THE PERIODIC TABLE

SYLLABUS
Triads, Newland's law of Octaves, Mendeleev's contributions;Modern Periodic Law, the Modern
and periods)
Table. (Groups
periodic Dobereiner's triads, Newland's law of Octaves, Mendeleev's periodic law.
Co Genera/idea of
Number and its use as a basis for Modern Periodic law.
Discoveryof Atomic
the (Groups 1 to 18 and periods 1 to 7).
ModernPeriodic Table
specialreference to Alkali metals (Group 1), Alkaline Earth metals (Group2) Halogens (Group 17) and
(Group 18)
Zero Group

INTRODUCTION
It is a humaninstinct to classify, i.e. to put things of one kind in one group and of another kind in
group.
another
Towardsthe end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19thcenturies, more and more elements began to be
and their individual properties and compounds had begun to be studied. Soon, the need arose for
discovered,
themso as to make their comparative study easier.
Rclassifying
FOR CLASSIFICATION Obviously, scientists were in search of
5.1 REASONS
OF ELEMENTS characteristics of an element that would never change.
the elements in an organized It was WilliamProut who discovered that the atomic
I. It helpsin studying
manner.
mass of an elementnever differs and that it could
therefore,form a truly scientific basis for a
2. It helpsin correlating the properties of elements satisfactory scheme of classification.
withthefundamentalproperties of all states of
matter. 5.2 DOBEREINER'S TRIADS
3. It helps in defining the relationship of one J. W. Dobereiner, a German chemist, observed
elementwith another. that certain elements displayed similar properties and
Inthebeginning, attempts were made by chemists that they could be placed in groups of three elements
toclassifyelementson the basis of factors such as each. These groups of three elements each were
malleability,ductility, etc., and also to consider
density, called triads. For example, lithium, sodium and
theywere metals or non-metals. But none
whether potassium were placed in one triad.
oftheseearly classifications proved satisfactory The three elements of a particular triad had
because : similar chemical properties. In fact, Dobereiner was
(i) thenumberof elements falling in a particular the first scientist to show the clear relationship
groupwere so large that it did not serve the between properties of an element and its atomic
purposeof generalization. mass.
(ii) someof the characteristics being considered
vafiedunderdiffering conditions. The atomic mass of the middle element of a
(iii)certainelements showed metallic as well as Dobereiner's triad was approximatelyequal to the
arithmetic mean (average) of the atomic masses of
non-metalliccharacteristics.
the other two elements of that triad.

83

(5
 this point and found that
eighth
similar to the properties element
c•dcium. strontium and the eighth note of a of the
musical first
its first note. Based
ze em-üaHties :
on this octaveis
his law of octaves
for observatiom
According to
Newland's
elements are arranged law of
by increasing
s;.ælar chenieal properties of every eiol
e, ith
- in one croup
elementare a repetitionelement starting
of the }

Western Do i Re
Music So
is r.he middle
Music Ma

1
3 4
5

c
Al Si
mass ot-

Co and Ni cu Zn
bromine In

land divided the elements

of seven elements each, as into
ab shown
noble. i.e. inert, gases were not
knownatthd
Cl and Merit' land •s classification
l. This system quite wellforth
elements. For example, lithium,sod.
potassium 1+,ere brought together.
2. It relates the properties of the elemenE
atomic masses.
3. For the first time, it was shownthat:
a distinct periodicity in the propertiesoft-
-V houourcd in 1887
The Royzl Society presented the Das} Y

Nev. land in 1887 for his work on classifi'.

elements.
; yr discarding the law of octaves
• This classification did not work
elements, i.e. those lying beyondcal:
more and more elements were
Oct'
could not be fitted into Newland•s
cobalt
• land adjusted two elements
nickel (Ni) in the same slot andthese
in the same column as fluorine,
 very different properties Periodic table is a chart of elementsprepared
•b have
+ttie in such a way that elements with similar
cobalt and nickel in properties occur i/' the same vertical column
placed far away fro") the«e (or gmup). It is called periodic because elemcnts
with sin;ilor propcrtics occur at fixed intervals
(or pct]odq); it is callcd a table bccause
Ntcndclccv. a clenjcntQ are orrangcd in tabular form,
Ivanovich
I)tnitri
o altangcd all the 63 elctnents I(ssential of Mendejecv'g periodic table :
in incjv•asingorder of their Mcndclecv's Periodic tablc contains vcrtical
(hat sinular properties were colunjns, called 'groups' and horizontal rows caJjcd
I',lcntcnts
in the sante vertical coltilnn ' periods'
blank spaces the expected • There arc in all cight groups, i.e. Group J to Group
the ptvpcflie.s was disrupted, i.e., VIll. Each of thcsc groups from J to VIJ is dividcd
elenwnt did not tally
prvpctliesof an into two sub-groups A and B. Group VIII has no
of the elerncnt placed above it. sub group. Inert gases were not known at that time.
that elenwnt.s with sirnilar properties • All elements of a sub-group (or of Group VIll,
intervals. Ile called this as the which has no sub-group) have similar properties
at tegular
properties of elements. and show the same valency, which is equal to the
of the
onthis,he
propounded a law that is called group number (for upto Group IV) or group number
Periodic 141M'. subtracted from eight (for Groups V-VII).
I*lav's
Law
• In a period, elements gradually change from
leev'sPeriodic
Mende metallic to a non-metallic character or metallic
physicaland chemical properties of elements characterdecreasesas one moves from left to right
function of their atomic masses.
a periodic across the horizontal row.
periodicTable was published in a German journal in 1872. He used letter 'R' to represent the
ofthatparticulargroup. Hydride of any element of group IV is written as RH4. For example, hydride
is CH4.Oxide of any element of the same group is R02 (C02).
ofcarbon
'l'able 5.1. Mendeleev's periodic {ab!c

Groups
Ill Vll Vlll
-4
——i¯
20 RO R203 R02 R205 R03 R207 R04
(hide :
H)dnde : RH2 RH3 RH4 RH3 RH2

periods B Transition
series

2 c O F
' 6.939 9.012 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998
3 Mg Si s Cl
22.99 24.21 29.98 28.09 30.974 i 32.06 35.453

'4 Firstseries K sc Cr co
39.102 4().()8 44.96 47.90 50.94 50.20 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.71
Secondseries AS
6.3.54 66.37 69-72 72-59 74.92 78.96 79.909
5 First serics ; Rb Sr Zr
85.47 87.62 88-41 91.22 92.91 95.94 99 i 101.07 102.91 106.4
Sccondseries Ag Cd In Sn Sb
107.87 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.90
6 Firstsenes Cs
Elf era w Ir
132.90 138.91 178.49 180.95 18*.85 19().2 192.2 IOS. 2
Secondsenes
196 97 200.69 204.37 207.19 208.98

( 85
 (iii) Tellurium with atomic

generalized the study

of elements.
He
study of mere (2) Position of isotopes :
Grouping to a
(l) then known Isotopes ofan element are
of the elements
order having similar chemical propertiesb
elements. In
undiscovered atomic masses.
(2) Gaps for elements having similar
that column or According to Mendeleev's periodic
to make sure vertical must be given separateI
the same gaps in his of an element
propertiesfell in some
group, Mendeleev
left
were left
for periodic table since they have
gaps were not assigned
periodic table.
These
not known
at masses. But they Separ,
of elements
subsequentinclusion correctly thought that chemically dissimilar
(3) Grouping of
that time. Mendeleev discovered later. Elements such as copper and silver
be
such elements would undiscovered
properties of resemblanceto alkali metals (lithium
(3) Prediction of properties of the been placed together in
elements. He predicted
the but they have
elements on the basis of the group.
then unknown the
elements lying adjacent to
properties of properties
predicted the (4) Separation of chemically similar
vacant slots. He actually Elements that are chemically similar
elementsin 1871. , such
of some undiscovered platinum have been placed in
gold and
For example :
one place below groups.
(i) Eka aluminium (means mass and
aluminium in the group);its atomic
arrangement :
(5) Electron
to those of the electron arrangement
chemical properties are quite similar It does not explain
on in 1876.
the element gallium discovered later elements.
properties of
(ii) Properties of eka-silicon are the hydrogen :
germanium. (6) Position of
Property Eka- Gallium Eka- Germanium Hydrogen was not given a fixed position.
as
aluminium silicon consideredin Group IA as well in Group
positive ion, viz. in HCI
Atomic mass 68 69.7 72 72.6 because it forms both a
Density 5.9 g/cc 5.91 g/cc 5.5 g/cc 5.36 g/cc a negative ion, viz. in NaH.
Melting point Low 302 K High 1231K
BASIS FOR
5.5 ATOMIC NUMBER AS
MODER
3 4 4
Valency 3

Formula
PERIODIC LAW
M02 Ge02
of oxide M203 Ga203
The magnitudeof positive charge presentin
(4) Incorrect atomic mass corrected. He was able nucleus of an atom was determined by Hem
to correct the values of atomic mass of Moseley, an English physicist.
elements like gold and platinum by placing these In 1913,Moseley used anodes of differentmet
elements strictly on the basis of similarities in their in a dischargetube and subjected them to attack I

properties. cathode rays. He found that when cathode rays stru

Defects in Mendeleev's periodic table anodes of different metals, the wavelengths of t
(l) Anomalous pairs : rays produced change. The wavelength of these ra
The following pairs of elements did not follow was found to decrease in a regular manner
Mendeleev's principles . changing the metal of the anode in order of thc
(i) Argon with atomic mass 39•9 precedes position in the periodic table. By this, he conclud
potassium with atomic mass 39•1. that the number of positive charge present in d
(ii) Cobalt with atomic mass 58•9 precedes nickel nucleus of an atom is the most fundamental proper
with atomic mass 58-6. of an atom.
86
 paHicular element is classification of•or anomalies
elements
in Mendeleev's
of a element. i. Position of isot.opcs
of that
. the Since all isotopes of
charge present in number of protons,
an elejnent have
the same
ositive the number of their atomic number
and same. And since all is also the
J of that same atomic number.
is,otopcsof an element
have the
they can bc put at
found that atontic position in the periodic the same
Nloseley property of elenlenls tabic.
2. Position or
anomalous pairs
The
of argon is 18 and its
nutl)ber is while thc atomic nurnbcr mass
I'ln•sical and cheniical is 19 and its mass of pofaqgium
number is 39, Now, according
function of the Modern periodic to
a law, clcrncnt%arc arranged in
perl increasing order of their
atomic nujnbcr.So argon,
with its lower atomic
of their number. should cornc first, and
arranged in order similar potassium, with its higher
with atomic number, should
number,those come later.
f atorepeated after regular intervals, In a similar way, the position
occurs based on of cobalt and
are periodic table nickel are also justified.
illthe(number of protons).
bers

EXCERCISE 5(A)

8. State Mendeleev's periodic law.

for classification of elements?
theneed the earliest attempts
made for 9. Use Mendeleev's Periodic Table to predict the formula of
of
thebasis
grouping of
elements ? (a) hydrides of carbon and silicon
and If (b) oxides of potassium, aluminium and barium.
ments of a Dobereiner's triad.
and that of C is 39, what
massof A is 7 B? 10. Which group of elements was missing from Mendeleev's
mass of original periodic table ?
be the atomic
should
Dobereiner's triads discarded ?
Whywere Il. State the merits of Mendeleev's classification of elements.
law of Octaves.' Why was the law
'Newland's 12. Why did Mendeleev leave some gaps in his periodic table
?
of of elements ? Explain your answer with an example.
triads also exist in the columns
discarded
Dobereiner's
Did Compare and find out.
Octaves?
13. The atomic number of an element is more important to the
Newland's chemist than its relative atomic mass. Why ?
elements were put in
sodiumand potassium
(a)Lithium,
basis of their similar properties. 14. Consider the following elements : Be, Li, Na, Ca, K. Name
onegroupon the the elements of (a) same group (b) same period.
properties ?
arethose similar
What
calcium, strontium and barium were put
elements
(b)The
15. (a) Name an element whose properties were predicted
basis of their similar on the basis of its position in Mendeleev's periodic
inonegroupor family on the
properties.
table.
?
werethose similar properties
What (b) Name two elements whose atomic weightswere
wasMendeleev's basis for classification
.(a)What of corrected on the basis of their positions in Nlendeleev's
elements? periodic table.
contributionsto the concept of periodic
(b)Mendeleev's the time of
(c) How many elements were known at
laidthe foundationfor the Modern Periodic
table Mendeleev's classification of elements ?
Table.
Give reasons.

87
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 teact •waterto metal and
hydrm!en.
All fheqe element' have one efet ecuh in th•it
•hell and to 'hey •imilor
It is notwcdthat
Thus, the caute
of periodicity is the same number of etecfron(t)in
fov the outermost orbit i.e., recurrence of 'imilar
, coodic electronic configuration.
Cicnicotq, francyum.
f and Properties that reappear at regular intervals. ot
which there gradual variation, i.e. increa•.e
decrease at regular intervals. are called periodic
properties and the phenomenon known as
periodicity of elements.
of similar
form
unipoqitivc Cau qe of periodicity is the recurrence
one and electronic configuration.
number of electromsin
in a particular group, the
the same, i.e.
found mainly in the outermost orbit remains
similar
elements of the same group have
burn. same. So increaqes
when they though the number of shells
flame properties,
down a group.
thbYdrogen.
6t the
Applied Chemistry (IIJ?AC),
co
International Union of Pure and
des' of

eredfrom
examination,
TILL111b
for the
oßs;er, 12
B

features of Periods Group

salient Elements in O
Table 5.2 so. of
Atomicno.of shell(s)
elements
elements

Sa Mg 13
36

Shon 19 __36 19 20
Rb Sr
Long 37 54 37

Long -86
Fr
Longest
period
32
ongest
 (O) peri(RJc,

as Innthanides (rarc
(1 Vill ana earth
gn period,
a taa\ of
actinium (Ac
(Choup nun'ber l,
I.Aand Vtl A. n as tnain group
knovsn actinides (radio,
and arv knou
elententsor the I and actinides
elements or have their (hey belong to the same
have
normal elements. group. Group
at the bottom of the
in nutnber, and showing periodic
9. 1().
nutnber 3.4. 5.6. 7, S. themin
Elementsot (Group table distort the shape of
as transition elernents. the
I and 12 are knev n
outermc shells inc' vnplete. OF ELEMENTS
7ia•vik.nv'their 5.7
nurnber IS)
in the Zero group (Group Elernents can also be
or noble gases because classified
an' called incri gases contieurations.
tour types :
inc to their stable electronic l. Representative elements
elements. (Eieht
tho hardl.\ react u ith other in the case 2. Transition elements
except
clectmn< in the outernost or+it.
3. Inner transition elements
ef Heliurn hich has 2 electrons).
4. Inert gases or noble gases
Classification according
There are so en horizontal rous in the Inodeül s, p,
based on electronic configuration,
to
dandö
periodic table. each called a period. The nunlher Q/' which
an (,etenninesilSperiod. as IS
5.7.I Representative elements
l) Elements"ith electrons increasinszarithmetically (s andp-block elements) :
Elements
in their outernost shell. i.e. one by' one, till an their outermost orbit incomplete.
octet is attained, are placed in the same period. all elements of : The
The last elelnent of each period has eight Group I : Alkali metals
electron<. except the first peåod He (2 electrons). fom
with water (except hydrogen); stronq
(2) The first period contains only two elements, Group 2 : Alkaline earth metals-
(atomic nos. I and 2). It is the shortest period.
alkalis compared to IA group
(3) The second and third periods contain eight elements:
Group 13 : Boron family —boron
elements each (atomic nos. 3-10 in the second isti
and ato:nic nos. 11-18 in the third period). These nnemberof the group;
are short periods. Group 14 : Carbon family-- carbon
(4) The fourth and fifth periods contain eighteen first member;
elernents each (atomic nos. 19-36 in the fourth Group 15 : Nitrogen family—nitro!v't
and atomic nos. 37-54 in the fifth period). the first member;
These
are long periods.
Group 16 : Oxygen family — oxygen
N:
(5) The sixth period contains 32 first member;
elements (atoniic
nos. 55-86). It iq the longest period.
Group 17 : Halogens -— thev are saltfen
 that 5.7.4. Inert gases (or noble gases)
reactive metals
the
most
because they react Elements of the Zero group, which is the 18th
j metals alkali solution. venical column, are known as inert gases or noble gases.
They They have 8 electrons in their outermost orbits
non-metals•
reactive
(except He, which has only 2). They do not react with
other elements and are, therefore, inert. (Refer 5. I J .4.)
LIP tative elements:
I/' non-metals. There
from metallic
to non-
Bridge elements : Elements of the second period show
resemblance in properties with elements of the next group
left to right of the third period, leading 10a diagonal relationship.
moves from
as one Such elements are called bridge elements, viz. Li and Mg;
covalent Be and Al; B and Si.
as well as
Group --5 1 2 13 14
non-metals.
forßwith moving down any Period 2
eases on
Period 3 Na Mg Al
conductors of heat
are good 2. Typical elements
present in groups I and
are present in groups 16 and The third period elements, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S and Cl,
whichare of heat and electricity. summarize the properties of their respective groups and are
conductors called typical elements.
tin and lead, exhibit
elements,like
5.8 MERITS MODERNPERIODIC TABLE
valencies.
(d-block elements) : (l) It is based on atomic number, which is an
elements 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, even better fundamental property compared
4,
in Groups3, to atomic mass.
: (2) Position of an element in the table is related
d transition to its electronic configuration.
t;gcharacteristicsmetals with high melting
elementsare (3) It show's regular changes in properties of
points. elements on moving across a period or down
boiling of heat and electricity. a group.
goodconductors attracted towards a
Ind

elements are (4) Modern periodic table is easier to remember,

ofthese
understand and reproduce.
elementsare used as catalysts. 5.9 DEFECTS OF THE MODERN PERIODIC
ofthese valencies.
elementsexhibit variable
ofthese TABLE
form coloured ions and l. Position of hydrogen is still not satisfactory, as its
oftheseelements
compounds. properties relate to both Group I and Group 17.
coloured
transition elements (J-block elements) : 2. It fails to accommodate the inner transition
elernents, i.e. the lanthanides and the actinides,
Theelementsofthe sixth and seventh periods of
into the main body of the periodic table.
q3.i.e.thelanthanidesand the actinide.s, are
known as inner transition elements. RENDS IN THE -MODERN
5.10GENERAL "1
of in ner Ira n.vition ent.v . PERIODIC TABLE
They
arehea\ymetals ith high Ineltine and C;ROt'PS
points. (l ) Numbers of shells and valence electrons :
heyshowvariable \ alencies. As go down a group, number of shells
They
fomcoloured ions. increases arithmetically and number of valence
Actinides
areall radioacti\ e elements. Sorne are electrons remains equal to the munber of the group
not
found
in nature.They are made in special to vftlich the element belongs. Also, number of
laboratories.
electron shells in a given element equals the number
91
 halogens Examples:
of (he to it belongs. Consider (a) Alkali ntetuls (Group l)
(Group 17), as below. are all
the degree of reactivity
Electronic furthe
Fhment No. of shells the group.
the configuration
otgmup Li<Na
nuniber
Reactivity increases
2
2.8.7 (b) atoms are also
very
2, s, 18, 7 degree of reactivity decreasesreactive
as we
5 2, 8, 18, 18.7
1

6 2, 8, 18..32, 18, 7 F>CI

Reactivity decreases
LjthÄY
(2) Valency :
Valencyof an element equals the number of (4) Atomic size :
electmns present in its valence shell. Since elements As one moves down a Sodium

in a particular group have an equal number of group, size of atoms of

electrons in their respective valence shells, valency successive elements increases.
of all elements in a given group is the same. For This is because of the progressive ass
example,valency of any alkali metal is l, as shown increasein the number of shells.
in the table below. For example,in Group 1, atomic
Element Group Electronic No. of valence size increases as one moves from
1 configuration electrons lithium to caesium. Rubidium
: 2,
Lithium 1
Sodium 1 Atomic size increases
Potassium
(5) Metallic character :
Valency of group IA elements is I Caesium : 2,
Metallic character increases 8,
Valency of group IIA elements is 2
as one moves down a group. For
Valency of group IllA elements is 3 example
Group 15, nitrogen and phosphorus are
(Group number 13; 13 —10 = 3) non-mq
arsenic and antimony are metalloids,and
Valency of group IVA elements is 4 a typical metal.
(Group number 14; 14 —10 = 4) Elements of Group 15 : As; Sb
Valency of group VA elements is 3 Character : non—metals metalloids
(Group number 15; 18 —15 = 3)
It is on account of gradual increase in metal
Valency of group VIA elements is 2 character of elements from top to bottomthat
(Group number 16; 18 —16 = 2) of elements become increasingly basic in charact€L
Valency of group VIIA elements is I we move down a group.
(Group number 17; 18 —17 = l) The oxides of the elements
Valency of group Zero (or Group number 18) ofGroup 15: N02; P205 AS203; Sb203 Bi203
elements is 0.
Oxide character : acidic amphoteric basic
(3) Properties of elements :
Elements in a given group possess similar Note : Hydrogen has been placed at the top ofGroup
electronic configurations.Because the number of l, above the alkali metals of that group, because tir
electrons in their respective outermost shells is the same, electronic configuration of hydrogen is similartothos•;
of the alkali metals. Both hydrogen and alkalimetals
they have very similar physical and chemicalproperties,
have I valence electron. However, hydrogenatom is
which change uniformly down that group. very small in size, and therefore, many of its properties

92
 (4) of
The size of an afotn moving jcft
pciåodie to tight in period (inctcaqe in the
inejvascs nuclear pull which (.Jcctcøqeq
the
alone in a panicular petiod, olkali atoms have Lrtge€(
thus placed
size and halogen atoms are the stnalic',t.

given period,
'ht in a
the same. of shells
to

number
•od the period.
number of
3rdpc the
S
Ar (5) Properties of elements :
Si
17 18
Properties of an element depend upon the
14
15
16
number of electrons in its outermost orbit. Since
13 in a period, number of electrons in valence shell
changes, properties of elements in a period
valence shell : differ significantly.Reactivity first decreases up
in electrons in a to Group 14 and then increases. Thus Group I
/ number of elements are the most reactive metals, while those
Hod,the left to right.
of Group 17 are the most reactive non-metals.
peasesfrom
hydrogen, (6) Metallic character :
to
with respect back to 1. On moving from left to right in a given period,
1 to 4 and the metallic character gradually decreases, i.e. it
ally from
changes from metallic to non-metallic.The last
element of each period is inert.
Be HF
cH4 NH3 H20 Elements of the 2nd period
BH3
LiH
BeH2
Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne
2 1
4 3 Metal Metalloid Non-metal
3
2

ith respect to oxygen, Oxides of elements : Oxides of elements in a

elements, w
of
valency particular period become progressively less basic as
change
Bit
from1
to 7. we move across from left to right and finally
the
Si
s Cl to an acidic character.For example,consider
oxides of the third period elements.
Mg
Al
Na

Si02 P205 S03 0207

Mgo A1203 Oxides of the 3rd period
C1207
6 7 Nap, Mgo, A1203, Si02, P205, sq,
4 5
2 3 (Acidic character increases)

93
 EXÜÜF,RCLSE
alt,miniurn
have
respectively, They orc
Separatedb
fable. and have
potassium are

tic.
18. 'l'hiq to

shown by
not the usual of the evenf}
deteonines
in a
4. (t: and 12 13 14
I 15
as , 1 J K
ing gtvups 18 N
hat ate thc (iii) Group (a) Which of thcsc is .
S. (a)
group. (i) a noble gas?
clentents of each
Sanw in the :
of elenwnts (ii) a halogen ?
is the nurnber
6. and (iii) an alkali metal?
(a) 1stperiod. periodic table ?
of the (iv) an element with valency
electrons (ii) valency; 4?
nurnberof (i)
7. docs the (b) If A combines with F, what
right : would
ing fro')) left to the resulting compound ? A
on periodic table ?
period of the
in the second table ? (c) What is the electronic configura
period of the periodic Ion
(h) in the third change
structures (electron arrangements) 19. The position of elements A, B, C, D and
S. How do atoniic numbers moving
period Wilh an increase in atomic table are shown below :
in a
from left to light ? Group I Group 2 Group17
proposing his
by Mendeleev in
9. State the criteria used
periodic table. c
Cobalt and Nickel resolved in
10. Hoseare the positions of
the Modern periodic table ?
(a) State which are metals, non-metals
atoms. Where would they and
Il. CIRs and CIV are two different this table.
be placed in the periodic table ? (b) State which is the most reactive (i)metal
in its M shell. State its
12. An element X has 3 electrons (c) Which type of ion will be formedby
the element.
position in the periodic table. Narne
each filled completely
13. Name an element that has two shells, (d) Which is larger in size (i) D or E (ii)
periodic table. Bore
Mithelectrons. State its position in the
gas of extremely 20. Write electronic configuration of element
14. Helium is an unreactive gas and neon is a
in
low reactivity. What, if anything, do their atoms have (a) What is the group number of T?
the common. (b) What is the period number of T ?
15. In whichpart of a group would you separately expect the (c) How many valence electrons are thereinanin
elernents to hau s .
(a) the greatest metallic character ?
(b) the largest atomic size ? (d) What is the valency of T ?
16. What happens to nun)ber of valence electrons in at01ns of (e) Is it a metal or a non-metal?
elemenls as we go down a group of the periodic table ? (f) State number of protons and neutronsinT

94
 GROUPS

8.
as lithium (Li). sodium
(14b), cae.siutn (Na) uni
crits (Cs)
one electron in their outerrnost
one valency. So
they are
first colujnn on the
left) of
, are known as alkali • All al
rnetals
t.caterto Jonn their hydroxides e.
wliC
dlkalies(bases soluble in water) Yell
air,
2M011 +
(Alkali) molten
IA group.
mctalof

configuration arth
radium ctalS)
because (Ra) ,S
their (Sr) (bBe)'magnesium
as
alkaline d) and
8 All the earth
2 8 In metals
8 their elements
2 18 8 of this
8 outermost
2 8 orblit group h,
8 and
2 18 32 18 8 show t'hsecvll tel ncy
8 group
of the
2
l.
•• All of them are very reactive and Electronic Periodic
Table
occurrence frec state. configuration
occurin Element
K
are soft (can be cut with a knife) and
/ do . They boiling points. 2
mcltingand 2
2

All alkali metal salts (except some 20ca

2
8 2
are ionic in nature. 2
8
8 2
8 18
• They react rapidly with oxygen 8 2

vapourin the air. 2 8 2

dwater 2.
•4Na+ 02 Occurrence :
+ 1+0 2NaOH reactive than They are reactive
alkali metals); metals(less
NaoC03 + H.O
2NaoH+ C02 3. Nature
hence
they do not
nature, elements of group I : They are
theirreactive harder than greyish white
in colourand
like kerosene. the alkali
ininertsolxent
kept 4. Bonding metals.
: All the
of these lnetals increases down the except salts of alkaline earth
Raidi)'ity beryllium,are ionicmetalsalts,
5. Action of compounds.
air : They are
ofMater: They react Niolently with water less reactivethan
alkali
producehydrogen.
and Their reactivity
increases on moving
group. down the
, Alkali )
nwtal 6. Action of water
: They react with water
ofacids : They react \ iolently ith dil. produce hydrogen. to
anddil.H,S04 to produce h.Ndrogen
NCI
(Any alkaline (Alkali)
earh metal)
Amtikdlimetal)
 Action of acids : They react with dil. MCIand 5, Nature : They are all
dil. to ptoduce hydrogen. similar strong pungent Poisonoux
and
M + 21-1Cl-9 MC12+ 6. Atomicity : They all
form
M+ —Y MS04 +
S. They fortn dipositive ions. 7. They all have a valency
I
with similar formulae, and f
They are also strong reducing agents. chloride (HCI), hydrogen
hydrogen iodide (HI). 'P/e,
9. Melting points and boiling points are id
comparatively low but these are higher than the 8. They produce a series of
c
alkali metals. elements; chlorides, ompounds
10.Except beryllium and magnesium, all other together they are knownbromides
as halid%rid
alkaline earth metals impart colour to the flame 9. The halogens themselves c
like Calcium —brick red, Strontium Crimson, metals to form metal ha an react
lides (or dir
Barium —Apple green, Radium —Crimson. 10.They all form negative salts)
y
ions
ll. They are obtained by the electrolysisof their charge [Fluoride ions F-, c
molten salts. Bromide ions Br-, Iodide
ions 1-]
5.11.3 Group VilA or Group 17 (The halogens) 5.11.4 Group Zero or 18 group
Group VIIA or Group 17 elements are known When Mendeleev first (Noble
as halogens. The name halogen (Greek, halo = sea there was no indication thatconstructed )
a h.
or salt + gen = producing)means salt-former. elements (Group zero) remained WholeIs
because of their lack of to be
Characteristics reactivity.
sign of their existence. However, ere
1. These elements have 7 electrons in their analysisof
outermost orbit. in air led to the discovery of argon.
detected by spectroscopy of light Helium
Element K from the
an eclipse and the othernoble gases
2 7 William Ramsay isolated these were•
2 8 7
awarded the Nobel prize for this gases
35Br 2 8 18 7 major
531 2 8 18 18 7 These gases (Helium, neon, contrib
xenon and radon) are argon,
85At 2 8 18 32 18 7 referred to
meaning they do not react at all. as inert
In
2. They are the most reactive non-metals. Their compounds of xenon and krypton 1960s
have
reactivity decreases down the group. For and their name was changed to noble been
example, Fluorine is the most reactive and iodine gases.
the least reactive halogen. Characteristics
3. Melting point and boiling point : There is a 1. Electronic configuration
steady increase in melting points and boiling Element K L M
points as we go down the group. Fluorineis a 2He 2
gas, chlorine is a gas, bromine is liquid and iodine 2 8
is solid. 18
2 8 8
Astatine is highly radioactive and a rare element. 36 2 8 18 8
2 8 18 18 8
Colour : The intensity of the colour of the
element also increases from pale to dark. 86 2 8 18 32 18 8
Fluorine is a pale yellow gas, chlorine is a Helium has 2 electrons in its shellandalli
greenish yellow gas, bromine is a reddish brown
other members have eight electrons
intl
liquid and iodine is a violet solid.
96
 (17) cicincntq gaiti ot
gnws€ group IA elec to
elec ortongcnjcnf
5.12 USES
their electronic Periodic table bccn usefuj in tha
existence of new clclncntq,
t'iC difficulty. 2, It has been useful thc
great past correcting
and on
I in water their of clemcntq in rcjation to
soluble to Rn, 3, Study of clerncnts and
Ile thor compounds ha•
become systematic and casicr to
rcmernfrt.
light when an 4. Position of an element in the pcrjodgctable
d
COIOt1t•e through thenl. reveals its
Assed
boiling points are (i) atomic number
d lowest melting (ii) electronic configuration
oillts the
cannot be solidified (iii) numberof valence
11C and
also needed). All (iv) properties
is
atoms of the noble 5. Nature of chemical bond, formula of compound
to the formed and properties of that compound can all bc
oint stable.
,1ftict11arlY use of noble gases predicted from the periodic table.
The
nature. For example : Elements present in group«
U
preactive
airships and balloons l, 2 and 3 (metals) lose electrons to form
their d in unreactive. positive ions, while elements of groups 15, 16
use light and
is 170th bulbs because it will and 17 (non- metals) gain electrons to form
light at high
tofill filament even negative ions. When these positive and negative
used the ions combine, they form a compound,that is
with
the noble gases is, electrovalentin nature.
use of lights. The brightly If elements of groups 14, 15, 16 and 17 combine
use in 'neon' when an electric with those of 15, 16 and 17, i.e. non-metals with
light workscontaining a little non-metals, they form covalent compounds.
in a tube
is passed 6. Position of an element in the periodic table
noble gas.
discll{lfr reveals
fa are
of Group zero (18) (i) valency of the element.
Theelements reactive groups of elements (ii) whether the element is a metal or a non-metal
' thetwo
most
(17)]. Indeed, it is their — metals occupy the extreme left positions of
v11A electron
I and groups with stable the periodic table while non-metals are at the
to thesemakes the alkali metals and extreme right of the periodic table.
that can easily achieve
They
so reactive.
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
element of the triad had both atomic mass
triads (groups of th ree elements) such that the middle
in two elements of the triad.
grouped the elements equivalent figures for the other
to the average
roughlyequal
7 +39
40 +137 = 88-5 Yd (23), K(39) = 23
(ii) Li 2
Ba (137)
ca(40),sr (88), 2

since only a few then known could be arranged in such triads.

was soon discarded
However, this
to it, when elements are arranged in increasingorder of
gavethe law of octaves. According
Newland
97
 the the
Mendeleev published a table of
'he ti('tt.vO/ their otontic
enabled Mendeleev
penods. lie eu•n ptvdicted the existence of
of certain elernents like the r;ue
detes.(x hen Musclcy fVyundthat atoniic nuttil)ers eje
are
propenies of elejncnt.s. He then put for" ard the idea or the moder the fundamental
n periodic
t. MODERN PERIODIC LOS' table
and of elements are periodic functions of
their 'atomic
o: No 01 Atomtc
reryod elements number
Shortest 14
2 1 and 2
1

2, Short 8 3 to 10 Li 3 Bea
2.1
3. Shod 8 11 to 18 Nail Mg, 2 3 4 7
6
8
111B IVB VB VIB VilB
4. Long 18 19 to 36 Ca 20
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
5. Long 18 37 to 54 Sr38
37
6. Longest 32 55 to 86 Ba 56 La 57
55
7. Longest 87b 118 Ra 88 Ac 89
87

Group 1 Alkali metals

Lanthanide
(except hydrogen) 58
Group 2 Alkaline earth metals series NNER TRAN ITIO
Group 3 to 12 Transition elements Actinide series 90
Group 17 Halogens
Group 18 Inert gases
Group 111B6th period Lanthanides
Inner Transition Elements
Group 111B period Actinides

2. FEA"ITRES OF THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

Periods :
Period —I Shortest period —consists of 2 elements —IH and 2He.
Period —2 Short period —contains 8 elements —3Li, 4Be, 5B, 6C, 7N, 80, F,
9 10
Period —3 Short period —contains 8 elements — IINa, 12Mg, 13A1, I 15P, 6S, 17Cl,18Ar.
Periods Long periods —contain 18 elements each.
Period —6 Longest period —contains 32 elements.
Period —7 Incomplete period.
Characteristics of periods:
There are seven horizontalperiods.
I. Elements of the same period have the sconenumber of electron shells.
2. Electrons in the outermost shell increase progressively for elements of the same period.

98
 I to 18.
columns
g p 18 . contains noble gases llc. Nes Ar, Kr, Xc Ofid
ro drogen and alkali mela/s l.i. Nil. K, RI),('s and lit,
alkaline earth metals.
, contains . contain transition metals. In (GroupJ, period 6 and period 7 are known ag Inner
3 to group Actinides).
and
halogens F. Cl. I and At.

groups
•tcristic•of same have the same number of valence electrons, i.e. they have the same and thus
Of
properties.
cheruical
siltiilar down a group.
shells increase
Electron non-metallic character
Metallicand decreases across a period (left to right) and increases down a group (top to bottom).
Metalliccharacter
character increases across a period (left to right) and decreases down a group (top to bottom).
Usesof the periodic table : position of elements, their properties, nature of compounds formed can bc determined.

EXCERCISE 5(C)
TYPE :
MULTIPLECHOICE (i) Alkali metals (ii) Halogens
answer from the options given below).
(Choosethe correct (iii) Alkaline earth metals (iv) Inert gases
table, the elements of a same group
I. In the periodic 7. Modern periodic table is based on :
have the same :
(i) Atomic weight (ii) Atomic number
(i) Number of valence electrons
(iii) Mass number (iv) Molecular mass
(ii) Mass number
(iii) Atomic number 8. Elements which have their outermost orbits incomplete
(iv) Number of electrons are :
2. The number of elements in the largest period of the (i) Transition elements
periodic table is : (ii) Noble gases
(i) 18 (iii) Inner transition elements
(iii) 32 (iv) 42 (iv) Representative elements
3. Atomic number is a much more fundamental property 9. The element with atomic number 16 is placed in the
of an element than its atomic mass. This was modern periodic table in :
emphasised by :
(i) 2nd period and VI A group
(i) Bohr (ii) Moseley
(ii) 3rd period and IV A group
(iii) Mendeleev (iv) Newland
4. All the members of group 15 have ........ electrons in (iii) 3rd period and VI A group
their outermost orbit. (iv) 2nd period and IV A group
10. Typical elements are the elements of :
(iii) 5 (i) Illrd group (ii) Illrd period
5. Which of the following statement is correct with respect (iii) Ilnd period (iv) IVth period
to the elements - Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S and Cl. ll. The strongest reducing agents are the elements of
(i) Each element belongs to the same group. group :
(ii) Valency of each element is the same. (i) Six (ii) Seven
(iii) Each element belongs to the same period. (iii) One (iv) Two
(iv) They are all metals. 12 The most reactive non-metal is •
6. Elements with 2 electrons in their outermost shells are (i) Iodine
known as :
(ii) Oxygen
(iii) Fluorine (iv) Chlorine
99
 column A
'J'rongitif)lielcnjentq
Noble
Nights (iii) Alkali
etenwnß
(iv) Alkaline earth metal%
of stoups to 12 (v) J lalogcns
{e) Radioa.'ttsc clentcnts orbit (vi) Actinides
t.%ntent.sNuth 2 ctecuons in the outcrlnost
it)
thc (C) SHORT ANSWER
dovsn the that will correctly complete TYPE:
2.
X. AJTangc thc following
folio" ing sentencvs •
clctnent up to calcium
(a) Relative atotnie mass of a light (a)
group l, in
is approximately its atornic number. (b)
table are called 17,
(b) fie horizontal rows in a periodic (c) He, Na, Mg
(decreasingorder
atomic size of
(c) Going across a period left to right, (d) Chlorine, sodium,
number of magnesium
(d) Moving lcft to right in the second period,
valence electrons Z. Element P has atomic
number of period, does P belong number19.To
(e) Moving down in the second group, ? Is it a
valcnce electrons
the elements i. An element belongs to
3. Name or state the following with reference to the 3rd
of the first three periods of the periodic table.
(a) the number of valence
(a) Noble gas with duplet arrangement of electrons. electrons
(b) the valency,
(b)Metalloid in Period 3. (c) if it is a metal or non-metal
?
(c) Valency of elements in Group 14 and 15. (d) the name of the element.
(d) Noble gas having electronic configuration : 2, 8, 8. 4/ An element A has 2 electrons
in its
(e) Group whose elements have zero valency. (a) its atomic number
(f) A covalent compound formed by an element in Period (b) its electronic configuration
2 and a halogen. (c) its valency
(g) Non-metallic element present in Period 3 of Groups (d) position in the periodic table
15 and 16.
(e) is it a metal or a non-metal?
(h)An electrovalent compound formed by an alkaline (f) is it an oxidising or reducingagent
earth metal and a halogen. ?
5. (a) Name the first three alkalineearth
metals
(i) Bridgeelements of Period 3 of Group l, 2 and 3.
(b) Write their reactions with dil.
(j) Alkali metal in Period 3 that dissolves in water giving
a strong alkali. 6. (a) Name the alkali metals.Howmany
they have in their outermostorbit?
(k) Typical elements of Groups 14 and 15.
(b) Take any one alkali metal and writeitsreav
Alkaline earth metal in Period 3.
(i) oxygen (ii) water (iii) acid.
4. Name the gas used in :
7. (a) How do alkaline earth metalsoccurinnature
(a) filling balloons ofthe?
(b) Write the electronic configuration
(b) light bulbs
alkaline earth metals.
(c) bright coloured advertisinglight works
How many electrons do inertgases
5. (a) Name the method by which alkali metals valence shells ?
can be
bhich
(b) Name an element of group18
extracted.
(b) What is the colour of the flame of
sodium and compounds.
potassium ?

100
 5. State the defects of the tab)c prom»sedby Mcndclcev,
6. Give the main characteristics of representative elemcntA.
solvent. in nature. 7. Discuss the charnctetiqtics of halogenn with regpect to
occur free
t ill do not compoun (a) reactivity
ologe Netal (b) intcnqity of colours
000 unds. (a) formnlion of ions
rill c 8. elements 'P' and 'Q' bclong to the •arnc peri«i of the
modern periodic table and arc in group i and group i
when group respectively. Compare the following characteristics in
formed
U0ds
tabular form,
reactive ?
highly ? Why (a) number of electrons in their valence shcli,
elements
f Ott coe
17 (b) their tendency to lose electrons,
group
to (c) their metallic characters.
and
(ii) colour (d) formation of their oxides.
reactivity
elements.
17 (e) formulae of their chlorides.
table.
eriodic table.
periodic

TYPE :

Fa

Dha Nee
Ma
Pa
PO
Ga

5 6
4
2
3
c N o
1 Be s
Si
Mg
Cr
Ca

this table.
who gave known at his
time?
scientist were not (heavier/lighter) elements.
of
elements
for the to their ...... • (atomic number/atomic mass)
well elements
worked
quite
the properties of the
(b)
above relates
shown discarded ?
this table same group
was
Why Select element of the
thetable. Electronic configuration (Cal N/ K)
Complete
Element
Sodium (F/CI/O)
Phosphorus
(Ca/C1/K)
15 Sulphur
16
Fluorine
.
describing the elements of this group
not considered while
Hydrogen
? Why is
sodium belong
groupdoes
(c)