‘Scanned with CamScanner \ ‘CHAPTER : LIGHT - REFLECTION AND REFRACTION Q.31 Define refraction of light. What isthe cause of refraction ? ‘Ans. The phenomenon of bending of light rays when it passes f transparent medium to another's caled reracton offght. Refraction occurs due to the change fn the speed of Tight on gelng from ona medium to ancther. ° 1 1 Presi ae | mesitum 2 0.32 Classi the transparont media onthe basis of the epeed of ight. ‘Ans. Transparent media can be classified into two groups }) optically rarer medium 1) optically denser medium Ontcaly Rarer Medium : A medium in which the speed of light is more is known 2s optcaly rarer medium, These media have low optical densities eg. ai is rarer wack, water, water is rarer w.. glass. ‘Ooty Denser Medium : A medium in which the speed of ight is-comparatively iesser is known 28 optically denser medium. These media have high optical donstes. Eg, waleris denser ws. ar, glass is denser vr. water. é 0.33 How does the ight bend when it travels from * —)) rarer to denser medium ? 1) denser to rarer medium ? Ans. ; When light rays travel from rarer to denser medium then they bend towards thé nowmal. IN (| Rarer rediitsve ut Here zbrev I \ Benber Mediu fl) When light rays travel from denser to rarer medium, then they bend away from the normal. (| Denger Mednen ‘ i Rarer Madi Here Lbe 2 Scanned with CamScannerN 0.34 Show refracti the following » Inokdent ray (i) rofractad ray_ (ii) angle of incidence (iv) angle of refraction Ans. ‘on al an interface between two transparent medi: and define eae Figure shows refraction of ight from rarer to denser medium. Incident ray : The ray of ght faling on the boundary between two surfaces is called incident tay. Ray AQ is the incident ray, ") _Refracted ray : The ray of ight which gets bent after refraction is called refracted ray. Ray OB is the refracted ray, K | N : li) Angle of incidence : The angle between . : incident ray and normal is called angle | rtedaisen, Of incidence. /_ AON represents angle of incidence. '¥) Angle of refraction : The angle between refracted ray and normal is called angle of refraction. /_ BON’ is the angle of refraction, Q.35 Give some examples or effects of refraction. Ce & {stick or pencil held obliquely and partly immers’ad in wafer appears to be bent at the water surface due to refraction of light. i) « An object placed in water appears to be reised xiue to refraction of | yht. A> Actual position of the object < B > Appeared position of object CE ii) Aol of water appears to be less deep than it'a ctually 1a due to refraction of light. WV) the stars appear to twinkle because ofthe retract an of ight, ¥) any object kept in water appears to be bigger than Its actual size when viewed from the sides due to refraction of light. 2.38 State the laws of refraction of light. - ‘Ans, The laws of refraction of light are : F ) First_Law : The incident ray, refracted ray and normal at the Point of incidence, all lie in the same plane, ") Second law or Snelfs Law : The ratio of sine of ingle of incidene @ to the sine of angle of refraction Is constant for a giver Pair of media and for a given colour of light ~ ji Mesum PA Wreccraeeie. sini 7 i L oe Mn OM) oy 'n, or n, ~—Fconstant % Syei = |e sinr Bact Ais constant is known as refractive index of second medium with respect to the first medium. Q.37 Ans. i) i) Q.39 Ans. @ (i) Q.40 Ans. Define refractive index of a medium and write its relationship with the Speed of light. Refractive index of a medium is an indication of the light-bending ability of the medium. It can be defined in two ways : itive Refractive |i : Relative refractive index of medium 2 wart. medium 1 (n21) is equal to the ratio of speed of light in medium 1 to speed of light i medium 2. Seg] where Vj : Speed of lightin medium 1 and V2 : Speed of light in medium 2. net eT Absolute Refractive Index ; Absolute refractive index of a medium (n) is the refractive index wrt. air or vacuum. It 's equal to the ratio of speed of light in vacuum or air to the speed of light in the given medium. Note-Ithasnounits. Also , = Speed of light in air 6 Votre, ‘Speed of light in medium Differentiate between rarer and denser media on the basis of refractive index. Rarer. media have lower refractive index. Denser media have higher refractive index. What are the factors on which refractive index of a medium depends ? Refractive index of a medium depends on the following factors : nature of the material of the medium wavelength or colour of light. Explain the refraction of light in glass slab. ABCD is a rectangular glass slab. Consider, it is placed in air. A light ray PQ is incident on the surface CD of the slab. It bends towards the normal as it enters into the glass slab and when it emerges back in air through the side AB, it bends away from the normal.Important Features : ) Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence Le. ie. LPON=(_N'RS P in Litce . e \ Boe NY ~ i) ) The extent of bending at the opposite surfaces of alass slab is equal / Therefore, the emergent ray is parallel to the direction of incident ray but it is displaced laterally (.e. sideways) Q.41 Define lateral displacement and name the factors on which it depends. ‘Ans. Lateral displacement : the perpendicular distance between the emergent ray and the direction of incident ray is called lateral displacement. XY in the fig. represents lateral displacement. It depends on : 1) angle of incidence ii) nature of material of the glass slab iil) thickness of glass slab iv) colour of light Q.42 What is meant by lens 7 On what principle it works ? ‘Ans. A lens is a piece of transparent material bound by two surfaces out of Which at least one is spherical. It works on the principle of refraction of light. 0.43. Explain the two types of lenses. Ans, Lenses are of two types : ) Convex Lens : A lens which is thick at the center but thinner at the edges. i spherical surfaces are bulging outwards. It converges the light rays cident on it. i) Concave Lens ; A lens which is thin in the middle but thicker at the edges. i spherical surfaces are bulging inwards. This lens diverges the light rays incident on it. Q.44 Define the following terns for spherical lenses : Optical centre (i) Principal axis (ii) Principal Focus (iv) Focal length Ans. Scanned with CamScanner() Optical centre : The centre point of a lens is known as its optical centre. Point O in the figure represents optical contra. (i) Principal Axis : It is a line passing through the optical centre of the lens and perpendicular to both the faces of the lo (ill) Principal Focus : It is the point on the principal axis at which incident rays Parallel to the principal axis converge after refraction from convex lens of appear to diverge after refraction from a concave lens from Points F; and Fe represent the principal Focii of the lens, (iv) Focal length : The distance between optical centre and principal focus of lens is known as focal length. OF; = OF = fis the focal length, aA AK Fa ah Q.45 Explain the rules for obtaining image formed by spherical lenses, Ans. The image is formed at the point where at least two refracted Tays meet or appear to meet. The rules used for image formation are : 1) A tay of light which is parallel to the principal axis passes ‘through the focus of a convex lens after refraction and appears to diverge from the focus of a concave lens after refraction. 2) Array of light passing through the opticat centre of a lens goes undeviated or straight after refraction, 3) A ray of light passing through the focus of a convex lens or directed towards the focus of a concave lens becomes parallel to its principal axis after refraction through the lens. — == Q46 Draw ray diagrams to show image formation by RUE hee gt by convex lens for thei) object at infinity i) object beyond 2F, ill) object at 2F, iv) object between F; and 2F, Y) object at F, vi) object between F; and optical centre Ans. Fig, 10.16, table 10.4 (NCERT book) Q.47 Draw ray diagrams to show image formation by concave lens for the following object positions : ) object at infinity l)) ebject between infinity and optical centre of the lens Ans. Fig. 10.17, table 10.5 (NCERT book) Q.48 Write the lens formula and magnification formula for the spherical lenses, Ans. According to the lens formula : bi Vis the image distance, u is the object distance and fis the focal length of the lens. Magnification produced by the lens : The ratio of the height of image to the height of object is known as magnification . Where his the height of image and fis the height of object. Also] Q.49 Write sign conventions used for the lenses. Ans. 1, Optical centre is taken as the origin. 2. Distance on the left of origin is negative and on the right of origin is positive, 3. distance above the origin is positive and below the origin is negative. * wis always negative. * V Is positive for real image and negative for virtual image. * fls positive for convex lens and negative for concave lens, *h is always positive. “his positive for virtual imege and negative for real image. ‘magnification, m is positive for virtual image and negative for real image.2.50 What conclusions can be drawn from the value of magnification of a lens 7 Ans. If magnific ication is iti See is positive Virtual and erect If magnification is negative, ea image is teal and inverted If magnification value is greater than 1 > an enlarged image is formed {magnification value is less than 4 > adiminished image is formed Q.51 Define Power of a lens, State its SI unit. Ans. Power of lens is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length of the lens taken in metre i.e. Ps 1/1 (inmetre) ‘The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre, denoted by ‘D’ Q.52 Define 1 dioptre Ans. 1 dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 metre 1 . ie.1D= — 1m Q.53 What can you tell about the nature of lens from the value of its. power ? Ans. If power is positive, then the lens is ‘converging or convex lens If power is negative, then the lens is diverging or concave lens Q.54° Derive the formula for the total focal length of combination of lenses. Ans. If fy, fa, fsetc. are the focal length of individual lenses, then Total Focal length, fis given by the Formula: f= 1/P when P is the Total powers, combination Since, P= 1 > Py = 1, P2= 4H, Therefore P= P2+P; => tad fF fh Q.55 Enlist some uses of lenses, Ans. i) Convex lens is used in making various optical instruments such as microscope, telescope, camera etc, li) Convex and concave lens are used in the correction of defects of vision in the form of spectacles. iii) Convex lens Is present in the human eye to form a real image.ASSIGNMENT : 1 (AGi] Calculate the refractive index of ht Soe oe ‘of a medium in which the speed of lig] ‘Speed of light in air = 3x 10° mis Calculate the refractive index of glass w.c.t, water if the refractive index of glass is 1.5 and tefractive index of water is 1.3. + Also find the fefractive index of water w.rt. glass. Calculate the focal length and power of a lens which forms a real image at 8 distance of 40 cm from the lens when the object is placed at 12 om from the lens, Identify the typs of lens used. Find the possible object positions for a convex lens of focal length 15 om which forms 4 times magnified image. Name the lens :- a) Which can form’ virtualjentarged image ? >) Which can form * virtualdiminished image ? ©) Which has a real focus ? @) Which has a virtual focus ? ©) — Which is converging lens ? 1) Which can form real images 7 A convex lens used as a magnifying glass forms an erect, enlarged irnage. Find the range of object distances if the focal length of the lens is 10 «am. Calculate the power of a lens which forms 3 times magnified virtual innage for an object kept at 20 cm from the lens. Power of a lens is 28D. Find the position of object if a real image of size 410 amis formed for an object of size 15cm. Give reasons Why :- @) Concave lens is known as a diverging lens ? b) Convex lens is used in cinema projectors ? c) Light rays bend towards the normal as-they travel from rare 10 denser medium 7 Calculate the total focal length of combination of a concave lens of focet! length 12 cm and convex lens of focal length 24 cm. Also find the total power of combination and identify the nature of combination of lens.