36 Complex

Analgein
Laurent Series ! -
M

If 'I' analytic
is
Hement on
2
C2
*

z
L

C throughout
and the P
& Cq Zo
annular (shaded area
region
between the two circles then

at each point 'I' in the

3
annular
region
-
:

Q
+( =
-

analytic part
Partic

i
where
=
n = 0 1 2 --
, ,
,

x 1 2, 3 -

i t
-

= ,

In=

P
T

.
- O
 L
for
any simply connected closed
7

y
Contain's the annular
in
region !
-

So

+ (z) = E (n(z - 2)
n = 2

43z-4su

int
n =
0 11 12-

=
, ,

If Expand f(z) =
zEF2 for the
regime
1 : 1 < 1z < 2

sy + (b) =
zst =

(
-e(z
-

1)

I
# -

E
17171
171/2

-- re
+

(1 E E (1 -

E)
+ (z)
-

= -
 +

(1 E E (1 -

E)
+ (z)
-

= -

-t (l + + ] El' E E
-
+
=

+ -

+
Es + -

]
m
Analytic part
-

princip

Cauchy's theorem
! -

(Cauchy-Goureat theorem

R' and
If f(z)
is
analytic in a
region
on its

Sunday's
↓ (z)
tri

& C
f(z)dz =
0

known there
it is also
candy integral
as

Cauchy's integral formula ! - Let f(z) is

analytic
inside
1
and on a
simple closed curve C

let 'a be point inside 'c'tra-

a
any

fla) = -
D
 =
N

↓ ()
n = 12-

d .

to derivate
fie
M

z=
of 7:
↳
C

classification
- Singularities -
(from Laurent's Series)
⑪

Ean(z-z En
Q
f(z) +
-

n= 0

=
n =
0
,
1 2, 3 -
,

an

1, 2 3

in
n
b
=
, - -

=
+

"He'- Iff i tra grin

it
frite number
feims
of
in
.
eg

n
wher

2) +
) 2
+ -
bu
fo
 Then to called bole
on
E
of
:
is a order

for n = 1
,
pale is known as
simple pale.

I e
2 f(zt =
-

z 2
·
-

has
singulat pole order 1
of
as

at z= 2

gade's
f(z) =
C42 &
7= 4
pale

Hz) = =

Ettzi) = if
=

z i

/
=

two simple z = - u

pulesattie-i

⑧ Removable If
Singularity ! -
a
single valued

function f(z) is not defined

ifLim o
at but -exiety
z = to
f(z) ten

the function is said to have removable

singulated
at 20
z =
 deful
eg .
f(z) =
but at zo is not

-1
but Lim f(z) =
Im
z10

ie .
Zo is a removable
linulaid
of Sz

⑤ Essential
Singularly -

If f(z) is a

single
valued function then
any
than bole or removable
singularity
other a

singularly
at Z = to is termed as evential
singularity at
z = .
Eu

In this case the principal part of the Laurent

Series expansion will have infinite

many
teers
-

ext
-
et = H+
z +
(2) +
z() + - - -

& at
has
singularly
C a z=
~

but in this case we can't call it

pole or

removable
eingulants.
that's
why we call it essential
singulat
Entire function :. The function which is
analytic everywhere
in the complex plane(except at2)

is called the entire function

.

zu
Z Siz (it) eter
Ext 2
I
&
,

to
n+
r

function :
Meromorphis -
A functio that is
analytic
everywher except at finite
number
of pole
(7-31127-221E-
ex ↓ ↓ -