Professional Documents
Culture Documents
subaltern
subaltern
subaltern
Chapter 1
literally meaning „of lower status’, has been derived from two
subaltern stands for lower rank people in all respects. Most studies
the subaltern perspective. Among them the writers like G.R. Gleig
diaries. But it was the 1917 Russian Revolution that prompted the
concept.
fundamentally used the word subaltern for any “low rank” person
that the only group Gramsci had in mind at that time were the
Mussolini and his agents. There are mainly two reasons that
compelled him to use the term subaltern for the working class.
the proletariat.
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Green argues:
The subaltern classes by definition, are not unified and cannot unite
until they are able to become a "State”: their history, therefore, is
intertwined with that of civil society, and thereby with the history of
States and groups of States. (Selections from Prison Notebooks 202)
Because of this lack of unity, they neither have control over their
Susie Tharu and Sumit Sarkar who later dissented from the group
on their own, that is, “independently of the elite” (On Some Aspects
in Indian society.
The word „subaltern‟ in the title stands for the meaning as given in the
Concise Oxford Dictionary, that is, „of inferior rank‟. It will be used in
these pages as a name for the general attribute of subordination in
South Asian society whether this is expressed in terms of class caste,
age, gender and office or in any other way. (vii)
including, but not limited to class. The subaltern for him is that
difference between the total Indian population and all those whom
political and social change. This shift in their focus originated from
the assumption that the writing of Indian national history has been
interpret and analyze South Asian history and society beyond the
subject to the activity of ruling groups, even when they rebel and
rise up” (Selections from Subaltern 207). Guha instead stated that
politics; that is, “it neither originated from elite politics nor did its
But this class dynamics in Indian society was not the only factor
argue for the need of not only moving away from analyzing Indian
the dangers and bad effects on history writing from the point of
poor/rich peasants or the landed elite, that was politically the most
subaltern “middle peasants”, the caste and kinship ties within the
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mobilization in the locality. This is validated by the fact that not all
forms.
power” within modern society, which “reaches into the very grain
power coexisted with the capitalist one, as was evident from the
representable subaltern subject that can know and speak itself. She
…subaltern is not just a classy word for “oppressed”, for [the] Other,
for somebody who‟s not getting a piece of pie… In post-colonial
terms, everything that has limited or no access to the cultural
imperialism is subaltern—a space of difference. Now, who would say
that‟s just the oppressed? The working class is oppressed. It‟s not
subaltern…. Many people want to claim subalternity. They are the
least interesting and the most dangerous. I mean, just by being
discriminated-against minority on the university campus; they don‟t
need the word „subaltern‟…. They should see what the mechanics of
the discrimination are. They‟re within the hegemonic discourse,
wanting a piece of pie, and not being allowed, so let them speak, use
the hegemonic discourse. They should not call themselves subaltern.
(Kock 45-46)
constructed by the government and the media for her death was
that she had become pregnant and could not bear the grief. Bhaduri
perhaps had an inkling about the same, which made her delay her
fabricated narrative. Though she had tried her best to make her
voice heard, the story given by the elite group was the story
subaltern has been used/abused, she still adopts the term essentially
humanists were doubtful about this claim and demanded ban on it.
296) the other maintains that “the woman actually wanted to die”
that is amply evident is the fact that the voice of the subaltern Sati
the two discursive groups who pretend to represent her. Thus the
This last declaration that she made in her essay courted a lot
Spivak contends:
colonial production, the subaltern has no history and cannot speak, the
subaltern as female is even more deeply in shadow. (“Can Subaltern
Speak?” 287)
resistance.
a turning point for the Indian feminism. Her articles convey a vivid
dowry, burning and mass rape of lower caste women are actions
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the role of patriarchy and bourgeois interest has validity, they are
made a general suggestion that those who are interested in the issue
and explored throughout the pages of the Series, but for Ilaiah it
clarion call to his fellow Dalit writers to write their own history:
that Dalits, like black Africans, have historically faced in the hands
meant the failure of Indian nation to come into its own and
Term, taken from the work of Antonio Gramsci and used initially to
define proletarian and other working-class groups, subaltern is
employed in postcolonial studies after Gayatri Spivak to address
dominated and marginalized groups. (Wolfreys, et al 94)
1. Dalits:
being used for the people, who are outside of the four-layer caste
popularized the term. While scheduled castes is the legal term for
those who were formerly considered Dalits, the term also includes
Jadhav et al. have taken cudgels in their favour, and have been
Dalit writers in the field of English based fiction from India has so
far been small, but there are some non-Dalit major practitioners of
the genre who have embraced Dalit sensibility against the grain of
their own caste and class, and have cast their gaze at the country‟s
The novel highlights the various ways in which the rights and
India.
best suited to speak for and speak to the subaltern Dalit? For
instance, there are critics like K.W. Christopher who consider Mulk
Some scholars are of the view that Dalits, given their socio-
important for Dalits to tell their painful stories themselves, the non-
2. Adivasis:
they are generally groups with a primitive lifestyle, with their own
colonial discourse on race and culture. Besides they have also been
Indian government.
tribal youth into taking up arms are a few cases in point. No one
these agencies.
like Arun Joshi‟s The Strange Case of Billy Biswas (1971), Kamala
who have written some important works highlighting the plight and
fictional and non- fictional works are replete with tribal themes.
Her works like Imaginary Maps. Breast Stories, Chotti Munda and
Imaginary Maps (1995) and Chotti Munda and His Arrow (2002)
tribal resistance movements. All this puts one in a tight spot while
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3. Women:
also because of the fact that all cultural, political, religious and
origin of more and more women movements, like the recent “Me-
their own separate and specific movements. This led to the rise of
till the time women had not themselves started expressing and
writing about their plight. And once the women began wielding
etc. Their writings are, by and large, based on current events and
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social issues. These women writers usually explore the old Indian
the fast changing world and the need for safeguarding women‟s
human rights.
like Manjari (Moving On) on the other hand. While Sarita, who
Situation in New Delhi or Sonali in Rich Like Us, all are self-
within the social order. Anita Desai‟s major characters are in the
loved, how and how much, she not only defies the phallocentric
psyche for a long time. These writers have made the society believe
subservience and that entering into wedlock represents the love and
long leap ever since it won the battle of suffrage in 1920 and that
Indian women are now making their presence felt in every walk of