GLASS GROUP 7

Alvarez - Cagadoc - Cruz - Cagadoc - Ordoña - Paje

What is Glass?
INTRODUCTION
a transparent, durable, and versatile
material that has been used for various
purposes for centuries
a non-crystalline solid that is produced
by melting a mixture of silica, soda, and
lime at high temperatures
What is Glass?
INTRODUCTION
In construction, glass is widely used in
windows, doors, facades, skylights,
partitions, and other architectural
applications
It offers various advantages over
traditional building materials, including
energy efficiency, aesthetic appeal, and
durability
 Brief History
The use of glass in architecture dates back to ancient Egypt
and Mesopotamia, where glass was used to create weapons
and small decorative objects. The specific glass that was first
used here was the obsidian or also known as the black volcanic
glass.

The invention of glass blowing in the 1st century BC allowed for

the production of larger glass vessels and the use of glass in
architectural applications.
 Brief History
During the Roman Empire, glass was used extensively in
windows and mosaics.

In the Middle Ages, stained glass windows became a

prominent feature of Gothic architecture.

Glass production was developed in Venice which is known as

the glassmaking center of the West. This production was then
spread to different areas as the Venetians migrated from one
place to another and established factories to practice the art
of Venetian glassblowing.
 Brief History
During the 1800s, glass production developed more and at a
rapid pace. Different machines have been developed to help in
the mass production of glasses such as the sheet glass drawing
machine, made by Irving Colburn, that helped in making
window glasses.

In the year 1959, Sir Alastair Pilkington developed the new

revolutionary float glass production which is still being used to
produce 90% of flat glasses today.
Usage of
Glass
WINDOWS
AND DOORS
Glass windows and doors
allow natural light to enter
the building and provide a
view of the outside world.
FACADES
Glass facades are used to
create a sleek and modern
appearance, and they can
be designed to provide
thermal insulation and
soundproofing.
SKYLIGHTS
Glass skylights are used to
allow natural light to enter
the building from above.
PARTITIONS
Glass partitions are used to
divide interior spaces while
maintaining an open and
airy feel.
Characteristics
TRANSPARENCY: Glass allows natural light to enter
the building and provides a view of the outside world.
DURABILITY: Glass is resistant to wear and tear and
can last for decades with proper maintenance.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY: Glass can be designed to
provide thermal insulation, which helps reduce energy
consumption and costs.
AESTHETICS: Glass can be used to create a sleek and
modern appearance, and it is available in various
colors, textures, and patterns.
 Properties
STRENGTH: Glass is a brittle material that can break under
stress, but it can be strengthened using tempered or
laminated glass.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY: Glass is a poor conductor of
heat, which makes it an excellent insulator.
SOUND INSULATION: Glass can be designed to provide
sound insulation, which helps reduce noise pollution.
UV RESISTANCE: Glass can be treated to provide UV
resistance, which helps prevent fading and damage to
interior furnishings.
WORKABILITY: Glass has superior workability because it can
be shaped or blown into any shape.
Types of
Glass
FLOAT GLASS
A type of glass that is made from
sodium silicate and calcium silicate
Also known as soda-lime glass
It is a clear and flat glass that
causes glare.
This glass is known and
recommendable to be used for
windows.
ANNEALED GLASS
It is a glass formed from the
annealing process of float glass.
The process enabled this particular
type of glass to obtain an extremely
clear appearance.
This is also used for glass windows.
TEMPERED GLASS
Also known as toughened glass
This glass type has achieved a strength 4x
stronger than of float or annealed glass.
It is known for its durability and low visibility.
Unlike the previous two types, when
tempered glass breaks, it is much safer
because it shatters into smaller pieces.
This type of glass is used for mobile screen
protectors, fire-resistant doors, car
windows, building windows, etc.
LAMINATED GLASS
Made of sodium silicate, calcium
silicate, and iron silicate
Brown, green, and yellow colors
Commonly used for manufacturing
medicine bottles
HEAT-
STRENGTHENED
GLASS
This type of glass is similar to tempered
glass but with higher strength.
This type is popularly used in areas with
high-temperature conditions.
 WIRED GLASS
It is a type of glass that has wires or metal mesh
inside of it which helps prevent the sheet from
breaking and falling.
Wired glass also helps in preventing the quick
spreading of fire by holding the shards in the frame
when it is exposed to high temperatures caused by
the incident.
This is commonly used for safety reasons and thus
can be seen in schools, hospitals, and other
commercial environments. More specifically, it is
used for windows and doors, particularly fire doors.
INSULATED GLASS
a type of glass that inhibits the
transfer of heat through a window or
door
This helps in keeping the heat
outside during high temperatures
and inside during low temperatures.
This type is commonly used in doors
or windows.
MIRRORED GLASS
It is a type of glass that is used to
reflect images and light.
It is a combination of a float glass
and a metal film that reflects the
image back to the person.
Mirrored glasses are used for
aesthetic purposes, wall-mounted
mirrors placed in bathrooms or in
motor vehicles.
Glass
Testing
Methods
IMPACT
RESISTANCE TEST
This test measures the ability of glass to
resist impact and breakage.
BS EN 12600 TEST
It involves a weight being
dropped like a pendulum at
three different heights, 190mm,
250mm, and 1200mm
This weight will be dropped onto
a standardly sized pane of glass,
the classifications of the impact
resistance of glass then depend
on at which point the glass
breaks
BS EN 12600 CLASSIFICATIONS
Class 1B1
used for testing the glass for critical applications with the drop
height of 1200mm
Class 2B2
used as an equivalent to more than an adult walking into the glass
but less than if the adult were to force their way through by
running at it
the drop height for this classification is 450mm
Class 3B3
equivalent to an adult pushing firmly against the glass or a child
running into it
the drop height for this class is 190mm
ASTM C158
Standard Test Methods for Strength of
Glass by Flexure
ASTM C158
Describes two test methods
to calculate the tensile
strength of glass and
ceramics, used in commercial
and residential construction
projects
Measures the modulus of
rupture to determine the
highest load level a specimen
can tolerate before it breaks
TESTING PROCEDURE
1. Test Method A - assesses the modulus of rupture of flat glass
a. Refer to the standard for the proper way to cut, size, count and prepare the
specimen.
b. Position the specimen in the bend fixture.
c. Apply load to the specimen, as specified for annealed glass and prestressed
glass, at a constant rate until the specimen breaks.
d. Follow the directions to identify where the point of failure occurred.
2. Test Method B - compares the modulus of rupture in specimens with rectangular
or elliptical cross-sections
a. Refer to the standard for the proper preparation of the specimen.
b. Measure the specimen as described in the test procedure.
c. Secure the specimen in the bend fixture.
d. Constantly apply the load at the specified speed until the specimen fractures.
New Technologies
SELF-CLEANING
GLASS
a type of glass that can keep itself clean
without the need for manual cleaning
HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC
COATINGS COATINGS
repel water droplets, attract water and form a
causing them to roll off thin sheet that washes
and take any dirt or away dirt and grime
debris with them Some hydrophilic
coatings, such as those
made with titania, can
even break down
absorbed dirt in sunlight.
SMART GLASS
Smart glass or switchable glass, dynamic
glass, and smart-tinting glass is a special
type of glass that can change its reflective
properties, helping to reduce the amount
of sunlight and heat that enters a building.
It can also provide privacy by making the
glass opaque or transparent at the flip of
a switch.
By reducing the amount of solar heat that
enters a building, smart glass can help
make buildings more energy-efficient.
SOLAR GLASS
also known as photovoltaic glass or
solar windows, looks like regular glass
but can generate electricity from the
sun
works like solar panels by absorbing
sunlight and converting it into
electricity, which can be used to power
homes and buildings
Solar glass is an innovative technology
that can help reduce our reliance on
non-renewable sources of energy.
QU I

Z
1. What is a non-crystalline solid that is produced by melting
a mixture of silica, soda, and lime at high temperatures?
2-4. Give three (3) examples in which glass can be used.
5-6. Give two (2) characteristics of glass
7-8. Give two (2) properties of glass.
9. What type of glass has achieved a strength
of 4x stronger than a float or annealed glass?
10. What test measures the ability of glass to
resist impact and breakage?
ANSWERS:
1. Glass 7-8. Strength
2-4. Windows and Doors Thermal Conductivity
Facades Sound Insulation
Skylights UV Resistance
Partitions Workability
5-6. Transparency 9. Tempered Glass
Durability 10. Impact Resistance Test
Energy Efficiency
Aesthetics
REFERENCES
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---sector/documents/publication/wcms_442086.pdf https://www.smartglassworld.net/what-is-
electrochromic-glass https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/50908/trends-and-challenges-for-glass-building-components-exposed-to-fire
https://ceramics.org/ceramic-tech-today/ceramic-video/video-glass-walled-restrooms-open-to-the-public-in-japan https://www.architectmagazine.com/design/glass-
trends-and-innovative-applications-in-2019-and-beyond https://www.glassonweb.com/news/glasses-engineering-materials-review?amp
https://www.guardianglass.com/me/en/insights/design-with-glass-5-trends http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/WSN-1241-2019-1-85.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780081026410000207 https://theconstructor.org/building/types-glass-properties-applications-
construction/14755/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780081003701000056 https://www.eboss.co.nz/detailed/metro-technical/different-types-
of-glass-structural-construction-use https://gharpedia.com/blog/advantages-disadvantages-glass-building-material/ https://www.archdaily.com/987719/the-future-of-
glass-construction-in-a-warmer-world-a-selection-of-glazed-but-efficient-projects https://ceramics.org/about/what-are-engineered-ceramics-and-glass/ceramics-and-
glass-in-construction https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/2022/10/03/a8018-different-types-of-glass-price-use-in-construction/
https://www.contractorsinsurance.org/glass-in-building-construction https://johnkollyns.com/application-of-glass-in-building-and-construction/
https://civilmint.com/types-of-glasses-used-in-construction/ https://www.glassonweb.com/news/glass-versatile-material-construction-and-architecture?amp
https://www.solvay.com/en/solutions-market/building/construction-materials/glass https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/640/1/012073
https://www.avantisystemsusa.com/role-of-glass-in-construction/ https://www.bdcnetwork.com/glass-and-glazing/glass-technology
https://www.glassonweb.com/news/guardian-glass-covers-burj-dubai-tallest-building-
world#:~:text=The%20glass%20provides%20an%20anti,temperature%20swings%20and%20strong%20winds. https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/the-most-
innovative-glass-buildings/amp https://www.builderspace.com/advantages-of-using-glass-in-construction https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Glass_for_buildings
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%291076-0431%282006%2912%3A3%28137%29 https://wfmmedia.com/architectural-glass-potential-future-development-
structural-element/ https://events.mtu.edu/event/presentation_on_architectural_and_structural_use_of_glass http://www.historyofglass.com/
https://waspecialprojects.com.au/types-of-glass/#:~:text=Why%20is%20Glass%20Used%20in,external%20walls%20and%20internal%20partitions.
https://mtcopeland.com/blog/10-types-of-glass-for-construction/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_glass https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/09/transparent-
solar-panel-windows/#:~:text=Solar%20windows%20look%20like%20regular,square%20metres%20of%20glass%20surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-cleaning_glass
https://technical.iqglassuk.com/technical-advice/impact-resistance-of-glass/ https://www.admet.com/testing-applications/testing-standards/astm-c158-glass-flexure-
tesing-modulus-of-rupture/