BDwbU 3 cwi‡ek I Zvi Dcv`vb

f‚wgKv

cwi‡ek wb‡q mviv wek¦ Ry‡o AvRKvj hZ wPšÍv fvebv n‡”Q G iKg Av‡M KL‡bv
nqwb| gvbyl GLb †`L‡Q Zvi Rxeb hvÎvi gvb evo‡Q wKš‘ cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki
wewfbœ wRwbm †hgbÑ MvQ-cvjv, cï-cvwL, Rjv-f‚wg w`b w`b K‡g hv‡”Q| DbœZ
Rxe‡bi Avkvq MÖvg †Q‡o †jvKRb kn‡i Avm‡Q Gi d‡j kn‡ii RbmsL¨v w`b w`b
†e‡oB P‡j‡Q| RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j kn‡ii AvevwmK, hvZvqvZ, wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, PvKzix
I Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK mgm¨v w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K evqy `~lY, cvwb `~lY
Rb¯^v¯’¨ wecbœ Ki‡Q| RbmsL¨vi Pv‡c ebf‚wg, Rjvf‚wg w`b w`b K‡g wM‡q cÖvK…wZK
cwi‡ek n‡”Q wecbœ| MÖxb nvDm G‡d±, CFC, I‡Rvb ¯Íi Gme wel‡q AvRKvj cÎ
cwÎKvq bvbv iK‡gi Z_¨ Qvcv n‡”Q| G BDwb‡U cwi‡e‡ki Dci `ywU cvV i‡q‡Q|

cvV- 1: cwi‡ek wk¶v (weÁvb) cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, gvbe

Rxe‡b cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve, cwi‡ek I weÁv‡bi m¤úK©
cvV- 2: cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb I AebwZi KviY, Ro I Rxe
Dcv`v‡bi ˆewkó¨ Ges G‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 1 cwi‡ek wk¶v (weÁvb) cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, gvbe Rxe‡b

cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve, cwi‡ek I weÁv‡bi mg¤úK©

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

cwi‡ek wk¶v (weÁvb) cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

gvbe Rxe‡b cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

cwi‡ek I weÁv‡bi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Avgv‡`i cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkï‡`i Zv‡`i wbKUZg cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ cwiwPZ Kivevi
D‡Ï‡k¨ cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ welqwU cÖv_wgK wk¶v¯Í‡i AšÍfz©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Ges
wØZxq †kªwY‡Z cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ GKwU welq wn‡m‡e cov‡bv nq| Z…Zxq †kªwY †_‡K
cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ welqwU weÁvb Ges mgvR G `ywU fv‡M fvM K‡i cov‡bv nq|

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ mgvR wkï‡`i mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© AewnZ K‡i
mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve M‡o †Zvjvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq|

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb wk¶v_©x‡`i cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K©

AewnZ K‡i cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve M‡o Zzj‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|

cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb c‡o wk¶v_©xiv Zv‡`i cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m¤ú„³
wewfbœ wel‡q Ávb jvf Ki‡e| cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ wKQy `¶Zv (†hgbÑ
MvQ-cvjv jvMv‡bv, MvQ-cvjvi hZœ Kiv, cwi‡ek cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ ivLv) AR©b Ki‡e|
cwi‡ek msµvšÍ Ávb Ges `¶Zv AR©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wk¶v_©xiv cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi
g‡bvfve M‡o Zzj‡e|

cwi‡ek gvby‡li kvixwiK, gvbwmK I mvgvwRK weKv‡k h‡_ó cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|
Avgiv hw` Avgv‡`i †`‡ki cvnvox GjvKvi gvbyl, MÖvgxY gvbyl Ges kû‡i gvby‡li
gv‡S Zzjbv Kwi Zv n‡j gvbe Rxe‡b cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q ¯úó n‡q
DV‡e| G wZb ai‡bi gvby‡li Lv`¨vf¨vm †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ Ges
RxweKv AR©‡bi Dcvq wewfbœ| cvnvox gvbyl Zvi †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ mivmwi cÖvK…wZK
cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbf©ikxj| MÖvgxY gvbyl cvnvox gvby‡li gZ bv n‡jI RxweKvi R‡b¨
Zv‡KI cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| †¶Z Lvgvi Kiv, nuvm-gyiMx I Mevw` cï
cvjb, grm Pv‡li Rb¨ Avgv‡`i K…l‡Kiv A‡bKvs‡k cÖvK…wZK So, e„wó, eb¨v, Liv
BZ¨vw`i Dci wbf©ikxj| kû‡i gvby‡li RxebhvÎv cvnvox Ges MÖvgxY gvby‡li gZ
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ GZ †ewk m¤ú„³ bq| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek †_‡K `~‡i m‡i

BDwbU- 3 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 30

Bangladesh Open University

hvIqvi d‡j kû‡i gvby‡li Lv`¨vf¨vm, mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ, cvnvox Ges MÖvgxY
gvby‡li †P‡q wfbœ| RxweKv AR©‡bi Dcvq mivmwi cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_
m¤úK©hy³ bq|

weÁv‡bi bvbvwea Ávb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q gvbyl †P‡q‡Q cÖK…wZ‡K Rq K‡i Zvi
myweavgZ Kv‡R jvMv‡Z| cÖK…wZi wewfbœ ebR, LwbR m¤ú` AvniY K‡i Kv‡R
jvwM‡q gvbyl Zvi RxebhvÎv mnR K‡i‡Q, Rxe‡bi gvb Dbœqb K‡i‡Q| gvby‡li GB
cÖ‡Póv A‡bK‡¶‡Î cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek bó K‡i‡Q| Avgiv †`‡LwQ Avgv‡`i cwi‡ek
†_‡K eb K‡g hv‡”Q, wewfbœ MvQcvjv I RxeRš‘ wejyß n‡q hv‡”Q, LwbR `ªe¨ gvwU,
cvwb, evqy `ywlZ Ki‡Q| weÁv‡bi Ace¨envi AZx‡Z cwi‡ek‡K bvbvfv‡e ¶wZ
K‡i‡Q| cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ wel‡q Avgv‡`i AÁZv Ges cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y Avgv‡`i
m‡PZbZvi AfveB Gi g~j KviY|

wPÎ 3.1.1: cwi‡ek bvbvfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q|

cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© c„w_ex Ry‡o gvbe mgvR GLb Av‡Mi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk m‡PZb|
cwi‡ek wb‡q G ch©šÍ A‡bK¸‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK ˆeVK AbywôZ n‡q‡Q| weÁvbxiv GLb
cwi‡e‡ki m¤ú` Avni‡Yi mv‡_ mv‡_ cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi cÖwZI mgvb bRi ivL‡Qb|
evqy cvwb gvwU `~l‡Yi weiæ‡× †`‡k we‡`‡k AvBb cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡”Q| ebvq‡b, MÖxY
nvDm G‡d± `~ixKi‡Y, I‡Rvb M¨v‡mi ¯Íi i¶vi R‡b¨ wewfbœ †`‡ki weÁvbxiv GLb
GK mv‡_ KvR K‡i hv‡”Qb|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 31

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wPÎ 3.1.2: msiw¶Z cwi‡ek|

BDwbU- 3 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 32

 Bangladesh Open University

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|

1. wk¶v_©xiv cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb co‡e †Kb?

K. cwi‡ek msµvšÍ Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½ AR©‡bi Rb¨
L. cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y †`‡ki mevB‡K DØy× Kivi Rb¨
M. cwi‡e‡ki m¤ú` †ewk K‡i AvniY Kivi Rb¨
N. cwi‡ek‡K cwieZ©b K‡i Kv‡R jvMvevi Rb¨|

2. gvby‡li Rxe‡b cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve †Kv_vq j¶¨ Kiv hvq?

K. ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I RvZxq Rxe‡b
L. kvixwiK, gvbwmK I mvgvwRK weKv‡k
M. Lv`¨vf¨vm, RxweKv, mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ
N. Dc‡ii (L) Ges (M)|

3. weÁv‡bi mv‡_ cwi‡e‡ki m¤úK© m¤^‡Ü wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw³wU mwVK?

K. weÁvb cwi‡e‡ki ¶wZ Ki‡Q
L. weÁvb cwi‡ek †_‡K bZzb Ávb jvf Ki‡Q
M. weÁvb cwi‡e‡ki DbœwZ Ki‡Q
N. weÁvb cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y m‡Pó n‡q‡Q|

mwVK DËi


A) 1| K, 2| N, 3| N|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 33

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 2 cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb I AebwZi KviY, Ro I Rxe

Dcv`v‡bi ˆewkó¨ Ges G‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

cwi‡e‡ki AebwZi KviY D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

Ro I Rxe Dcv`v‡bi ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

Ro I Rxe Dcv`v‡bi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Avcbviv Rv‡bb †h, Avgv‡`i cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k `yÕai‡bi Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q- Ro I
Rxe| Ro Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q gvwU, cvwb, evqy Ges gvwUi wewfbœ LwbR `ªe¨| Rxe
Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q MvQ-cvjv, Rxe-Rš‘ I †cvKv-gvKo| cÖK…wZi GB
Dcv`vb¸‡jvi gv‡S me mgq wg_w¯Œqv Pj‡Q hvi `iæY Avgv‡`i cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k
GKwU fvimvg¨ eRvq _vK‡Q| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki GB Dcv`vb¸‡jv Avgv‡`i
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`|
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Ro Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K Avgiv `yÕfv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi- bevqb‡hvM¨
I Abevqb‡hvM¨| cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, LwbR †Zj, Kqjv BZ¨vw` Abevqb‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK
m¤ú`| e¨envi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z G¸‡jv GKw`b †kl n‡q hv‡e| G¸‡jvi evievi e¨envi
m¤¢e bq| Ab¨w`‡K gvwU, cvwb, evqy Ges wewfbœ M¨vm bevqb‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`|
e¨envi Kivi ci cÖvK…wZK Dcv‡q G¸‡jv Avevi e¨envi‡hvM¨ n‡q hvq| Avgiv Rvwb
gvwU, cvwb, evqy evievi e¨envi Kiv hvq e‡jB c„w_ex‡Z Avgiv †eu‡P _vK‡Z cviwQ|
Dw™¢` Ges cÖvYx wewfbœfv‡e cÖK…wZi Ro Dcv`vb¸‡jv Dci wbf©ikxj| †eu‡P _vKvi
Rb¨ Rxe gvÎB cvwbi Dci wbf©ikxj| Rxe‡`‡ni 70-75 fvMB cvwb| cvwb
e¨env‡ii ci cÖK…wZi cvwbP‡µi gva¨‡g Avevi e¨envi‡hvM¨ nq| Dw™¢` gvwU †_‡K
wewfbœ LwbR c`v_© AvniY K‡i Zvi †`‡n Rgv iv‡L| Avgv‡`i kvixie„wËq Kv‡R
cÖ‡qvRbxq GBme LwbR c`v_© Avgiv Dw™¢` RvZ Lv`¨ †_‡K cvB| Rxe‡`n g‡i
hvevi ci LwbR c`v_© Avevi gvwU‡Z wd‡i Av‡m| Dw™¢` Ges cÖvYx LwbR c`v_©¸‡jv
Avevi e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖK…wZi Ro I Rxe Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK
wg_w¯Œqvi d‡jB cwi‡e‡k GKUv fvimvg¨ Ae¯’v weivR Ki‡Q| †Kvb wRwbmB
G‡Kev‡i dzwi‡q hv‡”Q bv| cÖK…wZi wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK P‡µi Kv‡Ri d‡jB GUv m¤¢e
n‡”Q|
gvby‡li wewfbœ KvR cÖvK…wZK Pµ¸‡jvi Kv‡R evavi m„wó Ki‡Q| evqyi K_vB aiv
hvK| evqyi Aw·‡Rb Rx‡ei k¦m‡b e¨eüZ n‡q Kve©Y-WvB-A·vB‡W iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
Dw™¢` mv‡jvK ms‡køl‡Y Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW e¨envi K‡i Ges Aw·‡Rb ˆZwi K‡i
BDwbU- 3 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 34
 Bangladesh Open University

evqy‡Z wdwi‡q †`q| Dw™¢` Ges cÖvYxi cvi¯úwiK wg_w¯Œqvi d‡jB evqy‡Z
Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW I Aw·‡R‡bi AbycvZ eRvq _vK‡Q| gvby‡li wewfbœ Kv‡R
MvQcvjv I eb KvUvi d‡j cÖK…wZi Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW I Aw·‡RbP‡µ evavi m„wó
n‡”Q| MvQcvjv K‡g hvIqv‡Z evqy‡Z Kve©b-WvB-A·vB‡Wi cwigvY evo‡Q| hvi
`iæY evqy gЇji ZvcgvÎv †e‡o hv‡”Q| Gi cwiYwZ Avgiv †`LwQ AKvj eb¨v, Liv,
So e„wó, R‡jv”Qvm BZ¨vw`|
KjKviLvbvi eR© gvwU, evqy, cvwb `~wlZ Ki‡Q| A‡bK †¶‡Î `~wlZ cwi‡e‡ki Dw™¢`
I cÖvYx wejyß n‡q hv‡”Q| Avgiv Av‡M †R‡bwQ Dw™¢`, cÖvYx I wewfbœ Ro Dcv`v‡bi
cvi¯úwiK wg_w¯Œqvi ga¨ w`‡qB cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ eRvq _v‡K| gvby‡li wewfbœ
Kv‡Ri d‡j cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡j cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó n‡e| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k
ZLb bvbv ai‡bi wech©q †`Lv w`‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|
1. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` evievi e¨envi Kiv hvq wKfv‡e?
K. cÖvK…wZK P‡µi Kvi‡Y
L. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` †ewk _vKvi Kvi‡Y
M. Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi wg_w¯Œqvi d‡j
N. Dc‡ii meKqwU Kvi‡Y|
2. bevqb‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb †Kvb¸‡jv?
K. Kqjv, †c‡Uªvj, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm
L. LwbR jeb, LwbR †Zj, cvwb
M. Aw·‡Rb, LwbR jeb, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
N. cvwb, Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW, †c‡Uªvj|
3. Ro I Rx‡ei cvi¯úwiK wg_w¯Œqvi d‡j wK n‡”Q?
K. cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ eRvq _vK‡e
L. cÖvK…wZK Pµ¸‡jv KvR Ki‡Q
M. cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡q hv‡”Q
N. Dc‡ii (K) I (L)|

mwVK DËi

A) 1| K, 2| M, 3| N|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 35
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|

1. cwi‡ek wk¶v weÁvb c‡o wk¶v_©xiv †Kvb `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡e?

K. cwi‡ek cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ ivLv
L. ebvq‡bi Rb¨ MvQcvjv jvMv‡bv
M. RxeRš‘i hZœ †bqv
N. Dc‡ii meKqwU|

2. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ eRvq _v‡K wKfv‡e?

K. Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi wg_w¯Œqvi d‡j
L. cÖvK…wZK Pµ¸‡jvi Kv‡Ri `iæb
M. weÁvbx‡`i Kv‡Ri Kvi‡Y
N. Ro I Rxe Dcv`v‡bi wg_w¯Œqvi R‡b¨|

Av) msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1. cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ weÁvb c‡o wk¶v_©xiv wK wkL‡e D‡jøL Kiæb|
2. cwi‡e‡ki wZbwU Ro Dcv`vb I wZbwU ˆRe Dcv`vb D‡jøL Kiæb|

B) iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. cwi‡ek I weÁv‡bi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. Ro I Rxe Dcv`v‡bi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mwVK DËi

A) 1| N, 2| N|

BDwbU- 3 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 36