ARENA BLANCO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Zamboanga City

DEPRESSION

Presented to:
MR. EDWARD S. DUARTE
English Teacher

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

for English 10

By:
ALFIE A. IBRAHIM
AMEER KHAN BUANI
FAUJIYA SAHIDUL
NASHMALYN SABTURANI
HAMUDI INSANI

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 JUNE 2023

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 AC C E PTAN C E S H E E T

This research paper is hereto attached entitled Depression by a grade ten student in partial
fulfilment of the requirements in Communication Arts (English 10), is hereby accepted.

Edward S. Duarte
English Teacher

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 Table of Contents: A Research Paper on Depression

Introduction………………………………………………………… 5
Definition and Overview of Depression
History of Depression……………………………………… 6
Types of Depression……………………………………….. 9
Causes and Risk Factors
Causes of Depression………………………………………. 11
Biological Factors………………………………………….. 12
Psychological Factors………………………………………. 13
Environmental Factors………………………………………. 15
Genetic Predisposition………………………………………. 17
Symptoms and Diagnostic Criteria
Common Symptoms of Depression………………………… 19
Treatment Approaches……………………………………………….
Impact of Depression on Daily Life
Effects on Physical Health………………………………….. 21
Effects on Mental Health……………………………………. 22
Depression and Suicide
Connection between Depression and Suicide………………. 23
Prevention Strategies……………………………………………….. 24
Strategies for Coping with Depression……………………………... 25
Conclusion………………………………………………………….. 27
Bibliography………………………………………………………... 28

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 INTRODUCTION

Depression is a complex and prevalent mental health disorder that affects individuals across the
globe, making it a significant public health concern. Its impact extends beyond the individual,
encompassing families, communities, and societies at large. Understanding the nature of depression, its
causes, manifestations, and treatment options is crucial for effectively addressing this pervasive
condition. Consequently, extensive research has been undertaken to shed light on the multifaceted
aspects of depression. Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness
that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable.
Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed. It can lead
to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease your ability to function at work and at
home.

Depression is different from regular mood changes and feelings about everyday life. It can affect
all aspects of life, including relationships with family, friends and community. It can result from or lead
to problems at school and at work. Depression can happen to anyone. People who have lived through
abuse, severe losses or other stressful events are more likely to develop depression. Women are more
likely to have depression than men.

Depression is a potentially life -threatening disorder that affects hundreds of millions of people all
over the world. It can occur at any age from childhood to late life and is a tremendous cost to society as this
disorder causes severe distress and disruption of life and, if left untreated, can be fatal. The
psychopathological state involves a triad of symptoms with low or depressed mood, anhedonia, and low
energy or fatigue. Other symptoms, such as sleep and psychomotor disturbances, feelings of guilt, low self-
esteem, suicidal tendencies, as well as autonomic and gastrointestinal disturbances, are also often present.
Depression is not a homogeneous disorder, but a complex phenomenon, which has many subtypes and
probably more than one etiology. It includes a predisposition to episodic and often progressive mood
disturbances, differences in symptomatology ranging from mild to severe symptoms with or without
psychotic features, and interactions with other psychiatric and somatic disorders.

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History of Depression

Depression has always been a health problem for human beings. Historical documents written by
healers, philosophers, and writers throughout the ages point to the long-standing existence of depression
as a health problem, and the continuous and sometimes ingenious struggles people have made to find
effective ways to treat this illness.

Depression was initially called "melancholia". The earliest accounts of melancholia appeared in
ancient Mesopotamian texts in the second millennium B.C. At this time, all mental illnesses were
attributed to demonic possession, and were attended to by priests. In contrast, a separate class of
"physicians" treated physical injuries (but not conditions like depression). The first historical
understanding of depression was thus that depression was a spiritual (or mental) illness rather than a
physical one.

Ancient Greeks and Romans were divided in their thinking about the causes of melancholia.
Literature of the time was filled with references to mental illness caused by spirits or demons. In the 5th
century B.C., the Greek historian Herodotus wrote about a king who was driven mad by evil spirits. The
early Babylonian, Chinese, and Egyptian civilizations also viewed mental illness as a form of demonic
possession, and used exorcism techniques (such as beatings, restraint, and starvation) designed to drive
demons out of the afflicted person's body as treatments. In contrast, early Roman and Greek doctors
thought that depression was both a biological and psychological disease. Gymnastics, massage, special
diets, music, and baths, as well as a concoction of poppy extract and donkey's milk were used to
alleviate depressive symptoms.

Hippocrates, a Greek physician, suggested that personality traits and mental illnesses were
related to balanced or imbalanced body fluids called humours. There were four of these humours: yellow
bile, black bile, phlegm and blood. Hippocrates classified mental illnesses into categories that included
mania, melancholia (depression), and phrenitis (brain fever). Hippocrates thought that melancholia was
caused by too much black bile in the spleen. He used bloodletting (a supposedly therapeutic technique
which removed blood from the body), bathing, exercise, and dieting to treat depression. In contrast to

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Hippocrates' view, the famous Roman philosopher and statesman Cicero argued that melancholia was
caused by violent rage, fear and grief; a mental explanation rather than a physical one.

In the last years before Christ, the influence of Hippocrates faded, and the predominant view
among educated Romans was that mental illnesses like depression were caused by demons and by the
anger of the gods. For instance, Cornelius Celsus (25BC-50 AD) recommended starvation, shackles (leg
irons), and beating as "treatments." In contrast, Persian physicians such as Rhazes (865-925), the chief
doctor at Baghdad hospital, continued to view the brain as the seat of mental illness and melancholia.
Treatments for mental illness often involved hydrotherapy (baths) and early forms of behavior therapy
(positive rewards for appropriate behavior).

After the fall of the Roman empire in the 5th century, scientific thinking about the causes of
mental illness and depression again regressed. During the Middle Ages, religious beliefs, specifically
Christianity, dominated popular European explanations of mental illness. Most people thought that
mentally ill people were possessed by the devil, demons, or witches and were capable of infecting others
with their madness. Treatments of choice included exorcisms, and other more barbaric strategies such as
drowning and burning. A small minority of doctors continued to believe that mental illness was caused
by imbalanced bodily humors, poor diet, and grief. Some depressed people were tied up or locked away
in "lunatic asylums".

During the Renaissance, which began in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe
in the 16th and 17th centuries, thinking about mental illness was characterized by both forward progress
and regression. On the one hand, witch-hunts and executions of the mentally ill were quite common
throughout Europe. On the other hand, some doctors returned to the views of Hippocrates, asserting that
mental illnesses were due to natural causes, and that witches were actually mentally disturbed people in
need of humane medical treatment.

In 1621, Robert Burton published Anatomy of Melancholy, in which he described the

psychological and social causes (such as poverty, fear and solitude) of depression. In this encyclopedic
work, he recommended diet, exercise, distraction, travel, purgatives (cleansers that purge the body of
toxins), bloodletting, herbal remedies, marriage, and even music therapy as treatments for depression.

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 During the beginning of the Age of Enlightenment (the 18th and early 19th centuries), it was
thought that depression was an inherited, unchangeable weakness of temperament, which lead to the
common thought that affected people should be shunned or locked up. As a result, most people with
mental illnesses became homeless and poor, and some were committed to institutions.

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Types of Depression

Depression is a complex mental health condition that encompasses various types. Each type of
depression is characterized by specific features, symptoms, and duration. Understanding the different
types of depression can aid in accurate diagnosis and the development of appropriate treatment
strategies. The following are some of the commonly recognized types of depression:

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Also referred to as clinical depression, MDD is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness,
low mood, or a loss of interest in activities for a minimum duration of two weeks. It is often
accompanied by symptoms such as changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue, difficulty
concentrating, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

Persistent Depressive Disordepressio

Formerly known as dysthymia, PDD involves chronic and long-lasting depression lasting for at
least two years in adults (one year in children and adolescents). Individuals with PDD experience a
depressed mood most of the time, along with symptoms that may be less severe than MDD but
persistently present. PDD can significantly impact daily functioning and overall quality of life.

Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder involves alternating episodes of depression and mania or hypomania. The
depressive episodes in bipolar disorder are similar to those experienced in MDD. However, individuals
with bipolar disorder also experience manic or hypomanic episodes characterized by elevated mood,
increased energy levels, impulsivity, and a decreased need for sleep. Bipolar disorder has different
subtypes, including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

SAD is a type of depression that occurs seasonally, typically during the winter months when
there is less sunlight. Symptoms of SAD include low mood, fatigue, increased sleep, and craving for
carbohydrates. As the seasons change and more sunlight becomes available, symptoms tend to improve.

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Postpartum Depression (PPD)
PPD is a type of depression that occurs after childbirth. It affects women and can also impact
fathers and partners. PPD is characterized by feelings of sadness, irritability, loss of interest in the baby,
changes in appetite and sleep patterns, and thoughts of harming oneself or the baby. PPD requires
prompt recognition and treatment, as it can have significant consequences for both the parent and the
child.

Psychotic Depression
This type of depression involves severe depressive symptoms accompanied by psychotic features
such as hallucinations or delusions. Psychotic depression often requires intensive treatment and may be
associated with a higher risk of suicide.

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Causes of Depression

It's often said that depression results from a chemical imbalance, but that figure of speech doesn't
capture how complex the disease is. Research suggests that depression doesn't spring from simply
having too much or too little of certain brain chemicals. Rather, there are many possible causes of
depression, including faulty mood regulation by the brain, genetic vulnerability, and stressful life events.
It's believed that several of these forces interact to bring on depression.

To be sure, chemicals are involved in this process, but it is not a simple matter of one chemical
being too low and another too high. Rather, many chemicals are involved, working both inside and
outside nerve cells. There are millions, even billions, of chemical reactions that make up the dynamic
system that is responsible for your mood, perceptions, and how you experience life. With this level of
complexity, you can see how two people might have similar symptoms of depression, but the problem
on the inside, and therefore what treatments will work best, may be entirely different.

Scientists have learned much about the biology of depression, but their understanding of the
biology of depression is far from complete. Major advances in the biology of depression include finding
links between specific parts of the brain and depression effects, discovering how chemicals called
neurotransmitters make communication between brains cells possible, and learning the impact of
genetics and lifestyle events on risk and symptoms of depression.

Research shows that going through difficult experiences in your childhood can make you more
vulnerable to experiencing depression later in life. These could include experiences like Physical, sexual
or emotional abuse, Neglect, The loss of someone close to you, Traumatic events, An unsettled family
situation. Difficult experiences during childhood can also have a big impact on your self-esteem. And
they can affect how you learn to cope with difficult emotions and stressful situations. This could make
you feel less able to cope with difficult experiences and lead to depression later in life. Poor physical
health can increase your risk of experiencing depression. Many health problems can be difficult to
manage, and this could affect your mood.

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 Researchers have not found a specific gene that causes depression. But research has shown that if
you have a close family member with depression, you're more likely to experience depression yourself.
ThisThis might be caused by our biology. But it could also be because we usually learn behaviour and
ways of coping from the people around us as we grow up. It’s likely that our genes, and the environment
we grow up in, can both affect whether we develop depression.

Biological Factors

Depression is a complex mental health condition that can be influenced by various biological
factors. While the exact cause of depression is not fully understood, researchers have identified several
biological factors that may contribute to its development. Here are some of the key biological factors
associated with depression:

Brain Chemistry: Imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and

dopamine, have been linked to depression. These chemicals play important roles in regulating mood,
emotions, and motivation. Changes or disruptions in their levels or functioning can impact a person's
mood and increase the risk of depression.

Genetics: There is evidence to suggest that depression can run in families, indicating a genetic
predisposition. Certain genes may increase an individual's susceptibility to developing depression,
although it is important to note that genetics alone do not determine the development of the condition.
Environmental and psychological factors also play a significant role.

Hormonal Changes: Hormonal imbalances can contribute to the development of depression, particularly
in women. For example, fluctuations in estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or
menopause can affect mood and increase the risk of depression. Similarly, changes in hormonal levels in
conditions like hypothyroidism or Cushing's disease can also impact mood and contribute to depressive
symptoms.

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Brain Structure and Function: Studies using brain imaging techniques, such as MRI scans, have revealed
differences in the structure and function of certain brain regions in individuals with depression. These
differences can affect the way the brain processes emotions, regulates mood, and responds to stress.
Inflammation: There is growing evidence suggesting a link between inflammation and depression.
Chronic inflammation in the body, often associated with conditions like obesity, diabetes, or
autoimmune disorders, can affect the brain and contribute to depressive symptoms. Inflammatory
markers, such as cytokines, have been found to be elevated in some individuals with depression.

Psychological Factors

Determinants of depression include negative self-concept, sensitivity to rejection, neuroticism,

rumination, negative emotionality, and others A number of studies have been undertaken on the
psychological factors linked to depression (including mastery, self-esteem, optimism, negative self-
image, current or past mental health conditions, and various other aspects, including neuroticism,
brooding, conflict, negative thinking, insight, cognitive fusion, emotional clarity, rumination,
dysfunctional attitudes, interpretation bias, and attachment style). Determinants related to this condition
include low self-esteem and shame, among other factors. Several emotional states and traits, such as
neuroticis , negative self-concept (with self-perceptions of worthlessness and uselessness), and negative
interpretation or attention biases have been linked to depression. Moreover, low emotional clarity has
been associated with depression. When it comes to the severity of the disorder, it appears that meta-
emotions (“emotions that occur in response to other emotions (e.g., guilt about anger)” have a role to
play in depression.

A determinant that has received much attention in mental health research concerns rumination.
Rumination has been presented as a mediator but also as a risk factor for depression. When studied as a
risk factor, it appears that the relationship of rumination with depression is mediated by variables that
include limited problem-solving ability and insufficient social support. However, rumination also
appears to act as a mediator: for example, this variable (particularly brooding rumination) lies on the
causal pathway between poor attention control and depression. This shows that determinants may
present in several forms: as moderators or mediators, risk factors or outcomes, and this is why
disentangling the relationships between the various factors linked to depression is a complex task.

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 Depression is a complex mental health disorder that can be influenced by various psychological
factors. While it's important to note that depression is not solely caused by psychological factors and can
have biological and environmental causes as well, psychological factors play a significant role in its
development and maintenance. Here are some psychological factors commonly associated with
depression:

Negative thinking
Individuals with depression often experience distorted and negative thinking patterns. They may have a
pessimistic outlook on life, constantly focus on their flaws or failures, and interpret situations in a
negative light. These negative thoughts can contribute to a cycle of low mood and further reinforce
depressive symptoms.

Low self-esteem
A negative self-perception and low self-esteem are common features of depression. Individuals with
depression often have a diminished sense of self-worth, feeling inadequate, unworthy of love or success,
or experiencing self-blame for negative life events.

Cognitive biases
People with depression may have cognitive biases that affect how they perceive and interpret
information. These biases can include selective attention (focusing more on negative events or
emotions), overgeneralization (drawing broad negative conclusions based on limited experiences), and
magnification/minimization (exaggerating negative aspects while minimizing positive ones).

Learned helplessness
Learned helplessness refers to a belief that one has no control over the outcome of situations and that
negative events are inevitable. This sense of helplessness can contribute to feelings of hopelessness and
despair, which are common in depression.

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Emotional factors
Depression is often characterized by a persistent and pervasive low mood, feelings of sadness,
emptiness, or irritability. People with depression may struggle to experience pleasure or find joy in
activities they once enjoyed. Emotional factors can both contribute to and result from depression.

Childhood experiences and trauma

Adverse childhood experiences, such as neglect, abuse, or trauma, can increase the risk of developing
depression later in life. These experiences may impact the individual's self-esteem, ability to cope with
stress, and overall psychological well-being.
Personality traits

Certain personality traits can make individuals more susceptible to depression. For example, individuals
with a tendency towards perfectionism, self-criticism, or high levels of neuroticism may be more prone
to developing depressive symptoms.

Environmental Factors
There is a genetic component to depression, but there’s no single gene that can determine
whether someone will or will not develop the disorder. While genetics refers to the person’s biological
makeup, environmental factors of depression refer to how the person’s surroundings, upbringing, family,
and friends have contributed to their depression.Environmental factors are more likely to trigger
depression in people with a genetic disposition for this disorder. However, even those who do not have a
family history of MDD can develop symptoms solely based on environmental factors.

Noise Pollution
Noise pollution is defined as the regular exposure to elevated sound levels that can lead to adverse side
effects. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), sound levels less than 70 decibels (dB) are
not damaging to humans or other living organisms, regardless of how long or frequent the exposure is.
People can hear dB levels starting from 0 dB and 12 to 140 dB is the sound threshold of pain. 70 dB is in
the middle of this range and is equivalent to the sound of a regular washing machine or the noise level in
an office environment or inside a car that’s going 60 miles per hour. But aside from damaging your
hearing, how does noise pollution cause depression? According to research, noise pollution has led to

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increased anxiety, depression, high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke. Considering the pain
caused by low noises and the stress of loud environments on the heart and mind, this makes sense.

Synthetic Chemicals From Foods

We are constantly exposed to synthetic chemicals in the form of food additives, dyes, preservatives,
pesticides, hormones, drugs, and industrial byproducts. Air and water pollution has been shown to cause
cancer and birth defects, as well as other life-threatening diseases. It’s also believed that certain
environmental factors and depression are linked, the former of which includes “sick building
syndrome.”

This condition is usually caused by exposure to various noxious agents in a "sick building," which refers
to an office or other building that houses many people who physically work closely together. Individuals
with sick building syndrome tend to become very anxious and irritable. They’re also more likely to
hyperventilate and develop tetany (muscle twitches and cramps) and/or severe shortness of breath.

Substance Abuse
The misuse of drugs like prescription medications and illicit substances has also been known to
contribute to mental illness, mainly because drugs like opioids and stimulants interfere with the
chemical balance in the brain. Generally speaking, depression is caused by the imbalance of chemicals
like serotonin and dopamine in the brain. When people abuse drugs that affect the levels of these
chemicals – such as heroin, cocaine, and meth – the brain may eventually struggle to produce them on
its own. As a result, the person may experience depression when they aren’t high

Grief
Among the many environmental causes of depression, grief is at the top of the list. The loss of a loved
one is a common source of grief, but it may also occur as a result of a major life change. Many people
are wrongly diagnosed during the bereavement process after the death of a loved one, but this can be
dangerous for many reasons. However, while bereavement is not linear, continuing to experience it long
after the person’s death is a possible sign of depression. Experiencing sadness or low moods when
birthdays and holidays hit is normal, but feeling this way most of the time could indicate a more serious
problem. For these reasons, grief can lead to depression in extreme cases.

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Chronic Illness and Injuries
As we mentioned before, being diagnosed with a chronic illness or disease like cancer can be traumatic
and emotionally challenging to cope with. It’s common for people who have been diagnosed with
chronic diseases, have lost limbs, or have been injured to the point of losing their careers, schooling, or
ability to move on their own to experience depression.

Natural Disasters
Natural disasters like hurricanes, floods, tornados, and tsunamis are also common environmental factors
of depression. Many people lose their loved ones, pets, homes, possessions, comfort, and peace of mind
as a result of natural disasters. Accidents and injuries are also common. All of these can have devastating
effects on one’s mental health and contribute to disorders like depression.

Trauma
Childhood trauma is arguably a leading cause of depression and can contribute to more than just MDD.
Trauma in the form of physical, sexual, and verbal abuse, as well as exposure to combat, near-death
experiences, witnessing a death, or being diagnosed with a chronic disease or illness, can all lead to
depressive symptoms.

Genetic Predisposition

At least 10% of people in the U.S. will experience major depressive disorder at some point in
their lives. Two times as many women as men experience major depression. Scientists look at patterns of
illness in families to estimate their “heritability,” or roughly what percentage of their cause is due to
genes. To do this we find people with the disease who have a twin, and then find out whether the twin is
also ill. Identical (monozygotic) twins share 100% of their genes, while non-identical (“fraternal” or
dizygotic) twins share 50% of their genes. If genes are part of the cause, we expect a patient’s identical
twin to have a much higher risk of disease than a patient’s non-identical twin. That is the case for major
depression. Heritability is probably 40-50%, and might be higher for severe depression.

This could mean that in most cases of depression, around 50% of the cause is genetic, and
around 50% is unrelated to genes (psychological or physical factors). Or it could mean that in some

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cases, the tendency to become depressed is almost completely genetic, and in other cases it is not really
genetic at all. We don’t know the answer yet. There are probably many non-genetic factors that
increase risk of depression, many of which are probably not yet known. Severe childhood physical or
sexual abuse, childhood emotional and physical neglect, and severe life stress are probably all risk
factors. Losing a parent early in life probably also increases risk to some extent. If someone has a
parent or sibling with major depression, that person probably has a 2 or 3 times greater risk of
developing depression compared with the average person (or around 20-30% instead of 10%).

The situation is a little different if the parent or sibling has had depression more than once
(“recurrent depression”), and if the depression started relatively early in life (childhood, teens or
twenties). This form of depression is less common – the exact percentage of the population is not
known, but is probably around 3-5%. But the siblings and children of people with this form of
depression probably develop it at a rate that is 4 or 5 times greater than the average person. Some
diseases are caused by a single defective gene. Cystic fibrosis, several kinds of muscular dystrophy, and
Huntington’s disease are examples. These are usually rare diseases. But many common disorders like
depression, diabetes and high blood pressure are also influenced by genes. In these disorders, there
seem to be combinations of genetic changes that predispose some people to become ill. We don’t yet
know how many genes are involved in depression, but it is very doubtful that any one gene causes
depression in any large number of people.

So no one simply “inherits” depression from their mother or father. Each person inherits a
unique combination of genes from their mother and father, and certain combinations can predispose to a
particular illness. Most people who suffer from depression do not have episodes of mania. We use the
term major depression for depression without mania. Most people who experience mania also have
major depression. We use the term bipolar disorder (or manic-depression) for this pattern. Major
depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are the two “major mood disorders.” For more information on
the symptoms of mania abd bipolar disorder, see the links at the bottom of this page. Most people with
major depression do not have close relatives with bipolar disorder, but the relatives of people with
bipolar disorder are at increased risk of both major depression and bipolar disorder. There are probably
genetic changes that can increase the predisposition to both major depression and to certain anxiety
disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social phobia. Also, some people

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have a more general lifelong tendency to experience unpleasant emotions and anxiety in response to
stress. Psychologists use terms like “neuroticism” and “negative affectivity” to refer to this tendency,
and people who have it are also more likely to experience major depression. However, many people who
develop major depression did not have this type of personality before their depression started.

Common Symptoms of Depression

Depression varies from person to person, but there are some common signs and symptoms. It's
important to remember that these symptoms can be part of life's normal lows. But the more symptoms
you have, the stronger they are, and the longer they've lasted—the more likely it is that you're dealing
with depression. The symptoms of depression can be complex and vary widely between people. If
you're depressed, you may feel sad, hopeless and lose interest in things you used to enjoy.

Emotionally, one of the hallmark symptoms of depression is a persistent feeling of sadness or

emptiness. Individuals may find it difficult to experience joy or pleasure, even in activities they once
enjoyed. A pervasive sense of hopelessness and pessimism often accompanies these feelings.
Additionally, individuals with depression may experience irritability, becoming easily frustrated or
agitated in their daily interactions. Depression also affects cognitive functioning. Concentration and
decision-making become challenging tasks, as individuals may experience a foggy or slowed-down
thinking process. Memory problems can arise, leading to forgetfulness and difficulties in recalling
details or events. Physically, depression can manifest through various symptoms. Changes in appetite
and weight are common, with some individuals experiencing significant weight loss due to a decreased
appetite, while others may turn to food for comfort and experience weight gain. Sleep disturbances are
prevalent, ranging from insomnia, characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, to
hypersomnia, where individuals find themselves sleeping excessively. Fatigue and a general lack of
energy are pervasive symptoms of depression, even in the absence of physical exertion. Physical
movements may become slowed down, and speech can be noticeably affected, becoming sluggish or less
animated.

It is important to note that depression can also present with physical symptoms that mimic other
medical conditions. These can include headaches, digestive issues, and unexplained bodily pain, further
complicating diagnosis. Recognizing these symptoms of depression is crucial for prompt intervention

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and support. If left untreated, depression can significantly impact an individual's quality of life,
relationships, and overall well-being. Seeking professional help from mental health providers, such as
therapists or psychiatrists, is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. In conclusion,
depression is characterized by a range of emotional and physical symptoms that significantly impact
individuals' lives. Symptoms such as persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, cognitive
difficulties, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, fatigue, and physical sluggishness are commonly
observed. By raising awareness and promoting understanding of these symptoms, we can support
individuals affected by depression and ensure they receive the help they need to recover and thrive.

Treatment Approach
There are various treatment options for depression. They include psychological treatments,
medication and general measures such as relaxation techniques. Different treatment options are often
combined. Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses. During a depressive episode, people
feel like they're in a deep, dark pit for weeks or months, and often can't see any way out. In
chronic depression, the symptoms last for years. Treatment can shorten depressive episodes and relieve
the symptoms.

Psychological treatment usually involves talking about things in depth and doing behavioral
exercises. The kind of psychological treatment that is most commonly used for depression is known as
cognitive behavioral therapy (often called “CBT” for short). Statutory health insurance companies in
Germany cover the costs of CBT as well as other outpatient treatments, including depth psychology and
systemic therapy. They are often offered by specially trained therapists. If someone is going through an
acute depressive episode, the doctor will usually recommend short-term psychological support,
sometimes together with medication. Then you can apply for a full course of outpatient psychological
treatment.

Cognitive behavioral therapy, In depression, negative thought patterns such as self-doubt and
feelings of guilt often make the problem worse. Cognitive behavioral therapy aims to break these
patterns bit by bit, so that people feel better about themselves. Cognitive behavioral therapy combines
two treatment approaches: Cognitive therapy: Cognitive therapy is based on the idea that problems are
often caused less by things and situations themselves, but rather by the importance that people attach to

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them. So changing the way people see things can be an important step. Behavioral therapy: Behavioral
therapy is based on the assumption that behavior is learned and can also be unlearned. The goal of
behavioral therapy is to identify destructive patterns of behavior, then work at them and change them.
The goal of cognitive behavioral therapy is to become more aware of your own thoughts, attitudes and
expectations. This makes it possible to identify false and distressing beliefs, and then change them.

Psychoanalytic approaches include analytical psychotherapy and methods based on depth

psychology. They are based on the belief that unresolved, unconscious conflicts can cause depression.
The aim is to identify and work through previously unknown issues by talking to a therapist. People who
have psychoanalytic therapy have to be prepared to face potentially painful past experiences.
Psychoanalysis usually takes longer than approaches based on depth psychology.

Effects on Physical Health

Depression is technically a mental disorder but also affects your physical health. It may impact
everything from your heart, kidney, nervous system, and immune system health. Depression is one of
the most common mental health conditions in the United States. At least 6%Trusted Source of U.S.
adults had a major depressive episode annually in 2020. Feeling sad or anxious at times is a normal part
of life. But if these feelings last more than a few weeksTrusted Source, they could be symptoms of
depression. Clinical depression, especially left untreated, can interrupt your day-to-day life and cause a
ripple effect of additional symptoms. MajorMajor depression (a more advanced form of depression) is
considered a serious medical condition that may dramatically affect your quality of life. The Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DMS-5)Trusted Source says that to qualify
for a diagnosis of major depression, a person has to experience at least five symptoms for longer than
two weeks. Depression can cause a lot of symptoms within the central nervous system, many of which
are easy to dismiss or ignore. Older adults may also have difficulty identifying cognitive changes
because it’s easy to dismiss the signs of depression as related to “getting older.”

According to the American Psychological Association, older adults with depression have more
difficulties with memory loss and reaction time during everyday activities compared with younger adults
with depression. People with depression may have trouble maintaining a typical work schedule or
fulfilling social obligations. This could be due to symptoms like an inability to concentrate, memory

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problems, and difficulty making decisions. Some people who are depressed may turn to alcohol or
substance misuse, which may increase instances of unsafe behavior. Someone with depression may
consciously avoid talking about how they feel or try to mask the problem. People experiencing
depression may also find themselves preoccupied with thoughts of death or hurting themselves.
Research shows people that the risk of suicide in people with mental disorders like depression is 5-
8%Trusted Source.

While depression is often thought of as a mental health condition, it also plays a heavy role in
appetite and nutrition. Some people cope by overeating or bingeing. This can lead to weight gain and
obesity-related conditions like type 2 diabetes. Depression and stress are closely related. Stress
hormones speed heart rate and make blood vessels tighten, putting your body in a prolonged state of
emergency. Over time, this can lead to heart disease. People ages 40-79 living with mild-to-major
depression have a higher riskTrusted Source of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD)
for a period of 10 years.

Effects on Mental Health

Depression can have a significant impact on mental health. It is a serious mood disorder
characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities. Here are
some of the effects of depression on mental health:

Depression often leads to an overwhelming sense of sadness, emptiness, and despair. Individuals
may experience intense feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and a lack of self-esteem. They may also have
difficulty experiencing pleasure or finding joy in activities they once enjoyed.

Depression can affect cognitive function, leading to problems with concentration, memory, and
decision-making. Individuals may have difficulty focusing on tasks, making it challenging to work or
study effectively. They may also have negative and pessimistic thoughts, which can further worsen their
mental state.

Depression can manifest in various physical symptoms, including changes in appetite and
weight, sleep disturbances (insomnia or excessive sleeping), fatigue, and decreased energy levels.
Physical symptoms can contribute to a general sense of malaise and further impact overall well-being.

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 Depression often leads to a loss of interest in social activities and a tendency to withdraw from
friends, family, and social events. Individuals may feel disconnected from others, experience difficulties
in maintaining relationships, and isolate themselves, which can exacerbate their feelings of loneliness
and contribute to a cycle of negative thinking.

Depression can strain relationships with family, friends, and romantic partners. The individual's
symptoms, such as irritability, withdrawal, and negative thinking, may make it challenging for others to
understand or connect with them. This strain can further contribute to feelings of isolation and deepen
the individual

Depression is a significant risk factor for self-harm and suicide. Individuals experiencing
depression may have recurrent thoughts of death or suicide and may engage in self-destructive
behaviors. It is crucial to take these signs seriously and seek professional help immediately.

Depression can significantly impact an individual's ability to function in their daily life. Tasks
such as work or school responsibilities, household chores, and personal care may become overwhelming
and difficult to manage. This can lead to a sense of frustration, further worsening the individual's
depressive symptoms.

Connection between Depression and Suicide

There is a strong connection between depression and suicide. While not all individuals with
depression will experience suicidal thoughts or engage in self-harming behaviors, depression is a
significant risk factor for suicide. People diagnosed with depression are at a higher risk of suicidal
ideation, suicide attempts, and completed suicide compared to the general population. Depression is one
of the most common mental health conditions associated with suicide. Depression often brings about
intense feelings of hopelessness, despair, and emotional pain. When individuals experience these
overwhelming emotions for an extended period, they may reach a point where they see suicide as a way
to escape their suffering Depression distorts an individual's thoughts, leading to negative and pessimistic
thinking patterns. This can include a skewed perception of themselves, their future, and the world
around them. These negative thoughts can contribute to feelings of worthlessness and increase the risk

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of suicidal ideation. Depression often leads to social withdrawal and isolation. Individuals may feel
disconnected from others and have difficulty reaching out for support. Lack of social support can further
exacerbate feelings of despair and increase the risk of suicide.

Depression frequently co-occurs with other mental health conditions such as anxiety, substance
abuse, or personality disorders. The presence of multiple disorders can intensify the risk of suicide.
There are several warning signs that may indicate an increased risk of suicide in individuals with
depression. These signs include talking about suicide, expressing feelings of hopelessness or being a
burden to others, giving away personal belongings, sudden improvement in mood after a period of
depression (which may indicate a decision to attempt suicide), and engaging in risky or self-destructive
behaviors. TheThe majority of suicide attempts and suicide deaths happen among teens with depression.
Consider these statistics about teen suicide and teen depression: about 1% of all teens attempts suicide
and about 1% of those suicide attempts results in death (that means about 1 in 10,000 teens dies from
suicide). But for adolescents who have depressive illnesses, the rates of suicidal thinking and behavior
are much higher. Most teens who have depression think about suicide, and between 15% and 30% of
teens with serious depression who think about suicide go on to make a suicide attempt.

Depression also distorts a person's viewpoint, allowing them to focus only on their failures and
disappointments and to exaggerate these negative things. Depressed thinking can convince someone
there is nothing to live for. The loss of pleasure that is part of depression can seem like further evidence
that there's nothing good about the present. The hopelessness can make it seem like there will be
nothing good in the future.

Prevention Strategies
Studies have found several factors that help safeguard against depression, helping individuals
avoid this burdensome condition. Depression has been linked to the destabilizing effects of an adverse,
traumatic life event. While this difficult experience often occurs early on and during childhood,
depression can stem at any point in life. As a result, learning how to manage the stressors in one’s life—
and teaching one’s children how to do so—can have a protective effect against different mental health
issues, particularly depression and anxiety. Stress management refers to the ability to respond to
stressors in a more considered manner, instead of being driven by automatic responses that may add to

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their distress. Turning to loved ones for support, and reaching out to mental health professionals, as well
as treatments such as Deep TMS™, which have been recognized for their safety and efficacy, build a
more adaptable response system to unexpected or upsetting elements.

For many people, depression starts after a major life change or trauma. It can also happen if you
have another health problem, such as cancer, diabetes, or Parkinson’s disease. Though doctors don’t
know that it’s possible to prevent depression altogether, Some therapists use an approach called
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) to do that. MBCTMBCT combines cognitive therapy,
which changes the way you think, with mindfulness. The goal of mindfulness is to focus on what’s
going on in the present. The method aims to help people with depression be aware of their negative
thoughts and learn to change them. Other psychotherapies, such as Interpersonal Therapy, which focuses
on relationships, are also effective. OtherOther ideas to prevent depression involve medicine, lifestyle
changes, and nutrition. Some studies have found that steps like these can reduce new episodes of
depression by 25% or more, but scientists need to do more research on these approaches. Many people
take medication, such as antidepressants, to treat depression, but various natural methods can also help
manage symptoms and reduce the risk of future episodes. Research Trusted Source shows that physical
activity can act as an antidepressant, and experts encourage doctors to include it as a treatment. A 2018
reviewTrusted Source describes exercise as an underutilized treatment for depression. The authors note
that it can boost both physical and mental well-being.

Depression can make it hard for some people to start exercising, but a lack of activity can also
make symptoms worse. People experiencing difficulties in starting exercise could try just 5 minutes of
walking or another enjoyable activity in the morning and another 5 minutes in the afternoon. From there,
gradually increase over the coming days and weeks. Current guidelines recommend aiming for 150
minutesTrusted Source of moderate-intensity exercise each week, broken into sessions that could be 5
minutes, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and so on.

Strategies for Coping with Depression

Coping with depression requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses both psychological and
practical aspects of daily life. Seek professional help, Start by consulting with a mental health
professional, such as a therapist or psychiatrist. They can provide an accurate diagnosis, offer guidance,

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and develop a personalized treatment plan that may include therapy, medication, or a combination of
both. Engage in therapy, Different types of therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or
interpersonal therapy (IPT), can be effective in treating depression. Therapy helps identify and challenge
negative thought patterns, develop coping skills, and address underlying issues contributing to
depression.

Build a support system, Reach out to trusted friends, family members, or support groups who can
provide understanding, encouragement, and a listening ear. Sharing your experiences with others who
have gone through similar struggles can be particularly helpful. Practice self-care, Make self-care a
priority by engaging in activities that promote physical, mental, and emotional well-being. This can
include getting enough sleep, eating a balanced diet, engaging in regular exercise, practicing relaxation
techniques (such as deep breathing or meditation), and pursuing hobbies or activities that bring joy and
fulfillment. Establish a routine, Depression can disrupt daily routines and make it challenging to stay
motivated. Setting and maintaining a structured daily routine can provide a sense of stability and
purpose. Start with small, achievable goals and gradually increase the level of activity and engagement.

Challenge negative thinking, Pay attention to negative thoughts and challenge them with more
realistic and positive alternatives. Keep a journal to track negative thought patterns and replace them
with more balanced and constructive thoughts. Engage in pleasurable activities, Even if you don't feel
motivated or interested, try to engage in activities that have brought you joy in the past. Participating in
pleasurable activities, even on a small scale, can help improve mood and provide a temporary distraction
from negative thoughts. Pactice stress management, Develop effective stress management techniques to
reduce overall stress levels. This can include deep breathing exercises, mindfulness meditation, engaging
in relaxing activities, and learning healthy ways to cope with stressors. Set achievable goals, Break
down larger goals into smaller, manageable tasks. Setting achievable goals can provide a sense of
accomplishment and boost self-esteem. Avoid self-isolation, Depression often leads to social
withdrawal, but maintaining social connections is crucial. Make an effort to spend time with loved ones,
join support groups, or engage in community activities.

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 CONCLUSION

Depression is a complex and pervasive mental health disorder that affects millions of individuals
worldwide. This research paper aimed to explore various aspects of depression, including its causes,
symptoms, prevalence, and available treatment options. By examining the current literature and research
findings, several key conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, depression is a multifactorial condition
influenced by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. While
certain individuals may have a genetic predisposition to depression, environmental stressors, such as
traumatic life events, chronic stress, and social isolation, can also contribute to its development.
SecondlySecondly, depression manifests through a wide range of symptoms that affect an individual's
emotional, cognitive, and physical well-being. These symptoms may include persistent sadness, loss of
interest or pleasure, fatigue, sleep disturbances, changes in appetite, difficulty concentrating, and
thoughts of self-harm or suicide. Recognizing these symptoms is crucial for early identification and
intervention. Thirdly, the prevalence of depression is alarmingly high, with significant implications for
public health. Depression can affect individuals of all ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. It
has a substantial impact on quality of life, functioning, and productivity. Efforts must be made to raise
awareness, reduce stigma, and provide accessible mental health services to those in need. Furthermore,
various treatment options are available for individuals experiencing depression. These include
psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and a combination of both. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and
interpersonal therapy (IPT) have demonstrated effectiveness in alleviating depressive symptoms.
Antidepressant medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are commonly
prescribed in moderate to severe cases. However, treatment decisions should be tailored to the
individual's specific needs, preferences, and severity of symptoms. Moreover, it is essential to
acknowledge that not all individuals respond equally to treatment. Some may require multiple treatment
attempts or alternative approaches. Additionally, lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise,
healthy diet, stress management techniques, and social support, can complement professional treatment
and contribute to overall well-being. In conclusion, depression is a significant mental health issue that
impacts individuals, families, and society as a whole. Through a comprehensive understanding of its
causes, symptoms, prevalence, and treatment options, we can work towards early identification,
effective intervention, and improved outcomes for those affected by depression. Continued research,
awareness, and support are necessary to address the multifaceted nature of depression and provide
individuals with the help and resources they need to overcome this challenging condition.

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