Guide to Choosing Generator to Motor

Size

Some Notes for Sizing Generators

• Too small a generator will cause voltage fluctuations and damage to the generator or
equipment windings.
• Too large a generator will cause engine to glaze and carbon up, due to engine loading.
Rule of Thumb
• Note 1 D.O.L. – Direct On line starting (high current starting).
• Note 2 S.D. – Star Delta (smooth starting med-high current).
• Note 3 – A dummy load or extra load will need to be applied to avoid glazing once running.
1. One horse power (1 hp) equals 0.75 kilowatt i.e. 20hp x 0.75 = 15kW
2. Warm generator up before applying load
3. Always engage load from largest to smallest
4. Have an electrician balance the load across all phases for single phase loads
5. When motor is operating, after start, requirement will be 1kva for 1hp i.e. 20hp – 20kva used
when running.
6. Size the generator to run between 60-80% full load rating of generator
7. Amps available on a generator per phase = kva x 1.39. i.e. 20kva = 28amps/phase over 3
phases.

Electric Motor Size Minimum Generator Req’d Run Power

(KVA) by Starting Method

HP KW D.O.L to KVA S.D to KVA KVA Used When Running

Size (Note 1) Size (Note 2) (Note 3)

1 0.75 2.5 2 1

1.5 1.1 3.75 3 1.5

2 1.5 5 4 2

3 2.2 7.5 6 3

4 3 10 8 4

5 3.7 12.5 10 5
 6 4.5 15 12 6

7.5 5.5 18.75 15 7.5

10 7.5 25 20 10

12.5 9.3 31.25 25 12.5

15 11 37.5 30 15

20 15 50 40 20

25 19.6 60.5 50 25

30 22 75 60 30

40 30 100 80 40

50 37 125 100 50

60 45 150 120 60

75 55 187.5 150 75

100 75 250 200 100

125 90 312.5 250 125

150 110 375 300 150

175 130 437.5 350 175

200 150 500 400 200

250 185 625 500 250

300 225 750 600 300

Generator Sizing for a Motor Load by rbulsara
faq237-766
Posted: 11 Sep 03 (Edited 8 Dec 06)

Generator Sizing for 3 phase Motor Loads.

Considerations for sizing:

Initial Condition: No load on the generator.

1. Ability to provide real power required by motor = Motor rated kW. The prime mover (the engine) only provides
real power, kW. KW demand during a motor starting is very low as the power factor is about 0.2.

2. Ability to provide starting kVA for the motor. This is the function of the alternator size.
a. For full voltage (DOL) starting, starting kVA= 6*rated kVAod the motor . Use the nameplate LRA data or Code
letter where available.
b. For Star/delta starting, starting kVA = 2*rated kVA of the motor. (In otherwords, in star connection the starting
current will be 1/3 of the DOL starting (LRA))
c. For any other reduced voltage starting the starting current and torque will be reduced by the square of the
voltage reduction.
d. So obviously one must strive to use reduced voltage starting on a generator, as long as the starting torque
requirements can be meet.

3. Keeping the Voltage drop during motor starting to an acceptable value.

a. While a motor by itself could tolerate 30% to 35% of voltage dip during the start, it could cause starter coil to
drop out. Plus consideration should be given to effect on other systems on the generator such as lighting. Therefore
more realistic value of acceptable voltage dip will be say about 15 to 20%.
b. For finding the per unit voltage drop by calculation you need to know the transient reactances of the generator
(usually 15-20%) and the motor (usually 20-25%).

Rules of Thumb:

Most generators are capable of delivering 300% of the rated current for 10 seconds, which is sufficient time for
most induction motors to get up to the rated speed. So for DOL starting a generator rated 2 to 3 times the kVA of
the motor will easily supply the starting kVA of the motor and for a star/delta start even a generator sized just above
the rated motor kVA will be sufficient. These rules of thumb generally result in generator size that will keep the
voltage dip during the motor starting within acceptable limit.

IEEE red book have some curves indicating voltage at the motor terminals as percentage of the rated voltage for
DOL starting of various size motors.

Of course for more accurate analysis you need to perform some detailed calculations.

Practical Issues:

Theoretically it is possible to show that for most cases a 600kW/750HP motor with a star/delta starter can
satisfactorily be started on an 800kW/1000kVA generator set (800kW engine and 800kW/1000kVA generator).

Or for a DOL starting, an engine-generator set with 800kW engine and 2250kVA rated alternator will suffice. The
problem is that it will be a non-standard set. Most generators set manufacture will not customize their engine-
generator set. So chances are most users will end-up with an 1800kW/2250kVA generator for a 600kW motor,
technically way oversized.

Systems with initial loads:

For systems with initial loads, the generator set size needs to be augmented by the initial kW/kVA in addition to the
largest motor sizing. Where practicable, arranging a starting sequence where the largest motor starts and comes to
full speed before other loads are added to the generator, will result in most economical size of a generator.
 ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد ﺣﺟم ﻣوﻟدة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎء اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎطﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺟﯾم اﻟﻣوﻟدة ﻟﺑدأ ﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﻣﺣرك ﻛﺑﯾر ﯾﻐذى ﻣﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺗذﻛر ‪ ،‬أن اﻟﻣوﻟدة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺻدر ﻣﺣدود ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺳواء ﻣن ﺣﯾث اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﺣﺻﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻣن ﻣﺣرﻛﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬أو ﻣﺎ ھو ﻣﺗﺎح ﻣن‬
‫اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻣن وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ﻣن ﻛﯾﻠو ﻓوﻟت أﻣﺑﯾر اﻟﻣوﻟد ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻰ ھذا اﻟﻧﺣو ‪ ،‬ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﻛون وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ﻛﺑﯾرة ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﻛﻔﻲ ﻟﺑدء ﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣرك اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻣراد ﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﮫ ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻓﺿﻼ ﻋن ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﺣرﻛﯾﺔ و اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻷﺧرى اﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻘدان اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻻﻋﺗﯾﺎدﯾﺔ )اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ( ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘوم وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ )‪) [(gen-set‬اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﺗﻐذﯾﺔ اﻟطﺎرﺋﺔ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺷﺗﻐﺎل آﻟﯾﺎ او ﯾدوﯾﺎ ]ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺻل إﻟﻰ ﺳرﻋﺗﮭﺎ اﻻﻋﺗﯾﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺻﻣﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻵن ‪ ،‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻧرﯾد أن ﻧﺑدأ ﺑﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣﺣرﻛﺎت اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻧﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺟﺄة ‪ ،‬ﯾﻧﻔﺻل اﻟﻣﻠف اﻟﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻛوﻧﺗﻛﺗور ‪ /‬اﻟﺳﺗﺎرﺗر !! ‪،‬‬
‫وﻻ ﯾﺷﺗﻐل أو ﻗد ﯾﺑدأ اﻟﻛوﻧﺗﻛﺗور ﺑﺎﻟﺛرﺛرة ‪ contacts chatter‬وإﺻدار ﺻوت ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗد ﯾﻛون ھﻧﺎك ﻋدد ﻗﻠﯾل ﻣن اﻟﻣﺣرﻛﺎت ﺗﺗﻠﻛﺄ وﺗﻣﺎطل ﻓﻲ اﻟدوران ‪ motors stall‬ﻧظرا ﻷن ﻋزم اﻟدوران ﯾﻛون ﻏﯾر ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﺗﻌﺟﯾﻠﮭﺎ‬
‫وﻟﺗﺳرﯾﻌﮭﺎ أي ﺗﻠك اﻟﻣﺣرﻛﺎت ‪.‬‬
‫وھذا ﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺣدث ﻋﺎدة؟‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾد ھذا ﻣﺎ ﯾﺣدث ‪ ،‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﺣﺟم وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد)‪ (gen-set‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮭﺎ ﻏﯾر ﺻﺣﯾﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﻠم ﺟﻣﯾﻌﺎ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻧد ﺑدأ ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻣﺣرﻛﺎت اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﺳﺗﻘوم ﺑﺳﺣب ﺗﯾﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺑدء ‪ starting current:‬وھﻲ ﻋﺎدة ﺗﻛون‬
‫ﺑﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﺳت ﻣرات اﻟﺣﻣوﻟﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻻﻋﺗﯾﺎدﯾﺔ اﻷﺳﻣﯾﺔ ‪ related current‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺳﺣﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﺣرك ﻋﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن ‪ ،‬ﺗﯾﺎرات‬
‫اﻟﺳﺣب اﻷوﻟﻲ ( ﺗدﻓﻖ اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ) ‪ inrush currents‬ﻟﻠﻣﺣرﻛﺎت اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻣﺻﻣﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻻﯾﺎم ھﻲ ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﺎ ﺗﺳﺣب ﺿﻌف ﺗﯾﺎر‬
‫اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻻﻋﺗﯾﺎدي ﻣﻊ أﺧذ ﻧظﺎم ﺑدأ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﺑﻧظر اﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎر ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄن ﯾﻛون ﺑدأ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﺑﺎدئ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﻣن اﻟﻣوع اﻟﺳﻠس او اﻟﻧﺎﻋم‬
‫‪soft start‬ﻣﺛﻼ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣرﻛﺎت ذات أﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﺟﻣود اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ‪ high inertia loads‬ﯾﻣﻛن أﯾﺿﺎ أن ﺗﺳﺣب ﺗﯾﺎر ﺑدأ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﺗﺻل إﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺿﻌﺎف اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻣﻘدرة‬
‫ﻟﮭﺎ ﺧﻼل اﻻﻧطﻼق ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻌم ‪ ،‬ﻓﮭﻲ ظﺎھرة ﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد ﺣﺟم وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ﻟﺑدأ ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻣﺣرك ﻣن ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻟـ ﻛﯾﻠو ﻓوﻟت أﻣﺑﯾر‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟك ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺗﻠﻌب أﯾﺿﺎ دورا رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣدﯾد او ﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﺣﺟم وﺣدات اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد‪gen-sets:‬‬
‫•اﻟﺗواﻓﻘﯾﺎت اﻟﻧﺎﺟﻣﺔ ﻋن ﺗﻐﯾر اﻟﺗردد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺣرﻛﺎت ‪Harmonics caused by variable frequency drives .‬‬
‫•اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﺣرﻛﺎت ذات اﻟﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ‪high-efficiency motors .‬‬
‫•اﻻﻧطﻼق اﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳل او اﻟﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻣﺣرﻛﺎت اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪Sequential starting of motors.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ھو اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ﻟﯾﺳت ذات ﺣﺟم ﻣﻧﺎﺳب ﻓﻌﻧد ﺑدء ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻣﺣرﻛﺎت ‪ ،‬ﺗﺣدث اﻧﺧﻔﺎﺿﺎت ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻟﻠﺟﮭد اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ( اﻟﻔوﻟﺗﯾﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫)‪ ،Voltage‬ورﺑﻣﺎ ﻛذﻟك ﯾﺣدث اﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗردد( اﻟذﺑذﺑﺔ ‪Frequency).‬‬
‫ﻏﯾر ذﻟك ‪ ،‬ﻗد ﺗﻛون اﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ )اﻟﻣرﺑوطﺔ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧرج ﻣوﻟد وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد أﻛﺛر ﺣﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ )ﺗﺣﺳس( ﻻﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﺟﮭد واﻟﺗردد ﻣن اﻟﻣﺣرﻛﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ أو ﺑﺎدﺋﺎت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﻟﻠﻣﺣرك( اﻟﺳﺗﺎرﺗرات ‪ ،Starters) ،‬وھذا ﻗد ﯾﺳﺑب اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗﻐﯾر أﻛﺑر ﻣن ‪ 1‬ھرﺗز ‪ /‬ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗردد اﻟﻣوﻟد ﻗد ﯾﺳﺑب اﻟﻌطل ﻟﺑﻌض وﺣدات ‪ UPS‬أن وﺟدت ﺿﻣن اﻟﺣﻣل اﻟﻣﺗﺻل‬
‫ﺑوﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ‪.‬‬

‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺣﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ھو ﻣﺣرك واﺣد ﻛﺑﯾر ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﯾﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ذﻟك اﻟﻣﺣرك ﯾﺗطﻠب ﻋزم دوران اﻧطﻼق ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ‪high starting‬‬
‫‪)torque‬ﻛﺿﺎﻏطﺔ ھواء ﻣﺛﻼ( ‪ ،‬ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺣدث ﻋددا ﻣن اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل ‪.‬‬

‫وھﻲ ﺗﺷﻣل‪:‬‬
‫•ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻣرة ﺑﺟﮭد ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻧﺧﻔض ‪ sustained low-voltage operation‬واﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺳﺑب ﻓﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣرارة‪.‬‬
‫•زﯾﺎدة ﻓﺗرة ﺗﺳﺎرع اﻟﺣﻣل ﻣرات ﻋدﯾدة‪extended load acceleration times .‬‬
‫•اﻧﻔﺗﺎح( اﻧﻌﺗﺎق )‪ Opining‬ﻗواطﻊ اﻟدواﺋر اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ أو أﺟﮭزة ﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺣرﻛﺎت‪.‬‬
‫•اﺷﺗﻐﺎل )أي ﻋﻣل و ﻏﻠﻖ( ﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﺣرك )اﻟدﯾزل ﻣﺛﻼ( اﻟﻣوﻟدة ‪ ،‬أي ﺗوﻗف وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد‪.‬‬
‫•وأﻛﺛر ﻣن ذﻟك ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗدرة وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ﻟﺑدء ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻣﺣرﻛﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة دون ھﺑوط ﻣﻔرط ﻟﻠﺟﮭد و ﺗراﺟﻊ )ھﺑوط( ﻟﻠﺗردد )اﻟذﺑذﺑﺔ( ھﻲ وظﯾﻔﺔ ﻟﻧظﺎم ﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣل ‪ ،‬وھذا‬
‫ﯾﺷﻣل‪:‬‬
‫•ﺗوﻓر واﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻗوة ﻣﺣرك وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد‪The engine power available.‬‬
‫•ﻗدرة اﻟﻣوﻟد‪The generator's capacity .‬‬
‫•اﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻧظﺎم إﺛﺎرة اﻟﻣوﻟد‪The response of the generator excitation system .‬‬
‫•اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻣﺧزﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ دوار وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد )اﻟﻘوة اﻟطﺎردة اﻟدوارة( ‪The energy stored in the rotating inertia of the‬‬
‫‪gen-set .‬‬
 ‫•ﺗﺳﺎرع اﻟﻣﺣرك وﺣﻣوﻟﺗﮫ‪The acceleration of the motor and its load.‬‬

‫ﯾﺟب أن ﻧﻧظر ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ھذه اﻟﻌواﻣل ﻟﻠﺗﺣﺟﯾم اﻟﺳﻠﯾم ﻟوﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ‪ ،‬و ھﻧﺎ ﻗﺎﻋدة ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ ﻟﺗﻘدﯾر ﺣﺟم ﻣﺣرك وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ﻟﺑدأ ﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬
‫ﻣﺣرك ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ 1 :‬ﻛﯾﻠو واط ﻣن ﻗدرة اﻟﻣوﻟد ﻟﻛل ‪ 4/3‬اﻟﻰ ‪ 1‬ﺣﺻﺎن ﻣن اﻟﻘدرة اﻷﺳﻣﯾﺔ )ﻣن ﻟوﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﺣرك( ‪kW of generator 1‬‬
‫‪set rating per each 3/4 to 1 hp of motor nameplate.‬‬

‫ﻟﻧﻧظر ﻋن ﻛﺛب ﻓﻲ ﺑداﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﻟﻠﻣﺣرك ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﻣﺣرﻛﺎت اﻟﺣﺛﯾﺔ ‪ Induction motors‬ﻟﮭﺎ ﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻧطﻼق ﻧﻣوذﺟﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ ﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﺣرك اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑل اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺑدا ﯾﺑﯾن‪:‬‬
‫•ﯾﺳﺣب اﻟﻣﺣرك ﺗﯾﺎر ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘرب ﻣن ﺳت ﻣرات ﺗﯾﺎر ﺣﻣوﻟﺗﮫ اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫•ﯾﺑﻘﻰ ھذا اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺎ ﺣﺗﻰ ﯾﺻل اﻟﻣﺣرك إﻟﻰ ﺣواﻟﻲ ‪ ٪80‬ﻣن ﺳرﻋﺗﮫ اﻻﻋﺗﯾﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺻﻣم ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫•ﯾؤدي ﺗﯾﺎر ﺗدﻓﻖ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ‪ inrush current‬ھذا إﻟﻰ ﺗراﺟﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻣوﻟد ‪ generator‬اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ ﺗﻛون اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﺣرك و( ھو ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺟﻣود )‪ with the motor at standstill‬ﺣواﻟﻲ ‪٪150‬‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﻘدرة اﻷﺳﻣﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﺻوى ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﺣرك ھﻲ ﺣواﻟﻲ ‪ ٪300‬ﻣن اﻟﻘدرة اﻷﺳﻣﯾﺔ و ‪ ٪80‬ﻣن اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗطﺑﯾﻖ اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻛﺎﻣل ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻛن ‪ ،‬وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ﺗزود طﺎﻗﺔ أﻗل ﻣن ‪ ٪300‬ﻷن ﺟﮭد اﻟﺑدء ھو أﻗل ﻣن اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻛﺎﻣل أﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﺗﺳﺎرع ‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﺻور اﻟذاﺗﻲ اﻟدوار ﻟوﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻘل اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﺣرك‪.‬‬

‫•ﯾﺟب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺣرك ﺗطوﯾر ﻋزم دوران أﻛﺑر ﻣﻣﺎ ھو ﻣطﻠوب ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻟﺣﻣل‪ .‬ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ ﻋزم اﻟدوران ﻟﻠﻣﺣرك و ﺑﺎﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻛﺎﻣل ‪full‬‬
‫‪voltage‬ھو ﻓوق ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ ﻋزم اﻟدوران اﻟﺣﻣل ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺣدد ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗﺳﺎرع ﻣن اﻟﻔرق ﺑﯾن ﻋزم اﻟدوران اﻟﻣﺗﻛون ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺣرك وﻋزم اﻟدوران اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻟﺣﻣل ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﯾث ﻋزم اﻟدوران ﯾﺗﻧﺎﺳب ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﮭد ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄي ﺗﺧﻔﯾض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﮭد ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﺗﺧﻔﯾض ﺗﻧﺎﺳﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋزم اﻟدوران ‪.‬‬
‫•ﯾدﻋم ﺣﺟم وﺣدات اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺢ )اﻟﻣﺣﺳوب ﺑﺻورة ﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ( ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻟﻛﯾﻠو ﻓوﻟت أﻣﺑﯾر ‪ KVA‬اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣرك ‪ ،‬وﻟﻠﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻛﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻟﻠﻣﺣرك ‪ ،‬ﻟذﻟك ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗطوﯾر ﻋزم دوران ﻛﺎف ﻟﺗﺳرﯾﻊ ﺗﺣﻣﯾل اﻟﻣﺣرك إﻟﻰ ﺳرﻋﺗﮫ اﻷﺳﻣﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛل وﺣدات اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣوﻟدات ﻣﺗزاﻣﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﮭﯾﺞ ﻟﻸﺛﺎرة ‪synchronous generators with exciters .‬‬
‫اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺗوﻓر ﻣﻊ ﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾس داﺋﻣﻲ ﺛﺎﺑت )‪ (PMG‬ﻛﻧظﺎم ﻟﻺﺛﺎرة ‪ ،‬و اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾس اﻟداﺋﻣﻲ ‪ PMG‬ﯾوﻓر طﺎﻗﺔ إﺛﺎرة ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻣوﻟد ﻋن اﻟﺟﮭد‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻻﺗﺻﺎل ‪terminal voltage.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ھذا اﻟﻧﺣو ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﺛﺎرة ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺗﻰ أﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﺗﺣﻣﯾل اﻟﻌﺎﺑر ‪ ، transient loading‬ﻣﺛل ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻣﺣرك ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻛﺎﻣل ﻗوة اﻹﺛﺎرة ھو أﻗل اﺗﺳﺎع ﻟﺗراﺟﻊ اﻟﺟﮭد )اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﻔوﻟﺗﯾﺔ( ‪ voltage dip‬و ﺗﺣﺳﯾن وﻗت اﻻﻧﺗﻌﺎش‪.‬‬

‫اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﺟﮭد ﻟﺑدء اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل و اﻻﻧطﻼق ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﻏم ﻣن أن ھﺑوط اﻟﺟﮭد ‪ Voltage dip‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن اﻷﺣﯾﺎن ﯾﺳﺑب ﻣﺷﺎﻛل ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺧﻔض اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻣﺳﯾطر ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﺎط رﺑط‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣرك ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون ﻣﻔﯾدة ‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن ﻓﻘط ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ﺧﻔض ﻋزم دوران اﻟﻣﺣرك ﻣﻘﺑول ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺣد ﻣن ﻛﯾﻠو ﻓوﻟت أﻣﺑﯾر ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻣﺣرك ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻘﻠل ﻣن ﺣﺟم اﻟﻣطﻠوب ﻟوﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ‪ ،‬واﻟﺣد ﻣن اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﺟﮭد ‪ ، voltage dip‬وﺗوﻓﯾر‬
‫ﺑداﯾﺔ ﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﻟﯾﻧﺔ ‪ softer start‬ﻟﻸﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﻣﺣرك ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻧد ﺗﺣﺟﯾم )ﺗﺣدﯾد ﺣﺟم( وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ﯾﺟب أوﻻ ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﻣﻘﺑول ﻣن ﻋزم دوران اﻟﻣﺣرك اﻟﻣطﻠوب أﺛﻧﺎء ﺑدء اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ‪ ،‬و إﻻ ﺳوف ﺗﻛون‬
‫ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﻣﯾل ﺑطﯾﺋﺔ ‪ ،‬أو ﺣﺗﻰ ﯾﻔﺷل اﻟﻣﺣرك ﻓﻲ وﺻول إﻟﻰ أﻗﺻﻰ ﺳرﻋﺗﮫ ‪ ،‬و ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣطﺎف ﯾﺳﺑب ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠف اﻟﻣﺣرك ‪.‬‬

‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺑﺎدئ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ‪solid-state starter‬‬

‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﺑﺎدئ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ ﺿﺑط ﻋزم ﺑدء اﻟدوران ‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﺳرﯾﻊ ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﺑدأ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ‪ ،‬واﻟﺣد ﻣن ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺗﯾﺎر ﺑدء ﺗﺷﻐﯾل )اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﺳﺣوب( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻐرض ﺗﺣﺟﯾم وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌدﯾل ﻣدى اﻟﺗﯾﺎر وﺗﻘﻠﯾل ﻣن ﺗدﻓﻖ اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ‪ ، inrush current‬وﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﻟﺧﻔض ﻛﯾﻠوواط اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ‬
‫وﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت ﻛﯾﻠو ﻓوﻟت أﻣﺑﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣوﻟدات ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﮭو ﯾﺗوﻓر ﺑﻌدة ﻣدﯾﺎت ﻟﻠﺣد ﻣن اﻟﺗﯾﺎر وھﻲ ﻋﺎدة ﻣن ‪ ٪150‬إﻟﻰ ‪ ٪600‬ﻣن ﻛﺎﻣل ﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﺣﻣوﻟﺔ ‪،، .‬‬
‫ﺗﺿﺑﯾط ﻣﺣدد اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ‪ ٪600‬ﯾﻧﻌﻛس ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺑداﯾﺔ ﺗﺷﻐﯾل وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد‬
‫وھذا ھو ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﺑﻣﺛﺎﺑﺔ اﻧطﻼق اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧط اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎء ‪across-the-line starting.‬‬
‫ﯾﻘﻠل ذي ﻣﺣدد اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ‪ ٪300‬ﻛﯾﻠو ﻓوﻟت اﻻﻧطﻼق ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ‪. ٪50‬‬

‫اﯾﺿﺎ اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﺣدد اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ﯾﻘﻠل ﻣن ﻋزم دوران اﻟﻣﺣرك اﻟﻣﺗﺎح ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻣﯾل ‪ ،‬و اﻟﺣد واﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل ﻣن وﻗت ﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﺗﺳﺎرع ﻟﻠﻣﺣرك وﻣن ﺷﺄﻧﮫ أن ﯾؤدي اﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺟﮭد اﻷﻗل ‪ least voltage‬و رﺣﻼت اﻟﺗردد ‪frequency excursions.‬‬

‫اﺣد اﻟﺳﻠﺑﯾﺎت اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺑﺎدئ اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ وھو ان ‪ SCRs‬ﺗﺳﺑب ﺗﺷوﯾﮫ ﻟﻠﺟﮭد ‪ ،‬وﻟﻠﺗﻌوﯾض ‪ ،‬ﺳﯾﻛون ﻟزاﻣﻧﺎ اﺳﺗﺧدام وﺣدة ﺗوﻟﯾد ﺑﻣوﻟدة أﻛﺑر‬
‫ﺣﺟﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
 ‫و اﻟﺗوﺻﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﻣرﺗﯾن ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﺣﻣل ﻛﯾﻠوواط ‪ ،‬إﻻ إذا اﺳﺗﺧدم ﺗﺟﺎوز ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ‪automatic bypass.‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﻠﺑﺎدئ اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ ﺗﺟﺎوز ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﺳﯾﻛون ‪ SCRs‬ھﻲ ﻓﻘط ﻓﻲ اﻟداﺋرة أﺛﻧﺎء اﻻﻧطﻼق ‪ ،‬وﺑﻣﺟرد أن ﯾﺗم ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻣﺣرك ‪ ،‬وﯾﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح‬
‫ﻓﺳﯾﺗم ﺗﺣﺎوز ‪ ، SCRs‬وﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺟﺎھل ﺗﺷوﯾﮫ اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺧﻼل اﻧطﻼق ‪ ،‬وﻋﻧدھﺎ ﻻ داﻋﻲ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﻌﺔ )ﺗﻛﺑﯾر( ﻟﻠﻣوﻟدة ‪.‬‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻋن ﺗﺣﺟﯾم وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﺣﺟم ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﯾدوﯾﺔ ) أي اﺳﺗﺧدام ورﻗﺔ ﻋﻣل( أو ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﺑراﻣﺞ ﻛﻣﺑﯾوﺗرﯾﺔ )ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻟدى ﻣﺻﻧﻌﻲ وﺣدات اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد(‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻧﻔﺳﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻣن اﻷﻓﺿل داﺋﻣﺎ ﻻﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯾﺔ )إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣﻌروﻓﺔ او ﻣﺗوﻓرة( ‪.‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ھذه اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗوﻓرة ‪ ،‬ﻓذﻟك ﯾﻛون ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﺑراﻣﺞ اﻟﻛﻣﺑﯾوﺗر ھو اﻟﺧﯾﺎر اﻷﻓﺿل ‪ ،‬ﻧظرا ﻷن اﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻋن‬
‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﺗﺣﻣﯾل اﻟﻧﻣوذﺟﻲ ﺗﻛون ﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺿﻣن اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻻﻓﺗراﺿﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪.‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﻧت ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم إﺟراء دﻟﯾل اﻟﺗﺣﺟﯾم ‪ ،‬وﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲ أن ﯾؤدي ذﻟك إﻟﻰ اﻧﺗﻌﺎش اﻟﺟﮭد ﺑﻣﺎ ﻻ ﯾﻘل ﻋن ‪ ٪90‬ﻣن اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻣﻘﻧن وﺑدء ﺗراﺟﻊ اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﺣظﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣن ﺣواﻟﻲ ‪ ٪20‬إﻟﻰ ‪.٪40‬‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﻣرﺟﺢ ﺗراﺟﻊ اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﺣظﯾﺔ ‪ voltage dip‬وﺗراﺟﻊ ﺗردد ‪ frequency dip‬ﺗﺧﺗﻠف ﻣن ﻣﺻﻧﻊ ﻵﺧر‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﺗﻘﯾﯾﻣﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺳﺎوﯾﺔ ﻟوﺣدات اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ أداء ﻟﺗﻘدﯾر أﻗرب ﻟﻠﻘﯾم اﻟﻌﺎﺑرة )ﺑدءا اﻟﺟﮭد ﻟﺣظﯾﺔ( ‪ ،‬اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺑراﻣﺞ اﻟﺗﺣﺟﯾم اﻟﺷرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻌﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام إﺟراء دﻟﯾل اﻟﺗﺣﺟﯾم ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺧطوة ‪ :1‬ﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳوف ﺗﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ﻋن ﻛل ﺣﻣوﻟﺔ ﻣﺣرك ‪:‬‬
‫•‬
‫•ﻟوﺣﺔ اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف ‪، hp‬‬
‫•ﻛﯾﻠو وات ﺗﺷﻐﯾل)‪، (RKW‬‬
‫•ﻛﯾﻠو ﻓوﻟت أﻣﺑﯾر ﺗﺷﻐﯾل)‪، (RkVA‬‬
‫•ﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﻘدرة ﻟﻠﻣﺣرك ﺗﺷﻐﯾل)‪، (PF‬‬
‫•اﻻﺑﺗداء اﻟﻣﺣرك ‪ ، PF‬و‬
‫•ﻗﻔل اﻟدوار )ﻣرﺑوط او ﻣﻠﺻم( ﻛﯾﻠو ﻓوﻟت أﻣﺑﯾر ‪ /‬ﺣﺻﺎن ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛﻧك اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﺣﺳﺎب ‪ RKW‬و ‪ RkVA‬ﻟﻠﻣﺣرﻛﺎت‪:‬‬
‫[ = ‪)RKW‬اﻟﻠوﺣﺔ ﺣﺻﺎن(( × ‪kW/hp)] / 0.746‬اﻟﻛﻔﺎءة‬
‫(اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪) 1‬‬

‫‪RkVA = RKW /‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻗدرة اﻟﻣﺣرك اﻟدوار‬

‫(اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪) 2‬‬

‫ﻟﺣﺳﺎب اﻧطﻼق ﻛﯾﻠوﻓوﻟت أﻣﺑﯾر )‪ (SkVA‬واﻟﺑدء ﻛﯾﻠووات )‪ (SKW‬ﻟﻠﻣﺣرﻛﺎت ‪ ،‬اﺳﺗﺧدام ھذه اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ‪:‬‬

‫= ‪)SkVA‬اﻟﻠوﺣﺔ اﻟﺣﺻﺎﻧﯾﺔ( × )اﻟدوار اﻟﻣﻘﻔل ﻛﯾﻠو ﻓوﻟت أﻣﺑﯾر ‪ /‬ﺣﺻﺎن(‬

‫(اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪) 3‬‬

‫( × )‪SKW )= SkVA‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻗدرة اﺑﺗداء اﻟﻣﺣرك)‬

‫ا)اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪(4‬‬

‫اﻟﺧطوة ‪: 2‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ‪SKW ،RkVA ، RKW‬وأرﻗﺎم ‪ SkVA‬ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﺣﻣﺎل ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺧطوة ‪: 3‬‬
‫اﺧﺗﯾﺎر وﺗﺣدﯾد وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد‬
‫ﺑﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‪ ،SKW ،RkVA ، RKW‬و ‪SkVA‬ﻟﺗﻘﯾﯾﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ورﻗﺔ ﻣواﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺷرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻌﺔ )ﺑﻌد اﻟﺗﺧﻔﯾﺿﺎت اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟدرﺟﺔ اﻟﺣرارة‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ واﻻرﺗﻔﺎع( ‪.‬‬

‫‪Using the manual sizing procedure.‬‬

‫‪Step 1: Gather information.‬‬
‫‪You'll need to know the following for each motor load:‬‬
‫‪• Nameplate hp,‬‬
‫‪• Running kilowatts (RkW),‬‬
 • Running kilovolt-amperes (RkVA),
• Running motor power factor (PF),
• Starting motor PF, and
• Locked rotor kVA/hp.
You can use the following equation to calculate RkW and RkVA for motors:
RkW = [(Nameplate hp) x (0.746kW/hp)] / Efficiency
(eq. 1)

RkVA = RkW / Running motor PF

(eq. 2)

To calculate starting kilovolt-amperes (SkVA) and starting kilowatts (SkW) for motors,
use these equations:

SkVA = (Nameplate hp) x (Locked rotor kVA/hp)

(eq. 3)

SkW = (SkVA) x (Starting motor PF)

(eq. 4)

Step 2:
Total the RkW, RkVA, SkW, and SkVA numbers for all the loads.

Step 3:
Select the gen-set by comparing the RkW, RkVA, SkW, and SkVA to the ratings on the
manufacturer's specification sheets (after appropriate derating for ambient temperature
and altitude).

1 ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
Determine gen-set size for three loads started across-the-line in a single step.
:‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ و اﻟﻣﺗوﻓرة‬
Here's pertinent information:
• Two 200 hp motors, Code G, 92% running efficiency, 0.25 starting PF, 0.91 running
PF.
• Total 100kVA of fluorescent lighting, starting PF of 0.95, and running PF of 0.95
،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟواﻗﻊ‬.‫ ﻋﻧد إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﺣرﻛﯾﺔ‬،، ‫ ھﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﺗوﺿﯾﺢ اﺳﺗﺧدم ﻣﺻطﻠﺣﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻗدرة ﺑدء ﺗﺷﻐﯾل و اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻹﺿﺎءة‬:‫( •ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‬
Note: We're using the terms ،،، ‫ أي‬،،، 0.95 ‫اﻟﻣﻠف اﻟﺧﺎﻧﻖ واﻟﺻﺎﺑورة ﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻹﺿﺎءة ﻟﮫ ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻗدرة ﺛﺎﺑت وھو‬
starting and running PF for the lighting load here for clarification when adding the motor
loads. Actually, the ballast for the lighting load has a constant PF of 0.95 ) .

Step 1: Information gathering and calculations. 200 HP motor:

RkW = (200 hp x 0.746 kW/hp) / 0.92 = 162.2kW
RkVA = 162.2kW / 0.91 PF = 178.2kVA
SkVA = 200 hp x 5.9 kVA/hp41180kVA
SkW = 1180kVA x 0.25 PF = 295kW
Florescent Lighting:
RkW = 100kVA x 0.95 PF = 95kW
RkVA = 100kVA
SkVA = 100kVA
SkW = 100kVA x 0.95 PF = 95kW
 Step 2: Totals.
Load.......... | RkW | RkVA | SkW | SkVA
200hp Motor | 162.2 | 178.2 | 295 | 1180
200hp Motor | 162.2 | 178.2 | 295 | 1180
Lighting....... | 95.... | 100... | 95. | 100
Totals (kVA). | 420... | 457.. | 685 | 2460

Step 3:
Selection.
At a minimum, the gen-set size to supply the maximum starting (surge) demands and
the steady-state running loads of the connected load equipment. In this example (using
one manufacturer's published data),,,
Select a 750kW generator set with 2944 SkVA available at 90% recovery voltage to
supply the total load SkVA of 2460.
The load totals for RkW, RkVA, and SkW are well within the rating of the 750kW
(938kVA) gen-set you selected.
The running kilowatt load of 420kW is 56% of the 750kW gen-set standby rating.

2 ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
auto-transformer ‫ وﻟﻛن اﻵن اﺳﺗﺧدم ﺑﺎدئ ﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﺑﻣﺣول ذاﺗﻲ‬، 1 ‫ﻟﻧﻔﺗرض أن ﻟدﯾﻧﺎ ﻧﻔس اﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ھو اﻟﺣﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻣﺛﺎل‬
. ‫ ﺑداﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﮭد ﻟﺑدء ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻣﺣرﻛﯾن‬٪65 ‫ﻟﺧﻔض اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم ﺗﻌﯾﯾﻧﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
you have the same three loads as in example One, but now you're using an ،،،، ‫أي‬
autotransformer type reduced voltage starter that is set at the 65% starting voltage to
start the two motors. This tap setting will reduce the starting kVA by the square of the
voltage (0.65)squared, or 0.42 times the starting kVA .
:‫اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎت‬
Step 1: Calculations
200 HP motor:
RkW = (200 hp x 0.746 kW/hp) / 0.92 = 162.2kW
RkVA = 162.2kW / 0.91 PF = 178.2kVA
SkVA = 200 hp x 5.9 kVA/hp = 1180 x (0.65)squared = 495kVA
SkW = 495kVA x 0.25 PF = 124kW
Florescent Lighting:
RkW = 100kVA x 0.95 PF = 95kW
RkVA = 100kVA
SkVA = 100kVA
SkW = 100kVA x 0.95 PF = 95kW

Step 2: Totals
Load.......... | RkW.. | RkVA | SkW | SkVA
200hp Motor | 162.2 | 178.2. | 124. | 495
200hp Motor | 162.2 | 178.2. | 124. | 495
Lighting...... | 95..... | 100... | 95... | 100
Totals (kVA) | 420... | 457... | 343. | 1090

Step 3: Selection. Using one manufacturer's published data, you would select a 450kW
gen-set to supply the required starting kVA. The running kilowatt load of 420kW is 93%
of the gen-set's standby rating. So, if you want a margin for future load additions, you
would select a 500kW gen-set running at 84% of rated standby power.

‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟذي ﯾﺳﺑب ھﺑوط و اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﺟﮭد ﻓﻲ ﺑداﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬:‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾﺔ‬

‫ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ﻓﺎﻟﻣﺣرك ھﻧﺎ ﯾﻣﺛل ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬start a motor across-the-line ‫ أي‬DOL ‫ﻋﻧد ﺑدء ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻣﺣرك ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺣﻣل اﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ ‪ low impedance load‬ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻔل دوار اﻟﻣﺣرك ‪ locked rotor‬أو اﻟﺗوﻗف اﻟﻣؤﻣن ‪ ،‬ﻓﮭذا ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ ﺗدﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺗﯾﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗدﻓﻖ ﺗﯾﺎر ﻣﺣرك اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ) ‪1‬ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ( ﺗدﻓﻖ ﺧﻼل ﻟﻔﺎت اﻟﻣوﻟد وﺑﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ‪ ، reactance‬ھذا ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ اﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ ﺟﮭد اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣوﻟد ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﯾﺔ ‪ Impedance‬ﺗﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ ﺗدﻓﻖ اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ﻓﻲ دواﺋر اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﺗردد ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻛن ‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺗﻣﺛل ﺟزء ﻛﺑﯾر ﻣن ﻣﺟﻣوع اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ ‪ total impedance‬ﻓﻲ أن ﯾﺗم ﺗﺟﺎھل اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ‪resistance.‬‬
‫ﯾﮭﺑط ﺟﮭد أطراف اﻟﻣوﻟدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔور ﻋﻧد اﺗﺻﺎل ﻣﻼﻣﺳﺎت ﺑﺎدئ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل )اﻟﺳﺗﺎرﺗر( اﻟﻣﺣرك ﻓﻲ وﻗت‪ ، T40‬ﺑوﺻﻔﮭﺎ وظﯾﻔﺔ ﻣن ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﺑرة‬
‫ﻓرﻋﯾﺔ ‪(X"d).‬‬
‫ﻋﻣوﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻣوﻟد أﻛﺑر ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻣﺎ اﻧﺧﻔﺿت ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻠﺗﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻟذا ‪ ،‬اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟوﺣﯾدة ﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل ﻣﺑوط اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﺣظﻲ ھو زﯾﺎدة ﺣﺟم اﻟﻣوﻟد‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﮭد ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اطراف اﻟﻣوﻟدة ﻗد ﺗﻧﺧﻔض ﺑدرﺟﺔ أﻛﺑر ‪ ،‬اﻋﺗﻣﺎدا ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻣن ﻣﻧظم اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻣوﻟد ة وﻗدرة ﻧظﺎم اﻹﺛﺎرة ‪ ،،،‬ھذا وﻣﻌظم‬
‫ﻣﻧظﻣﺎت اﻟﻔوﻟﺗﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺣدات اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ﺗﺣوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﺗردد ‪.‬‬
‫أﺛﻧﺎء زاﺋدة اﻟﺣﻣل اﻟﻠﺣظﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻗد ﺗﺗراﺟﻊ أﯾﺿﺎ ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣﺣرك )اﻟﻣﺎﻛﻧﺔ( ‪ ،‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﻛذﻟك ‪ ،‬ﻓﻣﻧظم اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﯾﻘﻠل ﻣن ﻗوة اﻹﺛﺎرة ‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﻠل ﻋن‬
‫ﻣوﻟدة ﺟﮭد اﻻطراف ‪ ، terminal voltage‬وھذا ﺑدوره ﯾﻘﻠل ﻣن اﻟﺣﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺣرك ‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﮭﺎ أن ﺗﺳﺗﻌﯾد ﺳرﻋﺗﮭﺎ اﻷﺳﻣﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺎدة‪ ،‬ﺳوف ﯾﻛون ھﺑوط ﺟﮭد اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻸطراف ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ‪ ٪30‬ﻻ ﯾﺳﺑب ﻟﻠﻔﺎﺋف ﻟﻠﮭﺑوط وھذا ﯾﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﺣواﻟﻲ ‪ ٪5‬اﻧﺧﻔﺎض إﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺟﮭد ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣوﺻﻼت ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣوﻟدة واﻟﻣﺣرك ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﻏم ﻣن أن ھﺑوط اﻟﺟﮭد ﯾرﺟﻊ ذﻟك إﻟﻰ ﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﺗﺣت ﺗردد ‪ ، under frequency protection‬وﻗد ﯾﻣﺗد اﻟوﻗت ﻣن اﺳﺗﻌﺎدة اﻟﺟﮭد‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﻠﻣﺣرك إﻟﻰ اﻟﺣﺟم أﻗرب إﻟﻰ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘرة ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﺣﻣل ﺑدﻻ ﻣن اﻟﺑدء اﻟﺣﻣل ‪.‬‬
‫وھذا أﻣر ﻣﮭم ﻻ ﺳﯾﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺣرﻛﺎت اﻟدﯾزل ‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲ أن ﯾﺷﻐل ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﻟﻣدة طوﯾﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻗل ﻣن ‪ ٪30‬ﻣن ﺣﻣوﻟﺗﮫ اﻟﻣﻘﻧﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺛل ھذه اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺣرك اﻟدﯾزل ﻓذﻟك ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ ﺗراﻛم اﻟوﻗود ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺣﺗرق ﻓﻲ ﻧظﺎم اﻟﻌﺎدم ‪ ،‬وذﻟك ﺑﺳﺑب اﻻﺣﺗراق ﻏﯾر‬
‫اﻟﻛﺎﻣل ﻣن درﺟﺎت ﺣرارة اﻻﺣﺗراق ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﻣﯾل اﻟﺧﻔﯾﻔﺔ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗؤدي أﯾﺿﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠف اﻟﻣﺣرك ﻣن اﻟوﻗود واﻟﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﻣﻠوﺛﺔ وزﯾوت‬
‫اﻟﺗﺷﺣﯾم‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌد ھﺑوط اﻟﺟﮭد اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻣن اﻟﻣﮭم ﻟﻠﻣوﻟدة اﺳﺗﻌﺎدة اﻟﺟﮭد إﻟﻰ اﻟﺣد اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻣن ‪ ٪90‬ﻣن اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ اﻷﺳﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾن ﺗزوﯾد اﻟﻣﺣرﻛﺎت ﺑﻛﯾﻠو ﻓوﻟت‬
‫أﻣﺑﯾر اﻟﺑدء ‪ ٪90 ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗل ﻣن اﺳﺗﻌﺎدة اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﺿروري ﻟﻠﻣﺣرك ﻟﺗطوﯾر ﻋزم دوران ﻛﺎف ﻟﺗﺳرﯾﻊ ﺣﻣوﻟﺗﮫ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻷﺳﻣﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑدء واﻧطﻼق ﻣﺣرك ﺑﺣﻣوﻟﺔ ﻋزم اﻟدوران ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛل ﺿﺎﻏط ﺗﺣﻣﯾل وھذا ﯾﺗطﻠب ﺟﮭد اﻧﺗﻌﺎش ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺑدء اﻟﺿﺎﻏطﺔ وھﻲ ﻏﯾر ﻣﺣﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ ،unloaded compressor‬وﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﻣﺣرك ﻟﯾﺻل إﻟﻰ ﺳرﻋﺗﮫ ‪ ،‬ﺳوف ﯾرﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﺟﮭد ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﻠل ﻣن دﺧل ﺑدء ﻛﯾﻠو ﻓوﻟت أﻣﺑﯾر ‪،‬‬
‫وﺑﻣﺟرد أن اﻟﻣﺣرك ﯾﺻل اﻟﻰ ﺳرﻋﺔ ‪ ،‬ﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺟﮭد اﻟﻌودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻘﻧﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﺣﺟم وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ﻣﺣﺳوب ﺑﺷﻛل ﺻﺣﯾﺢ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﯾف ﯾؤﺛر اﻟﺟﻣود ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد‪How Inertia Affects Gen-Set Sizing‬‬
‫ﺗﻘدم ﻟﺣظﺔ ﺟﻣود ﻛﺗﻠﺔ اﻟدوارة اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﺳﺎرع‪ .‬اﻟﺣﻣل اﻟﻣﺗﺻل اﻟﻰ ﺷﻔت اﻟﻣﺣرك ﻟدﯾﮫ ﻟﺣظﺎﺗﮫ ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣود ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻣﻌدات ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬وھذا ﻗد أو ﻗد ﻻ ﺗﻛون ﻋﮫ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺣﺳن اﻟﺣظ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻐرض ﺗﺣﺟﯾم وﺣدة اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد ‪ ،‬أو ﺑﺷﻛل أﻛﺛر ﺗﺣدﯾدا ‪ ،‬ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد ﻗوة اﻟﻣﺣرك اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺑدء وﺗﺳرﯾﻊ ﺗدوﯾر ﺣﻣوﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﺣرك ‪ ،‬ﻟﺣظﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺣﻣل ﻣوﺗور ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣود ﺗﺣﺗﺎج ﻓﻘط أن ﺗﺻﻧف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻛﺄن اﻟﺟﻣود ‪ inertia‬ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ أو ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺗﻣﯾز اﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﺟﻣود ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻗﺑل ﻋزم دوران ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗطﻠب ﺗﺳرﯾﻊ ﻟﻔﺗرات طوﯾﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺗﻣﯾز اﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﺟﻣود ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ ﻋزم ﺑدء دوران‬
‫ﻣﻧﺧﻔض ﻣﻠﺻم ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة ﻋزم اﻟدوران ﻋﻧد ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣﺣرك ﺗزﯾد ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدى إﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﺳﺎرع إﻟﻰ ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻷﺳﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻘﻧﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾﺔ‪ :‬أﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻋن اﻟﺟﻣود اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ‪Examples of High and Low Inertia‬‬
‫اﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﺟﻣود اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ وﺗﺷﻣل ‪ High inertia loads include‬ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫•ﻣﺿﺧﺎت أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ وﻣﺗﻌددة اﺳطواﻧﺔ‪Single- and multi-cylinder pumps‬‬
‫•ﺿواﻏط أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ وﻣﺗﻌددة اﺳطواﻧﺔ دون ﺻﻣﺎﻣﺎت ﺗﻔرﯾﻎ ‪Single -and multi-cylinder compressors without‬‬
‫‪unloading valves‬‬
‫•اﻟﻛﺳﺎرات‪Crushers‬‬
‫•اﻟﻣﺻﺎﻋد اﻟﮭﯾدروﻟﯾﻛﯾﺔ دون ﺻﻣﺎﻣﺎت ﺗﻔرﯾﻎ‪Hydraulic elevators without unloading valves‬‬

‫اﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﺟﻣود اﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ ‪ Low inertia loads include‬ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫•اﻟﻣراوح ‪ ،‬وﻣﻧﺎﻓﺦ اﻟطرد اﻟﻣرﻛزي‪Fans, centrifugal and blower‬‬
 ‫•ﺿواﻏط ﺗﺑدء ﻓﺎرﻏﺔ‪Compressors starting unloaded‬‬
‫•ﻣﺿﺧﺎت اﻟطرد اﻟﻣرﻛزي‪Centrifugal pumps‬‬
‫•ﻣﺣرك – ﻣوﻟد ﻣﺻﺎﻋد‪Motor-generator elevators‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﻣﺿﺧﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑدأ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻐط ﻋﻠوي ﻋﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﻣراوح ﻛﺑﯾرة اﻟﻘطر أو ﻣراوح اﻧطﻼق ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺎطﻖ ﺗﻘﯾﯾد ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﺻﻧف ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻣن أﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﺟﻣود ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪.‬‬