A TRAINING REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

AT

BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICAL LIMITED, RUDRAPUR

Bipin Tripathi Kumaon Institute of Technology

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO

VAIBHAV JOSHI Shri PIYUSH VERMA

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am extremely grateful to Bharath Heavy Electrical

Limited, Rudrapur for giving me the opportunity to carry
out my vocational training at their facility. Special thanks
to Mr. Piyush Verma manager (designing), for his
continuous support and guidance in being my mentor.
And last but not the least, I would also like to extend my
gratefulness to all supervisors and technicians, right from
the highest edge to the simplest, for their constant and
enthusiastic support.
BHEL - AN OVERVIEW
BHEL is the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in INDIA in the
energy related/infrastructure sector. BHEL was established more than 40 years
ago, ushering in the indigenous Heavy Electrical Equipment industry in India, a
dream which has been more than realized with a well recognized track record of
performance. It has been earning profits continuously since 1971-72.

BHEL caters to core sectors of the Indian economy viz., Power generation and
transmission, Industry, Transportation, Renewable Energy, Defense etc. The wide
network of BHEL’s 14 manufacturing divisions, 4 power sectors regional centers,
18 regional offices and a large number of Project Sites spread all over India and
abroad enables the company to promptly serve its customers and provide them
with suitable products, system and services- efficiently and at a competitive
prices.

The company has, and manufacturing plants that are situated in Bangalore,
Ranipet, Goindwal , Jagdishpur, Tiruchy, Rudrapur, Hyderabad.

Major Achievements of BHEL:

 Acquired certifications for Quality Management Systems(ISO 9001),
Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14001) and Occupational Health
& Safety Management Systems (OHSAS 18001).
 Installed equipment for over 90,000 MV of power generation.
 Supplied over 2,25,000 MVA transformer capacity and other equipment
operating in Transmission & Distribution network up to 400 kV (AC &DC).
 Supplied over 25,000 Motors with Drive Control System to Power projects,
Petrochemicals, Refineries, Steel, Aluminium, Fertilizers, Cement plants
etc.
 Supplied Traction electrics and AC/DC locos to power over 12,000 km
Railway network.
 Supplied over one million Valves to Power Plants and other Industries.
BHEL has grown from a level of operation of about Rs 78 crores in 1970-71 to a
level of Rs 18702 crores in 2006-07. BHEL today ranks among the top few
manufactures of such equipment in the world. CII has placed BHEL amongst top
eight PSUs based on its financial performance survey conducted by Business India.

The Gross Block and Net Block of the company as on 31.3.07 are Rs 3822 crores
and 982 crores respectively. The turnover of the company for 2006-07 was Rs
18739 crores. Total provisional turnover for year 2007-08 is Rs 21608 crores.
BHEL, RUDRAPUR
INTRODUCTION
In order to divert components/Products of less sophisticated nature from the
existing manufacturing plants to new locations and also for achieving higher
indigenization, it was decided in March 1983 to establish a Component
Fabrication Plant (CFP) at Rudrapur in Udham Singh Nagar District of Uttar
Pradesh (now Uttarakhand) at a total cost of Rs.95 lakh for an annual turnover of
Rs.160 lakhs in the first phase with an internal rate of return of 14.50 per cent.
The project cost was revised in January 1987 at Rs.175 lakh (including housing) at
an internal rate of return 18.80 per cent.

However, before taking a decision to set up CFP Plant, neither any feasibility study
was conducted nor a project report prepared. The civil work at the plant site
started in December 1983 and were completed in October 1984. The commercial
production started in November 1984. The project cost on completion worked out
to Rs.177.52 lakhs.

The following seven items were envisaged to be taken up for the production in
the original and revised project report: -

 Water Level Gauge

 Stainless Steel Electrode Wires.
 Standard and Special Fasteners.
 Wind Mills.
 Solar Water Heating Systems (SWHS).
 Solar Thermal Pumps: and
 Reverse Osmosis Water Desalination Plants.

However, the general facilities which were created for the above items were
utilized for the manufacture of only two items viz: Solar Water Heating
Systems (SWHS) and Wind Mills. The production of wind mills was stopped
from the year 1988-89 and subsequently the plant taken up the manufacturing
of Solar Lanterns from 1992-93 and fabrication of Bus Ducts for BHEL, Jhansi
from the year 1994-95.The net turnover of BHEL, Rudrapur for financial year
2009-10 80 crores & the net profit was 25 crores. The targetted turnover of
BHEL Rudrapur for financial year 2010-11 is about 150 crores.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BUS DUCTS

 BUS DUCTS

INTRODUCTION
Bus Ducts are designed considering the current and voltage requirement, short
circuit requirement, the availability of space and aesthetic aspects.

Bus ducts are used to carry very high current between the generator and
associated transformer in the power stations. In the power stations the generator
voltages vary from 12 KV to 24 KV whereas auxiliary supply voltage are 3.3 KV, 6.6
KV or 12 KV.

The connection to various equipments like switchgears, transformers &

generators by means of Bus ducts are simply without stressing the equipment
terminals, whereas connections of several number of cables to the equipment
terminals has always made the system more complicated and sometimes even
leads to failure of the equipment terminals. Apart from this operation and
maintenance of Bus ducts are much easier whereas cable system always poses
multiple problems.

Bus Ducts are thick metal connectors, usually of aluminium, which carry large
current up to 10 KA for 200/250 MW sets and around 35 KA for 500 MW set. The
conductors are metal enclosed, usually aluminium to provide safety and reliable
operation.

Bus Ducts comprises of a current carrying part (i.e. Conductor) which is

supported on insulators in a non magnetic dust tight enclosure, which provides
safety to personnel and reduces likelihood of faults.

The conductor and enclosure are provided welded joints as far as possible to give
reduced maintenance. Bolted joints are provided where opening is necessary
during operation.
TYPES OF BUS DUCTS
Broadly bus ducts are classified into Isolated Phase Bus duct, Segregated Phase
Bus duct, non-segregated Phase Bus duct. Various types of Bus ducts are depicted
in the following table;

ISOLATED PHASE BUS DUCT (IPBD)

Introduction:
The Isolated Phase Bus ducts, most commonly used for large power generating
units and popularly known as Generator Bus ducts, serves as interconnection
between the generator and its associated generator transformer, unit
transformers and associated auxiliary equipments.

In Isolated Phase Bus duct each phase conductor is enclosed by an individual

metal housing and separated from adjacent phase conductor housing by an air
space. Isolated Phase Bus ducts is supplied for voltage class from 12 kv to 36 kv
and rated current up to 30,000A with natural cooling and up to 55,000A utilizing
forced air cooling.
Classification:
 Depending upon the construction; i.e., Discontinuous and continuous

Discontinuous Isolated Phase Bus duct: In this system various sections of

bus ducts are so interconnected and earthed, that no path is provided for
induced circulating currents to flow from one section to other section of
enclosure.
Continuous Isolated Phase Bus duct: In this system the various sections of
the busduct are so interconnected that low resistance path for the induced
circulating current is provided from one section to other section of the
enclosure.

 Depending upon the type of cooling; i.e. Natural cooled & Forced cooled

Natural Cooled: Isolated Phase Bus ducts up to unit capacity of 800 MW or

different rating up to31,000 amps are feasible with natural cooling.

Forced Cooling: Higher rating of Bus ducts beyond 800 MW unit capacity
requires higher enclosure size and sometimes this posses layout and other
constraints and hence are considered with forced cooling arrangement.

 Depending upon the layout point of view ; i.e. Main run, Delta run,Tap off
run
Main run: Isolated three phase bus ducts run from generator phase
terminals/phase terminal segregated terminal adaptor box to the generator
transformer terminals, is designated as Main run.

Delta run: Isolated phase bus duct which forms delta connection of
generator transformer is designated as delta run bus duct.

Tap- off Run: Isolated three phase bus duct tapped from main run of the
isolated phase bus duct and connects to the Unit/Auxiliary transformer
 terminals and other equipments such as LAVT/NG cubicle and excitation
transformer is generally known as Tap-off Run of Isolated phase bus ducts.

DESIGN ASPECTS AND CRITERIA:

The design of Bus duct is governed by following typical values for parameters 3 X
210 MW Tenughat Proposal (ICB) is given below:

a) Rated Continuous Current for main bus - 10000 amps

b) Rated Continuous Current for Tap off bus - 1600/800 amps
c) Rated voltage - 15.75 KV
d) Short time Current for main bus - 78KA rms for 3 Sec./225KAP
e) Short time Current for Tap off bus - 150 KA rms for 3 Sec./420KAP
f) Temperature rise allowed for bus enclosure -20 deg. Cover 50 deg. C
g) Temperature rise allowed for bus Conductor – 40 deg. (Plain bolt joint)
Over 50 deg. C, 55 deg .C
(Silver
Plated joint)

CONSTRUCTIONAL ASPECTS:
The bus ducts enclosure is made of aluminum alloy sheet and supplied in length
up to 6-7 meters. It is further reinforced with aluminum channel rings at intervals
which are also used for enclosure and insulator mounting. Sealed openings are
provided in the busduct run near insulator for inspection and maintenance.
Different sections of each phase are generally connected together effectively at
the ends by aluminum make up pieces at site.

SEGREGATED PHASE BUSDUCT (SPBD)

INTRODUCTION:
Metal enclosed busducts in which all the phase conductors are housed in a
common metal enclosure and are segregated by metallic barrier between phases.
The non magnetic barrier provided between phase conductors reduces the forces
substantially during phase to phase faults.

Conductor material can be aluminum alloy or copper, supported on Porcelain or

Cast Resin Insulator.

Segregated phase busduct are generally employed in medium voltage system and
serves as interconnection between the switchgear and transformer. Bus duct
forms the electrical link between generator, transformers and associated
equipments such as LAVT cubicle, UAT cubicle, NG cubicle etc.

Segregated phase busducts are generally available for current and voltage rating
up to 5000 amp and 33Kv respectively & with short circuit ratings up to 63KAfor 2
seconds.

DESIGN ASPECT AND CRITERIA:

The design of busduct is governed by following parameters. Typical value for 250
MW Power plant is given below:

a) Rated Continuous Current for main bus - i) 2000 Amps

ii) 2500 Amps

iii) 4000 Amps

b) Rated Voltage - 6.6 KV

c) Short time Current - 40 KA rms for 1 Sec./102 KAP
d) Temperature rise allowed for bus enclosure - 20 deg. C Over 50 deg.C
e) Temperature rise allowed for bus Conductor - 40 deg. C Over 50 deg.C

CONSTRUCTIONAL ASPECTS:
The bus duct enclosure is made of aluminum alloy sheet and supplied in length up
to 3.72 meters. Insulating barrier of 2 mm thick aluminum sheet provide complete
phase segregation inside the enclosure. The aluminum sheet is welded on a frame
work made up of aluminum Angles.

Bolted type inspection covers provide access to the conductor joints and
insulators. Neoprene bonded cork gaskets are provided between the inspection
covers and the enclosure in order to achieve fully weather proof duct and air tight
construction. The adjacent enclosure is connected together by means of bolted
type flange to flange joints. Space heaters are provided to maintain IR value inside
the duct.

NON SEGREGATED PHASE BUS DUCT(NSPBD)

INTRODUCTION:
Metal enclosed busduct in which all the phase conductors are in a common metal
enclosure with only air barrier and physical separation between the phases.

The non segregated phase bus ducts serves as an interconnection between 1.1 KV
switchgear/indoor Power Control Center/ Motor Control Centre and its auxiliary
transformer. It is also used for trunking connection between two separate
switchgear/PCC/MCC panels, wherever applicable.

Non segregated phase bus duct is used for reliable distribution of small to
medium amounts of electric power, with maintenance and ease of installation
thereby contributing to reduced time for final assembly at jobsite.

CLASSIFICATION:
Non segregated phase busduct are basically of two types;

a) Conventional type: In conventional type conductors or a group of

conductors for each phase are adjacent to the other phase. Configuration
of bus duct is RYB & RYBN.
b) Interleaved type: In interleaved type conductors or a group of conductors
arranged in the configuration of RYBN- RYB or RYB- RYBN.
 Interleaved arrangement of conductors reduces the non uniformity of current
distribution due to skin effect and proximity effect which depend on the
distance between conductors. Interleaves offers lower and balanced
impedance which becomes important for long bus ducts where voltage drop is
critical.

The preferred standard ratings of different bus ducts are given in table below;

Preferred continuous self- cooled current ratings for bus ducts;

Current Rating of IPBD Current Rating of SPBD Current Rating of NSPBD

(3.6KV to 36KV) (415V AC & allDC)
1200 ---- 600
2000 1200 1200
3000 1600 1600
4000 2000 2000
5000 2500 2500
6000 3000 3000
7000 3500 3200
8000 4000 4000
9000 4500 5000
10000 5000 ----
12000 ---- ----
14000 ---- ----
16000 ---- ----
18000 ---- ----
20000 ---- ----
22000 ---- ----
24000 ---- ----
31000 ---- ----
GENERAL DESIGN AND SELECTION CRITERIA
The bus duct provides a means for carrying high current. It ensures not only
alternative to cumbersome cable system but also provides high system reliability.
The type and rating of bus duct shall be as per system requirements.

The design of bus duct is based on following factors:

 The continuous current rating

 Maximum system voltage
 The maximum dynamic and transient forces it may be subjected to during
its life span
 The dielectric requirement of the system
 Climatic conditions.

SELECTION CRITERIA:
The shape and size of bus duct is selected considering the following aspects:

 The current carrying capability

 The resistivity required for permissible thermal limits
 Forces between the different conductors in short circuit condition
 Skin effects and
 Proximity effect
 Effect of solar radiation on temperature rise and
 Seismic conditions.

FEATURES OF BUS DUCTS:

Isolated phase bus type, which means that each phase conductors is enclosed by
an individual metal housing separated from adjacent conductor housing by an air
space. Enclosures are of the continuous type: at each end, they are electrically
bounded to each other. The design permits the flow of induced currents in each
enclosure almost as high as the phase current in the conductor, but in the
opposite direction.
The flux outside the enclosure is reduced by about 95%, both under nominal and
fault conditions, which:

 Cancels induction of current, heating and loss in nearby equipment such as

steelwork, cables, pipes etc.
 Eliminates the forces between conductors of adjacent phase and reduces
forces in bends and other discontinuities.
 The possibility of large unsupported spans due to the high inertia of the bus
bars,
 A mechanical protection of live parts against people, animals, liquids, tools.

INSULATOR ARRANGEMENT:
The dielectric strength of system is ensured by providing adequately sized
insulators/seal of bushings, which are designed to withstand the expected high
voltage and transient lightning impulse.

The insulator arrangement also serves the purpose of withstanding the dynamic
forces caused by a sever short circuit fault on the system. In case of Generator
Busduct, which is generally isolated phase type, the connection between
Generator and Generator Transformer is designed to withstand the fault level,
which is higher among fault level fed by the system sources or the generator
source.

The insulator arrangement and span for tap off bus ducts to auxiliary transformers
and delta connection provided for phase Generator Transformer bank has to be
designed to cater the fault level equivalent to sum of the fault current by system
source and the generator source.

CONDUCTOR SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENT:

Isolated type bus duct has each phase mounted in individual conductor are air
insulated and supported in the center phase enclosure by strategically arranged
insulators. The conductor of isolated phase phase bus duct, which is generally
octagonal or circular is placed in the center of the enclosure by one or three
number of insulators.

The three insulators can be placed either at 120 degree or 90 degree apart from
each other. The positioning of insulators in first case shall be 2,6 and 10 O’clock.
The same for later case shall be 3,6 and 9 O’clock.

The conductor fixing arrangement can either be floating or fixed type.

DESIGN OF SUPPORTING STRUCTURE:

The support structure shall be designed to meet static load, dynamic forces and
the expected maximum wind load. The outdoor support structure design shall
consider simultaneous to the dynamic load due to short circuit.

Diagram

ACCESSORIES:
The bus duct is provided with many accessories required for successful operation
during its life span. These accessories are described as follows;

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
The generator bus duct houses current transformers required to comply the
protection scheme requirements of the plant. The current transformers shall be
epoxy cast- resin, single core/multi core ring type /wound primary/bar primary
type. Mounted with in the bus duct enclosure and suitable for operation at an
ambient temperature existing within the bus duct enclosure which may be in
range of 90 deg c to 100 deg c. The CT secondary leads the brought out through
conduits to marshalling boxes (MBs). The facility for shorting and grounding is to
be provided at the terminal blocks (in the marshalling boxes) using links.

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
A voltage transformer shall be epoxy cast- resin type, suitable for nominal voltage
operations, connected from line to ground. These VT’s are of single or multi core
and provided with built-in fuses, or externally mounted primary fuses. The
secondary of VT are wired through LV FUSE or MCB to a common marshalling box
mounted on the SP VT cubicle.

LIGHTENING ARRESTER
The lightening arresters are provided to protect the generator and other
connected equipment from the lightening/switching surges. They shall be of
Gapless-metal oxide, station class and hermetically sealed type, connected
between line and ground designed suitably for the BIL of the generator. A
discharge counter shall preferably be provided for each lightning arrester.

SURGE CAPACITOR
A surge capacitor is a device designed to absorb switching surges and/or reduce
the steepness of their wave front. The surge capacitor basically protects the main
generator from switching surges. It is generally housed in a cubicle connected
across the lightning Arrestors in the VT& SP cubicle.

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER AND SURGE PROTECTION (VT & SP)

CUBICLES
VT & SP Cubicles for each phase shall be metal clad, dust and vermin proof, free
standing, dead front assemblies housing VTs, surge capacitor, lightning Arrester
and LV fuses etc. Each cubicle shall have seal off bushing at the terminal of tap off
bus duct to cubicle. The cubicle shall be fabricated from cold rolled sheet steel for
minimum 2 min thick suitably reinforced to ensure structural rigidly. The degree
of protection for indoor cubicle shall preferably be IP:52. The PT & SP cubicle is
located below the main bus duct connection between the generator and
generator transformer on the generator side of the unit transformer tap off
connection.

The voltage transformer along with secondary fuses shall be mounted on draw
out type carriage. Suitable guide slots and stops shall be provided to ensure easy
withdrawal and positioning. The draw out frame shall be grounded at all times. A
reliable automatically operated shutter mechanism shall be provided for isolating
the bus bar live parts when the VT is drawn out position to ensure safety. The
secondary leads from the voltage transformer shall be extended to terminal
cabinet flush mounted in the compartment. The LA discharge counter register
shall be visible without having to open the compartment door.

MARSHELLING BOX FOR VT CUBICLES

From phase cabinet the VT secondary leads be brought to marshelling box having
sufficient number of terminal with 20% spare, to accommodate all VT leads.
Facility of making star points and undrilled gland plate for cable connections shall
be provided in the marshelling box. VT secondary neutral or common lead shall
be earthed at one place only at the terminal blocks, provided in the instrument
transformer marshelling boxes.

GENERATOR NEUTRAL GROUNDING SYSTEM

The neutral grounding system are provided to limit the earth fault current and
ensure protection of the generator during fault condition. The system comprise of
neutral grounding transformer with loading resistor connected across the
secondary of the NGT.The necessary CTs are to be provided for interface with
proction system. Alternatively high resistance earthing of generator neutral is
done with HT NGR.

NEUTRAL GROUNDING TRANSFORMER (NGT)

The neutral grounding transformer shall be of dry type generally made of cast
epoxy resin type, natural air cooled single phase connected between generator
neutral and ground.

NEUTRAL GROUNDING RESISTOR (NGR)

The neutral grounding resistor shall be formed of non-ageing, corrosion resistant
punched stainless steel grid element/wound wire provided with necessary
insulation and designed for indoor services for a temperature rise as per IEEE 32.
The neutral grounding resistor may be provided with tapes as per system
requirement.
NEUTRAL GROUNDING CUBICLE (NGC)
The neutral grounding transformer and resistor shall preferably be located in
separate cubicles/ compartment adjacent to each other. The cubicles shall have
hinged access doors capable of being pad locked. The neutral grounding
transformer cubicle shall be made of angle frame steel construction with formed
aluminum/steel sheet sites. Alternatively the cubicle can be painted with heat
resistant paint suitable for 250 deg c.

SEAL OFF BUSHING

Seal-off bushing are made of epoxy resin cast. Seal- off bushings shall be provided
at the generator end of the bus duct. Seal off/root bushing are also provided at
the entry point to VT &SP cubicles, N.G. cubicle and excitation cubicle.

RUBBER BELLOW/METALLIC BELLOW

Metallic bellow along with necessary flexible links (to ensure required cross-
section) shall be provided in bus duct run. Alternatively Rubber Bellows along
with enclosure continuity having adequate cross-sectional area equivalent to that
of the enclosure cross-sectional area. Rubber bellows shall necessarily be
provided at equipment termination.

SHORTING PLATE
Shorting plate of aluminum alloy are provided to make the three phase isolated
phase busduct enclosures continuous. The following ends of the enclosures are
shorted to ensure continuous flow of induced currents:

 At the generator end

 GT ends,
 Unit Transformer/Auxiliary Transformer ends
 Any other section, where the induced currents may not have a continuous
path.
WALL FRAME ASSEMBLY
Wall frame is made of aluminum alloy/steel and supported plates made of
aluminum alloy shall be provided where the bus duct penetrates the building wall.
It should be ensured that no loads are imposed on building wall/structure.

ALUMINIUM END CAPS/BLANKING PLATES

To prevent ingress of foreign matter into the bus duct enclosure during plant shut
down or maintenance, aluminum caps/blanking plates shall be provided for the
following locations:

 Generator transformer end,

 Unit Aux./Unit transformer end.

CONDUCTOR HARDWARE
The bus conductor shall be designed for welded continuous except at equipment
terminations, bolted disconnect links, and bolted flexible. All connection
hardware shall be non-magnetic and shall have high correction resistance.

AIR PRESSURIZATION SYSTEM (FOR GENERATOR BUS DUCTS)

Air pressurization of entire generator bus duct installation shall be provided to
keep pressure inside the bus duct 40 to 100 mm water column above atmospheric
pressure by clean dry air. The air leakage rate shall be restricted to the minimum
level, e.g.,5% of the total air volume per hour.

The equipment for pressure reduction, drying, busduct internal pressure

indication, dust filters control, safety valves and alarms for failure of
pressurization and excessive leakage shall be provided with the pressurization
system. Air drying and compressor plants (if provided) shall have 2 x 100%
redundancy. The control panel of pressurization system shall house starters and
control systems and control systems for blowers, heater, solenoid valves etc.
DRAIN ARRANGEMENT
Filtered drain tapping with dual stop cocks shall be provided for drainage of
condensate at the lowest point and at such other location where accumulation of
condensate can be excepted. In particular a drain valve shall be provided at the
lowest point of transformer end termination.

RAIN HOOD ARRANGEMENT

Suitable rain hood arrangement is provided on the bus duct prevent the ingress of
water in the bus duct. The arrangement is provided on segregated phase and non-
segregated phase bus duct at the flanged joint location in the outdoor areas.

SILICA GEL BREATHER

The silica gel breather is provided in non-pressurized bus duct to keep it dry. The
silica gel breather shall be provided at indoor and outdoor potion of bus duct to
able the bus duct enclosure to breath in a manner so that possibility of
condensation and ingress of duct is minimized. The assembly comprises a
container with silica gel with opening covered with louvers backed up with
removable dust filter & connected to the B.D. with piping of suitable size.

SPACE HEATER, ILLUMINATION AND GROUNDING

Each cubicle shall be equipped with space heater thermostat, internal illumination
lamp, 240V AC,5A receptacle. Ground bus suitable for receiving two (2) numbers
of 50 x 6 mm galvanized steel flats shall be provided on each cubicle.

WIRING
All wiring shall be done with insulated stranded copper conductor of not less than
2.5sq.mm cross-section with suitable lugs on both sides.

The wiring inside the bus duct enclosure (i.e., for CT etc.) shall be suitable for
operating in the ambient temperature existing inside the bus duct.
NAME PLATE
Name plate shall be furnished for each equipment, disconnect link, voltage
transformer compartment, lightening arrester compartment and fuse block,
current transformer TB, air pressurization cubicles etc.

Material for name plate shall be plastic/lamicoid/anodized aluminum using white

letters on black background.

FINISH
Except for supporting steel structures which shall be galvanized, all equipment
including bus duct enclosure shall be finished with an under coats of high quality
primer followed by two coats of synthetic enamel paint which shall have a
thickness not less than 50 microns.

PAINT
The interior surface finish of bus duct enclosure shall be as per manufacturer
standard. The shade of exterior surface shall be as per the project requirement.
The shade of interior surface of cubicles shall be glossy white.

TESTS PERFORMED ON BUS DUCT

 ROUTINE TEST
1)Visual inspection
2)Dry power frequency voltage withstands for 1 min
3)Milli-Volt drop test
4)Water- tightness
5)Insulation resistance
 TYPE TEST
1)Impulse voltage test
2)Heat run test
3)Milli-Volt drop test
4)Air leakage & water tightness test
5)Temperature rise test
Flow Diagram Showing Events of Processes in Manufacturing of Bus Ducts.

-\ the ninuoo