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Perry's chemical engineers' handbook Ninth Edition, 85Th Anniversary Edition Don W. Green (Editor) full chapter instant download
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Perry’s
Chemical
Engineers’
Handbook
ABOUT THE EDITORS
Dr. Don W. Green is Emeritus Distinguished Professor of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Kansas
(KU). He holds a B.S. in petroleum engineering from the University of Tulsa, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in chemical engi-
neering from the University of Oklahoma. He is the coeditor of the sixth edition of Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook,
and editor of the seventh and eighth editions. He has authored/coauthored 70 refereed publications, over 100 technical
meeting presentations, and is coauthor of the first and second editions of the SPE textbook Enhanced Oil Recovery.
Dr. Green has won numerous teaching awards at KU, including the Honors for Outstanding Progressive Educator (HOPE)
Award and the Chancellor’s Club Career Teaching Award, the highest teaching recognitions awarded at the University.
He has also been featured as an outstanding educator in ASEE’s Chemical Engineering Education Journal. He received the
KU School of Engineering Distinguished Engineering Service Award (DESA), and has been designated an Honorary Member
of both SPE and AIME and a Fellow of the AIChE.
Dr. Marylee Z. Southard is Associate Professor of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Kansas.
She holds B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Kansas. Dr. Southard’s research
deals with small molecule drug formulations; but her industrial background is in production and process development
of inorganic chemical intermediates. Dr. Southard’s work in inorganic chemicals production has included process
engineering, design, and product development. She has consulted for industrial and pharmaceutical chemical production
and research companies. She teaches process design and project economics, and has won several university-wide teaching
awards, including the Honors for Outstanding Progressive Educator (HOPE) Award and the Kemper Teaching Fellowship.
She has authored 1 patent, 15 refereed publications, and numerous technical presentations. Her research interests are in
biological and pharmaceutical mass transport. She is a senior member of AIChE and ASEE.
PERRY’S
CHEMICAL
ENGINEERS’
HANDBOOK
NINTH
EDITION
New York
Chicago Editor-in-Chief
San Francisco Don W. Green
Athens Emeritus Distinguished Professor of
London Chemical and Petroleum Engineering,
Madrid
University of Kansas
Mexico City
Milan
New Delhi
Singapore
Sydney
Toronto Associate Editor
Marylee Z. Southard
Associate Professor of Chemical & Petroleum
Engineering, University of Kansas
Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976,
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Contents
For the detailed contents of any section, consult the title page of that section.
See also the alphabetical index in the back of the handbook.
Section
Unit Conversion Factors and Symbols Marylee Z. Southard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Physical and Chemical Data Marylee Z. Southard, Richard L. Rowley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Mathematics Bruce A. Finlayson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Thermodynamics J. Richard Elliott, Carl T. Lira, Timothy C. Frank, Paul M. Mathias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Heat and Mass Transfer Geoffrey D. Silcox, James J. Noble, Phillip C. Wankat, Kent S. Knaebel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Fluid and Particle Dynamics James N. Tilton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Reaction Kinetics Tiberiu M. Leib, Carmo J. Pereira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Process Control Thomas F. Edgar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Process Economics James R. Couper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Transport and Storage of Fluids Meherwan P. Boyce, Victor H. Edwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Heat-Transfer Equipment Richard L. Shilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying John P. Hecht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Distillation Michael F. Doherty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Equipment for Distillation, Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation Henry Z. Kister . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Other Liquid-Liquid Operations and Equipment Timothy C. Frank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Adsorption and Ion Exchange M. Douglas LeVan, Giorgio Carta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Gas–Solid Operations and Equipment Ted M. Knowlton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment Wayne J. Genck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Reactors Carmo J. Pereira, Tiberiu M. Leib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Bioreactions and Bioprocessing Gregory Frank, Jeffrey Chalmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Solids Processing and Particle Technology Karl V. Jacob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Waste Management Louis Theodore, Paul S. Farber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Process Safety Daniel A. Crowl, Robert W. Johnson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization Shabbir Ahmed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Materials of Construction Lindell R. Hurst, Jr., Edward R. Naylor, Emory A. Ford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
v
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Contributors
D. Shabbir Ahmed, Ph.D. Chemical Engineer, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National
Laboratory (Section Editor, Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Brooke Albin, M.S.E. Chemical Engineer, MATRIC (Mid-Atlantic Technology, Research and Innovation Center),
Charleston, WV; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Filtration Society (Crystallization from the
Melt) (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
John Alderman, M.S., P.E., C.S.P. Managing Partner, Hazard and Risk Analysis, LLC (Electrical Area
Classification, Fire Protection Systems) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Paul Amyotte, Ph.D., P.Eng. Professor of Chemical Engineering and C.D. Howe Chair in Process Safety,
Dalhousie University; Fellow, Chemical Institute of Canada; Fellow, Canadian Academy of Engineering (Dust Explosions)
(Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Frank A. Baczek, B.S. Sr. Research Advisor, FLSmidth USA, Inc. (Gravity Sedimentation Operations) (Sec. 18, Liquid-
Solid Operations and Equipment)
Wayne E. Beimesch, Ph.D. Technical Associate Director (Retired), Corporate Engineering, The Procter & Gamble
Company (Drying Equipment, Operation and Troubleshooting) (Sec. 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids
Drying)
Ray Bennett, Ph.D., P.E., CEFEI Senior Principal Engineer, Baker Engineering and Risk Consultants, Inc.; Member,
American Petroleum Institute 752, 753, and 756 (Estimation of Damage Effects) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
B. Wayne Bequette, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
(Unit Operations Control, Advanced Control Systems) (Sec. 8, Process Control)
Patrick M. Bernhagen, P.E., B.S. Director of Sales—Fired Heater, Amec Foster Wheeler North America Corp.;
API Subcommittee on Heat Transfer Equipment API 530, 536, 560, and 561 (Compact and Nontubular Heat Exchangers)
(Sec. 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)
Michael J. Betenbaugh, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University;
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Emerging Biopharmaceutical and Bioprocessing Technologies and Trends)
(Sec. 20, Bioreactions and Bioprocessing)
Lorenz T. Biegler, Ph.D. Bayer Professor of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University; Member, National
Academy of Engineering (Sec. 3, Mathematics)
Meherwan P. Boyce, Ph.D., P.E. (Deceased) Chairman and Principal Consultant, The Boyce Consultancy
Group, LLC; Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (U.S.); Fellow, National Academy Forensic Engineers (U.S.);
Fellow, Institution of Mechanical Engineers (U.K.); Fellow, Institution of Diesel and Gas Turbine Engineers (U.K.); Registered
Professional Engineer (Texas), Chartered Engineer (U.K.); Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi, Phi Kappa Phi. (Section Coeditor,
Sec. 10, Transport and Storage of Fluids)
Jeffrey Breit, Ph.D. Principal Scientist, Capsugel; Member, American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
(Product Attribute Control) (Sec. 20, Bioreactions and Bioprocessing)
vii
viii COnTRIBUTORS
Laurence G. Britton, Ph.D. Process Safety Consultant; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Fellow,
Energy Institute; Member, Institute of Physics (U.K.) (Flame Arresters) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
nathan Calzadilla, M.S.E. Research Program Assistant, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Emerging Biopharmaceutical and
Bioprocessing Technologies and Trends) (Sec. 20, Bioreactions and Bioprocessing)
John W. Carson, Ph.D. President, Jenike & Johanson, Inc., Founding member and past chair of ASTM Subcommittee
D18.24, “Characterization and Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids” (Bulk Solids Flow and Hopper Design)
(Sec. 21, Solids Processing and Particle Technology)
Giorgio Carta, Ph.D. Lawrence R. Quarles Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia;
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society (Section Coeditor, Sec. 16, Adsorption and
Ion Exchange)
Jeffrey Chalmers, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University; Member,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers; American Chemical Society; Fellow, American Institute for Medical and Biological
Engineering (Section Coeditor, Sec. 20, Bioreactions and Bioprocessing)
J. Wayne Chastain, B.S., P.E., CCPSC Engineering Associate, Eastman Chemical Company; Member, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers (Layer of Protection Analysis) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Wu Chen, Ph.D. Principal Research Scientist, The Dow Chemical Company; Fellow, American Filtration and
Separations Society (Expression) (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Martin P. Clouthier, M.Sc., P.Eng. Director, Jensen Hughes Consulting Canada Ltd. (Dust Explosions)
(Sec. 23, Process Safety)
James R. Couper, D.Sc. Professor Emeritus, The Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Arkansas—Fayetteville (Section Editor, Sec. 9, Process Economics)
Daniel A. Crowl, Ph.D., CCPSC AIChE/CCPS Staff Consultant; Adjunct Professor, University of Utah; Professor
Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers;
Fellow, AIChE Center for Chemical Process Safety (Section Coeditor, Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Rita D’Aquino, M.E. Consultant, Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Pollution Prevention)
(Sec. 22, Waste Management)
Michael Davies, Ph.D. President and CEO, Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH (PROTEGO), Member, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, National Fire Protection Association (Flame Arresters) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Sheldon W. Dean, Jr., ScD, P.E. President, Dean Corrosion Technology, Inc.; Fellow, Air Products and
Chemicals, Inc., Retired; Fellow, ASTM; Fellow, NACE; Fellow, AIChE; Fellow, Materials Technology Institute
(Corrosion Fundamentals, Corrosion Prevention) (Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)
Dennis W. Dees, Ph.D. Senior Electrochemical Engineer, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory (Electrochemical Energy Storage) (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Vinay P. Deodeshmukh, Ph.D. Sr. Applications Development Manager—High Temperature and Corrosion
Resistant Alloys, Haynes International Inc. (Corrosion Fundamentals, High-Temperature Corrosion, Nickel Alloys)
(Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)
Shrikant Dhodapkar, Ph.D. Fellow, The Dow Chemical Company; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(Gas–Solids Separations) (Sec. 17, Gas–Solid Operations and Equipment); (Feeding, Metering, and Dosing) (Sec. 21, Solids
Processing and Particle Technology)
David S. Dickey, Ph.D. Consultant, MixTech, Inc.; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, North
American Mixing Forum (NAMF); Member, American Chemical Society; Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers;
Member, Institute of Food Technology (Mixing and Processing of Liquids and Solids & Mixing of Viscous Fluids, Pastes, and
Doughs) (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Arthur M. Dowell, III, P.E., B.S. President, A M Dowell III PLLC; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers;
Senior Member, Instrumentation, Systems and Automation Society (Risk Analysis) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Brandon Downey, B.A.Sc. Principal Engineer, R&D, Lonza; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(Product Attribute Control) (Sec. 20, Bioreactions and Bioprocessing)
Karin nordström Dyvelkov, Ph.D. GEA Process Engineering A/S Denmark (Drying Equipment, Fluidized Bed
Dryers, Spray Dryers) (Sec. 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying)
COnTRIBUTORS ix
Thomas F. Edgar, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas—Austin (Section Editor,
Sec. 8, Process Control)
Victor H. Edwards, Ph.D., P.E. Principal, VHE Technical Analysis; Fellow and Life Member, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Chemical Society,
National Society of Professional Engineers; Life Member, New York Academy of Sciences; Registered Professional Engineer
(Texas), Phi Lambda Upsilon, Sigma Tau (Section Coeditor, Sec. 10, Transport and Storage of Fluids)
J. Richard Elliott, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron;
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society; Member, American Society of
Engineering Educators (Section Coeditor, Sec. 4, Thermodynamics)
Dirk T. Van Essendelft, Ph.D. Chemical Engineer, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of
Energy (Coal) (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
James R. Fair, Ph.D., P.E. (Deceased) Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas; Fellow, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society, American Society for Engineering Education, National
Society of Professional Engineers (Section Editor of the 7th edition and major contributor to the 5th, 6th, and 7th editions)
(Sec. 14, Equipment for Distillation, Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation)
Yi Fan, Ph.D. Associate Research Scientist, The Dow Chemical Company (Solids Mixing) (Sec. 21, Solids Processing
and Particle Technology)
Paul S. Farber, P.E., M.S. Principal, P. Farber & Associates, LLC, Willowbrook, Illinois; Member, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers, Air & Waste Management Association (Section Coeditor, Sec. 22, Waste Management)
Hans K. Fauske, D.Sc. Emeritus President and Regent Advisor, Fauske and Associates, LLC; Fellow, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers; Fellow, American Nuclear Society; Member, National Academy of Engineering
(Pressure Relief Systems) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Zbigniew T. Fidkowski, Ph.D. Process Engineer, Evonik Industries (Distillation Systems, Batch Distillation)
(Sec. 13, Distillation)
Bruce A. Finlayson, Ph.D. Rehnberg Professor Emeritus, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Washington; Member, National Academy of Engineering (Section Editor, Sec. 3, Mathematics)
Emory A. Ford, Ph.D. Associate Director, Materials Technology Institute, Chief Scientist and Director of Research,
Lyondell/Bassel Retired, Fellow Materials Technology Institute (Section Coeditor, Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)
Gregory Frank, Ph.D. Principal Engineer, Amgen Inc.; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers;
Member, Society of Biological Engineering; North American Mixing Forum; Pharmaceutical Discovery, Development, and
Manufacturing Forum (Section Coeditor, Sec. 20, Bioreactions and Bioprocessing)
Timothy C. Frank, Ph.D. Fellow, The Dow Chemical Company; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(Section Coeditor, Sec. 4, Thermodynamics; Sec. 15, Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Other Liquid-Liquid Operations and
Equipment)
Walter L. Frank, B.S., P.E., CCPSC President, Frank Risk Solutions, Inc.; AIChE/CCPS Staff Consultant; Fellow,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Fellow, AIChE Center for Chemical Process Safety (Hazards of Vacuum, Hazards
of Inerts) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Ben J. Freireich, Ph.D. Technical Director, Particulate Solid Research, Inc. (Solids Mixing, Size Enlargement)
(Sec. 21, Solids Processing and Particle Technology)
James D. Fritz, Ph.D. Consultant, NACE International certified Material Selection Design Specialist; Member of
the Metallic Materials and Materials Joining Subcommittees of the ASME Bioprocessing Equipment Standard, the Ferrous
Specifications Subcommittee of the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, and ASM International (Stainless Steels)
(Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)
Kevin L. Ganschow, B.S., P.E. Senior Staff Materials Engineer, Chevron Corporation; Registered Professional
Mechanical Engineer (California) (Ferritic Steels) (Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)
Wayne J. Genck, Ph.D. President, Genck International; consultant on crystallization and precipitation; Member,
American Chemical Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Association for Crystallization Technology,
International Society of Pharmaceutical Engineers (ISPE) (Section Editor, Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Craig G. Gilbert, B.Sc. Global Product Manager-Paste, FLSmidth USA, Inc.; Member, Society for Mining, Metallurgy,
and Exploration; Mining and Metallurgical Society of America; Registered Professional Engineer (Gravity Sedimentation
Operations) (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
x COnTRIBUTORS
Roy A. Grichuk, P.E. Piping Director, Fluor, BSME, P.E.; Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
B31 Main Committee, B31MTC Committee, and B31.3 Committee; Registered Professional Engineer (Texas) (Piping)
(Sec. 10, Transport and Storage of Fluids)
Juergen Hahn, Ph.D. Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Advanced Control
Systems, Bioprocess Control) (Sec. 8, Process Control)
Roger G. Harrison, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Professor of
Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical
Society, American Society for Engineering Education, Oklahoma Higher Education Hall of Fame; Fellow, American Institute
for Medical and Biological Engineering (Downstream Processing: Primary Recovery and Purification) (Sec. 20, Bioreactions
and Bioprocessing)
John P. Hecht, Ph.D. Technical Section Head, Drying and Particle Processing, The Procter & Gamble Company;
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section Editor, Sec. 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and
Solids Drying)
Matthew K. Heermann, P.E., B.S. Consultant—Fossil Power Environmental Technologies, Sargent & Lundy LLC,
Chicago, Illinois (Introduction to Waste Management and Regulatory Overview) (Sec. 22, Waste Management)
Dennis C. Hendershot, M.S. Process Safety Consultant; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(Inherently Safer Design and Related Concepts, Hazard Analysis, Key Procedures) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Taryn Herrera, B.S. Process Engineer, Manager Separations Laboratory, FLSmidth USA, Inc. (Gravity Sedimentation
Operations) (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Darryl W. Hertz, B.S. Senior Manager, Value Improvement Group, KBR, Houston, Texas (Front-End Loading,
Value-Improving Practices) (Sec. 9, Process Economics)
Bruce S. Holden, M.S. Principal Research Scientist, The Dow Chemical Company; Fellow, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers (Sec. 15, Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Other Liquid-Liquid Operations and Equipment)
Predrag S. Hrnjak, Ph.D. Will Stoecker Res. Professor of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign; Principal Investigator—U of I Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center; Assistant Professor,
University of Belgrade; International Institute of Chemical Engineers; American Society of Heat, Refrigerating, and Air
Conditioning Engineers (Refrigeration) (Sec. 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)
Lindell R. Hurst, Jr., M.S., P.E. Senior Materials and Corrosion Engineer, Shell Global Solutions (US) Inc. Retired,
Registered Professional Metallurgical Engineer (Alabama, Ohio, North Dakota) (Section Coeditor, Sec. 25, Materials of
Construction)
Karl V. Jacob, B.S. Fellow, The Dow Chemical Company; Lecturer, University of Michigan; Fellow, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers (Section Editor, Sec. 21, Solids Processing and Particle Technology)
Pradeep Jain, M.S. Senior Fellow, The Dow Chemical Company (Feeding, Metering, and Dosing) (Sec. 21, Solids
Processing and Particle Technology)
David Johnson, P.E., M.Ch.E. Retired (Thermal Design of Heat Exchangers, Condensers, Reboilers)
(Sec. 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)
Robert W. Johnson, M.S.Ch.E. President, Unwin Company; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(Section Coeditor, Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Hugh D. Kaiser, P.E., B.S., M.B.A. Principal Engineer, WSP USA; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical
Engineers; Registered Professional Engineer (Indiana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas) (Storage and Process Vessels)
(Sec. 10, Transport and Storage of Fluids)
Ian C. Kemp, M.A. (Cantab) Scientific Leader, GlaxoSmithKline; Fellow, Institution of Chemical Engineers;
Associate Member, Institution of Mechanical Engineers (Psychrometry, Solids-Drying Fundamentals, Freeze Dryers)
(Sec. 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying); (Pinch Analysis) (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion,
and Utilization)
Pradip R. Khaladkar, M.S., P.E. Principal Consultant, Materials Engineering Group, Dupont Company (Retired),
Registered Professional Engineer (Delaware), Fellow, Materials Technology Institute, St. Louis (Nonmetallic Materials)
(Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)
Henry Z. Kister, M.E., C.Eng., C.Sc. Senior Fellow and Director of Fractionation Technology, Fluor Corporation;
Member, National Academy of Engineering (NAE); Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Fellow, Institution
of Chemical Engineers (U.K.); Member, Institute of Energy (Section Editor, Sec. 14, Equipment for Distillation, Gas
Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation)
Kent S. Knaebel, Ph.D. President, Adsorption Research, Inc.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
International Adsorption Society; Professional Engineer (Ohio) (Mass Transfer Coeditor, Sec. 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)
COnTRIBUTORS xi
Ted M. Knowlton, Ph.D. Technical Consultant and Fellow, Particulate Solid Research, Inc.; Member, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section Editor, Sec. 17, Gas–Solid Operations and Equipment)
James F. Koch, M.S. Senior Process Engineering Specialist, The Dow Chemical Company (Size Reduction,
Screening) (Sec. 21, Solids Processing and Particle Technology)
Tim Langrish, D. Phil. School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Australia
(Solids-Drying Fundamentals, Cascading Rotary Dryers) (Sec. 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying)
Tim J. Laros, M.S. Owner, Filtration Technologies, LLC, Park City, UT; Member, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and
Exploration (Filtration) (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Tiberiu M. Leib, Ph.D. Principal Consultant, The Chemours Company (retired); Fellow, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers (Section Coeditor, Sec. 7, Reaction Kinetics; Sec. 19, Reactors)
M. Douglas LeVan, Ph.D. J. Lawrence Wilson Professor of Engineering Emeritus, Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical
Society, International Adsorption Society (Section Coeditor, Sec. 16, Adsorption and Ion Exchange)
Wenping Li, Ph.D. R&D Director, Agrilectric Research Company; Member, American Filtration and Separations
Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Expression) (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Eugene L. Liening, M.S., P.E. Manufacturing & Engineering Technology Fellow, The Dow Chemical Company
Retired; Fellow, Materials Technology Institute; Registered Professional Metallurgical Engineer (Michigan) (Corrosion Testing)
(Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)
Dirk Link, Ph.D. Chemist, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy (Nonpetroleum Liquid
Fuels) (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Carl T. Lira, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Michigan State University;
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society; Member, American Society of
Engineering Educators (Section Coeditor, Sec. 4, Thermodynamics)
Peter J. Loftus, D. Phil. Chief Scientist, Primaira LLC, Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(Heat Generation) (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Michael F. Malone, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical Engineering and Vice-Chancellor for Research and Engagement,
University of Massachusetts—Amherst (Batch Distillation, Enhanced Distillation) (Sec. 13, Distillation)
Paul E. Manning, Ph.D. Director CRA Marketing and Business Development, Haynes International (Nickel Alloys)
(Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)
Chad V. Mashuga, Ph.D., P.E. Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University
(Flammability, Combustion and Flammability Hazards, Explosions, Vapor Cloud Explosions, Boiling-Liquid
Expanding-Vapor Explosions) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Paul M. Mathias, Ph.D. Senior Fellow and Technical Director, Fluor Corporation; Fellow, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers (Section Coeditor, Sec. 4, Thermodynamics); (Design of Gas Absorption Systems) (Sec. 14, Equipment
for Distillation, Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation)
Paul McCurdie, B.S. Product Manager-Vacuum Filtration, FLSmidth USA, Inc. (Filtration) (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid
Operations and Equipment)
James K. McGillicuddy, B.S. Product Specialist, Centrifuges, Andritz Separation Inc.; Member, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers (Centrifuges) (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
John D. McKenna, Ph.D. Principal, ETS, Inc.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Air and Waste
Management Association (Air Pollution Management of Stationary Sources) (Sec. 22, Waste Management)
Terence P. Mcnulty, Ph.D. President, T. P. McNulty and Associates, Inc.; consultants in mineral processing and
extractive metallurgy; Member, National Academy of Engineering; Member, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical,
and Petroleum Engineers; Member, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration; Member, The Metallurgical Society;
Member Mining and Metallurgical Society of America (Leaching) (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
Greg Mehos, Ph.D., P.E. Senior Project Engineer, Jenike & Johanson, Inc. (Bulk Solids Flow and Hopper Design)
(Sec. 21, Solids Processing and Particle Technology)
Georges A. Melhem, Ph.D. President and CEO, IoMosaic; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(Emergency Relief Device Effluent Collection and Handling) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Valerie S. Monical, B.S. Fellow, Ascend Performance Materials, Inc. (Phase Separation) (Sec. 14, Equipment for
Distillation, Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation)
xii COnTRIBUTORS
Ronnie Montgomery Technical Manager, Process Control Systems, IHI Engineering and Construction International
Corporation; Member, Process Industries Practices, Process Controls Function Team; Member, International Society of
Automation (Flow Measurement) (Sec. 10, Transport and Storage of Fluids)
David A. Moore, B.Sc., M.B.A., P.E., C.S.P. President, AcuTech Consulting Group; Member, ASSE, ASIS, NFPA
(Security) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Charles G. Moyers, Ph.D. Senior Chemical Engineering Consultant, MATRIC (Mid-Atlantic Technology, Research
and Innovation Center), Charleston, WV; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Crystallization from the Melt)
(Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
William E. Murphy, Ph.D., P.E. Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky; American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers; American Society of Mechanical Engineers; International Institute
of Refrigeration (Air Conditioning) (Sec. 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)
Edward R. naylor, B.S., M.S. Senior Materials Engineering Associate, AkzoNobel; Certified API 510, 570, 653 and
Fixed Equipment Source Inspector (Section Coeditor, Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)
James J. noble, Ph.D., P.E., Ch.E. [U.K.] Research Affiliate, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, New York Academy of Sciences (Heat
Transfer Coeditor, Sec. 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)
W. Roy Penney, Ph.D., P.E. Professor Emeritus, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas;
Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Gas-in-Liquid Dispersions) (Sec. 14, Equipment for Distillation, Gas
Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation)
Clint Pepper, Ph.D. Director, Lonza; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Product Attribute Control)
(Sec. 20, Bioreactions and Bioprocessing)
Carmo J. Pereira, Ph.D., M.B.A. DuPont Fellow, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Fellow, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers (Section Coeditor, Sec. 7, Reaction Kinetics; Sec. 19, Reactors)
Demetri P. Petrides, Ph.D. President, Intelligen, Inc.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American
Chemical Society (Downstream Processing: Primary Recovery and Purification) (Sec. 20, Bioreactions and Bioprocessing)
Thomas H. Pratt, Ph.D., P.E., C.S.P. Retired; Emeritus Member, NFPA 77 (Static Electricity) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Richard W. Prugh, M.S., P.E., C.S.P. Principal Process Safety Consultant, Chilworth Technology, Inc., a Dekra
Company; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, National Fire Protection Association (Toxicity)
(Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Massood Ramezan, Ph.D., P.E. Sr. Technical Advisor, KeyLogic Systems, Inc. (Coal Conversion) (Sec. 24, Energy
Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
George A. Richards, Ph.D. Mechanical Engineer, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy
(Natural Gas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Other Gaseous Fuels) (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
John R. Richards, Ph.D. Research Fellow, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (retired); Fellow, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers (Polymerization Reactions) (Sec. 7, Reaction Kinetics)
James A. Ritter, Ph.D. L. M. Weisiger Professor of Engineering and Carolina Distinguished Professor, Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American
Chemical Society, International Adsorption Society (Sorption Equilibrium, Process Cycles, Equipment) (Sec. 16, Adsorption
and Ion Exchange)
Richard L. Rowley, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University (Section Coeditor,
Sec. 2, Physical and Chemical Data)
Scott R. Rudge, Ph.D. Chief Operating Officer and Chairman, RMC Pharmaceutical Solutions, Inc.; Adjunct Professor,
Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado; Vice President, Margaux Biologics, Scientific Advisory Board,
Sundhin Biopharma (Downstream Processing: Primary Recovery and Purification); Member, American Chemical Society,
International Society of Pharmaceutical Engineers, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Parenteral Drug
Association (Downstream Processing: Primary Recovery and Purification) (Sec. 20, Bioreactions and Bioprocessing)
Adel F. Sarofim, Sc.D. Deceased; Presidential Professor of Chemical Engineering, Combustion, and Reactors, University
of Utah; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Combustion Institute (Radiation)
(Sec. 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)
David K. Schmalzer, Ph.D., P.E. Argonne National Laboratory (Retired), Member, American Chemical Society,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Resources and Reserves, Liquid Petroleum Fuels) (Sec. 24, Energy Resources,
Conversion, and Utilization)
COnTRIBUTORS xiii
Fred Schoenbrunn, B.S. Director-Sedimentation Products, Member, Society of Metallurgical and Exploration
Engineers of the American Institute of Minting, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers; Registered Professional Engineer
(Gravity Sedimentation Operations) (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
A. Frank Seibert, Ph.D., P.E. Technical Manager, Separations Research Program, The University of Texas at Austin;
Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Sec. 15, Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Other Liquid-Liquid Operations
and Equipment)
Yongkoo Seol, Ph.D. Geologist, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy (Natural Gas)
(Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Lawrence J. Shadle, Ph.D. Mechanical Engineer, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of
Energy (Coke) (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Robert R. Sharp, P.E., Ph.D. Environmental Consultant; Professor of Environmental Engineering, Manhattan
College; Member, American Water Works Association; Water Environment Federation Section Director (Wastewater
Management) (Sec. 22, Waste Management)
Dushyant Shekhawat, Ph.D., P.E. Chemical Engineer, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department
of Energy (Natural Gas, Fuel and Energy Costs) (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Richard L. Shilling, P.E., B.E.M.E. Senior Engineering Consultant, Heat Transfer Research, Inc.; American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (Section Editor, Sec. 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)
nicholas S. Siefert, Ph.D., P.E. Mechanical Engineer, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of
Energy (Other Solid Fuels) (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Geoffrey D. Silcox, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah; Member, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society (Heat Transfer Section Coeditor, Sec. 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)
Cecil L. Smith, Ph.D. Principal, Cecil L. Smith Inc. (Batch Process Control, Telemetering and Transmission, Digital
Technology for Process Control, Process Control and Plant Safety) (Sec. 8, Process Control)
(Francis) Lee Smith, Ph.D. Principal, Wilcrest Consulting Associates, LLC, Katy, Texas; Partner and General
Manager, Albutran USA, LLC, Katy, Texas (Front-End Loading, Value-Improving Practices) (Sec. 9, Process Economics);
(Evaporative Cooling) (Sec. 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying); (Energy Recovery)
(Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Joseph D. Smith, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and
Technology (Thermal Energy Conversion and Utilization) (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Daniel J. Soeder, M.S. Director, Energy Resources Initiative, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
(Gaseous Fuels) (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Marylee Z. Southard, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas;
Senior Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Society for Engineering Education (Section
Editor, Sec. 1, Unit Conversion Factors and Symbols); (Section Editor, Sec. 2, Physical and Chemical Data)
Thomas O. Spicer III, Ph.D., P.E. Professor; Maurice E. Barker Chair in Chemical Engineering, Chemical Hazards
Research Center Director, Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas; Fellow, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers (Atmospheric Dispersion) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Jason A. Stamper, M. Eng. Technology Leader, Drying and Particle Processing, The Procter & Gamble Company;
Member, Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems (Drying Equipment, Fluidized Bed Dryers, Spray Dryers)
(Sec. 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying)
Daniel E. Steinmeyer, P.E., M.S. Distinguished Science Fellow, Monsanto Company (retired); Fellow, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Chemical Society (Phase Dispersion, Liquid in Gas Systems)
(Sec. 14, Equipment for Distillation, Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation)
Gary J. Stiegel, P.E., M.S. Technology Manager (Retired), National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department
of Energy (Coal Conversion) (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)
Angela Summers, Ph.D., P.E. President, SIS-TECH; Adjunct Professor, Department of Environmental Management,
University of Houston–Clear Lake; Fellow, International Society of Automation; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical
Engineers; Fellow, AIChE Center for Chemical Process Safety (Safety Instrumented Systems) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Richard C. Sutherlin, B.S., P.E. Richard Sutherlin, PE, Consulting, LLC; Registered Professional Metallurgical
Engineer (Oregon) (Reactive Metals) (Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)
Ross Taylor, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering, Clarkson University (Simulation of
Distillation Processes) (Sec. 13, Distillation)
xiv COnTRIBUTORS
Louis Theodore, Eng.Sc.D. Consultant, Theodore Tutorials, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Manhattan College;
Member, Air and Waste Management Association (Section Coeditor, Sec. 22, Waste Management)
Susan A. Thorneloe, M.S. U.S. EPA/Office of Research & Development, National Risk Management Research
Laboratory; Member, Air and Waste Management Association, International Waste Working Group (Sec. 22, Waste
Management)
James n. Tilton, Ph.D., P.E. DuPont Fellow, Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, E. I. du Pont de Nemours &
Co.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Registered Professional Engineer (Delaware) (Section Editor,
Sec. 6, Fluid and Particle Dynamics)
Paul W. Todd, Ph.D. Chief Scientist Emeritus, Techshot, Inc.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(Downstream Processing: Primary Recovery and Purification) (Sec. 20, Bioreactions and Bioprocessing)
Krista S. Walton, Ph.D. Professor and Robert “Bud” Moeller Faculty Fellow, School of Chemical & Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society,
International Adsorption Society (Adsorbents) (Sec. 16, Adsorption and Ion Exchange)
Phillip C. Wankat, Ph.D. Clifton L. Lovell Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering Emeritus, Purdue University;
Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Mass Transfer Coeditor, Sec. 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)
Kenneth n. Weiss, P.E., BCEE, B.Ch.E, M.B.A. Managing Partner, ERM; Member, Air and Waste Management
Association (Introduction to Waste Management and Regulatory Overview) (Sec. 22, Waste Management)
W. Vincent Wilding, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University; Fellow, American Institute
of Chemical Engineers (Section Coeditor, Sec. 2, Physical and Chemical Data)
Ronald J. Willey, Ph.D., P.E. Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University; Fellow,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Case Histories) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Todd W. Wisdom, M.S. Director-Separations Technology, FLSmidth USA, Inc.; Member, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers (Filtration) (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)
John L. Woodward, Ph.D. Senior Principal Consultant, Baker Engineering and Risk Consultants, Inc.; Fellow,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Discharge Rates from Punctured Lines and Vessels) (Sec. 23, Process Safety)
Preface to the
ninth Edition
“This handbook is intended to supply both the practicing engineer and the student with an authoritative reference work
that covers comprehensively the field of chemical engineering as well as important related fields.”
—John H. Perry, 1934
Chemical engineering is generally accepted to have had its origin in the United Kingdom (U.K.) during the latter part of
the nineteenth century, largely in response to the industrial revolution and growth in the demand for industrial chemicals.
To answer this demand, chemical companies began to mass-produce their products, which meant moving from batch
processing to continuous operation. New processes and equipment, in turn, called for new methods. Initially, continuous
reactions and processing were implemented largely by plant operators, mechanical engineers, and industrial chemists.
Chemical engineering evolved from this advancement of the chemical industry, creating engineers who were trained in
chemistry as well as the fundamentals of engineering, physics, and thermodynamics.
As an academic discipline, the earliest reported chemical engineering lectures were given in the United Kingdom.
George Davis is generally recognized as the first chemical engineer, lecturing at the Manchester Technical School
(later the University of Manchester) in 1887. The first American chemical engineering courses were taught at MIT in
1888. Davis also proposed an appropriate professional society that evolved with the industrial and academic profession,
ultimately called the Society of Chemical Industry (1881). His initial proposal was for a society of chemical engineers but
the name was changed because so few chemical engineers existed at that time. From there, the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, AIChE (1908), and the U.K.-origin Institution of Chemical Engineers, IChemE (1922), were created.
As the discipline advanced, important approaches to describing and designing chemical and physical processes
developed. George Davis is credited with an early description of what came to be termed “unit operations,” although he
did not use that specific term. Arthur D. Little coined the phrase in 1908 in a report to the president of MIT and developed
the concept and applications with William H. Walker. Walker later defined “unit operations” in his 1923 seminal textbook
published by McGraw-Hill, Principles of Chemical Engineering, coauthored with Warren K. Lewis and William H. McAdams.
Other concepts developed over time, including chemical reactor engineering, transport phenomena, and use of computers
to enhance mathematical simulation, have increased our ability to understand and design chemical/physical industrial
processes. Chemical engineering concepts and methods have been applied in increasingly diverse fields, including
environmental engineering, pharmaceutical processing, microelectronics, and biological/biosimilar engineering.
The first known handbook of chemical engineering was in two volumes, written by George Davis, and published in the
United Kingdom in 1901. A second edition followed in 1904. The emphasis was on materials and their properties; laboratory
equipment and techniques; steam production and distribution; power and its applications; moving solids, liquids, and
gases; and solids handling. In the preface, Davis acknowledged the advances in industrial chemistry made in Germany,
especially in commercial organic chemistry. He also noted the “severe competition” coming from America “in the ammonia-
soda industry.” The first US handbook was edited by Donald M. Liddell and published by McGraw-Hill in 1922. It was a
two-volume book with thirty-one contributing writers. It dealt with many of the same topics as in the Davis handbook, but
also had significantly more emphasis on operations such as leaching, crystallization, evaporation, and drying.
Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook originated from a decision by McGraw-Hill in 1930 (during the Great Depression)
to develop a new handbook of chemical engineering. Receiving support for the project from DuPont Company, they
selected John H. Perry to be the editor. Perry had earned a Ph.D. from MIT in 1922 in Physical Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering. He subsequently worked for the US Bureau of Mines, next as a chemist for a DuPont subsidiary in Cleveland,
OH, then moved to Wilmington, DE, to work for DuPont as a chemist in the company’s experimental station, and back to
xv
xvi PREFACE TO THE nInTH EDITIOn
Cleveland, still with DuPont. Family lore says that Perry was a very hard worker, dedicated to chemical engineering, and
willing to basically live two lives: one as a full-time engineer for DuPont and the other as editor of the handbook. On weekends
he would hitchhike to New York, go to the Chemist’s Club with a packet of galley proofs and a carton of cigarettes, and work
all weekend, sometimes for 24 hours at a time. His work on the book extended through 1933, leading to publication of the
first edition in January 1934. There were 63 contributors, 14 from the DuPont Company and 21 from different universities,
all experts in their respective technical areas. The first sentence in the preface was applicable then as well as for this
ninth edition: “This handbook is intended to supply both the practicing engineer and the student with an authoritative
reference work that covers comprehensively the field of chemical engineering as well as important related fields.”
Several chemical engineers, serving as editor or coeditor, have guided the preparation of the different editions over the
years. John H. Perry was editor of the first (1934), second (1941), and third (1950) editions before his untimely death in
1953. The position of editor passed to his only child, Robert H. Perry (Bob), a notable chemical engineer in his own
right. Bob had a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Delaware and was working in industry at the time
of his father’s death. In 1958, he took a position as professor and later chair of the Department of Chemical Engineering at
the University of Oklahoma. He was the editor of the fourth (1963) edition, coedited with Cecil H. Chilton and assisted by
Sidney D. Kirkpatrick, and the fifth (1973) edition, coedited with Chilton.
For the sixth edition, Bob asked Don W. Green, his first Ph.D. student and now a professor of Chemical and Petroleum
Engineering at the University of Kansas, to assist him. Tragically, Bob Perry’s work on the handbook ceased when he was killed
in an accident south of London in November 1978. Green assumed responsibility as editor and completed the sixth edition
(1984), assisted by a colleague at KU, James O. Maloney. The first five editions were titled The Chemical Engineers’ Handbook.
Beginning with the sixth edition, the book was renamed Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook in honor of the father and son.
Green was also editor of the seventh (1997) and eighth (2008) editions, with Maloney assisting on the seventh edition. Robert
H. Perry was listed as the “late editor” for the seventh and eighth editions; honoring his ideas that carried over to these recent
editions. To create the ninth edition, Green brought on Marylee Z. Southard, a colleague with industrial, consulting, and aca-
demic experience in chemical engineering.
The organization of this ninth edition replicates the logic of the eighth edition, although content changes are extensive.
The first group of sections includes comprehensive tables with unit conversions and fundamental constants, physical and
chemical data, methods to predict properties, and basics of mathematics most useful to engineers. The second group,
comprising the fourth through the ninth sections, covers fundamentals of chemical engineering. The third and largest
group of sections deals with processes, including heat transfer operations, distillation, gas–liquid processes, chemical
reactors, and liquid–liquid processes. The last group of sections covers auxiliary information, including waste management,
safety and handling of hazardous materials, energy sources, and materials of construction.
In 2012, McGraw-Hill launched Access Engineering (ACE), an electronic engineering reference tool for professionals,
academics, and students. This edition of Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook is a part of ACE, as was the eighth edition.
Beyond the complete text of the handbook, ACE provides:
• Interactive graphs
• Video tutorials for example problems given in the handbook
• Excel spreadsheets to solve guided and user-defined problems in different areas, such as heat transfer or fluid flow
• Curriculum maps for use in complementing engineering course content
All 25 sections have been updated to cover the latest advances in technology related to chemical engineering. Notable
updates and completely new materials include:
• Sec. 2 includes new and updated chemical property data produced by the Design Institute for Physical Properties
(DIPPR) of AIChE
• Sec. 4 on thermodynamics fundamentals has been redesigned to be more practical, and less theoretical than in earlier
editions, to suit the practicing engineer and student pursuing applications
• A new Sec. 20, “Bioreactions and Bioprocessing,” has been added in response to the significant, large-scale growth of
commercial processes for nonfood products since the end of the twentieth century
• Sec. 21 on solids handling operations and equipment has been rewritten by industrial experts in their field
A group of 147 professionals, serving as section editors and contributors, has worked on this ninth edition. Their
names, affiliations, and writing responsibilities are listed herein as part of the front material and on the title page of their
respective sections. These authors are known experts in their field, with many having received professional awards and
named as Fellows of their professional societies.
Since the publication of the eighth edition, we have lost two major contributors to Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook.
Dr. Adel F. Sarofim died in December 2011. He was a section coeditor/contributor in the radiation subsection from the
fifth edition (1973) through this current ninth edition. Dr. Sarofim, a Professor Emeritus at MIT, was a recognized pioneer
in the development of combustion science and radiation heat transfer. He received numerous U.S. and international prizes
for his work.
Dr. Meherwan P. Boyce died in December 2017. He was the editor for the “Transport and Storage of Fluids” section in
the seventh edition and co-section editor for the eighth and current editions. Dr. Boyce was founder of Boyce Engineering
International. He was also known for his role as the first director of the Turbomachinery Laboratory and founding member
of the Turbomachinery Symposium.
On this 85th anniversary of Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, we celebrate the memory of its creators, Dr. John
H. Perry and Dr. Robert H. Perry. Often referred to as “the Bible of Chemical Engineering,” this handbook is the gold
standard as a source of valuable information to innumerable chemical engineers.
We dedicate this ninth edition to chemical engineers who carry on the profession, creating solutions, products, and
processes needed in the challenging world ahead. We hope this edition will provide information and focus for you—to
work for the quality and improvement of human life and the earth we inhabit.
DON W. GREEN
Editor-in-Chief
MARYLEE Z. SOUTHARD
Associate Editor
Section 1
Marylee Z. Southard, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of
Kansas; Senior Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American Society for Engineering
Education
UnITS AnD SYMBOLS Table 1-8 Conversion Factors: Commonly Used and Traditional
Table 1-1 Standard SI Quantities and Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Units to SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Table 1-2a Common Derived Units of SI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Table 1-9 Other Conversion Factors to SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
Table 1-2b Derived Units of SI That Have Special Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Table 1-10 Temperature Conversion Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17
Table 1-3 SI Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Table 1-11 Density Conversion Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17
Table 1-4 Greek Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Table 1-12 Kinematic Viscosity Conversion Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17
Table 1-5 United States Traditional System of Weights and Measures . . . . . . 1-3 Table 1-13 Values of the Ideal Gas Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17
Table 1-14 Fundamental Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18
COnVERSIOn FACTORS
Table 1-6 Common Units and Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Table 1-7 Alphabetical Listing of Common Unit Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
1-1
1-2 UnIT COnVERSIOn FACTORS AnD SYMBOLS
TABLE 1-1 Standard SI Quantities and Units TABLE 1-2b Derived Units of SI That Have Special names
SI unit symbol Quantity Unit Symbol Formula
Quantity or “dimension” SI unit (“abbreviation”)
absorbed dose gray Gy J/kg
Base quantity or “dimension” activity (of radionuclides) becquerel Bq l/s
length meter m capacitance farad F C/V
mass kilogram kg conductance siemens S A/V
time second s electric potential, potential difference, volt V W/A
electric current ampere A electromotive force
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K electric resistance ohm Ω V/A
amount of substance mole* mol energy, work, quantity of heat joule J N⋅m
luminous intensity candela cd force newton N (kg ⋅ m)/s2
Supplementary quantity or “dimension” frequency (of a periodic phenomenon) hertz Hz 1/s
plane angle radian rad illuminance lux lx lm/m2
solid angle steradian sr inductance henry H Wb/A
*When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified; they may luminous flux lumen lm Cd ⋅ sr
magnetic flux weber Wb V⋅s
be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such magnetic flux density tesla T Wb/m2
particles. power, radiant flux watt W J/s
pressure, stress pascal Pa N/m2
quantity of electricity, electric charge coulomb C A⋅s
5280 feet
= 1 mile (mi)
320 rods
1 mil = 0.001 in
Nautical:
6080.2 feet = 1 nautical mile
6 feet = 1 fathom
120 fathoms = 1 cable length
1 knot (kn) = 1 nautical mile per hour
60 nautical miles = 1° of latitude
Square Measure
144 square inches (sq in) or (in2) = 1 sq ft ( ft2)
9 sq ft ( ft2) = 1 sq yd (yd2)
30.25 sq yd = 1 sq rod, pole, or perch
10 sq chains
160 sq rods = = 1 acre
43.560 sq ft
640 acres = 1 sq mi = 1 section
1 circular in (area of
circle of 1-in diameter) = 0.7854 sq in
1 sq in = 1.2732 circular in
1 circular mil = area of circle of 0.001-in diameter
1,000,000 circular mils = 1 circular in
Circular Measure
60 seconds (″) = 1 minute or (′)
60 minutes (′) = 1 degree (1°)
90 degrees (90°) = 1 quadrant
360 degrees (360°) = 1 circumference
1 radian (rad)
57.29578 degrees =
57 17 ′ 44.81′′
Volume Measure
Solid:
1728 cubic in (cu in) (in3) = 1 cubic foot (cu ft) ( ft3)
27 cu ft = 1 cubic yard (cu yd) (yd3)
Dry Measure:
2 pints = 1 quart
8 quarts = 1 peck
4 pecks = 1 bushel
1 U.S. Winchester bushel = 2150.42 cubic inches (in3)
Liquid:
4 gills = 1 pint (pt)
2 pints = 1 quart (qt)
4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal)
7.4805 gallons = 1 cubic foot ( ft3)
Apothecaries’ Liquid:
60 minims (min. or ) = 1 fluid dram or drachm
8 drams ( ) = 1 fluid ounce
16 ounces (oz. ) = 1 pint
Avoirdupois Weight
16 drams = 437.5 grains (gr) = 1 ounce (oz)
16 ounces = 7000 grains = 1 pound (lb)
100 pounds = 1 hundredweight (cwt)
2000 pounds = 1 short ton; 2240 pounds = 1 long ton
Troy Weight
24 grains (gr) = 1 pennyweight (dwt)
20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (oz)
12 ounces = 1 pound (lb)
Apothecaries’ Weight
20 grains (gr) = 1 scruple ( )
3 scruples = 1 dram ( )
8 drams = 1 ounce ( )
12 ounces = 1 pound (lb)
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Un temps pour que le Maître ajuste ses lunettes. Certains
auditeurs choqués en profitent : on entend de vagues cris.
— Quoi ? Qu’est-ce qu’il y a ?…
Un étudiant russe se dresse et crie : « A bas la calotte ! » Victor
Basch étend les bras, et, de sa voix cassante, domine le bruit :
— J’ai dit et je répète : (sans doute on ne m’a pas compris) que
la danse est passée à sa deuxième forme, la forme mimique !
Mimique… La directrice écrit en hâte.
— Dès lors, l’homme imite !
L’homme imite… Elle casse son crayon.
— L’homme imite tout ! Les animaux, d’abord, car il n’est que
l’Animal parmi des animaux ; puis il imite… le reste… ce que vous
voudrez… le laboureur, le sourcier, le fiancé, la fiancée ! Et imiter,
c’est devenir un autre, c’est s’infuser en cet autre…
… ser en cet autre… La directrice n’a plus le temps de tourner
ses pages.
— En ce moment, par exemple, supposez que je danse. Si vous
suivez ma danse, vous dansez avec moi ! Or, qu’est-ce que je
danse ? J’imite l’ours ; je fais l’ours ; je suis l’ours. Donc, puisque
vous me regardez, vous devenez ours aussi ! Phénomène qui
s’appelle comment ?
L’étudiant de tout à l’heure hausse les épaules. Un vieillard
chevrote : « Ca… caricature ! » Et Basch s’écrie :
— Ce phénomène s’appelle le second phénomène : celui du
miracle dramatique. Or, si ce miracle est accompagné de paroles,
c’est le mimus !
L’étudiant éclate :
— Ah ! Ah !
— J’entends qu’on rit, dit Victor Basch.
— Un peu ! reprend l’étudiant.
Basch s’essuie le front :
— J’ai cette bonne fortune d’entendre qu’on rit, alors que je n’ai
rien dit de drôle ! Preuve instructive, preuve décisive de la place
énorme que tient l’inconscience dans une nation ! Car ce rire, ce
simple rire, évoque en moi la guerre et la paix ! Pauvres de nous !
Offensives insensées ! Traités délirants ! Avertissements d’huissier
grippe-sou à des ennemis réduits à la famine !
Cette fois, c’est trop : l’étudiant et une dizaine de personnes
s’agitent, tapent du pied, chahutent.
Alors, c’est le tour de Basch de rire. Il rit largement. Voilà dix ans
qu’on interrompt son cours ! Et dès qu’on l’interrompt, voilà dix ans
que chaque fois, comme aujourd’hui, un groupe d’étudiants
balkaniques et jargonnant, aux cheveux d’Assyriens et aux yeux de
gazelles, se précipitent pour le défendre !
Dieu des Juifs, sois béni : il ne court aucun danger. Pourtant, des
mots redoutables s’échangent : « Boche !… France ! » Quelqu’un
crie : « C’est un sale hongrois ! » Basch, immobile, hausse les
épaules.
Un balkanique lève le poing ; un français lève sa canne. Basch
fait « Boum ! » du talon.
Une femme appelle « Au secours ! » On se rue vers la sortie.
Basch clame : « Le traité ! Voilà bien le traité de paix ! »
Les garçons de salle ont couru chercher des agents, qui arrivent
et augmentent le désordre. L’un d’eux s’approche de Basch et l’invite
à sortir.
— Bien ! De mieux en mieux ! rugit Basch. Tel est l’enseignement
de la France !… Tant pis ! Ils ne sauront pas ce que c’est que le
mimus… qui, au surplus, ne les regarde pas, car il est le sujet, non
de mon cours public, mais de mon cours fermé. A bon entendeur,
salut !
Il saisit sa serviette et disparaît.
Dans une salle attenant à l’amphithéâtre, devant le garçon
stupide, il monologue :
— Imbéciles ! Ils ne supportent pas la vérité ! Ils en sont
intellectuellement à l’époque fossile, à l’époque primaire dans le
fossile. Ils ne veulent pas voir que l’Allemagne, qui nous adorait au
lendemain de l’armistice, nous exècre à présent. Boum ! (Coup de
talon.)
Il se jette sur son pardessus, s’engouffre dans les manches,
bondit dehors. La rue est pleine d’agents, qui ont ordre de le
protéger. Il leur crie :
— Messieurs, l’Allemagne ne peut pas payer !
Les étudiants, maintenus à cent mètres, crient : « Hou ! Hou ! A
bas Basch ! » Il ricane :
— « A bas Basch ! » C’est joli « A bas Basch ! » Hein ! ont-ils
assez besoin d’esthétique !
Puis il se tourne vers la police :
— Les Alliés, la France à leur tête, ont réduit l’Allemagne au
servage !
— Hou ! Hou ! Hou !
— Afin d’entretenir l’esprit de haine, ferment des guerres à venir !
— Monsieur veut-il une voiture ?… demande poliment un agent.
— Une voiture ? Pour quoi faire ? Est-ce qu’on peut parler dans
une voiture !… Tenez, mon ami, regardez cette affiche : dans trois
heures je serai là-bas. Meeting organisé par la Ligue des Droits de
l’Homme ! Je leur expliquerai ce qu’est l’Allemagne !
Il n’y aura aucune peine. Il continuera simplement son cours… La
moitié de son enseignement est fait de péroraisons démagogiques
et désordonnées, qui marquent que son esprit n’établit nulle
différence entre la Sorbonne scientifique et n’importe quelle réunion
populaire à la Maison des Syndicats.
V
LE
GRAND BANQUET DÉMOCRATIQUE
DU 13 AVRIL
Boileau.
(Le Repas ridicule.)
Buffon.
(Essais arithm. mor.)
Molière.
(Bourgeois Gentilhomme, II. 3.)
2—1—2—1—3
1—1—1—3—1—2