd July, 2023 and ended on28July, 2023. The total working hours is 230 hours.
Table 1. Training schedule.
Day Start/end time Break time Activities site Total
Thursday, 02/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Plant site 9
Friday, 03/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Bacteriology 9
Saturday, 04/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Epuration 9
Monday, 06/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Physico-chem lab 9
Tuesday, 07/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Physico-chem lab 9
Wednesday, 08/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Physico-chem lab 9
Thursday, 09/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Physico-chem lab 9
Friday, 10/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Physico-chem lab 9
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Saturday, 11/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Physico-chem lab 9
Monday, 13/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Epuration 9
Tuesday, 14/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Epuration 9
Wednesday, 15/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Epuration 9
Thursday, 16/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Epuration 9
Friday, 17/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Epuration 9
Saturday, 18/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Epuration 9
Monday, 20/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Physico-chem lab 9
Tuesday, 21/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Physico-chem lab 9
Wednesday 22/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Physico-chem lab 9
Thursday, 23/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Physico-chem lab 9
Friday, 24/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Physico-chem lab 9
Saturday, 25/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Physico-chem lab 9
Monday, 27/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Bacteriology 9
Tuesday, 28/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Bacteriology 9
Wednesday, 29/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Bacteriology 9
Thursday, 30/07/23 07h-17h 12h-13h Bacteriology 9
Friday, 31/07/23 07h-12h - Plant site 5
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TA: Total Alkalinity
TCa: Total Calcium hardness
TDS: Total Dissolved Solid
TH: Total Hardness
TMg: Total Magnesium hardness
TOC: Total Organic Carbon
T.W: Treated Water
TSS: Total Suspended Solid
R.W: Raw Water
WHO: World Health Organisation
WTP: Water Treatment Plant
WWTPs: Wastewater Treatment
Plants
Table of Contents
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................................................1
Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................................................2
Abstract...........................................................................................................................................................................3
Training Schedule..........................................................................................................................................................4
TABLE OF FIGURE.....................................................................................................................................................9
List of table...................................................................................................................................................................10
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I.2. Literature review................................................................................................................................11
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III.7. VOLUMETRIC TITRATION........................................................................................................52
III.7.1. TOTAL ALKALINITY (TAC)................................................................................................53
III.7.3. MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL HARDNESS (TH)................................................................54
III.8. THE BACTERIOLOGICAL SECTION..........................................................................................55
III.8.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................55
III.8.2. BACTERIOLOGY OF WATER SAMPLES..........................................................................55
III.8.3. STEPS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS.....................................................................56
III.9. RESULTS AND COMMENT.......................................................................................................61
References.....................................................................................................................................................................65
APPENDICES..............................................................................................................................................................66
TABLE OF FIGURE
Figure 1 . Unnao storage tank of 600 m3............................................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 2.Control valves chamber.................................................................................................................16
Figure 3. Cascade aeration...........................................................................................................................16
Figure 4. Chican room..................................................................................................................................17
Figure 5. Flocculation tank...........................................................................................................................18
Figure 6. Inlet floculation.............................................................................................................................18
Figure 7. Big flocs settle out of the water in decantation tank.....................................................................18
Figure 8. Pumping system............................................................................................................................20
Figure 9. Unnao BARRAGE water intake...................................................................................................21
Figure 10. Cooler box..................................................................................................................................37
Figure 11. Glass botlle.................................................................................................................................37
Figure 12. Marker.........................................................................................................................................37
Figure 13. Orthotolidine bottle.....................................................................................................................37
Figure 14. Spectrophotometer......................................................................................................................37
Figure 15. 2100P Turbidimeter....................................................................................................................37
Figure 16. pH meter.....................................................................................................................................37
Figure 17. Unnao water sampling materials.................................................................................................38
Figure 18. Jar test apparatus at Unnao WTP................................................................................................39
Figure 19. |Gang stirrer................................................................................................................................39
Figure 20. Petri dish.....................................................................................................................................57
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Figure 21. Autoclave....................................................................................................................................57
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Figure 22. Oven............................................................................................................................................57
Figure 23. Analytical balance.......................................................................................................................57
Figure 24. Unnao bacteriological apparatus.................................................................................................57
List of table
Table 1. Training schedule.............................................................................................................................4
Table 2. water treatment levels and Process................................................................................................24
Table 3. Biological Treatment Processes.....................................................................................................27
Table 4.UNNAO guidelines limit of water standard value..........................................................................29
Table 5. RESULTS FOR BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT SAMPLE.....................61
Table 6. JAR TEST RESULT......................................................................................................................61
The internship program is designed to provide students engaged in a field experience with an
opportunity to share their insights. Vsgoi has added this internship program for the graduating
students to introduce them to the professional life, to explore the links between students’
academic preparation and their field work, and to assist participants in developing and carrying
out the major research project which will serve to culminate their internship experience.
Internships are individualized and tailored to the needs and interests of each student in the
program. As part of the internship experience, I select Unnao water treatment plant as an interest
to serve as a transition from the academic experience to the professional setting, taking to an
entry level of functioning within the practice for water treatment plant.
Since the internship is designed to meet our needs and interests, This requires careful thought,
planning, and an initiative on my part to locate an appropriate water treatment site.
This report at Unnao WTP is divided into four chapters; the first chapter deals with General
introduction. The second chapter deals with water treatment process and water quality control the
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third is sampling techniques and methods of analysis. The fourth chapter is related to the
conclusion problems encountered and recommendations.
I.1.1. METHODOLOGY
The different techniques are used, include:
Interview
Interviews were held with different workers mainly in three departments of UNNAO Water
Treatment Plant such as physico-chemical parameters analysis, bacteriological parameters
analysis and epuration departments.
Documentation
Different documents were consulted to learn more about the quality control of water and its
treatment in UNNAO, Unnao Water Treatment Plant.
Observation
We tried to observe the way activities were done in different departments of the plant organs
particular in department of physico-chemical parameters analysis, bacteriological
parameters analysis and epuration (Water purifying unit).
Participation
It was required to participate in the named departments with other employees to gain
knowledge and practice different experiments.
Data processing and analysis
The necessary result obtained and their interpretations on a daily basis using the above
mentioned techniques was recorded and written in a note book and were finally analyzed to
make final report.
Water (chemical formula: H2O) is a transparent fluid which forms the world's streams, lakes,
oceans and rain, and is the major constituent of the fluids of organisms. As a chemical
compound, a water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are connected
by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at standard ambient temperature and pressure, but it often
co-
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exists on Earth with its solid state, ice; and gaseous state, steam (water vapor). Water is one of
the most funBARRAGEental valuable natural resource on earth for survival of life.
None of the organism known can exist without water. Water resources comprising of surface
water (river and lakes), groundwater, and marine and coastal waters support all living things
including human beings. Water on Earth moves continually through the water cycle of
evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff,
usually reaching the sea. Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land.
Water used in the production of a good or service is known as virtual water.
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I.4. UNNAO Background
Referring to the Prime Minister’s Order N° 87/03 dated on 16/08/2014 determining modalities of
transfer of responsibilities, and property of Energy, Water and Sanitation Authority (EWSA)
hence making UNNAO and REG two independent separate companies legally incorporated in
UP under Law N°07/2009 of 27/04/2009 relating to companies;
The Water and Sanitation Corporation (UNNAO) is the entity setup to manage the water and
sanitation services in UP as a result of the Government of UP decision to unbundle the national
utility former EWSA.
The reform is intended to deliver a water and sanitation utility sufficiently focused to deliver new
infrastructure; efficient and effective service delivery; build a strong people capability;
and meet key national milestones. It is expected to reverse the status quo that includes inadequate
planning and investments; inefficient and wasteful operations; inadequate institutional
management focus; improve viability and autonomy; and establish a sustainable and customer-
centric utility to deliver an important mandate that touches people of all walks of life.
I.4.1. UNNAO JAL NIGAM History- Public Health Engineering Department was formed in the
year 1927 to provide water supply and drainage facilities in the state. In the year 1946, its name was
changed to Autonomous Government Engineering Department. In June 1975, this department was
converted into Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam under the Uttar Pradesh Water Supply and Sewerage Act
1975 (Act No. 43 of 1975).
Under the said Act, one Jal Sansthan each for five towns, Bundelkhand, Garhwal and Kumaon areas
were also established. At present, Jhasi and Chitrakoot Jal Sansthan are working for Bundelkhand
region. Garhwal and Kumaon Jal Sansthan are included in the state of Uttarakhand. At present, the
Jal Sansthan constituted for five big cities has been merged with the respective Municipal
Corporations Lucknow, Kanpur, Varanasi, Prayagraj and Agra and all the drinking water/water
harvesting works are maintained by them in their areas.
The Uttar Pradesh Water Supply and Sewer System (Amendment) Act has been issued dated-
24.08.2021. According to the provision of this Act, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam has been divided as
Uttar Jal Nigam (Urban) and Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (Rural). The construction works of water
supply / water harvesting in the cities of the state are done by the Jal Nigam (Urban). In the urban
areas, the works are completed and handed over to the local bodies/water institutions for
maintenance.
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I.5. LOCATION AND BACKGROUND OF UNNAO WATER
TREATMENT PLANT
I.5 .1. Study area and description
it has a capacity to treat 5000 m3 per day with storage tank of 600 m3. Its intake is near water
treatment plant from UNNAO River where its name comes. In the Unnao WTP input, the raw
water inflow from intake is aerated by use of a waterfall, before the water treatment chemicals
are added. The chemicals used are aluminum sulfate as coagulant, polymer as an aid coagulant,
potassium permanganate as oxidizing agent, calcium hypochlorite as disinfectant and oxidizing
agent and lime as pH corrector and hardness remover.
Operation of the mechanical and electrical equipment in water treatment plants requires a limited
number of technicians with medium-level skills. In contrast, monitoring of water quality requires
a small number of highly-qualified technicians that may not be easy to obtain in remote areas
and small residential populations. Then, Unnao WTP is composed by three departments:
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❖ Department of Maintenance which is include pompist, electricians, plumber
❖ Department of Epuration in charge of water purification
❖ Department of Quality control which is include :physical-chemical unit in charge of
physical-chemical analyses and bacteriological unit in charge of bacteriological
analyses
Each department has its own working room in the Unnao water treatment plant (WTP) building.
The Unnao WTP is directed by:
The head of Unnao WTP, Five team office of water purifying, one secretary-store keeper
Three pompists, one chef of maintenance, one bacteriologist, one person who works in physic-
chemical unit
● Intake
● Cascade aeration
● Lab test and chemicals preparation
● Coagulation and flocculation
● Sedimentation
● Filtration and disinfection
● Pumping system
I.5.3.1. Intake
UNNAO water treatment plant receives water from UNNAO River and NYAMASHARAZA
River. UNNAO intake now is located at high elevation where water treatment plant located at 2
km from water treatment. This system is used because it allows water to move by gravity for
water treatment without pumps, and the machines that require electricity are not necessary for
economic purpose. Intake, they are a reservoir BARRAGE with pre-decantation in order to
remove materials those don't dissolve in water before it arrives at water treatment plant.
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I.5.3.2. Cascade aeration
UNNAO water treatment plant has water in two pipes flow near the gate in constructed steps this
is called cascade aeration. UWTP also has valves control chamber that consists two pipes one
for UNNAO intake another for each one has valve to control the water flow and water meter to
measure the volume of the flow of water. It has also other not connected pipe reserved for
another intake. This system of cascade aeration system has an objective to treat water by
removing dissolved gas content by increasing oxygen content.
In summary the cascade aeration system has the following purpose:
● Increase content of oxygen (O2)
● Decrease carbon dioxide content (CO2)
● Decrease hydrogen sulfide content (HS)
● Volatile organic compounds
● To remove bad odor contained in raw water
Before the treatment of raw water, the turbidity must be tested to check amount of suspended
particles in water. After turbidity measuring, jar test take place in order to determine optimum
required of coagulate and PH required for treating water. All chemicals are prepared and injected
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in water by using shican room. After jar test, the optimum required coagulate is calibrated and
inject in water to form floc in water treatment .The most coagulate usually used is aluminum
sulfate (Al2 (SO4)3) called alum for flocculation. Then, polymer is also used to increase speed
of flocculation. As usually, the flocculation depends on PH its regulation require the addition of
lime; preparation of lime is made on saturation tank of conical shape located outside near the
gate. Chlorine is prepared for water pathogen disinfection. The controlled dosage pump and
agitators for the chamber of mixing chemicals are set to be in shican; the first for alum, second
for polymer and the third for chlorine.
Flocculation tank is a way water passed from shican mixed with coagulant and lime goes for
mixing and to favorite the formation of flocs. The mixing is done by electrical mechanical
agitator. At the inlet of flocculation tank there is a small flocculation tank equipped with pipe for
addition of water coagulation.
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Figure 5. Flocculation tank Figure 6. Inlet floculation
I.5.3.5. Sedimentation tank
UNNAO River which have large amount of suspended particles, those particles are observed in
flocculation process that take place in flocculation tank. After this process, the water is conveyed
to sedimentation tank and the small flocs become bigger, finally, the density of water is being
greater than the density of flocs, then they float in form of ponds above the water. In
sedimentation tank sedimentation depend on flow velocity, cross section of the tank and surface
loading. To treat a large amount of water, high volume of tank is required. Water utilities require
conducting source water assessments to determine the potential source of pollution. This should
reduce or possibly eliminate the pollution of drinking water resources.
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After sedimentation at the outlet, they are a small chamber with a small pipe came from shican
room for conducting chemicals especially chlorine to water in sedimentation tank. This chlorine
is used to disinfect water. This system prefers to add chlorine after sedimentation due to avoid
using large amount of chlorine that can be settled in a sedimentation tank.
Filtration process
When disinfection is completed water is conveyed in rapid sand filter for the reason that the
small flocs which don’t settle in sedimentation tank to be removed. Now UNNAO water
treatment plant use new filter with a quick system of washing; washing take between 15 to 30
minutes where the old filter time necessary to clean it was 21 days. UNNAO filters are rapid
sand filter with a sand of 80 cm of height for removing small flocs at top, gravel of 10 cm of
height at bottom of sand for preventing sand to enter in small cylindrical in charge for filtration
and backwashing called filter bottom. Water flows over a rectangular channel and flow over the
filter. And after filtration water pass through filter bottom to small blue tank in order to regulate
water for avoiding the flow with sand. After, water is conducted by sky blue pipe into a storage
tank before pumping.
Backwashing
This new filters have rapid backwashing system; in bottom filters are connected with two pipes
one for backwash water pumped from storage another is for conducting air from air pumping
required for backwashing . When those pipes are opened air and water pass from bottom to top
of filter and waste water from backwashing are taken by backwashing gutter to chocolate pipes
to backwashing water storage. Those backwashing have another important to conduct overflow
water from filter pipe to backwashing water storage
As UNNAO water treatment plant is located in valley and treated water is supplied at higher
elevation than water treatment plant this mean that there is required energy for transportation.
Water to transport is transported by using a pump which pumps water from storage in pumping
room. Water is pumped for two destinations: MPALE and KANPUR. Pumps are grouped
according to pumping destinations for MPARE they are three pumps connected in parallel one
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pump has 4 stages for increasing pressure four times equipped with electrical motor and one
pump has a capacity of 55m3 per hour head pressure of 149m. And the one of KANPUR they are
three connected also in parallel the same as for MPARE and one pump has a capacity of 97 m3
per hour.
One pump has a two control valves for controlling inlet and outlet flow, air valve to decrease air
when its amount become bigger, it have also tape for air evacuation .
In Pumping system, the water must be pumped from plant directed into pipes or holding tanks
that facilitate to avoid adding contaminants to the water, this physical infrastructure must be
made from appropriate materials and constructed so that accidental contamination does not occur
Unnao River is the surface water. Then, when water of better quality is not available, surface
water stored in BARRAGEmed reservoirs often provides the best solution for providing water
supplies. This is particularly true for mountainous areas, where conveying water in tanker trucks
from distant areas is the only other option for providing water, especially where groundwater
sources of acceptable quality are not available.
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Artificial lakes (often called BARRAGEs or reservoirs) are created by constructing BARRAGEs
on flowing rivers, and the water impounded in such structures often is used for multiple
purposes. If they are present, water also can obtain from natural lakes.
Proper selection of the intake depth is a first step in the treatment process. It should be located at
a depth in the water column that allows the smallest quantities of suspended materials (e.g., iron,
manganese) to be present in the water being withdrawn from the BARRAGE throughout the
year. The water temperature should be as low as possible. These goals can be best achieved by
constructing a intake tower in the BARRAGE with intake structures at various depths, thereby
allowing the withdrawal of water from different depths throughout the annual cycle, depending
on the quality of the water at given depth.
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treatment should remove existing water contaminants or so reduce their concentration that their
water becomes fit for its desired end-use, which may be safely returning used water to the
environment.
The processes involved in treating water for drinking purposes to provide a safe source of water
supply may be solids separation using physical processes such as settling and filtration, and
chemical processes such as disinfection and coagulation.
For most people, the term "water treatment" refers to potable water production from raw water,
whereas "wastewater treatment" refers to the treatment of polluted water, where the pollution
could be from human waste, industry, agricultural waste or other sources of pollution.
When people first began settling in one place and growing crops for sustenance, it was invariably
near water sources like rivers, lakes, or groundwater springs. Water was needed for drinking,
preparing food, cleaning, bathing, irrigating crops, and a variety of other tasks, so it was
important to have ready access to this resource.
Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the treatment of the water, but to its
conveyance and distribution after treatment as well. It is therefore common practice to have
residual disinfectants in the treated water in order to kill any bacteriological contamination
during distribution.
World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines are generally followed throughout the world for
drinking water quality requirements. In addition to the WHO guidelines, each country or territory
or water supply body can have their own guidelines in order for consumers to have access to safe
drinking water
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II.3. Processes for water treatment
A combination selected from the following processes is used for municipal drinking water
treatment worldwide:
There is no unique solution (selection of processes) for any type of water. Also, it is difficult to
standardize the solution in the form of processes for water from different sources. Treatability
studies for each source of water in different seasons need to be carried out to arrive at most
appropriate processes.
These levels are known as preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary (or advanced).
The mechanisms for treatment can be divided into three broad categories: physical, chemical and
biological. Which all include a number of different processes (Table 2). Many of these processes
will be used together in a single treatment plant.
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Primary Removal of floating and settleable materials such Physical and chemical
as suspended solids and organic matter
Secondary Removal of biodegradable organic Biological and
matter and suspended solids chemical
Tertiary/advanced Removal of residual suspended Physical, chemical and
solids / dissolved solids biological
II.4.1.1 Screening
Screening is the first treatment station, both for surface and wastewater.
It is used to remove large solids such as plastics, cloth, polythene which may BARRAGEage
process equipment, reduce the effectiveness of the contaminate waterways.
● Protect the structure downstream against large objects which could create obstructions in
some of the facility's units.
● Easily separate and remove large matter carried along by the raw water,which might
negatively affect the efficiency of later treatment procedures or make their
implementation more difficult.
II.4.1.2. Aeration
Aeration is required in biological treatment processes to provide oxygen to the microorganisms
that breakdown the organic waste. Two main methods are used for this, either mechanical
agitation of the water so that air from the atmosphere enters the water, or by introducing air into
the tank through diffusers. It facilitate for removal of dissolved iron and manganese.
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II.4.1.3. Sedimentation and Filtration
The flocs formed in flocculation are large enough to be removed by gravitational settling, also
known as sedimentation. This is achieved in a tank referred to as the sedimentation tank, settling
tank or clarifier. Sedimentation is also used to remove grit and suspended solids, to produce
clarified effluent, and to thicken the sludge produced in biological treatment. Flocculation and
sedimentation should remove most of the suspended solids and a portion of the BOD.
II.4.2.1. pH Control
It is necessary to adjust the pH in the treatment process to make the water pH neutral. This is
particularly important if biological treatment is being used, as the microorganisms used in
biological treatment require a pH in the range of 6.5-8.5 and will be killed by highly acidic or
alkali wastewater. Various chemicals are used for pH control. For acidic wastes (low pH) sodium
hydroxide, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide, may be added among
other things. For alkali wastes (high pH) sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid may be added. Acids
can cause corrosion of equipment and care must be taken in choosing which acid to use.
Hydrochloric acid is probably better from an environmental viewpoint but can corrode stainless
steel therefore plastic or appropriately coated pumps and pipes must be used.
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flocs, which settle out more quickly Flocculation is aided by gentle mixing which causes the
particles to collide.
Coagulation is a process to neutralize charges and then to form a gelatinous mass to trap (or
bridge) particles thus forming a mass large enough to settle or be trapped in the filter.
Flocculation is gentle stirring or agitation to encourage the particles thus formed to agglomerate
into masses large enough to settle or be filtered from solution.
Sterilization is a process related to disinfection. However, during the sterilization process all
present microorganisms are killed, both harmful and harmless microorganisms.
It is accomplished both by filtering out harmful micro-organisms and also by adding disinfectant
chemicals. Water is disinfected to kill any pathogens which pass through the filters and to
provide a residual dose of disinfectant to kill or inactivate potentially harmful micro-organisms
in the storage and distribution systems. Possible pathogens include viruses, bacteria and other
cryptosporidium.
The obvious economic advantage, both in terms of capital investment and operating costs, of
biological treatment over other treatment processes like chemical oxidation; thermal oxidation
etc. has cemented its place in any integrated wastewater treatment plant.
Biological treatment using aerobic activated sludge process has been in practice for well over a
century.
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Increasing pressure to meet more stringent discharge standards or not being allowed to discharge
treated effluent has led to implementation of a variety of advanced biological treatment processes
in recent years.
Biological treatment process can take many forms (Table2) but all are based around
microorganisms, mainly bacteria.
Salts or colored clays. This color is considered as apparent color as it is seen in the
Presence of suspended matter, whereas true color is derived only from dissolved
Inorganic and organic matters. Samples can be centrifuged and/or filtered to remove turbidity in
order to measure true color.
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II.5.2. BOD and COD
Measurement of the oxidisable organic matter in wastewater is usually achieved through
determining the 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5), the chemical oxygen demand (COD)
and total organic carbon (TOC). BOD5 is an indication of the quantity of dissolved oxygen used
by microorganisms in the biochemical oxidation of the organic matter in the wastewater over a
5-day period at 200C. The test has its limitations but it still used extensively and is useful for
determining approximately how much oxygen will be removed from water by an effluent or how
much may be required for treatment. COD is often used as a substitute for BOD as it only takes a
few hours not five days to determine.
COD is a measure of the oxygen equivalent of the organic material chemically oxidized in the
reaction and is determined by adding dichromate in an acid solution of the wastewater.
II.5.4. Metals
A number of metals are listed in the national environmental quality standards for wastewater,
including cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc. Many metals, which
are usually only available naturally in trace quantities in the environment, can be toxic to
humans, plants, fish and other aquatic life. Phosphorus, Total Nitrogen, Nitrate and Ammonia.
These parameters are all used as a measure of the nutrients present in the wastewater, as a high
nutrient content can result in excessive plant growth in receiving water bodies, subsequent
oxygen removal and the death of aquatic life.
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BOD of the effluents. This is a problem because hydrogen sulphide can be formed which is a
very poisonous gas, it also has an unpleasant smell of rotten eggs. The presence of sulphides in
effluents can interfere with biological treatment processes.
II.5.6. TURBIDITY
Turbidity is a measure of water clarity how much the material suspended in water decreases the
passage of light through the water. Suspended materials include soil particles (clay, silt, and
sand), algae, plankton, microbes, and other substances. These materials are typically in the size
range of 0.004 mm (clay) to 1.0 mm (sand). Turbidity can affect the color of the water.
II.5.7. ALKALINITY
Alkalinity is a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize acids .Alkaline compounds in the water
such as bicarbonates, carbonates, and hydroxides remove H+ ions and lower the acidity of the water
(which means increased pH).They usually do this by combining with the H+ ions to make new
compounds. Without this acid-neutralizing capacity, any acid added to a stream would cause an
immediate change in the pH. Measuring alkalinity is important in determining a stream's ability to
neutralize acidic pollution from rainfall or wastewater. It’s one of the best measures of the sensitivity
of the stream to acid inputs.
II.5.8. HARDNESS
Calcium and magnesium dissolved in water are the two most common minerals that make water
"hard." The hardness of water is referred to by three types of measurements: grains per gallon,
milligrams per liter (mg/L), or parts per million (ppm)
32
MEASURED BE MEASURED
12 T Ca 1.6 31 TDS -
33
CHAPTER III: SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND METHODS OF
ANALYSIS
III.1. INTRODUCTION
Generally, most small-scale treatment systems routinely sample both the raw water source being
treated and the treated water being produced. This is done to identify variations in the source
water as well as to ensure the treatment system is adequately treating the water. Without
sampling both locations (raw and treated), it is difficult to determine where the problem is when
a noticeable change takes place in the quality of the treated water. The quality of the source
water may change, or a problem may occur with the performance of the treatment system, or
both.
III.2.1. Coagulant
Coagulants are chemicals that are used to assist with the removal of color and turbidity present
in untreated, raw water. They do this by forming settleable particles in the form of flocs, which
are then removed in downstream clarification or filtration treatment processes. Coagulants may
be classified as being inorganic or organic. Inorganic coagulants include those commonly used
chemicals that rely on aluminium or iron. Organic coagulants include the so-called
polyDADMAC (poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) range of cationic polymers. These
are special and expensive chemicals that are sometimes used in direct filtration plants when the
low doses required make their use economical. However, they can sometimes be used in
combination with inorganic types, often with spectacular and money-saving results.
➔ Aluminium sulfate
It is a chemical compound Al2 (SO4)3. It is soluble in water and is mainly used as a flocculating
agent in the purification of drinking water and water treatment plants,
Preparation
34
2Al(OH )3 3H2 SO4 Al2 (SO4 )3.6H2O
Depending on the pH after the coagulant is added, the reactions below take place:
With aluminium-based coagulants, the metal ion is hydrolyzed to form aluminium hydroxide
floc as well as hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ions will react with the alkalinity of the water and
in the process, decrease the pH of the water as can be seen from Equation below for alum.
Al2
(SO4 )3 .18H O 2 Al3 3SO2 2O 2 Al(OH 6H 3SO2 12H O
18H )3
2 4 4 2
Then, the above hydrolysis reaction typically takes place at a dosed water pH in the range 5.8
to 7.5, depending on the particular coagulant. Color and colloidal matter is removed by
adsorption onto/within the metal hydroxide hydrolysis products that are formed, and is
sometimes referred to as sweep-floc coagulation.
If an excess of alum is added so that the dosed water pH is less than 5.0, then the metal ions
(Al3+) will directly neutralize the negatively charged organic compounds and colloids in the raw
water. This allows the organic molecules to contribute to floc formation and is often referred to
as enhanced coagulation and is often done to boost the removal of disinfection by-product
precursors
Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is used primarily to control taste and odors, remove color,
control biological growth in treatment plants, and remove iron and manganese. In a secondary
role, potassium permanganate may be useful in controlling the formation of Trihalomethanes by
oxidizing precursors and reducing the demand for other disinfectants.
Although potassium permanganate has many potential uses as an oxidant, it is a poor disinfectant
35
(Ability to Form a Residual).
36
It is not desirable to maintain a residual of KmnO4 because of its tendency to give water a pink
color. Although potassium permanganate can inactivate various bacteria and viruses, it is not
used as a primary or secondary disinfectant when applied at commonly used treatment levels.
Potassium permanganate levels that may be required to obtain primary or secondary disinfection
could be cost prohibitive. However, potassium permanganate is used in drinking water treatment
to achieve a variety of other purposes including:
Permanganate will oxidize iron and manganese to convert ferrous (2+) iron into the ferric (3+)
state and 2+ manganese to the 4+ state.
The oxidized forms will precipitate as ferric hydroxide and manganese hydroxide.
The precise chemical composition of the precipitate will depend on the nature of the water,
The classic reactions for the oxidation of iron and manganese are:
3Fe KMnO 7H O 3FeOH s MnO s K 5H
4 2 3 2
3Mn KMnO 7H O 5MnO s 2K 4H
4 2 2
These reactions show that alkalinity is consumed through acid production. This consumption of
alkalinity should be considered when permanganate treatment is used along with alum
coagulation, which also requires alkalinity to form precipitates.
III.2.3. POLYMERS
A polymer is a very large organic molecule; it is a chain of monomer subunits. Some of the
monomer molecules have positive or negative charges. Polymer chains vary in length from
37
thousands to millions of monomer units. If each monomer molecule was the size of a pearl, the
chain length of most polymers would be 400 to 8,000 feet long. In wastewater treatment
processes, polymers are used to coagulate suspended solids and produce large curds of solid
materials (floc).
Water treatment polymers are synthetic, organic flocculants that are used for clarification,
thickening or dewatering applications. Three forms are available:
Polymer chains act to attract the fine particles suspended in a liquid, forming larger groups,
called "flocs". If these flocs develop sufficient density, they will precipitate during settling,
leaving behind a clear liquid. Alternatively low density flocs may be used to separate
undesirable particulates from the water and be skimmed from the surface, leaving clear water
behind. The nature of the target particles, the properties of the liquid, including pH, electrical
conductivity, hardness, and added chemicals, will determine the most effective polymer type to
use. If the water system is being treated microbial, after flocculation, the polymer needs to be
non-toxic to the bacteria, and preferably, biodegradable.
The pre-dose increases the alkalinity for optimal coagulation as well as the hardness and
buffering capacity of water (resistance to change in pH). Very soft water can cause corrosion in
piping and plumbing fixtures.
38
The post-dose is to raise the pH to within drinking water guidelines and the optimum level for
the residual disinfectant
Four types of chlorine chemicals are commonly used in agriculture: Sodium Hypochlorite and
Calcium hypochlorite,
and when it comes in contact with air, light or high temperatures, the chlorine evaporates and
therefore its concentration in water decreases. The chemical reaction with water is:
NaOCl H2 O HOCl Na OH
Due to its high pH , sodium hypochlorite increases water pH . The reaction of sodium
hypochlorite with water results in two forms: HOCl (hypochlorous acid) and OCl .
The ratio between HOCl and OCl depends on the pH . HOCl is a much more effective
disinfectant than OCl (100 time more effective), and since this form is predominant in a pH
range of 3.0-6.7, the treated water should be acidified.
This compound is relatively stable and has greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite
(liquid bleach).
III.3. SAMPLING
The major problem in all sampling procedure is to obtain a representative sample. The sampler
decides the strategies to use according to the analyses required. Generally, for trace metal
39
analyses, particulate matter is first removed from the sample by filtration and centrifugation. The
preservation reagent may be added to the sample and the sample is stored in the appropriate
container under the condition which minimizes the contamination or loss of analyte. The sample
container must be very washed and rinsed by distilled water for physicochemical analyses, for
bacteriological analyses in order to avoid the contamination of collected sample.
It is advisable that the filtration be performed as soon as possible after collection of the sample.
After pre-treatment the sample must be stored at 4oC.
Grab sampling is just what it sounds like; all of the test material is collected at one time. As
such, a grab sample reflects performance only at the point in time that the sample was collected,
and then only if the sample was properly collected.
● Cooler box: this one allow to store the sample in darkness and at low temperature
● Match, alcohol ,pliers: these used for sterilization by flame burning alcohol
● Glass bottle: is an item used to pick up water to make water bottles, which is the start
of the brewing process.
● Marker: for labeling a sample to be easily identified
● Bottle of orthotolidine: to identify the concentration of free chlorine present in sample
● Box of solution of indicator of pH
● Test tube
40
Figure 10. Cooler box Figure 11. Glass botlle Figure 12. Marker Figure 13. Orthotolidine bottle
Figure 14. Spectrophotometer Figure 15. 2100P Turbidimeter Figure 16. pH meter
41
Figure 17. Unnao water sampling materials
This laboratory procedure that simulates a water treatment plant's coagulation and flocculation
units with differing chemical doses, mix speeds, and settling times to estimate the minimum or
ideal coagulant dose required to achieve certain water quality goals.
It is a test of the treatment chemicals used in a particular water plant. It simulates the
coagulation/flocculation process in a water treatment plant and helps operators to determine the
optimum pH and the optimum coagulant dose in the treatment of raw water. The results that it
produces are used to help optimize the performance of the plant.
Materials
42
● Volumetric flask(1,000mL)
● Analytical balance
● Coagulants and coagulant aids
● A stirring machine with six paddles(jar test FB 15034)
● Six beakers(1,000mL)
● Pipettes(10mL)
● Pipettes(0.2mL)
● 2100P Turbidimeter
● Sample of raw water.
Figure 18. Jar test apparatus at Unnao WTP Figure 19. |Gang stirrer
The jar testing apparatus consists of six paddles which stir the contents of six 1 liter containers.
One container acts as a control while the operating conditions can be varied among the
remaining five containers. A rpm gage at the top-center of the device allows for the uniform
control of the mixing speed in all of the containers.
q=Q*T/C
44
T: the rate of treatment in ppm
Include: Rate of Floc Formation, Type of Floc Particles, Clarity of the Water between the Floc,
Size of the Floc, Amount of Floc, Clarity of Water above Settled Floc and Volume of Floc.
(ii) Fill a clean sample cell to the mark with the test sample and place it in the cell holder. The
sample cell must be clean, dry and free of fingerprints. Wipe the outside of the cell with a lens
tissue and align the dot on the sample cell with the raised mark on the spill ring around the cell
holder opening. Be sure the cell is kept down completely and held in place by the spring clip.
Cover the sample with the light shield.
The internship was conducted during the dry season, then, the turbidity is always less than 15.so
according to the WHO limits (standard) the water treated in UNNAO Water Treatment Plant, is
in range
III.5.2. MEASUREMENT OF pH
Procedure
Add three drops of orthotolidine indicator; shake to mix, and then the color changes
Observe the rate of chlorine using a comparator that shows the correspondence between précised
value and defined color. The intensity of the color characterizes the rate of waste chlorine.
When iron or aluminum chemicals are used as coagulants, the metal should be measured in the
raw water and treated water.
The iron or aluminum concentration in the treated water should be no more than and preferably
less than, the raw water For most water the FerroVer®3 Iron Reagent (1, 10 Phenanthroline
method) for total iron is appropriate for iron and the AluVer 3®.
Aluminum Reagent (Aluminon method) is appropriate for aluminum. For low level iron use the
FerroZine Iron Reagent and for low level aluminum the Eriochrome Cyanine R (ECR) method
(ECR may not be used withDR800’s). When measuring aluminum,fluoride interferes (and vise
versa). All aluminum measurements must be corrected for fluoride interference. Once the
fluoride is measured, use the fluoride interference correction chart in the method. The correction
charts for the AluVer 3 and the ECR method are different. Care must be taken to use the correct
chart. Use the SPADNS 2 (arsenic-free) or fluoride electrode to measure fluoride. Fluoride must
be measured regardless of whether or not the utility fluoridates. Fluoride exists naturally in every
water source on earth – ground or surface.
REAGENT: AluVer Aluminum reagent powder pillow, ascorbic acid powder pillow
46
Procedure
3. Fill the cylinder with 50 mL marked by the sample; add one ascorbic acid powder pillow.
4. Add AluVer Aluminum reagent powder pillow. Stopper and invert to dissolve the powder.
5. Press timer ok
6. Invert repeatedly for one minute to dissolve aluminum powder. Undissolvable powder
7. Blank preparation: Pour 10 mL of the mixture into the square sample cell
9. Vigorously swirl for 30 seconds; a three minute reaction will begin and the solution
11. Sample preparation: pour 10mL of the solution from the cylinder into the second
12. Within five minutes after the time expires, wipe and dry the blank and place it into the
47
14. Immediately wipe and dry the prepared sample and place it into the cell holder with the
fill line facing light. Press read and the results are in mg/L Al
Iron is mainly present in water in two forms: either the soluble ferrous iron or the insoluble ferric
iron. Water containing ferrous iron is clear and colorless because the iron is completely
dissolved. When exposed to air in the pressure tank or atmosphere, the water turns cloudy and a
reddish brown substance begins to form. This sediment is the oxidized or ferric form in F 2+of
iron that will not dissolve in water.
Procedures
and lower concentration (<0.8 mg/L) causes dental caries. A fluoride concentration of
48
approximately 1 mg/L in drinking water is recommended. They are frequently found in certain
industrial processes resulting in fluoride rich wastewaters. Significant sources of fluoride are
found in coke, glass and ceramic, electronics, pesticide and fertilizer manufacturing, steel and
Procedure
3. Blank Preparation: Pipet 10 ml of sample into the dry square sample cell.
4. Blank preparation: Pipet 10 ml of deionized water into the second dry square sample cell
6. Press the timer ok. A one minute period reaction will begin
7. When the time expires, wipe the blank; insert it into the cell holder with the fill line
facing light. Press zero and the display will show 0.00 mg/l F-.
8. Wipe the prepared sample. Insert it into the cell holder with the fill line facing light. Press
49
7. Prepared Sample: Use a plastic dropper to add 0.5 mL of cyclohexanone to the
remaining solution in the graduated cylinder 30-second reaction
8. Press TIMER>OK. A 30-second reaction period will begin. During the reaction
period, stopper the cylinder and vigorously shake the prepared sample. The sample will
be reddish-orange, brown, or blue, depending on the zinc concentration.
9. Press TIMER>OK. A three-minute reaction period will begin. During this reaction
period, complete step 10
10. Pour the prepared sample solution from the cylinder into a second square sample cell.
When the timer expires, wipe the blank and insert it into the cell holder with the fill line
facing right. Press ZERO. The display will show: 0.00mg/L Zn
11. Wipe the prepared sample and insert it into the cell holder with the fill line facing right.
Press READ. Results are in mg/L Zn.
Reagents
Procedure
4. Sample preparation: Pour 10ml of deionized water to other square sample cell
5. Add a content of ascorbic acid powder pillow to each cell. Stopper and invert to dissolve the
50
Powder.
6. Add 15 drops of alkaline-cyanide solution to each cell, swirl gently to mix. A cloudy
7. Add 21 drops of PAN indicator solution 0.1% to each sample cell; stopper and swirl gently
9. When the timer expires, wipe the blank and insert it into the cell holder with the fill line
facing Light.
11. Wipe the sample cell; insert it into the cell holder with the fill line facing light
Procedure
51
8. Prepared Sample: When the timer expires, add the contents of one Amino Acid F
Reagent Powder Pillow to one of the sample cells. Swirl to mix.
9. Blank Preparation: The sample without the Amino Acid F Reagent is the blank.
10. Press 02:00 min TIMER>OK. A two-minute reaction period will begin. A blue color will
develop if silica is present.
11. When the timer expires, wipe the blank and insert it into the cell , holder with the fill line
facing right
12. Press Zero. The display will show: 0.000 mg/L SiO2
13. Wipe the prepared sample and insert it into the cell holder with the fill line facing right.
Press READ. Results are in mg/L SiO2.
It can also be used as a measure of the health of water in natural bodies such as rivers or lakes, or
in man-made water reservoirs. The term is used widely in waste treatment and water purification
systems.
During internship, salicylate method has been used two reagents which are ammonia
cyanurate reagent pillows and ammonia salicylate reagent pillows to determine the
Procedure
3. Sample preparation: Fill the cell sample square with 10 mL mark with the sample
4. Blank preparation: Fill the second cell sample to10 mL mark with deionized water
52
5. Add a content of one ammonia salicylate powder pillow to each cell. Stopper and shake to
dissolve.
7. When the time expires, add a content of one Ammonia cyanurate reagent powder pillow
8. Press the timer ok. A 15 minute reaction will begin. A green color will develop if N-Ammonia
present.
9. When the time expires, weep the blank and insert into the cell holder with the line facing
10. Insert the sample insert into the cell holder with the line facing light. Press read and
Nitrate is one of the most frequent groundwater pollutants in rural areas. It needs to be regulated
in drinking water basically because excess levels can cause blue baby disease (a baby with a blue
complexion from lack of oxygen in the blood due to a congenital defect of the heart or major
blood vessels). Although nitrate levels that affect babies are not dangerous for older children and
adults, they do indicate the possible presence of other more serious residential or agricultural
pollutants, such as bacteria or pesticides. Nitrate is measured by using colorimetric method on
the UV spectrophotometer.
Blank preparation
53
Procedure
(4) Sample preparation: add the content of NitraVer®5 Nitrate reagent Powder pillow and
stopper,
(5) Press the timer (ok) on the apparatus and one minute reaction begin, (6) shake the
(7) When the timer expires, press Timer ok again and a five-minute reaction period will
(8) Blank preparation: when the time expires, fill the second square sample cell with 10 ml
of the sample,
(9) Wipe the blank and insert into the cell holder with the fill line facing right,
(11) Within one minute after expires, wipe the prepared sample and insert it into the holder
with the fill line facing right,Press read and results are in mg/L NO3—N.
PHOSPHATES MEASURING
54
Use phosphate reagent (phospho Ver 3),the mixture of Potassium Persulphate (K2S2O8),
ascorbic acid and sodium Molybdate. . The phosphates ions react with Molybdenate to form a
yellow complex, phosphomolybdic that will react with ascorbic acid to generate the blue
coloured pieces of Molybdenum and titrate by colorimetric method.
Procedure
Sulfate (SO4) occurs naturally in most of surface and groundwater, Sulfate is second to
bicarbonate as the major anion in hard water reservoirs. Sulfates (SO4--) can be naturally
occurring or the result of municipal or industrial discharges. When naturally occurring, they are
often the result of the breakdown of leaves that fall into a stream, of water passing through rock
or soil containing gypsum and other common minerals, or of atmospheric deposition. . At high
levels, sulfate can give water a bitter or astringent taste and can have laxative effects.
55
Reagents used: sulfaVer 4 reagent powder pillow, which contains barium chloride (BaCl2). This
one reacts with sulphate ions to form a white precipitate, which causes the turbidity of solution,
so the degree of turbidity is proportionally to the concentration of sulphate ions.
Procedure
4. Sample preparation: Add contents of one sulfaVer 4 reagent powder pillow to the sample
cell. Swirl vigorously to dissolve the powder. A white turbidity will form if the sulfate
present.
5. Press the time ok. A five minutes period reaction will begin. Don't disturb the cell during
this time.
6. Blank preparation: Add 10 ml of the sample to the second square sample cell
7. When the time expires, wipe the blank. Insert it into the Cell holder with the fill line
facing light. Press zero, the display will show 0.00mg/l SO42-
8. Within five-minutes after the time expires, wipe the prepared sample. Insert it into the
cell holder with the fill line facing light. Press read and the results are in mg/l SO42-.
56
It is classical method of analysis used when there is being analysis of some chemical parameters.
This method consists on adding drop after drop a solution of titrant reagent using burette, in the
sample to be treated. The equivalent point is detected using an indicator.
by a strong diluted acid; generally sulfuric acid (H2SO4) the following equations:
OH _ H3 O 2H 2 O
CO2 H O HCO H O
3 3 3 2
HCO H O CO2 2H O
3 3 3 2
Other bases with appreciable forces but negligible concentration are neutralized by H 3SiO4. (”
Environmental Chemistry Bosco Raton: DRC Press LLC, 2000 Manahan, Stanley
E”FRONTMATTER)
The aim of this experiment is to have an idea about the ions in basic form, present in water from
different sites of distribution and to search for a technique to use for removing them from
drinkable water.
Reagents used:
Procedure
57
(iii) Titrate sample with 0.02 N H2SO4(sulphuric acid), constantly swirling the flask content
above a white surface until just after the colour of the flask content change from yellow to red.
N = Normality of H SO
2 4 , 100 and 61are molecular weight of H2CO3 and HCO3- respectively.
Then, converts the result in ppm; knowing that two successive dashes are equivalent to four ppm
of calcium carbonate.
Reagents
58
Materials:Burette; Beaker; Erlenmeyer flask; Graduated cylinder; Laboratory spoon (spatula)
Procedure
59
Measure 50 ml in a graduated cylinder
Start the titration by pouring drop after drop in agitating till the equivalent point: the color will
change from red-violet to persistent.
III.8.1. Introduction
This section in charge of bacteriological analysis, help to estimate the number of bacteria which
are present in water and classify them. Those microorganisms are harmful for water quality even
if they can assure the auto epuration while destroying organic matter. The concentration of
bacteria water samples is determined by using analytical procedure. This process is used to
confirm that water is safe for human consumption or not.
60
Bacteriological analysis of water is employed to assess the sanitary quality of sources for
drinking supplies and to check the efficiency of the various purification processes so that safe
water is pumped to consumers.
Fecal coliform and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that water may be contaminated
by human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause short term effects, such as
diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms.
Coliform bacteria are microorganisms found in surface, soil and in the feces of humans and
animals. However, their presence indicates that disease-causing organisms could be present.
Coliform bacteria in groundwater indicate that contaminated surface water is entering
groundwater without filtering effect that soils usually provide. In areas where the bedrock is
fractured and close to the surface, contaminated surface water can naturally find its way into the
groundwater.
Bacteriological water analysis is a method of analyzing water to estimate the numbers of bacteria
present and, if needed, to find out what sort of bacteria they are. It represents one aspect of water
quality. It is a microbiological analytical procedure which uses samples of water and from these
samples determines the concentration of bacteria. The steps in bacteriological analysis are the
following:
61
● Preparation of materials
● Sampling and preparation of the sample
● Seeding and incubation at time and indicate temperature
● Reading the enumeration and isolation.
Before doing anything, have to prepare all material that will be needed.
Autoclave, Oven, Erlenmeyer, Aluminum foil, Analytical balance, Test tubes, Pipettes, Glass
bottles, spatula, pissete , graduated cylinder, filter, funnel, Petri dishes, pincer, Vacuum pump
Figure 20. Petri dish Figure 21. Autoclave Figure 22. Oven Figure 23. Analytical balance
62
III.8.3.2. SAMPLING
The quality of analytical findings is directly affected by the way sampling is carried out. A
sample is a representative part which gives the necessary information to all population. A sample
must be analyzed with its validity to avoid chemical reactions. In fact, we must make water
samplings knowing that they will give the representative results of analysis for sampled water.
The sampling is going down on the ground in order to take samples on which we take care of,
because the hygiene influences on analytical results and on the interpretation. To avoid the
contamination of our sample, the sample containers must be very washed and rinsed with
distilled water for each bacteriological analysis.
The culture media are prepared according to the bacteria to be analyzed. Those media are:
★ Autoclave medium
★ Non autoclave medium(that doesn’t use heat)
★ Solid culture medium(which contain agar-agar as solidifying agent)
★ Liquid medium
The bacteria to be analyzed in water sample are fecal streptococcus at 37 oC in 24h, Total coli
forms at 370C in 24 hours, fecal coliforms at 440C in 24 hours, Escherichia coli at 440C in 24
hours. It is necessary to achieve a certain dilution series if sample is turbid, in order to check
whether there is some bacteria, make three sample solution ,one which made with one dilution
and two others with two diluted. During our internship the prepared some media are available
such as:
63
Lauryl Sulphate Broth (Lauryl Tryptose Broth) is a medium used for the detection of coliforms
(Escherichia coli )in water, wastewater, dairy products and other food samples. The coliform
group of bacteria includes aerobic and facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore forming
bacilli that ferment lactose and form acid and gas at 350C within 48 hours.
➢ PEPTONE WATER
Peptone water is a medium that used to analyse E.coli and Its composition is:10.0 grams of
sodium chloride, 5grs of peptone ;all in one liter of solution
This identification is occurring by making the filtration on membrane as the following manner:
100 ml of water well homogenized are filtered aseptically on a membrane of cellulose aster with
a porosity equal to 0.45µm and then that membrane is incubating on a coliform selective
medium(Lauryl sulfate broth and agar-agar). And then after, make the incubation of those mediums at
37oC during 24 hours which allow the counting of total coliforms.
64
III.8.3.4.iii. Identification of Escherichia Coli
Make the filtration of samples on a membrane which has porosity equal to 0.45µm. And then
incubate the boxes of each dilution at 44 oC during 24 hours Counting the characteristic of
colonies: yellow, orange, or red brick with a central yellow halo in the middle of the membrane
and retain not less than 5 by membrane containing not more than 100 colonies, and then made
the seeding of 5 characteristics colonies in a universal peptone water and then incubated at 44 oc
during 24 hours before calculating the number of colonies Escherichia coli for 100 ml of sample.
PROCEDURE
➔ 100mL of water well homogenized are filtered aseptically on membrane of cellulose ester
with a porosity of 0.45μm,
➔ Prepare Five plates
➔ Add 1ml of sample water to each plate,
➔ Five plates containing 1 ml sterile slanetz and bartley agar( a solid media) growth,
➔ This set of five tubes is then incubated at 37OC for 24h,
➔ Count the number of colonies formed by Faecal streptococcus (each colony counts 16 x
106 bacteria).
65
III.9. RESULTS AND COMMENT
Total coliforms at 370C in 24h Lauryl sulfate broth and 60000Cfu/100ml 84/100mL Absence/100mL
agar-agar
During internship, the results show that the value of total aerobic germs at 370C for treated
water is in the range of WHO. This means that the water is acceptable to be used by the
consumers because it is not contaminated by the bacteria. But for raw water and source water,
the values of Fecal streptococcus at 37oC , Total coliforms at 370C , Fecal coliforms at 440C and
Escherichia coli at 440C are not in the range of WHO . This means that the raw water of Mpare
was contaminated; they cannot be consumed or used by consumers without treated, because that
water may cause them the diseases.
Beaker 1 2 3 4 5 6
Al2(SO4) in ppm 6 7 8 9 10 11
pH before test 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8
pH after test 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
66
Polymer ( mg/l) - - - - - -
Turbidity before test in(NTU) 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9
Turbidity after test in (NTU) 13.7 12.4 8.52 7.93 6.53 3.53
At UWTP, the lime is not used in water treatment due to the nature of water of unchanged pH of
6.8.From the above beakers numbered, observation and determination which one has the best results
take place. Underfeed will cause the sample to look cloudy with little or no flock and almost no settling.
Overfeed will cause a dense fluffy flock to occur and will not settle well. The beaker with an appropriate
dosage of coagulant will have flock that has settled to the bottom and the water above it will be clear.
In first and second beaker the flocs formed are small, third and fourth beaker, flocs are medium and fifth
and sixth have the good flocs
By observation, the 6th beaker has the good flocks and had good pH, Turbidity the amount of coagulants
It is a great opportunity for me to complete the internship in UNNAO water treatment plant.
UWTP is playing an important role in treating and distributing water in Huye District. The
authorities of UWTP are very considerate about all kinds of safety and security of that water
treatment plant. There I spent thirty days and experienced a lot of things during internship
program under a friendly environment which encouraged me to learn more things about the
water treatment plant and its water treatment system. At UWTP, I also observed the working
environment and their official activities. Unnao WTP is composed by three sections: The
maintenance, Epuration and Quality control within this short period of time, I tried my best to
acquire knowledge about water treatment, water quality and water parameter control. I managed
to gain practical knowledge about some major equipment of all this WT plant. The theories that
I have learned at the university especially in Analytical chemistry could be observed at WKTP.
67
I hope that this experience will extend my knowledge effectively and provide me best future in
the field of water treatment sector.
The main objective of this internship is to link the theoretical skills studies and practical work
done on the field. I obtained enough knowledge on water treatment and water analysis. For the
analyses of sample, I observed that the results of all physicochemical parameters analyses are in
the range of WHO. During the period of this internship, I have been familiarized to the usage of
some lab materials and reagents according to analysis needed and have been applied to quality
control of natural water.
IV.1. PROBLEMS
Some problems during internship are observed. The problems are given below.
IV.2. RECOMMENDATION
I gain the information for water treatment plant and how the water can be treated by using
different techniques
Some recommendations are given for the students who want to do their internship program,
UNNAO limited and University of UP.
Students must complete the courses related to their internship before beginning the program.
Completing the related courses before the internship helps the students to understand the topic
better.
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➢ The lack of some reagents for measuring water parameter are not found at
UWTP.then,UNNAO should be able to dispose enough reagents for plant site in water
analysis, bacteriological analysis and physicochemical analysis.
➢ UWTP, for controlling the water quality in different network and the oldest pipes should
be replaced due to their negative effect degraded to the users.
➢ The Vsgoimust help the students to find the internship place related to their course and
the internship budget for the students to be available before the work,to fulfill their
objectives.
➢ It would be better to the Vsgoi to make relationship with many industries (factories),
laboratories and other companies where chemistry can be applied in order to get enough
knowledge for the students.
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References - 1. Metcalf & Eddy “Wastewater Engineering: Treatment & Reuse”, Tata
Mc Graw Hill.
3. Arceivala, S.J. & Asolekar, S.R. “Wastewater Treatment for Pollution Control and
4. Culp, G., George, W., Williams, R. and Mark, Hughes, V.Jr. “Wastewater Reuse and
Jersey.
5. Pandey, G.N. and Corney, G.C. “Environmental Engineering”, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
7. Nancy, J.S. “Industrial Pollution Control: Issues and Techniques”, Van Nostrand
Reinhold.
APPENDICES
PREPARATIONS OF CULTURE MEDIUM
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lactose fermentation by coliforms. Essential growth ingredients are provided by casein peptone
which is composed of nitrogen, carbon compounds, and sulfur and trace ingredients. Potassium
phosphate acts as a buffer while sodium chloride serves to maintain osmotic equilibrium.
For alum, use a 1 % solution. Dissolve 10 grams into 1000 ml distilled water.
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